text
stringlengths 136
495k
| url
stringlengths 16
2.74k
|
|---|---|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Entries Toggle Entries subsection 1.1 Team changes 1.2 Driver changes 1.1 Team changes 1.2 Driver changes 2 Calendar Toggle Calendar subsection 2.1 Calendar changes 2.1 Calendar changes 3 Regulation changes Toggle Regulation changes subsection 3.1 Technical regulations 3.1.1 Power units 3.1.2 Car size and aerodynamics 3.1.3 Safety features 3.2 Sporting regulations 3.2.1 Driver numbers 3.2.2 Car liveries 3.2.3 Cooling vests and special heat provisions 3.2.4 Stewarding reviews 3.1 Technical regulations 3.1.1 Power units 3.1.2 Car size and aerodynamics 3.1.3 Safety features 3.1.1 Power units 3.1.2 Car size and aerodynamics 3.1.3 Safety features 3.2 Sporting regulations 3.2.1 Driver numbers 3.2.2 Car liveries 3.2.3 Cooling vests and special heat provisions 3.2.4 Stewarding reviews 3.2.1 Driver numbers 3.2.2 Car liveries 3.2.3 Cooling vests and special heat provisions 3.2.4 Stewarding reviews 4 Season summary Toggle Season summary subsection 4.1 Pre-season 4.1 Pre-season 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links 2026 Formula One World Championship Afrikaans العربية Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav{margin:auto;width:min-content;text-align:center;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:0.5em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-header,.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-subheader{border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding:0 1em}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-header{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-body{display:flex;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-label,.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-links{flex:1 1 auto;padding:0.2em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-label{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-label:after{content:":"}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-links+.motorsport-season-nav-label{flex-grow:0}.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav-links{text-align:left}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav{float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;min-width:19em}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .motorsport-season-nav{background:transparent}} Races by country Races by venue The 2026 FIA Formula One World Championship is a planned motor racing championship for Formula One cars which will be the 77th running of the Formula One World Championship . It is recognised by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), the governing body of international motorsport , as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars . The championship will be contested over twenty-four Grands Prix held around the world. Drivers and teams are scheduled to compete for the titles of World Drivers' Champion and World Constructors' Champion , respectively. Lando Norris is the reigning World Drivers' Champion, while McLaren - Mercedes are the reigning World Constructors' Champions. The 2026 season will feature a major set of regulation changes with a revised power unit configuration and new active aerodynamics. Audi , who acquired Sauber in 2024 , will enter as a works team with its own power unit, while Cadillac is set to make its series debut using Ferrari power units, marking the first time an eleventh team has competed since 2016 . Honda , through its Honda Racing Corporation subsidiary, will enter into an exclusive works team agreement with Aston Martin , and will supply them with their own power unit after ending its current relationship with Red Bull Racing . Ford will return to the sport for the first time since 2004 , supporting Red Bull Powertrains in supplying power units to Red Bull Racing and Racing Bulls . Renault will no longer be an engine supplier as Alpine will switch to Mercedes power units. Entries Each team is required to enter at least two drivers, one for each of the two mandatory cars. [ 1 ] All teams are due to compete with tyres supplied by Pirelli . [ 2 ] Entrant Constructor Chassis Power unit Race drivers No. Driver name BWT Alpine Formula One Team [ 3 ] Alpine - Mercedes A526 [ 4 ] Mercedes [ 5 ] [ 6 ] 10 43 Pierre Gasly Franco Colapinto Aston Martin Aramco Formula One Team [ 7 ] Aston Martin Aramco - Honda AMR26 [ 8 ] Honda [ 9 ] 14 18 Fernando Alonso Lance Stroll Atlassian Williams F1 Team [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Atlassian Williams - Mercedes FW48 [ 12 ] Mercedes [ 13 ] 23 55 Alexander Albon Carlos Sainz Jr. Audi Revolut F1 Team [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Audi R26 [ 17 ] Audi [ 14 ] 5 27 Gabriel Bortoleto Nico Hülkenberg Cadillac Formula 1 Team [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Cadillac - Ferrari TBA Ferrari [ 21 ] 11 77 Sergio Pérez Valtteri Bottas Scuderia Ferrari HP [ 22 ] Ferrari SF-26 [ 23 ] Ferrari [ 24 ] 16 44 Charles Leclerc Lewis Hamilton TGR Haas F1 Team [ 25 ] Haas - Ferrari VF-26 [ 25 ] Ferrari [ 26 ] [ 27 ] 31 87 Esteban Ocon Oliver Bearman McLaren Mastercard F1 Team [ 28 ] McLaren - Mercedes MCL40A [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Mercedes [ 31 ] 1 81 Lando Norris Oscar Piastri Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team [ 32 ] Mercedes F1 W17 [ 33 ] Mercedes [ 24 ] 12 63 Kimi Antonelli George Russell Visa Cash App Racing Bulls Formula One Team [ 34 ] Racing Bulls - Red Bull Ford VCARB 03 Red Bull Ford [ 35 ] 30 41 Liam Lawson Arvid Lindblad Oracle Red Bull Racing [ 36 ] Red Bull Racing - Red Bull Ford RB22 [ 37 ] Red Bull Ford [ 35 ] 3 6 Max Verstappen Isack Hadjar Source: [ 38 ] Team changes Cadillac will become the eleventh team, marking Cadillac's first appearance in the series and the first new team on the grid since Haas in 2016 . The team will use Ferrari power units and gearboxes, [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] with plans to develop their own engine for use in a future season. Cadillac had previously tried to enter Formula One in conjunction with Andretti Global . [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Three new engine manufacturers will enter Formula One, coinciding with the engine regulation changes. Audi will enter the sport for the first time, having purchased the existing Sauber team in 2024 . Audi's predecessor company Auto Union did compete in Grand Prix racing prior to World War II and the inception of the World Championship in 1950 . [ 41 ] The team raced in 2024 and 2025 as Kick Sauber, using Ferrari engines, before it becomes the Audi factory team in 2026. Thus, Ferrari will supply Haas and Cadillac as customer teams. [ 14 ] [ 42 ] Ford will return to Formula One as an engine supplier for the first time since it provided engines for its former customer team Jordan in 2004 . [ 43 ] It will form a partnership with Red Bull Powertrains , which will supply Red Bull Racing and their second team Racing Bulls . Honda , which partially withdrew from Formula One in 2021 whilst remaining as partners of Red Bull Powertrains, will split from the two Red Bull-owned teams and relaunch a fully-independent engine program supplying Aston Martin under the Honda Racing Corporation subsidiary. Aston Martin had used Mercedes power units since they re-joined the sport, who had supplied engines to Aston Martin's predecessors since 2009 . Honda had previously collaborated with Aston Martin's predecessor Jordan from 1998 to 2002 . [ 9 ] [ 35 ] [ 44 ] Renault will cease to provide engines for Alpine from 2026 after achieving poor results since the beginning of the hybrid power unit regulations in 2014 . It will thus be the first season without any Renault engine since the 2000 championship. Alpine will become a customer team, as opposed to a full works outfit, as had been the case since Renault reacquired Team Enstone ahead of the 2016 season. [ 5 ] Alpine will become a customer team of Mercedes , utilising their engines and gearboxes from this season onwards; up until this point, 2015 marked the last time a rendition of Team Enstone used customer Mercedes engines, competing as Lotus . [ 6 ] Driver changes Sergio Pérez and Valtteri Bottas will return to full time seats with Cadillac . Pérez had previously signed a two-year contract with Red Bull Racing until 2026, but this was terminated by mutual agreement at the end of the 2024 season. Bottas last competed with Sauber in 2024 and was one of Mercedes 's reserve drivers for 2025 . [ 45 ] Isack Hadjar will move from Racing Bulls to Red Bull Racing , replacing Yuki Tsunoda , who will become Red Bull's test and reserve driver. [ 46 ] Hadjar's replacement will be Arvid Lindblad , who will be promoted from Formula 2 . [ 37 ] Calendar The 2026 calendar comprises twenty-four Grands Prix, as with the previous two seasons. [ 47 ] The Chinese , Miami , Canadian , British , Dutch and Singapore Grands Prix will feature the sprint format . [ 48 ] Round Grand Prix Circuit Race date 1 Australian Grand Prix Albert Park Circuit , Melbourne 8 March 2 Chinese Grand Prix Shanghai International Circuit , Shanghai 15 March 3 Japanese Grand Prix Suzuka Circuit , Suzuka 29 March 4 Bahrain Grand Prix Bahrain International Circuit , Sakhir 12 April 5 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix Jeddah Corniche Circuit , Jeddah 19 April 6 Miami Grand Prix Miami International Autodrome , Miami Gardens, Florida 3 May 7 Canadian Grand Prix Circuit Gilles Villeneuve , Montreal 24 May 8 Monaco Grand Prix Circuit de Monaco , Monaco 7 June 9 Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya , Montmeló 14 June 10 Austrian Grand Prix Red Bull Ring , Spielberg 28 June 11 British Grand Prix Silverstone Circuit , Silverstone 5 July 12 Belgian Grand Prix Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps , Stavelot 19 July 13 Hungarian Grand Prix Hungaroring , Mogyoród 26 July 14 Dutch Grand Prix Circuit Zandvoort , Zandvoort 23 August 15 Italian Grand Prix Monza Circuit , Monza 6 September 16 Spanish Grand Prix Madring , Madrid 13 September 17 Azerbaijan Grand Prix Baku City Circuit , Baku 26 September [ a ] [ b ] 18 Singapore Grand Prix Marina Bay Street Circuit , Singapore 11 October 19 United States Grand Prix Circuit of the Americas , Austin, Texas 25 October 20 Mexico City Grand Prix Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez , Mexico City 1 November 21 São Paulo Grand Prix Interlagos Circuit , São Paulo 8 November 22 Las Vegas Grand Prix Las Vegas Strip Circuit , Paradise, Nevada 21 November [ a ] 23 Qatar Grand Prix Lusail International Circuit , Lusail 29 November 24 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Yas Marina Circuit , Abu Dhabi 6 December Source: [ 47 ] Calendar changes The Spanish Grand Prix will move from the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya in Montmeló to a new street circuit in Madrid built around the IFEMA . [ 50 ] The Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya will continue to host a race under the name Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix . [ 51 ] The Emilia Romagna Grand Prix in Imola was discontinued after their contract to host their race until 2025 was not renewed. [ 47 ] The Azerbaijan Grand Prix will be held on a Saturday following a request from the promoter and relevant government stakeholders to accommodate their Remembrance Day . [ 49 ] [ 52 ] Teams will have the opportunity to run their cars in a series of three separate three-day tests prior to the season, a significant expansion over previous testing programs to account for the new chassis and engine regulations. [ 53 ] Regulation changes Power unit, aerodynamic, geometric, and safety regulations are all set to be altered for the 2026 season. [ 54 ] Technical regulations Power units New power unit regulations are due to be introduced for the 2026 season. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The new power units will still produce over 1,000 bhp (750 kW ), although the power will come from different sources. The engine regulations will see the turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 internal combustion engine configuration used since 2014 retained. However, the MGU-H (Motor Generator Unit – Heat), which has also been in use since 2014, will be removed, while the MGU-K (Motor Generator Unit – Kinetic) output will increase to 470 bhp (350 kW) from 160 bhp (120 kW). The power output of the internal combustion part of the power unit will decrease to 540 bhp (400 kW) from 850 bhp (630 kW). Fuel flow rates will be measured and limited based on energy, rather than mass of the fuel itself. The power units will use a fully sustainable fuel being developed by Formula One. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] The power units are expected to recover twice as much electrical energy as before. [ 59 ] During the Commission meeting in early 2025, it was agreed to explore for catch-up options for power unit development for manufacturers who may have fallen behind their competitors in the initial development phase. The Commission also suggested that a relevant advisory committee look at whether the energy deployment of new power units should be reduced in race trim from the planned 470 bhp (350 kW) after some teams became concerned about the possibility of their cars running out of deployable energy in a race. [ 60 ] Car size and aerodynamics On 6 June 2024, the 2026 car concept was revealed. The concept featured new active aerodynamics in both the front and rear wings. The concept saw the elimination of the drag reduction system , being replaced by a new overtake mode, initially referred to as manual override mode. [ 61 ] The wheelbase was reduced from 360 cm (140 in) to 340 cm (130 in), the width was reduced from 200 cm (79 in) to 190 cm (75 in), and the minimum mass was reduced by 30 kg (66 lb). The tyres' widths will also be reduced by 2.5 cm (0.98 in) on the front pair and by 3.0 cm (1.2 in) on the rears. [ 59 ] [ 62 ] The floor will have reduced ground effect to ease the issues cars have suffered with porpoising . [ 63 ] In October 2024, FIA announced that the downforce reduction of the 2026 cars compared to the 2022 – 2025 generation of cars would be less than initially proposed for performance and safety reasons. [ 64 ] Later in the month, the FIA confirmed that the reduction in downforce from the 2026 generation of cars would be around 15%, a significantly smaller reduction than the originally drafted regulations which the FIA claimed had given the 2026 cars downforce reduction of over 40% compared to their predecessors. This will make the 2026 cars approximately two seconds slower a lap than the 2022–2025 generation of cars rather than the four seconds slower initially envisaged. [ 65 ] On 17 December 2025, Formula One announced the official terms describing features of the 2026 cars. The term "boost mode" will be used to describe the normal deployment of the energy recovery system (ERS) to defend or attack; "active aerodynamics" (or simply "active aero") to describe the moveable front and rear wing elements – in both higher and lower drag/downforce configuration; "recharge" to describe when a car is harvesting electrical energy; and "overtake mode" to describe a mode where extra energy stored is used in order to help one driver overtake another, but only if the driver behind is within one second of the one ahead (similar to pre-2026 DRS deployment rules). [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Safety features The regulations for the front impact structure (FIS) will be updated with the intent to enhance safety during crashes. A two-stage FIS design has been introduced to address previous issues where the structure detached near the survival cell after a primary collision, leaving the vehicle vulnerable to further impacts. Side intrusion protection, particularly around the cockpit and fuel cell will also be improved. These upgrades aim to shield critical areas of the car during side collisions, while maintaining the vehicle's weight. The roll hoop's strength will be improved, withstanding loads increased from 16g to 20g, aligning with safety standards of other single-seater series. The load testing requirements will be raised from 141 kN to 167 kN. [ 68 ] To further safeguard drivers and track marshals , lateral safety lights will be mandated. These lights will display the energy recovery system (ERS) status of a car when it stops on track, providing visual indicators of potential electrical risks, especially in emergency situations. [ 68 ] Sporting regulations Driver numbers The rules surrounding the permanent driver numbering system introduced in 2014 will be modified. Drivers will be permitted to change their race number during their careers pending permission from the FIA and any past driver that may have used a requested number. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Car liveries In order to discourage teams leaving excessive amounts of exposed black carbon on their cars in order to save weight, the FIA will mandate that a minimum of 55% of the surface area when viewed from the side and above must be covered by painted or stickered liveries. [ 71 ] Cooling vests and special heat provisions Driver cooling vests will be mandated when the FIA declares a heat hazard during a race weekend. Prior to 2026, the cooling vest was optional. Additionally, the vest will undergo a redesign. [ 72 ] Stewarding reviews For 2026, stewards will have the option to initiate a review based on new evidence. Under the previous version of the ISC, a competitor had to submit a right of review request for any decision to be reviewed. The option for competitors to submit a right of review remains in place. Additionally, an "out of competition" stewards panel will be introduced for time sensitive decisions that cannot wait until the next event. [ 73 ] Season summary Pre-season Three pre-season tests will be held. The first will be a private test and will take place at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya on 26–30 January. The second and third will be held at the Bahrain International Circuit on 11–13 February and on 18–20 February. [ 49 ] Notes ^ a b Saturday race. ^ The Azerbaijan Grand Prix was originally to take place on 27 September before being moved a day earlier, to accommodate their Remembrance Day , following a request from the promoter and relevant government stakeholders. [ 47 ] [ 49 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "2026 Formula One Sporting Regulations – Issue 2" (PDF) . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile . 11 December 2024 . Retrieved 14 December 2024 . ^ "Pirelli to continue as Formula 1's exclusive tyre supplier until 2027" . Formula 1 . 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 30 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ "BWT and Alpine F1 team combine forces in strategic partnership aimed at sustainability drive" (Press release). BWT. 11 February 2022. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 April 2024 . ^ Forbes, Gonzalo (8 January 2025). "Alpine already working in wind tunnel on 2026" . Auto Hebdo . Retrieved 25 November 2025 . ^ a b "Alpine confirm they are to shut down works engine programme at the end of 2025" . Formula 1 . 30 September 2024. Archived from the original on 30 September 2024 . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ a b "Alpine to use Mercedes power units and gearboxes from 2026" . Formula 1 . 12 November 2024. Archived from the original on 12 November 2024 . Retrieved 12 November 2024 . ^ "Honda to make full-scale F1 return in 2026 as they join forces with Aston Martin" . Formula 1 . 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 11 April 2024 . Retrieved 5 July 2024 . ^ "Jak Crawford to drive in maiden FP1 at Mexico City Grand Prix" . Aston Martin F1 . Retrieved 25 November 2025 . ^ a b "Aston Martin confirm Honda as F1 engine partner from 2026 as Japanese manufacturer makes official return to sport" . Sky Sports . 24 May 2023. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023 . Retrieved 8 February 2024 . ^ Mann-Bryans, Mark (11 February 2025). "Record title sponsorship for Williams F1 as Atlassian deal announced" . Autosport . Archived from the original on 11 February 2025 . Retrieved 11 February 2025 . ^ "Evolution of an icon" . Williams F1 Team (Press release). 3 November 2025 . Retrieved 3 November 2025 . ^ "2026 Pre-Season Testing Dates and Calendar Update Confirmed" . Atlassian Williams Racing . Retrieved 25 November 2025 . ^ Baldwin, Alan (8 January 2024). Sarkar, Pritha (ed.). "Williams F1 team to use Mercedes engines until at least 2030" . Reuters . Retrieved 8 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Audi expands commitment to Formula 1 with 100% takeover of Sauber" . Formula 1 . 8 March 2024. Archived from the original on 22 March 2024 . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ van Denderen, Ludo (2 April 2024). "Bad news for Swiss F1 fans: Audi opts for German national anthem" . GPBlog . Archived from the original on 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 14 May 2024 . ^ Noble, Jon (30 July 2025). "Audi reveals new title sponsor for its F1 debut" . The Race . Archived from the original on 30 July 2025 . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Audi reveals new concept livery for its F1 debut in 2026" . The Race . 12 November 2025 . Retrieved 12 November 2025 . ^ a b "Statement on General Motors application to join FIA Formula One World Championship in 2026" . Formula 1 (Press release). 25 November 2024. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024 . Retrieved 25 November 2024 . ^ a b "General Motors launches Cadillac Formula 1 Team and power unit" . General Motors (Press release). 25 November 2024. Archived from the original on 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 25 November 2024 . ^ a b "Cadillac receive final approval to join F1 grid in 2026" . Formula 1 . 7 March 2025. Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 7 March 2025 . ^ a b "Ferrari enters a multi-year agreement with Andretti Formula Racing" . Ferrari . 10 December 2024. Archived from the original on 10 December 2024 . Retrieved 10 December 2024 . ^ "Ferrari and HP Announce a Title Partnership" . HP (Press release). 24 April 2024. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024 . Retrieved 24 April 2024 . ^ Cleeren, Filip (9 January 2026). "Ferrari reveals name for pivotal 2026 F1 car" . Motorsport . Retrieved 9 January 2026 . ^ a b "What engine every F1 team is using for 2026 rules" . The Race . 26 August 2025. Archived from the original on 20 September 2025 . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . ^ a b Mitchell-Malm, Scott (4 December 2025). "Bigger Toyota deal prompts Haas rebrand for F1 2026" . The Race . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Haas to stick with Ferrari amid engine crisis" . Grand Prix . 30 August 2020. Archived from the original on 30 August 2020 . Retrieved 30 August 2020 . ^ McDonagh, Connor (16 July 2024). "Haas extend Ferrari technical partnership until the end of 2028 F1 season" . Crash . Archived from the original on 16 July 2024 . Retrieved 16 July 2024 . ^ Smith, Luke (27 August 2025). "Why McLaren F1 finally said yes to Mastercard after a decade without a title sponsor" . The Athletic . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 27 August 2025 . ^ "2026 McLaren Formula 1 Team MCL40A" . RM Sotheby's . 19 November 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Taylor, Max (16 August 2025). "McLaren to Auction 2026 F1 Car at Abu Dhabi GP — Before It Races" . Yahoo Autos . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "McLaren Formula 1 Team and Mercedes-Benz renew power unit agreement until 2030" . McLaren . 24 November 2023 . Retrieved 22 December 2025 . ^ Noble, Jonathan (28 September 2022). "Mercedes signs early Petronas deal extension ahead of new F1 2026 rules" . Motorsport.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2022 . Retrieved 24 April 2024 . ^ Mee, Lydia. "Mercedes announces W17 livery reveal date and 2026 F1 season launch event" . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 5 January 2026 . ^ "AlphaTauri's new name for 2024 is confirmed" . Formula 1 . 24 January 2024. Archived from the original on 19 March 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ a b c "Ford Returns To Formula 1; Strategic Partner To Oracle Red Bull Racing For 2026 Season And Beyond | Ford Media Center" . Ford (Press release). 3 February 2024. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023 . Retrieved 8 May 2024 . Red Bull Ford will provide the power units for both the Oracle Red Bull Racing and Scuderia AlphaTauri teams from 2026 to at least 2030. ^ "Red Bull name tech firm Oracle as title sponsor in $500m deal" . ESPN . 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022 . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . ^ a b "Our Driver Line-Up For 2026" . Racing Bulls (Press release). 2 December 2025 . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ "2026 FIA Formula One World Championship – Entry List" . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile . 19 December 2025 . Retrieved 19 December 2025 . ^ "Andretti Global and General Motors Team Up in F1 Pursuit" (Press release). Andretti Autosport. 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024 . Retrieved 6 January 2023 . ^ "Andretti and Cadillac to pursue opportunity to compete in FIA Formula One World Championship" (Press release). US: Cadillac. 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024 . Retrieved 6 January 2023 . ^ Hughes, Mark (26 August 2022). "Audi has gone grand prix racing before - sort of" . The Race . Archived from the original on 26 August 2022 . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Doyle, Michael (26 April 2024). "Nico's 'career renaissance' continues as Audi makes their first big move in F1" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 26 April 2024 . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ Smith, Luke; Newbold, James (8 February 2023). "Cosworth: F1 return not on radar despite Ford's comeback" . Motorsport.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2024 . ^ Richards, Giles (24 May 2023). "Honda to return to F1 in 2026 as engine manufacturer for Aston Martin" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2023 . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . ^ Barretto, Lawrence (26 August 2025). "Perez and Bottas to make F1 returns in 2026 with Cadillac" . Formula 1 . Archived from the original on 26 August 2025 . Retrieved 26 August 2025 . ^ "Oracle Red Bull Racing Announces 2026 Driver Line-Up" . Red Bull Racing (Press release). 2 December 2025 . Retrieved 2 December 2025 . ^ a b c d "Formula 1 reveals calendar for 2026 season" . Formula 1 . 10 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Formula 1 and FIA announce 2026 Sprint Calendar" . Formula 1 . Retrieved 16 September 2025 . ^ a b c "Formula 1 confirms 2026 pre-season testing dates and issues calendar update" . Formula 1 . 30 June 2025 . Retrieved 30 June 2025 . ^ Kallas, Fernando (23 January 2024). "Madrid to host Spanish GP from 2026, Barcelona future uncertain" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 25 January 2024 . Retrieved 7 May 2024 . Madrid will host the Spanish Grand Prix from 2026 to 2035 on a new city circuit around the capital's IFEMA exhibition centre, Formula One said on Tuesday in an announcement that left Barcelona facing an uncertain future. ^ Collantine, Keith (13 June 2025). "Spain's second F1 race to be called the 'Barcelona-Catalunya Grand Prix' next year" . RaceFans . Archived from the original on 6 September 2025 . Retrieved 16 October 2025 . ^ Harrington, Alex (30 June 2025). "2026 Azerbaijan Grand Prix date changed to avoid clash with day of national mourning" . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 30 June 2025 . ^ "F1 Commission rules out 'rookie race' for this year – but concept will be explored for 2025" . Formula 1 . Formula One Administration . 2 October 2024 . Retrieved 5 October 2024 . ^ Benson, Andrew (27 March 2025). "What's the future for F1 engines and why is it up for debate?" . BBC Sport . BBC . Archived from the original on 27 March 2025 . Retrieved 26 March 2025 . ^ "2026 Formula One Power Unit Sporting Regulations – Issue 7" (PDF) . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile . 17 October 2024 . Retrieved 19 October 2024 . ^ "2026 Formula One Technical Regulations – Issue 11" (PDF) . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile . 26 February 2025 . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ Wood, Will (16 August 2022). "F1's 2026 power unit regulations approved by FIA's World Motor Sport Council" . Race Fans . Retrieved 31 July 2025 . ^ Kanal, Samarth (16 August 2022). "7 things you need to know about the 2026 F1 engine regulations" . Formula 1 . Retrieved 4 April 2024 . ^ a b Noble, Jonathan (6 June 2024). "Revealed: First images of F1's new 2026 car concept" . Autosport. ^ "Formula 1 Commission Meeting 24.04.2025 – Media statement" . Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Noble, Jonathan (6 June 2024). "How F1's new active aero will work in 2026" . Autosport. ^ Mitchell-Malm, Scott; Anderson, Ben (6 June 2024). "F1 reveals 2026 cars – Everything worth knowing" . The Race . Retrieved 6 June 2024 . ^ Bianchi, Francesco (9 June 2024). "Tech Analysis | How F1 will survive without DRS in 2026" . GPblog.com . Retrieved 11 June 2024 . ^ Cleeren, Filip (3 October 2024). "F1 abandons Abu Dhabi rookie sprint race idea for 2024" . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 4 October 2024 . ^ Noble, Jonathan; Somerfield, Matt (20 October 2024). "F1's 2026 cars now two seconds faster after rule tweaks" . Motorsport.com . Retrieved 20 October 2024 . ^ Noble, Jon (17 December 2025). "New F1 2026 mode names and car images revealed" . The Race . Retrieved 17 December 2025 . ^ "Explained: The new key terms for F1's new-for-2026 rules" . Formula1.com . Retrieved 17 December 2025 . ^ a b Barretto, Lawrence (6 June 2024). "From more agile cars to 'X-mode' and 'Z-mode' – unpicking the 2026 aerodynamics regulations" . Formula 1 . Retrieved 20 December 2024 . ^ Collantine, Keith (14 November 2025). "F1 Commission agrees changes to rules on car liveries and driver numbers for 2026" . ^ Khorounzhiy, Valentin (18 December 2025). "Verstappen's new F1 number for 2026 explained" . The-Race.com . Retrieved 25 December 2025 . ^ Benyon, Jack (14 November 2025). "New F1 livery rules to be introduced for 2026" . The Race . Retrieved 18 November 2025 . ^ "FIA announces 'updates' to 2026 regulations after final F1 Commision" . GPblog . 14 November 2025 . Retrieved 18 November 2025 . ^ Noble, Jon (18 December 2025). "Two big changes to stewards' powers for 2026" . The Race . Retrieved 19 December 2025 . External links Formula One portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Formula One seasons v t e 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020s 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 v t e World championships in 2026 v t e Summer sports and indoor sports Association football (men) Athletics cross country indoor road running race walking Badminton individual team Baseball (men) Basketball (3x3) Beach handball men women Bowls indoor WBT indoor WB/IIBC Cricket T20 men T20 women Cycling BMX cyclo-cross mountain bike road track urban Field hockey men women Sitting volleyball men women Association football (men) Athletics cross country indoor road running race walking cross country indoor road running race walking Badminton individual team individual team Baseball (men) Basketball (3x3) Beach handball men women men women Bowls indoor WBT indoor WB/IIBC indoor WBT indoor WB/IIBC Cricket T20 men T20 women T20 men T20 women Cycling BMX cyclo-cross mountain bike road track urban BMX cyclo-cross mountain bike road track urban Field hockey men women men women Sitting volleyball men women men women Winter sports Ice hockey men women Ice hockey men women men women Para sports Para Badminton Para Shooting Para Table Tennis Para Badminton Para Shooting Para Table Tennis Cue and mind sports Chess women Draughts open women Darts PDC WDF Pool nine-ball ten-ball Snooker open women Chess women women Draughts open women open women Darts PDC WDF PDC WDF Pool nine-ball ten-ball nine-ball ten-ball Snooker open women open women Motor sports Endurance auto racing Formula E Formula One Motocross men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Superbike Supersport Sportbike Women Speedway Grand Prix World Cup Rally Rally raid FIA Bajas FIM Bajas Endurance auto racing Formula E Formula One Motocross men women team men women team MotoGP Moto2 Moto3 Moto2 Moto3 Superbike Supersport Sportbike Women Supersport Sportbike Women Speedway Grand Prix World Cup Grand Prix World Cup Rally Rally raid FIA Bajas FIM Bajas FIA Bajas FIM Bajas 2026 in Formula One 2026 in formula racing Formula One seasons Scheduled motorsport seasons Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from November 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 07:42 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Formula_One_World_Championship
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Songwriting and recording Toggle Songwriting and recording subsection 2.1 Personnel 2.1 Personnel 3 Influence 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Urain Ge Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item "Urain Ge" Title cover Single by Ali Zafar Language Urdu Released 7 February 2015 ( 2015-02-07 ) Recorded 2015 Genre Patriotic Length 4 : 28 Label Saga Songwriter Ali Zafar " Urain Ge " ( Urdu : اڑیں گے , lit. ' We Will Fly ' ) is a 2015 Pakistani song, written and produced by Ali Zafar . It was released in honour of the victims of the 2014 Peshawar school massacre , and to support the campaign titled 141 Schools for Peace with The Citizens Foundation . Background In 2014, Pakistan faced military and political instability, when Pakistan Armed Forces launched Operation Zarb-e-Azb in North Waziristan against various groups, including Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), in the wake of terrorism. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Later, on 16 December 2014, six gunmen attacked inside the Army Public School, Peshawar , killing 132 children and 9 school staff members, making it one of the world's deadliest school massacres . Pakistan Army 's Special Service Group (SSG) launched a quick rescue operation and killed the terrorists. They rescued an estimated 960 people, though 139 were injured. [ 3 ] Omar Khalid Khorasani , TTP's spokesperson, took responsibility for the attack and claimed it was a revenge against the Operation Zarb-e-Azb. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] The school reopened on 12 January 2015 with ensured security, and staff and students reportedly showing "high spirits". [ 6 ] Songwriting and recording Ali Zafar cancelled his concert tours and events soon after the massacre, including the one in Durban , South Africa, on New Year's Eve. Weeks later, he went to his studio to write and record the song "Urain Ge". It was released on 7 February 2015 via ARY Digital Network . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Musician Asad Ahmed shared that he was hired to play the bass only, but he changed the orchestration into electric guitars. [ 10 ] "We don't have a choice but to take a united stand against terrorism [...] education is the way forward. It's the key to progress and peace". "We don't have a choice but to take a united stand against terrorism [...] education is the way forward. It's the key to progress and peace". To record the music video, he gathered several celebrities from the country at a studio in Korangi, Karachi . They included Aamina Sheikh , Ahsan Khan , Aijaz Aslam , Ali Azmat , Ali Kazmi , Anwar Maqsood , Asad Ahmed, Behroze Sabzwari , Bilal Lashari , Bushra Ansari , Fahad Mustafa , Farhad Humayun , Fawad Khan , Fariha Pervez , Goher Mumtaz , Hadiqa Kiani , Hamza Ali Abbasi , Haroon Rashid , Haroon Shahid , Humaima Malick , Humayun Saeed , Imran Abbas , Jawed Sheikh , Junaid Khan , Junaid Younus, Mahira Khan , Meesha Shafi , Mehreen Raheal , Mehwish Hayat , Mikaal Zulfiqar , Mohammed Ali Shehki , Mohib Mirza , Saba Qamar , Sanam Saeed , Sahira Kazmi , Sajid Hasan , Sajjad Ali , and Shoaib Malik . They also commented about the need to tribute the victims and aspire for the better future of the country, where no mother is separated from her child and love prevails over the pain. [ 10 ] [ 12 ] [ a ] Shehzad Roy also recorded and sent his video separately. [ 13 ] Shahzeb Jillani wrote in BBC News that the song starts in a "grave" mood, but the rising tempo transforms the music into "something uplifting". [ 11 ] Anum Rehman Chagani of Dawn believed that the song may "become the anthem for hope for our nation". [ 9 ] Besides the showbiz unity in the music video, Zafar also appreciated the political unity after a long dispute in the aftermath of the Peshawar attack. He also urged a nationwide unity, so to put a positive image of the country towards peace and progress in the world map. [ 7 ] [ 10 ] [ 12 ] Personnel Video conceived and produced by Ali Zafar [ a ] Directed by Abdullah Haris and Bilal Khan Public relations : Ammara Hikmat Flute/Orchestral arrangement: Baqir Abbas Programming : Badshah Electric guitar: Asad Ahmed Acoustic guitar: Danyal Zafar Director of photography: Saif and Sabeeh Khan Editing: Mukhtar Ali Awan and Abdullah Haris Rotoscoping : Adnan Ayub Post-production : 12Gates Hair and makeup: N-Pro by Nabila Influence The Citizens Foundation (TCF), an educational nonprofit organization that builds schools for underprivileged children in Pakistan, partnered with the 141 Schools for Peace campaign, and decided the locations across Pakistan to build the schools. The budgetary cost was estimated to be Rs. 2.07 crore . [ b ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Ali Zafar, whose parents are educationalists, also wanted to contribute to education and committed to supporting the cause by donating all proceeds from the song "Urain Ge". Their collective aim was to build 141 schools and dedicate each school to a victim of the Peshawar attack. [ 7 ] At Rs. 10 per legal sale of the song, the Ali Zafar Foundation donated about Rs. 2 lakh to the cause. [ b ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] By the tenth anniversary in 2024, TCF announced that the mission to establish 141 school units had been completed. [ 19 ] See also Dhanak Kay Rang Notes ^ a b Credits extracted from the music video ^ a b See Indian numbering system . In 2015, US$1 was equivalent to average Rs. 102.70 . [ 14 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Zahir Shah Sherazi (15 June 2014). "Zarb-e-Azb operation: 120 suspected militants killed in N Waziristan" . Dawn . Archived from the original on 23 July 2025 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Jamal Khurshid (14 October 2014). "Zarb-e-Azb: Gear up for the 'forever war' " . The News . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ "No hostages: Terrorists wanted to inflict maximum casualties, says DG ISPR" . The Express Tribune . 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Jon Boone; Ewen MacAskill (16 December 2014). "Pakistan responds to Peshawar school massacre with strikes on Taliban" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ James Rush (19 December 2014). "These are the men that slaughtered 132 innocent children" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Zahir Shah Sherazi (12 January 2015). "After deadly Taliban attack, Army Public School reopens today" . Dawn . Archived from the original on 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b c d Ali Zafar (16 March 2015). "World needs to help us out of extremist darkness" . CNN . Archived from the original on 26 July 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Shalvi Mangaokar (30 December 2014). "Ali Zafar cancels concert post Peshawar tragedy" . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b Anum Rehman Chagani (7 February 2015). "Ali Zafar tugs at heartstrings with 'Urain Ge' " . Dawn . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b c "Ali Zafar honours Peshawar school victims in star-studded video" . The Express Tribune . 25 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . Hasan Ansari (26 January 2015). "VIDEO: A sneak peek into Ali Zafar's Peshawar tribute" . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . "Ali Zafar honours Peshawar school victims in star-studded video" . The Express Tribune . 25 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . Hasan Ansari (26 January 2015). "VIDEO: A sneak peek into Ali Zafar's Peshawar tribute" . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b Shahzeb Jillani (6 February 2015). "Pakistani star Ali Zafar sings for unity after Peshawar attack" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 23 January 2025 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ a b Madeeha Syed (1 February 2015). "Ali Zafar's Urain Gay: A song for Peshawar" . Dawn . Archived from the original on 21 January 2019 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Ali Zafar [@AliZafarsays] (7 February 2015). "And thank u@ShehzadRoy. Though you couldn't make it to the shoot but still sent your shot to show solidarity! Wish we could have more of U!" ( Tweet ). Retweeted by Shehzad Roy [@ShehzadRoy] . Retrieved 28 November 2025 – via Twitter . ^ "US Dollar (USD) To Pakistan Rupee (PKR) Exchange Rate History for 2015" . Exchange-Rates . Archived from the original on 27 February 2025 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Amna Khawar (13 February 2015). "141 of them" . The Friday Times . Archived from the original on 20 June 2024 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ Zareen Muzaffar (5 May 2015). "Healing Pakistan's Wounds by Building 141 Schools for Peace" . The Diplomat . Archived from the original on 15 August 2025 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ " 'Urainge' rises to the occasion" . The Express Tribune . 16 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 November 2025 . ^ "The noble Ali Zafar" . Dawn . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2025 . ^ The Citizens Foundation (16 December 2016). "TCF has successfully established 141 school units" . Retrieved 21 November 2025 – via Facebook . External links "Urain Ge" (music video) on YouTube Ali Zafar endorses TCF's 141 Schools for Peace Initiative 2014 on YouTube .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Ali Zafar v t e Discography Awards and nominations Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Huqa Pani Masty Jhoom Roshni Huqa Pani Masty Jhoom Roshni Soundtracks London, Paris, New York Singles " Urain Ge " " Ab Khel Ke Dikha " " Ab Khel Jamay Ga " " Qaumi Taranah " " Dil Se Jaan Laga De " " Mela Loot Liya " " Khul Ke Khel " " Qaseeda Burda Shareef " " X Dekho " " Urain Ge " " Ab Khel Ke Dikha " " Ab Khel Jamay Ga " " Qaumi Taranah " " Dil Se Jaan Laga De " " Mela Loot Liya " " Khul Ke Khel " " Qaseeda Burda Shareef " " X Dekho " Related articles Kanwal Ameen Coke Studio Pakistan List of Pakistan Super League anthems Teefa in Trouble Kanwal Ameen Coke Studio Pakistan List of Pakistan Super League anthems Teefa in Trouble Multimedia Multimedia v t e 2014 Peshawar school massacre v t e General topics Reactions to the 2014 Peshawar school massacre National Action Plan Reactions to the 2014 Peshawar school massacre National Action Plan Related topics Army Public Schools & Colleges System Operation Zarb-e-Azb 141 Schools for Peace " Urain Ge " Peshawar Army Public Schools & Colleges System Operation Zarb-e-Azb 141 Schools for Peace " Urain Ge " Peshawar Multimedia Multimedia Ali Zafar songs 2015 songs 2014 Peshawar school massacre Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use Pakistani English from November 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Urdu-language text This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:23 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urain_Ge
|
Pagina principală Schimbări recente Cafenea Articol aleatoriu Facebook Cum încep pe Wikipedia Ajutor Portaluri tematice Articole cerute Pagini speciale Donații Creare cont Autentificare Donații Creare cont Autentificare Categorie : Economia Europei Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Aragonés العربية الدارجة Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български বাংলা Bosanski Català Нохчийн کوردی Čeština Чӑвашла Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Frysk Gaelg עברית हिन्दी Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Ido Italiano 日本語 ქართული Қазақша 한국어 Kurdî Latviešu Македонски Монгол Bahasa Melayu Malti မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Português Русский سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Anarâškielâ Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Kiswahili Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Categorie Discuție Lectură Modificare Modificare sursă Istoric Lectură Modificare Modificare sursă Istoric Ce trimite aici Schimbări corelate Trimite fișier Legătură permanentă Informații despre pagină Obține URL scurtat Descărcați codul QR Creare carte Descărcare ca PDF Versiune de tipărit Wikimedia Commons Element Wikidata Portal Economie Portal Europa v d m Economia Europei v d m Țări independente Albania · Andorra · Armenia 1 · Austria · Azerbaidjan 2 · Belarus · Belgia · Bosnia și Herțegovina · Bulgaria · Cehia · Cipru 1 · Croația · Danemarca · Elveția · Estonia · Finlanda · Franța · Georgia 2 · Germania · Grecia · Irlanda · Islanda · Italia · Letonia · Liechtenstein · Lituania · Luxemburg · Macedonia de Nord · Malta · Republica Moldova · Monaco · Muntenegru · Norvegia · Polonia · Portugalia · Regatul Unit ( Anglia , Irlanda de Nord , Scoția , Țara Galilor ) · România · Rusia 3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovacia · Slovenia · Spania · Suedia · Turcia · Țările de Jos · Ucraina · Ungaria · Vatican Albania · Andorra · Armenia 1 · Austria · Azerbaidjan 2 · Belarus · Belgia · Bosnia și Herțegovina · Bulgaria · Cehia · Cipru 1 · Croația · Danemarca · Elveția · Estonia · Finlanda · Franța · Georgia 2 · Germania · Grecia · Irlanda · Islanda · Italia · Letonia · Liechtenstein · Lituania · Luxemburg · Macedonia de Nord · Malta · Republica Moldova · Monaco · Muntenegru · Norvegia · Polonia · Portugalia · Regatul Unit ( Anglia , Irlanda de Nord , Scoția , Țara Galilor ) · România · Rusia 3 · San Marino · Serbia · Slovacia · Slovenia · Spania · Suedia · Turcia · Țările de Jos · Ucraina · Ungaria · Vatican Republici, teritorii și regiuni recunoscute parțial Abhazia 2 · Kosovo · Republica Turcă a Ciprului de Nord 1 · Osetia de Sud 2 · Transnistria Abhazia 2 · Kosovo · Republica Turcă a Ciprului de Nord 1 · Osetia de Sud 2 · Transnistria Teritorii și regiuni nesuverane Akrotiri și Dhekelia 1 · Insulele Åland · Insulele Feroe · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Insula Man · Insula Jersey · Svalbard Akrotiri și Dhekelia 1 · Insulele Åland · Insulele Feroe · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Insula Man · Insula Jersey · Svalbard Alte entități Uniunea Europeană · Spațiul Economic European · Ordin Militar Suveran al Maltei Uniunea Europeană · Spațiul Economic European · Ordin Militar Suveran al Maltei 1 În întregime în Asia, dar din punct de vedere istoric este considerat european · 2 Parțial sau în întregime în Asia, în funcție de definirea graniței · 3 Stat transcontinental Formate pe subiecte: Africa · America de Nord · America de Sud · Asia · Europa · Oceania Subcategorii Această categorie conține următoarele 28 de subcategorii, dintr-un total de 28. Agricultura în Europa (1 P) Companii din Europa (9 C, 2 P) Infrastructura Europei (7 C, 1 P) Monedele Europei (12 C, 22 P) Regiuni economice ale Europei (2 P) Resursele naturale ale Europei (2 C) Știință și tehnologie în Europa (22 C, 4 P) Transport în Europa (25 C, 3 P) B Economia Belgiei (6 C, 3 P) Economia Bulgariei (4 C, 4 P) C Economia Cehiei (4 C, 3 P) Economia Croației (1 C, 3 P) D Economia Danemarcei (1 C, 4 P) F Economia Franței (5 C, 9 P) Economia Finlandei (3 C, 4 P) G Economia Germaniei (9 C, 9 P) Economia Greciei (1 C, 7 P) I Economia Italiei (7 C, 5 P) K Economia provinciei Kosovo (fără conținut) P Economia Portugaliei (4 C, 3 P) R Economia Regatului Unit (4 C, 3 P) Economia României (28 C, 32 P) S Economia Serbiei (3 C, 4 P) Economia Slovaciei (4 C, 3 P) Economia Sloveniei (2 P) Economia Spaniei (2 C, 2 P) U Economia Ucrainei (6 C, 7 P) Economia Uniunii Europene (1 C, 14 P) Pagini din categoria „Economia Europei” Următoarele 4 pagini aparțin acestei categorii, dintr-un total de 4. Categorii: Utilizate • Dorite • Necategorisite • Nefolosite • Aleatorii • Toate categoriile Utile: Arborele categoriilor • Căutare internă: • Interogare • Grafice: ↑ • ↓ Index general: 0-9 • A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Index local: Top • 0-9 • A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Acordul de liber schimb între Uniunea Europeană și Statele Unite E Euribor M Modelul nordic Economia Principatului Monaco Economie după continent Europa Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 13 decembrie 2023, ora 20:02. Acest text este disponibil sub licența Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice ; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. Vedeți detalii la Termenii de utilizare . Politica de confidențialitate Despre Wikipedia Termeni Cod de conduită Dezvoltatori Statistici Declarație cookie Versiune mobilă
|
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Economia_Europei
|
Current Issue Previous Issues About Stay Current NLM Technical Bulletin Archive 2026 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2025 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2024 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2023 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2022 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2021 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2020 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2019 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2018 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2017 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2016 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2015 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2014 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2013 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2012 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2011 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2010 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2009 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2008 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2007 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2006 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2005 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2004 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2003 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2002 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2001 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 2000 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 1999 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 1998 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 1997 Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec PDF: Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 1996 (PDF only) Jan-Apr (four-month issue) | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 1995 (PDF only) Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec 1994 (PDF only) Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec | Index 1993 (PDF only) Jan-Feb | Mar-Apr | May-Jun | Jul-Aug | Sep-Oct | Nov-Dec | Index May 1969 - 1992 (PDF only) May 1969 - 1992 ISSN 2161-2986 (Online) National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 Connect with NLM , Web Policies , Careers , Accessibility , USA.gov , HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NIH , HHS , FOIA , NLM Support Center Last updated: 05 January 2026
|
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/back_issues.html
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders" . Kyiv: CNN . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus" . CNN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?" . BBC . 26 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus" . BBC News . 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование "Медузы" и "Медиазоны" о потерях" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ... ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies . p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8 . OCLC 1292198893 . OL 32226712M . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ " Ukraine ", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 19 January 2023 ^ "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft" . BBC News . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal (ed.). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2 . On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. i, 98. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0 . OCLC 1350843759 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025" . Russia Matters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine internal displacement report: General population Survey" (PDF) . Global Crisis Response Platform . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ Asadzade, Ulviyya; Sachalko, Borys (December 2025). "Ukraine Faces Labor Shortage as Russia's War Empties Factories and Farms" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ a b Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine" . Revue Canadienne des Slavistes . 64 ( 2– 3): 207– 219. doi : 10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 . ISSN 0008-5006 . ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 18 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ Al Jazeera Staff. " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine war: President Putin speech fact-checked" . BBC News . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2025 . ^ a b Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 ( 3– 4). Taylor & Francis : 1– 19. doi : 10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911 . S2CID 249527690 . ^ a b McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe" . n-tv.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ a b Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis" . Moscow Times . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ a b Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy" . Kyiv Post . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' " . The Day . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ "Istanbul Document 1999" . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ "Interview with French Television Company France 3" . President of Russia . 7 May 2005. ^ Interfax-Ukraine (22 February 2013). "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" . Kyiv Post . ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. ^ Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. ^ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych" . BBC News . 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2025 . ^ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea" . BBC News . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2025 . ^ Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6 . ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... ^ Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea" . International Comparative Jurisprudence . 3 (1): 25– 36. doi : 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003 . ISSN 2351-6674 . ^ Gouré, Daniel (3 March 2014). "Putin's Anschluss" . Lexington Institute . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Umland, Andreas (1 November 2016). "The Glazyev Tapes: Getting to the root of the conflict in Ukraine" . European Council on Foreign Relations . ^ "Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine" . The Moscow Times . 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138– 140. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 November 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement" . Reuters . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF) . International Criminal Court . 14 November 2016. pp. 33– 38. ^ "Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF) . European Court of Human Rights . 25 January 2023. ^ "Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region" . Al Jazeera . 18 January 2018. ^ Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism" . Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor . ^ Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability . Oxford University Press . p. 129. ^ "Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?" . BBC News . 28 July 2014. ^ O'Loughlin, John (2017). "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine" . Post-Soviet Affairs . 33 (2): 124– 144. doi : 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452 . ^ "Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot" . Ukrainska Pravda . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 15 July 2024 . ^ a b Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO" . Interfax-Ukraine . 29 March 2014. ^ "New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. ^ "Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 23 December 2014. ^ "How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality" . openDemocracy . ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . ibidem. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ Hall, Stephen (18 January 2024). "Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion" . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (17 July 2024). "How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ a b c Kirby, Jason (25 February 2022). "In taking Ukraine, Putin would gain a strategic commodities powerhouse" . The Globe and Mail . ^ a b c Brewster, Murray (27 May 2022). "Natural gas, rare earth minerals: What's at stake for Ukraine in the territory Russia is trying to conquer" . CBC News . ^ a b c Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis" . Wilson Center . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . ^ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka ( Associated Press ). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' " [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] ^ "Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine" (PDF) . United States Mission to the OSCE . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "2021 trends and observations" (PDF) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood" . LSE Public Policy Review . 3 (1) 4. doi : 10.31389/lseppr.86 . ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' " . The Kremlin . Government of Russia . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022 . ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine" . Thinking about... (newsletter) . Substack . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 25 January 2021 . fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. ^ Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). "History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine" . ^ a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . Columbia University Press . pp. 17, 57. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8 . ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' " . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" " . Axios . 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight" . NATO . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). "Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?" . Brookings Institution . ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say" . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most" . Journal of Democracy . 33 (2): 18– 27. doi : 10.1353/jod.2022.0015 . ISSN 1045-5736 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine" . Associated Press . 26 January 2022. ^ a b "US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine" . El País . 2 February 2022. ^ "Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands" . Axios . 1 February 2022. ^ "U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount" . The New York Times . 26 January 2022. ^ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). "France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis" . Reuters . ^ "Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons" . Deutsche Welle . 21 August 2022. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace" . Chatham House . doi : 10.55317/9781784135782 . ^ "West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky" . France 24 . 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says" . BBC News . 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2025. ^ a b c d Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (18 February 2022). "Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. ^ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (30 November 2022). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF) . Royal United Services Institute . pp. 1– 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2025. ^ "Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" " . Kyiv Post . 2 December 2022. ^ "Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders" . Sky News . 1 December 2022. ^ "Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine" . Bloomberg News . 20 March 2022. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (26 February 2022). "Putin's miscalculation" . Politico . Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ AFP (8 March 2022). "Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance" . France 24 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ "Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine" . www.ft.com . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions" . BBC News . 22 February 2022. ^ "Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation" . Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation . Federation Council of Russia . 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine" . Meduza . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Putin declares war on Ukraine" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" . The Spectator . 24 February 2022. ^ a b "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration" . BBC News . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood" . Time . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ "Missiles rain down around Ukraine" . Reuters . 25 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. ^ Dietrich, Marc (2023). A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas . Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . CriticalThreats . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (27 February 2022). "Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol" . USNI News . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Putin" . University of Hull . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization" . Interfax-Ukraine . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . ^ a b c Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . Center for Strategic & International Studies . Retrieved 25 November 2021 . ^ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (26 February 2022). "Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ "Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages" . Associated Press News . 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . ^ a b Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region" . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (26 April 2022). "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' " . Stars and Stripes . Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (10 May 2022). "The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (31 May 2022). "Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia" . The Guardian . ^ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (28 May 2022). "Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War" . Bloomberg . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (30 May 2022). "War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' " . 19fortyfive.com . ^ "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). " 'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says" . Politico . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital" . Financial Times . 26 February 2022. ISSN 0307-1766 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv" . AP News . 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). " 'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb" . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical" . Ukrinform . 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). " "Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender" . CNN . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show" . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' " . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv" . BBC News . 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region" . BBC News . Retrieved 2 April 2022 . ^ Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ Schwirtz, Michael and Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts" . Ukrinform . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" . National Post . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk" . CNN . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). "Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday" . CNN . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Boffey, Daniel and Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' " . The Hill . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails" . UN News . 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Bennett, Dalton (7 April 2022). "In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Nick; Wilson, Jamie; Harding, Luke (18 July 2023). "Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark, ed. (25 March 2022). "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass" . London: Yahoo! Finance . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . ^ "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa" . The Straits Times . SPH Media Trust . Reuters . 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster" . NPR . 11 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end" . Radio New Zealand News . 17 April 2022. ^ a b Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "US official briefs on Russia's war effort" . BBC . 2 May 2022. ^ "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine" . CBS News Videos via Yahoo News . 6 June 2022. ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (29 June 2022). "Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ Rainford, Sarah (5 July 2022). "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture" . BBC News . ^ Cherkasov, Alexander (26 June 2022). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (in Ukrainian). Novaya Gazeta . ^ "Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South" . The New York Times . 20 July 2022. ^ "Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence" . Ukrainska Pravda . 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Axe, David (15 September 2022). "The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine" . Forbes . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Schreck, Adam (21 April 2022). "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts" . Associated Press News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. ^ Prentice, Alessandra (28 April 2022). "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' " . Reuters . Kyiv. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (1 May 2022). "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Yahoo News . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2024 . ^ "Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped" . Reuters . 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (5 May 2022). "Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ " 'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol" . NPR . 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Koshiw, Isobel (8 May 2022). " 'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. ^ Petrenko, Roman (8 May 2022). "Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city" . Yahoo News . Ukrayinska Pravda . Archived from the original on 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (8 May 2022). "Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan; and Santora, Marc (16 May 2022). "Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ Harrison, Virginia and agencies (17 May 2022). "Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands" . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ "Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender" . Reuters . Mariupol. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ a b "Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . Reuters . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2025 . ^ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). " 'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates" . USA Today . Retrieved 8 April 2022 . ^ "Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol" . NBC News . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; and Tebor, Celina (10 April 2022). "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region" . Axios . ^ "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east" . Reuters . 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Murphy, Matt (23 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies" . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ "Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader" . The Australian . 25 May 2022. ISSN 1038-8761 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say" . The Guardian . 26 May 2022. ^ Markic, Igor. "Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk" [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. Rivista Italiana Difesa (in Italian). Coop Giornalistica La Riviera . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk" . Yahoo News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas" . NBC News . 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Suliman, Adela; Pietsch, Bryan; Pannett, Rachel (2 June 2022). "Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 4 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk" . BBC News . 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (12 June 2022). "Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (13 June 2022). "Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59, 453 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. ^ Hughes, Clyde (20 June 2022). "Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle" . UPI . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (24 June 2022). "Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on" . CNN . ^ "Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine" . CBS News . 3 July 2022. ^ Jones, Sam (4 July 2022). "Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk" . The Guardian . ^ "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro" . Al Jazeera . 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2 May 2022). "Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions" . Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Lewis, Simon (28 June 2022). "Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18" . Reuters . ^ "Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine" . France 24 . 7 July 2022 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Francois (20 July 2023). "Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy" . Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP" . Charter 97 . 20 August 2022. ^ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 20 August 2022 . ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 September 2022). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Troianovski, Anton (12 September 2022). "Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. ^ "Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" . France 24 . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" " [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (21 September 2022). "Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization" . CNBC . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ " 'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities" . Financial Times . 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" . BBC News . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Lister, Tim (30 September 2022). "Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law" . CNN . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway" . NBC News . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ Asami, Terajima (4 September 2022). "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . ^ Dammers, Tobias (10 September 2022). "Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" " [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. Tagesschau (in German) . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (4 October 2022). "Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ "Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive" . Reuters . 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (9 November 2022). "Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (11 November 2022). "Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (7 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (8 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (9 September 2022). "Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Osterman, Cynthia (9 September 2022). "Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (9 September 2022). "Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance" . CNN . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media" . Euromaidan Press . 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (10 September 2022). "Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says" . Reuters . 15 September 2022. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (1 October 2022). "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ a b c "Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains" . The Moscow Times . AFP . 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 March 2023). "Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (6 April 2023). "How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Galeotti, Mark (24 May 2023). "Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?" . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (6 February 2023). "Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ "The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war" . The Independent . 13 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Grove, Thomas (24 January 2023). "Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal . p. A6. ^ "Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut" . Bloomberg.com . 22 January 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ Santora, Marc (16 February 2023). "Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 March 2023). "How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 March 2023). "Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ Axe, David (18 January 2024). " 'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down" . Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ "Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar" . The Kyiv Independent . 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar" . news360.es . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ "Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut" . The New York Times . 1 February 2023. Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . ^ "Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor" . BBC News . 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 May 2023). "The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; and Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (27 June 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown" . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (8 June 2023). "Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia" . NBC News . ^ Dettmer, Jamie (9 June 2023). "Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance" . Politico . ^ Balmforth, Tom (12 June 2023). "Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive" . Reuters . ^ "Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin" . Associated Press . 25 June 2023. ^ "Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia" . BBC News . 1 July 2023. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack" . Reuters . 13 September 2023. ^ "As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants". CBS News . 21 September 2023. ^ "Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report". Al Jazeera . ^ Stern, David L. (22 September 2023). "Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol". The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . ^ Kilner, James (23 September 2023). "Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . ^ a b Page, Lewis (12 November 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Mazurenko, Alona (30 November 2023). "Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas" . Ukrainska Pravda . ^ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (11 December 2023). "U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (4 December 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). "Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army" . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ "Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka" . France 24 . 29 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians" . The New York Times . 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Axe, David (8 March 2024). "Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day" . Forbes . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ Watling, Jack (19 February 2024). "The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage" . Time . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Kullab, Samya and Morton, Elise (25 May 2024). "Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue" . AP News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Mayer, Daryna and Talmazan, Yuliya (17 May 2024). "Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea" . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Dress, Brad (7 June 2024). "US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over' " . The Hill . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Barnes, Joe (24 April 2024). "Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned" . The Telegraph . ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ Santora, Marc (14 May 2024). "How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians" . The New York Times . ^ "Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks" . Euromaidan Press . 7 April 2024. ^ "Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances" . Al Jazeera . 4 July 2024. ^ "Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting" . Reuters . 4 July 2024. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Struck, Julia (7 July 2024). "Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches" . Kyiv Post . ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ "The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front" . Meduza . 26 July 2024. ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Méheut, Constant (7 August 2024). "Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. ^ Farrell, Francis (8 August 2024). "Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil" . Kyiv Independent . ^ Méheut, Constant (15 August 2024). "Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says" . The New York Times . ^ "Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities" . Associated Press . 16 August 2024. ^ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (17 August 2024). "How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia" . CNN . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (31 August 2024). "Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault" . The Washington Post . ^ Evans, Angelica (6 February 2025). "Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (21 January 2025). "Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk" . Hudson Institute . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ O'Grady, Siobhán; Ebel, Francesca; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Morgunov, Serhiy; Korolchuk, Serhii (11 August 2025). "Ukraine invaded Russia, seizing land it hoped to trade. It couldn't hold on" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Johnson, Lizzie; Korolchuk, Serhii; Galouchka, Anastacia; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Ram, Ed; Chen, Yutao; Ledur, Júlia; Sand, Bishop (8 September 2025). "Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. ^ a b Miller, Christopher (30 August 2024). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences" . FT . Archived from the original on 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2024 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (22 August 2024). "Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east" . The Washington Post . ^ "The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town" . The Economist . 22 August 2024. ^ "Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine" . Associated Press . 22 August 2024. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2024 . Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (18 September 2024). "Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2024 . Retrieved 18 September 2024 . ^ "Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say" . Reuters . 24 September 2024. ^ Kilner, James (1 October 2024). "Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Harding, Luke (2 October 2024). "Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2024 . ^ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (30 October 2024). "Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2024 . ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (1 November 2024). "As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. ^ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (29 November 2024). "Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia" . AP News . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (3 January 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 3, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Eckel, Mike (3 January 2025). "Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says" . Reuters . 15 February 2025. ^ "Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine" . AP News . 26 January 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 2, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 2 February 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2025. ^ Basmat, Dmytro (18 February 2025). "Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ Jones, Seth G.; McCabe, Riley (11 August 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "UN warns of record civilian casualties in Ukraine" . UN News . 10 July 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 28 August 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (2 September 2025). "Putin's failed summer offensive shatters the myth of inevitable Russian victory" . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russia's summer offensive in Ukraine underwhelms – but Kyiv won't be celebrating" . CNN . 29 June 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Nov. 12, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia deploys 170,000 troops for push in Ukraine's Donetsk region, Zelenskyy says" . AP News . 31 October 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia in Review, Nov. 7–14, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Landale, James (1 November 2025). "Key town faces 'multi-thousand' Russian force, top Ukraine commander admits" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Osborn, Andrew (2 December 2025). "Russia says before talks with US it has fully captured city of Pokrovsk, Ukraine denies it" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 December 2025). "Ukrainians raise flag to show BBC the fight goes on in city claimed by Russia" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T (12 December 2025). "Russian forces 'completely cut off' from Kupiansk, says Ukrainian commander" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Dysa, Yuliia (12 December 2025). "Zelenskiy visits Kupiansk as Ukraine retakes parts of frontline town" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Noonan, Fiona (16 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 15, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ a b c Lough, John (10 November 2025). "Ukraine's best defence against Putin's energy war is more attacks on Russia's oil refining sector" . www.chathamhouse.org . London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved 20 November 2025 . ^ UK Parliament Library, Ukraine Update, October 2025. ^ Christou, William (8 November 2025). "Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian energy facilities kill at least seven" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Kirichenko, David (1 October 2025). "Russia's Fuel Crisis Deepens As Kremlin Warns Gas Station Owners" . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 May 2022). "Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Shuster, Simon (26 September 2022). "Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War" . Time . Retrieved 10 September 2023 . ^ a b "Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects" . Congressional Research Service. 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Hodge, Nathan (11 April 2022). "Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?" . CNN . ^ Ryan, Mick (10 September 2023). "The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?" . ABC . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Deliso, Meredith (8 May 2022). "Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ "Вооруженные силы Украины атаковали Миллерово «Точкой-У»" [Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U]. Rostov Gazeta (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Insinna, Valerie (19 September 2022). "It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals" . Breaking Defense . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (22 October 2022). "Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure" . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10" . The Kyiv Independent . 25 November 2022 . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ Boffey, Daniel (6 June 2025). " 'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bego, Katja (5 June 2025). "Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention" . Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (5 June 2025). "Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Gozzi, Laura (2 June 2025). "How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bondar, Kateryna (3 June 2025). "How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare" . CSIS . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?" . NBC News . 7 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2 June 2025). "Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 31 July 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ Cheetham, Joshua (11 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ Sands, Leo (7 September 2022). "Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Kirby, Paul (16 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts" . BBC News . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 August 2022). "Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (11 October 2022) [8 October 2022]. "Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3" . The New York Times . eISSN 1553-8095 . ISSN 0362-4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (16 July 2023). "Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia" . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ Goldsmith, Adam (3 June 2025). "Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine" . Associated Press News . 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ Impelli, Matthew (6 October 2022). "Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ "Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine" . Al-Arabiya . 8 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (16 October 2022). "Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say" . The Washington Post . ^ "Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions" . BBC News . 18 October 2022. ^ a b Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (16 October 2022). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . ^ "European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 5 November 2022 . ^ Atwood, Kylie (1 November 2022). "Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say" . CNN . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far" . Al Jazeera . 17 November 2022. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 March 2023). "Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks". The New York Times . ^ "UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective" . The Kyiv Independent . 1 December 2022. ^ Cranny-Evans, Sam (24 June 2024). "Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack" . Bellingcat . 9 July 2024. ^ Arhirova, Hanna (11 July 2024). "Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer" . AP . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (8 July 2024). "Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43" . CNN . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (8 July 2024). "Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital" . CBC News . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (8 July 2024). "Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey" . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (25 February 2022). "Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities" . Jane's Defence Weekly . ^ "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island" . The Maritime Executive . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news" . CNN . Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. ^ Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in" . The Times . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Saul, Jonathan (12 March 2022). "UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ Pedrozo, Raul (12 April 2022). "Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts" . West Point . United States Military Academy . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO . International Maritime Organization . 28 March 2022. Circular Letter No.4543 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live" . The Guardian . 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 April 2022 . ^ "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship" . The Free Press Journal . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Forgey, Quint (14 April 2022). "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship" . Politico . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media" . BBC News . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv" . Reuters . ^ "US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva" . ABC News . 6 May 2022. ^ "Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports" . Yahoo! News . Ukrainska Pravda . 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ "Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul" . Le Monde . 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage," , 26 December 2023, Reuters ; video and transcript on YouTube ; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 26 December 2023, Fox News , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate," , 26 December 2023, The Wall Street Journal , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike" . The Telegraph . 1 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Greenall, Robert (1 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' " . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Goryashko, Sergey (14 February 2024). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast" . Politico . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance" . Vox . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Doubek, James (1 March 2022). "Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military" . NPR . ^ Bella, Timothy (26 February 2022). "Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia" . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force" . YES! Magazine . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Voitovych, Olga (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest" . CNN International . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere" . The Economist . 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Judah, Tim (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders" . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now" . The Kyiv Independent . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (18 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ "What is the Real Cost and Benefit of Ukrainian Attacks on Russian Refining?" . Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Komuves, Anita; Dvorakova, Vera (22 August 2025). "Ukrainian attack suspends Russian oil flows to Hungary, Slovakia" . Reuters . Kyiv/Budapest: Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "Scholz zu Russland-Sanktionen: Deutschland stoppt Nord Stream 2" [Scholz on Russia sanctions: Germany stops Nord Stream 2]. ZDFheute (in German). Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (21 August 2025). "(S+) Nord Stream: Mutmaßlicher Angreifer auf Ostseepipelines gefasst" . Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349 . Retrieved 21 August 2025 . ^ "EU adopts 18th package of sanctions against Russia" . ec.europa.eu . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "EU imposes new sanctions on Russia's oil and banks after Robert Fico lifts his veto" . euronews.com . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "Russia says Ukraine 'virtually destroys' gas infrastructure in Sudzha" . Reuters . Moscow: Thomson Reuters. 28 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "More than 100,000 Ukrainian homes lose power after Russia targets energy sites" . France 24 . 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia says it put out fire at large oil refinery after latest Ukrainian drone attack" . Reuters . 25 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 August 2025). "Frustrated Russians grapple with fuel crisis as Ukraine attacks oil refineries" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia's oil and fuel export revenue fell in August, IEA says" . reuters.com . 11 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ Tan, Huileng (11 September 2025). "Putin's energy fix for drone-hit Russia: Dig up more coal" . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ "Drones strike Russia's major export-oriented oil refinery" . Bloomberg . 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 14 September 2025 – via Business Line . ^ a b Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . NATO . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (20 March 2024). "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts" . CNN . ^ a b Wolf, Zachary (21 September 2023). "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone" . CNN . ^ a b c "How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?" . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 September 2024. ^ Mills, Claire (12 May 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" . House of Commons Library . ^ "How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works" . Lawfare . 16 July 2024. ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War" . The New York Times . 22 June 2023. ^ Brunnstrom, David (19 September 2024). "Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit" . The Guardian . 26 April 2022. ^ Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2024). "Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines" . Atlantic Council . ^ "Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops" . Al Jazeera English . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Stezhensky, Alex (3 May 2025). "Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate" . New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Brown, Larisa (2 May 2025). "Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win" . www.thetimes.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2025 . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Najibullah, Farangis; Dobrynin, Sergei (8 March 2025). "How Important Is US Intelligence For Ukraine's War Effort?" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Murauskaite, Egle E. "U.S. Assistance to Ukraine in the Information Space: Intelligence, Cyber, and Signaling" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Vincent, Elise; Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 March 2025). " "Pause" of US intelligence sharing with Ukraine poses unprecedented challenges for allies" . Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Hudson, John; Dixon, Robyn (11 March 2025). "U.S. lifts pause on Ukraine aid as Kyiv agrees to ceasefire proposal" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "U.S.-Ukraine Intelligence Sharing: A Conversation with Calder Walton" . Belfer Center . 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Pancevski, Bojan; Ward, Alexander; Seligman, Lara (1 October 2025). "U.S. to Provide Ukraine With Intelligence for Missile Strikes Deep Inside Russia" . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Holland, Steve; Slattery, Gram (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia, say reports" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Balmforth, Tom (22 November 2025). "Exclusive: US threatens to cut intel, weapons to press Ukraine into peace deal, sources say" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Dariia, Mykailenko (15 January 2026). "France Supplies Majority of Intelligence Ukraine Uses in War With Russia, Macron Says" . UNITED24 Media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Macron: Coalition of the Willing provides 100% military support to Ukraine" . www.ukrinform.net . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia" . AP News . 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 23 July 2024 . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . ^ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine . Vol. 6. Instytut Europy Środkowej. hdl : 1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3 . ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2 . ^ "Putin's Strategic Failure" . IISS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. "Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" . SSRN 4048994 . ^ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (10 May 2024). Personalism and Personalist Regimes . Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6 . ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). Armed Conflict Survey 2023 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5 . ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... ^ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (12 December 2024). The Armed Conflict Survey 2024 . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5 . ^ "White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine" . Sun Sentinel . 9 June 2023 . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ "Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles" . Reuters . 21 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 14 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Axe, David. "Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases" . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ "Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says" . Politico . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). "North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ "US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia" . Reuters . 15 October 2024 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). "North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). "Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials" . Evening Standard . ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . CNA . 22 October 2024. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . TRT World . 23 October 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). "North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors' " . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). "US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . ^ "Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says" . The Guardian . 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 October 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (28 October 2024). "No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia" . Al Jazeera . 28 October 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk" . Kyiv Post . 7 November 2024 . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ Kang, Taejun (13 November 2024). "US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine" . Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces" . Reuters . 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 November 2024). "Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Vergun, David (18 November 2024). "North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting" . U.S. Department of Defence . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ Zimko, Oleksandra (24 November 2024). "DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ "Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive" . RBC-Ukraine . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ "2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel" . Kyiv Post . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . ^ "North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says" . Reuters . ^ "A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces" . AP News . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea" . BBC News . 19 December 2024 . Retrieved 21 December 2024 . ^ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (10 December 2024). "Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict" . Articles of War . Lieber Institute . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ "Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy" . Radio Free Asia . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front" . Reuters . 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T. (27 January 2025). "North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 January 2025). "Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs" . Politico . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Harding, Luke (18 January 2025). "Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 January 2025 . Retrieved 19 January 2025 . ^ Harvey, Lex (27 March 2025). "North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Munster, Ben (26 April 2025). "Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance" . Politico . Retrieved 26 April 2025 . ^ "North Korea to send military construction workers, deminers to rebuild Russia's Kursk region" . AFP . 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Mackenzie, Jean (12 August 2025). "North Koreans tell BBC they are being sent to work 'like slaves' in Russia" . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Shidore, Sarang (31 August 2023). "The Return of the Global South" . Foreign Affairs . ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). " 'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia" . Politico . ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources" . Kyodo News . 18 March 2023. ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate" . EU Observer . ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say" . Reuters . 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 July 2025). "Adversary Entente Task Force Update, July 16" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Walsh, Nick Paton and Davey-Attlee, Florence (19 February 2024). "The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2024 . ^ "Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee" . FP News . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (4 September 2024). "Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal" . Financial Times . ^ Slattery, Gram (24 July 2025). "Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "Slovakia and Hungary reject EU plan to phase out Russian gas by end-2027" . Reuters . 7 May 2025. ^ "How the West is helping Russia to fund its war on Ukraine" . 29 May 2025. ^ "The EU's continued trade with Russia undermines its support for Ukraine – EUROPP" . 9 October 2024. ^ Cook, Chris; Sheppard, David (24 September 2023). "Russia dodges G7 price cap sanctions on most of its oil exports" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . ^ Saul, Jonathan; Verma, Nidhi; Verma, Nidhi (26 May 2023). "Exclusive: Lloyd's Register drops ships of top Indian carrier of Russian oil" . Reuters . ^ "How Dubai became 'the new Geneva' for Russian oil trade" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China" . pravda.com.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Creel, Katherine; Yano, Shoji. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar ^ "Three years into war, US and Europe keep billions in trade with Russia" . Reuters . 6 August 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ Hamourtziadou, Lily (1 February 2023). "Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed" . The Conversation . ^ Kirby, Paul (13 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll" . BBC News . ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?" . Fortune . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 8 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends" . Ukrinform . 29 March 2022. ^ " 'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb" . BBC News . 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. ^ "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL" . Meduza . 12 October 2022. ^ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2022 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (25 June 2024). "Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements" . The Times . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer" . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies" . Ukrinform . 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (11 April 2022). "Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says" . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ " 'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers" . The Japan Times . 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. ^ "At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" . C.D. Howe Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2023 . ^ "The Cost of War to Ukraine" . The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies . Retrieved 8 October 2023 . ^ "Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death" . AP News . 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead" . Agence France-Presse republished in France 24 . 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ " "Our City Was Gone": Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine" . Human Rights Watch . 8 February 2024. p. 147 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks. ^ "Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 24 September 2023" . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 25 September 2023. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (11 December 2023). "Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Latypova, Leyla (17 May 2024). "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Petkova, Mariya (25 October 2022). " 'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Bessonov, Ania (4 October 2022). "Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine" . CBC . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine" . France 24 . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground" . BBC News . 4 July 2024. ^ Porter, Tom (6 December 2024). "Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them" . Business Insider . ^ "Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate" . Newsweek . 12 November 2024. ^ "120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing" . Meduza . 5 July 2024. Wikidata Q127245770 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. ^ Ivshina, Olga (30 December 2025). "Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal" . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Butt, Maira (31 December 2025). "Russian losses in Ukraine rising faster than ever, finds new analysis" . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine" . The New York Times . 24 April 2024. ^ "Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ "Country Comparisons — Death rate" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 13 September 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. ^ Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken" . Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft . ^ a b Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. August 2025 update" (PDF) . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict October 2025 update" (PDF) . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Список жертв войны в российских регионах" . 7x7 . 1 August 2023. ^ "Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024" . dw.com (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine's losses in the war" . UALosses . 21 May 2025. ^ a b c "Разрыв между городом и деревней: что известно о потерях России в Украине к декабрю" . BBC. 30 November 2025. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. "Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" . Mediazona . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 24 October 2025 . ^ "Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails" . Sky News . 16 May 2025. ^ "Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . ^ "Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit" . 17 June 2024. ^ "Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman" . 16 December 2024. ^ "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022" . Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic . 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 March 2023 . ^ "Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 28 December 2023. ^ "Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims" . The Moscow Times . 19 May 2025. ^ The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?" . The Economist . 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини . The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ "Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known" . France 24 . 17 February 2025. ^ "Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year" . USNEWS . 13 February 2025. ^ "Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories" . The New York Times . 30 October 2024. ^ Allison, George (6 November 2025). "Russian casualties exceed 1.1m since invasion says Britain" . UK Defence Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,404" . Ukrainska Pravda . 28 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers" . Moscow Times . 4 February 2025. ^ "N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul" . Yahoo News . ^ "Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine" . Euronews . 11 October 2024. ^ "About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says" . Euronews . 30 April 2025. Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect" . Associated Press . ^ "First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine" . The Guardian . 16 December 2024. "30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims" . The Kyiv Independent . 16 December 2024. ^ "Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?" . BBC News . 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF) . Ukraine . 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council . ^ "Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons" . The Guardian . 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF) . Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. ^ "Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, – Kyrylo Budanov" . Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine . 23 November 2024. ^ "UPDATE: Russian airstrike on Zaporizhzhia industrial site kills 13, injures 122" . Kyiv Independent . 8 January 2025. ^ "Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. ^ "Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says" . Reuters . 8 January 2025. ^ "UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder" . OHCHR . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians" . Forbes . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ a b "Russian authorities committed crimes against humanity targeting civilian population through drone attacks as well as war crimes of forcible transfer and deportation of civilians" . OHCHR . 28 October 2025. ^ a b "UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine" . UN News . 20 March 2024. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Stepanenko, Vasilisa; Kullab, Samya; Hanna, Arhipova (15 March 2024). "Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine" . Associated Press . ^ Hambling, David (29 December 2023). "What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Field, Matt (15 March 2024). "Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Rushton, James (6 April 2024). "Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ "2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find" . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Davies, Maia (13 January 2026). "Ukraine war: Last year was deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says" . BBC Home . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention" . Yale School of Medicine . 25 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Waterhouse, James (16 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ "On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace" . OHCHR . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ "Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading" . AP News . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (27 March 2024). "Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says" . Politico . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ "Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war" . EEAS . 16 October 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . ^ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR . 29 June 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2022 . ^ Shull, Abbie. "Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports" . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (6 July 2024). "In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2025 . ^ "Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 29 February 2024)" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . OHCHR . pp. 14– 15 . Retrieved 13 March 2025 . ^ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (12 June 2024). "FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites" . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ "US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says" . Reuters . 12 June 2024 . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina (24 March 2025). "Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 23 October 2025 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (7 August 2025). "Russia launches 'catalog' of Ukrainian children for adoption, sorted by eye and hair color" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ Vakulina, Sasha (8 August 2025). "Russia creates 'catalogue' of Ukrainian children for adoption" . euronews . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ "Russian occupation authorities publish database of Ukrainian children for adoption, sortable by hair and eye color" . Meduza . 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Cookman, Liz (8 August 2025). "Russia 'running slave catalogue of Ukrainian children to adopt' " . The Times and The Sunday Times . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (3 March 2022). "ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest" . Reuters . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. ^ "10: "World nuclear forces" ". Military Spending and Armaments, 2019 (PDF) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ Bufacchi, Vittorio (26 July 2022). "War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?" . Journal of Political Power . 16 (1): 6. doi : 10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495 . hdl : 10468/13459 . S2CID 251124184 . ^ Warburton, Moira (15 March 2022). "U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal" . Reuters . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 September 2023). "War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (28 March 2023). "Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes" . Violence . 3 (2): 281– 300. doi : 10.1177/26330024231167184 . S2CID 257852247 . ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov" . International Criminal Court . International Criminal Court . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ Roth, Andrew (25 June 2024). "ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say" . ABC . 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR" . www.unrefugees.org . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Farge, Emma (25 September 2023). "Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (16 March 2023). "UN inquiry finds" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war" . www.who.int . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System" . PHR . 7 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime" . EPP Group in the European Parliament . 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ "Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat" . Euronews . 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ a b "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 July 2022). "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (20 May 2022). "Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles" . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Ukraine" . IDMC . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight" . ABC News . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters . DW News . 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube. "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine" . Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic) . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK" . gov.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out" . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city" . BBC News . 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri" Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia]. РБК (in Russian). 6 September 2021. ^ Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. ^ Stone, Lyman (22 March 2023). "The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia" . IFStudies . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (30 March 2023). "The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population". Population, Space and Place . 29 (4) e2656. doi : 10.1002/psp.2656 . hdl : 10023/27301 . S2CID 257876682 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ a b Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023). "Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction" . WIIW . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die" . The Telegraph . 26 February 2023. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . 2022. ^ "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse" . The Economist . 4 March 2023. ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (28 February 2023). "Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia" . The RAND Blog . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" . NPR . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ "Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" . BBC News . 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Wachs, Johannes (15 May 2023). "Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . EPJ Data Science . 12 (1) 14. doi : 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 . PMC 10184088 . PMID 37215283 . ^ "The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile" . Financial Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ Sharma, Shweta (30 November 2023). "Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ Loh, Matthew (25 July 2024). "Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief" . Business Insider . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage" e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ " 'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine" . commondreams.org . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine" PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (13 June 2023). "Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine" . International Relations Review . 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Yermak, Andriy ; Wallström, Margot (16 August 2023). "Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (8 April 2024). "Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests" . Yahoo News . Retrieved 12 April 2024 . ^ Singha, Sutandra (17 December 2024). "Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change" . Chintan India foundation blog . India Foundation . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ^ "Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine" . Euroactive . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ^ de Guzman, Chad (19 May 2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave" . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2023 . ^ Tan, Huileng (22 May 2023). "Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it" . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ Chin, Yongchang (21 May 2023). "Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ "Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects" . The Guardian . The Guardian. 5 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). "US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ Harvey, Fiona (26 September 2023). " 'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (11 August 2024). "Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert" . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ O'Neil, Tyler (27 April 2022). "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' " . Fox News . ^ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says" . CNN . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Gill, Victoria (25 February 2022). "Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ " 'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" . aljazeera.com . 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" . NBC News . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ Horowitz, Julia (5 January 2022). "Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022" . CNN (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (14 March 2022). "Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says" . Reuters . ^ Porter, Richard (31 March 2022). "EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown" . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . ^ "Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says" . Reuters (Digital). 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2 March 2022). "Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ "How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?" . BBC (Digital). 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 March 2022. ^ "Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected" . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Garver, Rob (8 February 2024). "Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions" . Voice of America (Digital) . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Sonne, Paul (27 April 2024). "Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills" . New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ a b c Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (Report). Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). April 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "SITE's Torbjörn Becker briefs EU on Russia's economy and effects of sanctions" . Stockholm School of Economics . Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). 16 May 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "Китай принял первый груз санкционного российского СПГ перед визитом Путина к Си Цзиньпину" . Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). 30 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ a b Meredith, Sam (3 February 2023). "Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (8 March 2022). "EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?" . Associated Press (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Goldman, David (24 March 2022). "Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real" . CTV News . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Gavin, Gabriel (6 October 2023). "Politico" (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie (28 February 2022). "Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] ^ "Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions" . The Moscow Times . 5 January 2023. ^ Astier, Henri (14 June 2024). "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ a b "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine" . Chatham House . 3 October 2023. ^ "Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War" . Council of Councils . Council on Foreign Relations . 21 February 2024. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . ^ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (24 January 2024). "What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ Landale, James (25 February 2025). "US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine" . BBC Home . Retrieved 9 July 2025 . ^ Brennan, David (16 December 2025). "Trump-Putin Alaska summit looms large in Kremlin's Ukraine negotiating strategy" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Menon, Rajan (24 November 2025). "Trump's 'peace plan' was a pro-Kremlin abomination whose failure is a glimmer of hope for Ukraine" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Grozev, Christo; Weiss, Michael (26 November 2025). "Made in Moscow: The "U.S. peace plan" for Ukraine was substantially formulated months ago by Kremlin operative Kirill Dmitriev" . The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Bellinger, John B. III (28 February 2022). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary" . BBC News . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 February 2023 . ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts 18th package of economic and individual measures" . Council of the EU . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). "The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" . Energy Research & Social Science . 102 103150. Bibcode : 2023ERSS..10203150O . doi : 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 . ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). "Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine" . Nature Energy . 8 (4): 413– 421. Bibcode : 2023NatEn...8..413S . doi : 10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 . hdl : 11250/3106595 . ^ "Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' " . Reuters . 15 June 2023. ^ "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" . Europa (web portal). ^ "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU" . Europa (web portal). ^ Tambur, Silver (26 February 2022). "Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . Estonian world. ^ Brooks, Hannah (2 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . ^ Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). "Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion" . Financial Times . ^ Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). "Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-450
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Origins 1.2 Founding 1.3 Late 1966 to early 1967 1.3.1 Oakland patrols of police 1.3.2 Rallies in Richmond, California 1.3.3 Protest at the Statehouse 1.3.4 Ten-point program 1.4 Late 1967 to early 1968 1.4.1 COINTELPRO 1.4.2 Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey 1.4.3 Free Huey! campaign 1.4.4 Founding of the L. A. Chapter 1.4.5 Killing of Bobby Hutton 1.5 Late 1968 1.5.1 Chronology 1.5.2 Survival programs 1.5.3 Political activities 1.6 1969 1.6.1 Chronology 1.6.2 Shoot-out with the US Organization 1.6.3 Black Panther Party Education Programs and Liberation Schools 1.7 Intercommunal Youth Institute 1.7.1 Oakland Community School 1.7.2 Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark 1.7.3 Torture-murder of Alex Rackley 1.7.4 International ties 1.8 1970 1.8.1 Chronology 1.8.2 International travels 1.9 1971–1974 1.9.1 Split 1.9.2 Delegation to China 1.9.3 Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland 1.9.4 Newton indicted for violent crimes 1.10 1974–1977 1.10.1 The Panthers under Elaine Brown 1.10.2 Death of Betty van Patter 1.11 1977–1982 1.11.1 Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party 1.11.2 Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton 1.1 Origins 1.2 Founding 1.3 Late 1966 to early 1967 1.3.1 Oakland patrols of police 1.3.2 Rallies in Richmond, California 1.3.3 Protest at the Statehouse 1.3.4 Ten-point program 1.3.1 Oakland patrols of police 1.3.2 Rallies in Richmond, California 1.3.3 Protest at the Statehouse 1.3.4 Ten-point program 1.4 Late 1967 to early 1968 1.4.1 COINTELPRO 1.4.2 Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey 1.4.3 Free Huey! campaign 1.4.4 Founding of the L. A. Chapter 1.4.5 Killing of Bobby Hutton 1.4.1 COINTELPRO 1.4.2 Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey 1.4.3 Free Huey! campaign 1.4.4 Founding of the L. A. Chapter 1.4.5 Killing of Bobby Hutton 1.5 Late 1968 1.5.1 Chronology 1.5.2 Survival programs 1.5.3 Political activities 1.5.1 Chronology 1.5.2 Survival programs 1.5.3 Political activities 1.6 1969 1.6.1 Chronology 1.6.2 Shoot-out with the US Organization 1.6.3 Black Panther Party Education Programs and Liberation Schools 1.6.1 Chronology 1.6.2 Shoot-out with the US Organization 1.6.3 Black Panther Party Education Programs and Liberation Schools 1.7 Intercommunal Youth Institute 1.7.1 Oakland Community School 1.7.2 Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark 1.7.3 Torture-murder of Alex Rackley 1.7.4 International ties 1.7.1 Oakland Community School 1.7.2 Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark 1.7.3 Torture-murder of Alex Rackley 1.7.4 International ties 1.8 1970 1.8.1 Chronology 1.8.2 International travels 1.8.1 Chronology 1.8.2 International travels 1.9 1971–1974 1.9.1 Split 1.9.2 Delegation to China 1.9.3 Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland 1.9.4 Newton indicted for violent crimes 1.9.1 Split 1.9.2 Delegation to China 1.9.3 Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland 1.9.4 Newton indicted for violent crimes 1.10 1974–1977 1.10.1 The Panthers under Elaine Brown 1.10.2 Death of Betty van Patter 1.10.1 The Panthers under Elaine Brown 1.10.2 Death of Betty van Patter 1.11 1977–1982 1.11.1 Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party 1.11.2 Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton 1.11.1 Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party 1.11.2 Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton 2 Women and womanism Toggle Women and womanism subsection 2.1 Gender dynamics 2.2 Women's role 2.3 Elaine Brown 2.4 Gwen Robinson 2.1 Gender dynamics 2.2 Women's role 2.3 Elaine Brown 2.4 Gwen Robinson 3 Connections to other political activist groups Toggle Connections to other political activist groups subsection 3.1 Latino liberation 3.2 Women's and gay liberation movements 3.3 American Indian Movement (AIM) 3.1 Latino liberation 3.2 Women's and gay liberation movements 3.3 American Indian Movement (AIM) 4 Aftermath and legacy Toggle Aftermath and legacy subsection 4.1 Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers 4.2 New Black Panther Party 4.1 Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers 4.2 New Black Panther Party 5 In popular media Toggle In popular media subsection 5.1 Books 5.2 Film and TV 5.3 Art 5.1 Books 5.2 Film and TV 5.3 Art 6 See also 7 References Toggle References subsection 7.1 Citations 7.2 General and cited references 7.1 Citations 7.2 General and cited references 8 Further reading 9 External links Black Panther Party العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá Zeêuws 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Black Panther Party Abbreviation BPP Leader Huey P. Newton Founded 1966 ; 60 years ago ( 1966 ) Dissolved 1982 ; 44 years ago ( 1982 ) Split from Afro-American Association Preceded by Lowndes County Freedom Organization (unofficial) Succeeded by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Unofficial : NBPP BPM NPVM RBPP BRLP NABPP NBPP BPM NPVM RBPP BRLP NABPP Headquarters Oakland, California , U.S. Newspaper The Black Panther Membership .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} approx. 5,000 (1969 est. ) [ 1 ] Ideology Black nationalism (early) [ 2 ] Revolutionary nationalism [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Black Power [ 6 ] Marxism–Leninism [ 7 ] Maoism [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Revolutionary socialism [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Gun rights Womanism [ 11 ] Anti-imperialism Intercommunalism (later) [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Black nationalism (early) [ 2 ] Revolutionary nationalism [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Black Power [ 6 ] Marxism–Leninism [ 7 ] Maoism [ 2 ] [ 8 ] Revolutionary socialism [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Gun rights Womanism [ 11 ] Anti-imperialism Intercommunalism (later) [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Political position Far-left National affiliation Rainbow Coalition Colors .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Black Slogan " Black Power " (popular) [ 6 ] .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Politics of the United States Political parties Elections Politics of the United States Political parties Elections This article is part of a series on Black power History Black Arts Movement Black is beautiful Black power movement Black Power Revolution Kwanzaa 1968 Olympics Black Power salute 1972 Olympics Black Power salute Black Arts Movement Black is beautiful Black power movement Black Power Revolution Kwanzaa 1968 Olympics Black Power salute 1972 Olympics Black Power salute Ideologies African socialism Africana womanism Afrocentrism Anti-Americanism Black anarchism Black feminism Black leftism Black nationalism Black pride Black separatism Black supremacy Black theology Intercommunalism Pan-Africanism Garveyism African socialism Africana womanism Afrocentrism Anti-Americanism Black anarchism Black feminism Black leftism Black nationalism Black pride Black separatism Black supremacy Black theology Intercommunalism Pan-Africanism Garveyism Organizations African People's Socialist Party Assata's Daughters Black Guerrilla Family Black Liberators Black Liberation Army Black Panther Militia Black Panther Party Black Radical Congress Black Revolutionary Assault Team Black Riders Liberation Party Black Women's Defense League British Black Panthers Conscious Community Five-Percent Nation George Jackson Brigade Huey P. Newton Gun Club League of Revolutionary Black Workers Lowndes County Freedom Organization May 19th Communist Organization MOVE Nation of Islam National Joint Action Committee New Black Panther Party Republic of New Afrika Revolutionary Action Movement Revolutionary Black Panther Party SNCC Symbionese Liberation Army US Organization Weather Underground African People's Socialist Party Assata's Daughters Black Guerrilla Family Black Liberators Black Liberation Army Black Panther Militia Black Panther Party Black Radical Congress Black Revolutionary Assault Team Black Riders Liberation Party Black Women's Defense League British Black Panthers Conscious Community Five-Percent Nation George Jackson Brigade Huey P. Newton Gun Club League of Revolutionary Black Workers Lowndes County Freedom Organization May 19th Communist Organization MOVE Nation of Islam National Joint Action Committee New Black Panther Party Republic of New Afrika Revolutionary Action Movement Revolutionary Black Panther Party SNCC Symbionese Liberation Army US Organization Weather Underground People Angela Davis Assata Shakur Donald DeFreeze Elaine Brown Eldridge Cleaver Fay Bellamy Powell Fred Hampton George Jackson Gloria Richardson Hakim Jamal Huey P. Newton John Africa Malcolm X Marcus Garvey Martin Luther King, Jr. Maulana Karenga Malik Zulu Shabazz Michael X Max Stanford Obi Egbuna Robert F. Williams Rosa Parks Stokely Carmichael Wadsworth Jarrell Angela Davis Assata Shakur Donald DeFreeze Elaine Brown Eldridge Cleaver Fay Bellamy Powell Fred Hampton George Jackson Gloria Richardson Hakim Jamal Huey P. Newton John Africa Malcolm X Marcus Garvey Martin Luther King, Jr. Maulana Karenga Malik Zulu Shabazz Michael X Max Stanford Obi Egbuna Robert F. Williams Rosa Parks Stokely Carmichael Wadsworth Jarrell Works A Taste of Power Black Power: The Politics of Liberation Black Power and the American Myth Ten-Point Program The Diary of Malcolm X Revolutionary Suicide A Taste of Power Black Power: The Politics of Liberation Black Power and the American Myth Ten-Point Program The Diary of Malcolm X Revolutionary Suicide Related Anarchism Black Lives Matter Black Power gang Black Power in the Caribbean Black Power in Montreal Communism Feminism Hutu Power New Left Political hip hop Red Power movement Socialism The Troubles United States civil rights movement White power Youth rights Anarchism Black Lives Matter Black Power gang Black Power in the Caribbean Black Power in Montreal Communism Feminism Hutu Power New Left Political hip hop Red Power movement Socialism The Troubles United States civil rights movement White power Youth rights Politics portal Politics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense ) was an American far-left , Marxist–Leninist and black power political organization founded by college students Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton in October 1966 in Oakland, California . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The party was active in the United States between 1966 and 1982, with chapters in many major American cities, including San Francisco, New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle , and Philadelphia . [ 17 ] They were also active in many prisons and had international chapters in the United Kingdom and Algeria. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Upon its inception, the party's core practice was its open carry patrols ("copwatching") designed to challenge the excessive force and misconduct of the Oakland Police Department . From 1969 onward, the party created social programs, including the Free Breakfast for Children Programs, education programs, and community health clinics. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The Black Panther Party advocated for class struggle , claiming to represent the proletarian vanguard . [ 24 ] In 1969, J. Edgar Hoover , the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), described the party as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country." [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] The FBI sabotaged the party with an illegal and covert counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO) of surveillance , infiltration , perjury , and police harassment , all designed to undermine and criminalize the party. The FBI was involved in the 1969 assassinations of Fred Hampton [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and Mark Clark , who were killed in a raid by the Chicago Police Department . [ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police. Huey Newton allegedly killed officer John Frey in 1967, and Eldridge Cleaver (Minister of Information) led an ambush in 1968 of Oakland police officers, in which two officers were wounded and Panther treasurer Bobby Hutton was killed. The party suffered many internal conflicts, resulting in the murder of Alex Rackley . Government persecution initially contributed to the party's growth among African Americans and the political left, who both valued the party as a powerful force against de facto segregation and the U.S. military draft during the Vietnam War . Party membership peaked in 1970 and gradually declined over the next decade, due to vilification by the mainstream press and infighting largely fomented by COINTELPRO. [ 34 ] Support further declined over reports of the party's alleged criminal activities, such as drug dealing and extortion . [ 35 ] The party's legacy is controversial. Older historical work described the party as more criminal than political, characterized by "defiant posturing over substance." [ 36 ] Other assessments described the party as "mainly victims of a repressive state." These older assessments have been criticized as incomplete. [ 37 ] Joshua Bloom and Waldo Martin characterized the Black Panther Party as the most influential black power organization of the late 1960s, with an "eventually tragic evolution" - collapsing due to infighting, often partly initiated by the government. [ 38 ] History Origins During World War II , tens of thousands of black people left the Southern states during the Second Great Migration , moving to Oakland and other cities in the Bay Area to find work in the war industries such as Kaiser Shipyards . The sweeping migration transformed the Bay Area as well as cities throughout the West and North , altering the once white-dominated demographics. [ 39 ] A new generation of young black people growing up in these cities faced new forms of poverty and racism unfamiliar to their parents, and they sought to develop new forms of politics to address them. [ 40 ] Black Panther Party membership "consisted of recent migrants whose families traveled north and west to escape the southern racial regime, only to be confronted with new forms of segregation and repression". [ 41 ] In the early 1960s, the Civil rights movement had dismantled the Jim Crow system of racial subordination in the South with tactics of non-violent civil disobedience , and demanding full citizenship rights for black people. [ 42 ] However, not much changed in the cities of the North and West. As the wartime and post-war jobs which drew much of the black migration "fled to the suburbs along with white residents", the black population was concentrated in poor "urban ghettos" with high unemployment and substandard housing and was mostly excluded from political representation, top universities, and the middle class. [ 43 ] Northern and Western police departments were almost all white. [ 44 ] In 1966, only 16 of Oakland's 661 police officers were African American (less than 2.5%). [ 45 ] Civil rights tactics proved incapable of redressing these conditions, and the organizations that had "led much of the nonviolent civil disobedience ", such as SNCC and CORE , went into decline. [ 42 ] By 1966 a "Black Power ferment" emerged, consisting largely of young urban black people, posing a question the Civil Rights Movement could not answer: "How would black people in America win not only formal citizenship rights, but actual economic and political power?" [ 44 ] Young black people in Oakland and other cities developed study groups and political organizations, and from this ferment the Black Panther Party emerged. [ 46 ] Founding In late October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party (originally the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense). [ 16 ] In formulating a new politics, they drew on their work with a variety of Black Power organizations. [ 47 ] Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at Merritt College . [ 48 ] They joined Donald Warden's Afro-American Association (AAA), where they read widely, debated, and organized in an emergent black nationalist tradition inspired by Malcolm X and others. [ 49 ] Eventually dissatisfied with Warden's accommodationism, the two split from AAA after they developed a revolutionary anti-imperialist perspective from working with more active and militant groups like the Soul Students Advisory Council and the Revolutionary Action Movement . [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Their paid jobs running youth service programs at the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center allowed them to develop a revolutionary nationalist approach to community service, later a key element in the Black Panther Party's " community survival programs ." [ 52 ] Dissatisfied with the failure of these organizations to directly challenge police brutality and appeal to the "brothers on the block", Huey and Bobby took matters into their own hands. After the police killed Matthew Johnson, an unarmed young black man in San Francisco, Newton observed the violent insurrection that followed. He had an epiphany that would distinguish the Black Panther Party from the multitude of Black Power organizations. Newton saw the explosive rebellious anger of the ghetto as a social force and believed that if he could stand up to the police, he could organize that force into political power. Inspired by Robert F. Williams ' armed resistance to the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and Williams' book Negroes with Guns , [ 53 ] Newton studied gun laws in California extensively. Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the Watts Rebellion , he decided to organize patrols to follow the police around to monitor for incidents of brutality. But with a crucial difference: his patrols would carry loaded guns. [ 54 ] Huey and Bobby raised enough money to buy two shotguns by buying bulk quantities of the recently publicized Mao Zedong's Little Red Book and reselling them to leftists and liberals on the Berkeley campus at three times the price. According to Bobby Seale, they would "sell the books, make the money, buy the guns, and go on the streets with the guns. We'll protect a mother, protect a brother, and protect the community from the racist cops." [ 55 ] On October 29, 1966, Stokely Carmichael – a leader of SNCC – championed the call for " Black Power " and came to Berkeley to keynote a Black Power conference. At the time, he was promoting the armed organizing efforts of the Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO) in Alabama and their use of the Black Panther symbol. Newton and Seale decided to adopt the Black Panther logo and form their own organization called the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense. [ 56 ] Newton and Seale decided on a uniform of blue shirts, black pants, black leather jackets, black berets, [ 57 ] the latter adopted as an homage to Che Guevara . [ 58 ] : 123 Sixteen-year-old Bobby Hutton was their first recruit. [ 59 ] By January 1967, the BPP opened its first official headquarters in an Oakland storefront and published the first issue of The Black Panther: Black Community News Service . The newspaper would be in continuous circulation, though varying in length, format, title, and frequency until the party dissolved. At its height, it sold one hundred thousand copies a week. [ 60 ] Late 1966 to early 1967 Oakland patrols of police The initial tactic of the party used contemporary open-carry gun laws to protect Party members when policing the police. This act was done to record incidents of police brutality by distantly following police cars around neighborhoods. [ 61 ] When confronted by a police officer, Party members cited laws proving they had done nothing wrong and threatened to take to court any officer that violated their constitutional rights. [ 62 ] Between the end of 1966 to the start of 1967, the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense's armed police patrols in Oakland black communities attracted a small handful of members. [ 63 ] Numbers grew slightly starting in February 1967, when the party provided an armed escort at the San Francisco airport for Betty Shabazz , Malcolm X's widow and keynote speaker for a conference held in his honor. [ 64 ] The Black Panther Party's focus on militancy was often construed as open hostility, [ 65 ] [ 66 ] feeding a reputation of violence even though early efforts by the Panthers focused primarily on promoting social issues and the exercise of their legal right to carry arms. The Panthers employed a California law that permitted carrying a loaded rifle or shotgun as long as it was publicly displayed and pointed at no one. [ 57 ] Generally this was done while monitoring and observing police behavior in their neighborhoods, with the Panthers arguing that this emphasis on active militancy and openly carrying their weapons was necessary to protect individuals from police violence. For example, chants like "The Revolution has come, it's time to pick up the gun. Off the pigs!", [ 67 ] helped create the Panthers' reputation as a violent organization. Rallies in Richmond, California The black community of Richmond, California wanted protection against police brutality. [ 68 ] With only three main streets for entering and exiting the neighborhood, it was easy for police to control, contain, and suppress the population. [ 69 ] On April 1, 1967, a black unarmed twenty-two-year-old construction worker named Denzil Dowell was shot dead by police in North Richmond. [ 70 ] Dowell's family contacted the Black Panther Party for assistance after county officials refused to investigate the case. [ 71 ] The party held rallies in North Richmond that educated the community on armed self-defense and the Denzil Dowell incident. [ 72 ] Police seldom interfered at these rallies because every Panther was armed and no laws were broken. [ 73 ] The party's ideals resonated with several community members, who then brought their own guns to the next rallies. [ 74 ] Protest at the Statehouse Awareness of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense grew rapidly after their May 2, 1967, protest at the California State Capitol . On that day, the California State Assembly Committee on Criminal Procedure was scheduled to convene to discuss what was known as the " Mulford Act ," which would make the public carrying of loaded firearms illegal. Newton, with Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver , put together a plan to send a group of 26 armed Panthers led by Seale from Oakland to Sacramento to protest the bill. The group entered the assembly carrying their weapons, an incident which was widely publicized, and which prompted police to arrest Seale and five others. The group pleaded guilty to misdemeanor charges of disrupting a legislative session. [ 75 ] At the time of the protest, the party had fewer than 100 members in total. [ 76 ] In May 1967, the Panthers invaded the State Assembly Chamber in Sacramento , guns in hand, in what appears to have been a publicity stunt . Still, they scared a lot of important people that day. At the time, the Panthers had almost no following. Now, (a year later) however, their leaders speak on invitation almost anywhere radicals gather, and many whites wear "Honkeys for Huey " buttons, supporting the fight to free Newton, who has been in jail since last Oct. 28 (1967) on the charge that he killed a policeman ... [ 77 ] In May 1967, the Panthers invaded the State Assembly Chamber in Sacramento , guns in hand, in what appears to have been a publicity stunt . Still, they scared a lot of important people that day. At the time, the Panthers had almost no following. Now, (a year later) however, their leaders speak on invitation almost anywhere radicals gather, and many whites wear "Honkeys for Huey " buttons, supporting the fight to free Newton, who has been in jail since last Oct. 28 (1967) on the charge that he killed a policeman ... [ 77 ] In 1967, the Mulford Act was passed by the California legislature and signed by governor Ronald Reagan . The bill was crafted in response to members of the Black Panther Party who were copwatching. The bill repealed a law that allowed the public carrying of loaded firearms. Ten-point program The Black Panther Party first publicized its original "What We Want Now!" Ten-Point program on May 15, 1967, following the Sacramento action, in the second issue of The Black Panther newspaper. [ 64 ] We want freedom. We want power to determine the destiny of our Black Community. We want full employment for our people. We want an end to the robbery by the Capitalists of our Black Community. We want decent housing, fit for shelter of human beings. We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present-day society. We want all Black men to be exempt from military service. We want an immediate end to POLICE BRUTALITY and MURDER of Black people. We want freedom for all Black men held in federal, state, county and city prisons and jails. We want all Black people when brought to trial to be tried in court by a jury of their peer group or people from their Black Communities, as defined by the Constitution of the United States. We want land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace. Late 1967 to early 1968 COINTELPRO In August 1967, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) instructed its program " COINTELPRO " to "neutralize ... black nationalist hate groups" and other dissident groups. In September 1968, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover described the Black Panthers as "the greatest threat to the internal security of the country". [ 78 ] By 1969, the Black Panthers and their allies had become primary COINTELPRO targets, singled out in 233 of the 295 authorized " Black Nationalist " COINTELPRO actions. [ 79 ] The goals of the program were to prevent the unification of militant black nationalist groups and to weaken their leadership, as well as to discredit them to reduce their support and growth. The initial targets included the Southern Christian Leadership Conference , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , the Revolutionary Action Movement and the Nation of Islam , as well as leaders including the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. , Stokely Carmichael , H. Rap Brown , Maxwell Stanford and Elijah Muhammad . As assistant FBI director William Sullivan later testified in front of the Church Committee , the bureau "did not differentiate" between Soviet spies and suspected Communists in black nationalist movements when deploying surveillance and neutralization tactics. [ 80 ] COINTELPRO attempted to create rivalries between black nationalist factions and to exploit existing ones. One such attempt was to "intensify the degree of animosity" between the Black Panthers and the Blackstone Rangers , a Chicago street gang. The FBI sent an anonymous letter to the Rangers' gang leader claiming that the Panthers were threatening his life, a letter whose intent was to provoke "preemptive" violence against Panther leadership. In Southern California, the FBI made similar efforts to exacerbate a "gang war" between the Black Panther Party and a black nationalist group called the US Organization , allegedly sending a provocative letter to the US Organization to increase existing antagonism. [ 81 ] COINTELPRO also aimed to dismantle the Black Panther Party by targeting their social/community programs, including its Free Breakfast for Children program, whose success had served to "shed light on the government's failure to address child poverty and hunger—pointing to the limits of the nation's War on Poverty". [ 82 ] According to Bloom & Martin, the FBI denounced the party's efforts as a means of indoctrination because the party taught and provided for children more effectively than the government. "Police and Federal Agents regularly harassed and intimidated program participants, supporters, and Party workers and sought to scare away donors and organizations that housed the programs like churches and community centers". [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Black Panther Party members were involved in many fatal firefights with police. Newton declared: Malcolm , implacable to the ultimate degree, held out to the Black masses ... liberation from the chains of the oppressor and the treacherous embrace of the endorsed [Black] spokesmen. Only with the gun were the black masses denied this victory. But they learned from Malcolm that with the gun, they can recapture their dreams and bring them into reality. [ 84 ] Malcolm , implacable to the ultimate degree, held out to the Black masses ... liberation from the chains of the oppressor and the treacherous embrace of the endorsed [Black] spokesmen. Only with the gun were the black masses denied this victory. But they learned from Malcolm that with the gun, they can recapture their dreams and bring them into reality. [ 84 ] Huey Newton charged with murdering John Frey On October 28, 1967, Oakland police officer John Frey was shot to death in an altercation with Huey P. Newton during a traffic stop in which Newton and backup officer Herbert Heanes also sustained gunshot wounds. Newton was convicted of voluntary manslaughter at trial, but the conviction was later overturned. In his book Shadow of the Panther , writer Hugh Pearson alleges that Newton was intoxicated in the hours before the incident, and claimed to have willfully killed John Frey. [ 85 ] Free Huey! campaign At the time, Newton claimed that he had been falsely accused, leading to the party's "Free Huey!" campaign. The police killing gained the party even wider recognition by the radical American left [ 86 ] and it stimulated the growth of the party nationwide. [ 76 ] Newton was released after three years, when his conviction was reversed on appeal. [ 87 ] As Newton awaited trial, the "Free Huey" campaign developed alliances with numerous students and anti-war activists, "advancing an anti-imperialist political ideology that linked the oppression of antiwar protestors to the oppression of blacks and Vietnamese". [ 88 ] The "Free Huey" campaign attracted black power organizations, New Left groups , and other activist groups such as the Progressive Labor Party , Bob Avakian of the Community for New Politics, and the Red Guard . [ 89 ] For example, the Black Panther Party collaborated with the Peace and Freedom Party , which sought to promote a strong antiwar and antiracist politics in opposition to the establishment Democratic Party . [ 90 ] The Black Panther Party provided needed legitimacy to the Peace and Freedom Party's racial politics and in return received invaluable support for the "Free Huey" campaign. [ 91 ] Founding of the L. A. Chapter In 1968 the southern California chapter was founded by Alprentice "Bunchy" Carter in Los Angeles. Carter was the leader of the Slauson Street gang, and many of the L.A. chapter's early recruits were Slausons. [ 92 ] Killing of Bobby Hutton Bobby James Hutton was born April 21, 1950, in Jefferson County, Arkansas. At the age of three, he and his family moved to Oakland, California after being harassed by racist vigilante groups associated with the Ku Klux Klan . In December 1966, he became the first treasurer and recruit of the Black Panther Party at the age of just 16 years old. On April 6, 1968, two days after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , and with riots raging across cities in the United States, the 17-year-old Hutton was traveling with Eldridge Cleaver and other BPP members in a car. The group confronted Oakland Police officers, then fled to an apartment building where they engaged in a 90-minute gun battle with the police. The standoff ended with Cleaver wounded and Hutton voluntarily surrendering. According to Cleaver, although Hutton had stripped down to his underwear and had his hands raised in the air to prove that he was unarmed, Oakland Police shot Hutton more than 12 times, killing him. Two police officers were also shot. He became the first member of the party to be killed by police. Although at the time the BPP claimed that the police had ambushed them, several party members later admitted that Cleaver had led the Panther group on a deliberate ambush of the police officers, provoking the shoot-out. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Seven other Panthers, including Chief of Staff David Hilliard , were also arrested. Hutton's death became a rallying issue for Panther supporters. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] [ 100 ] Late 1968 Chronology Early Spring 1968: Eldridge Cleaver's Soul on Ice published. April 6, 1968: Death of Bobby James Hutton, killed in a gunfight with Oakland police. [ 98 ] April 17, 1968: Funeral for Bobby James Hutton in Berkeley, followed by a rally at the Alameda County Courthouse. [ 98 ] April to mid-June 1968: Cleaver in jail. Mid-July 1968: Huey Newton's murder trial commences. Panthers hold daily "Free Huey" rallies outside the courthouse. August 5, 1968: Three Panthers killed in a gun battle with police at a Los Angeles gas station. [ 101 ] Early September 1968: Newton convicted of manslaughter. Late September 1968: Days before he is due to return to prison to serve out a rape conviction, Cleaver flees to Cuba and later Algeria. October 5, 1968: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Los Angeles. [ 101 ] November 1968: The BPP finds numerous supporters, establishing relationships with the Peace and Freedom Party and SNCC . Money contributions flow in, and BPP leadership begins embezzlement. [ 102 ] November 6, 1968: Lauren Watson, head of the Denver chapter, is arrested by Denver Police for fleeing a police officer and resisting arrest. His trial will be filmed and televised in 1970 as "Trial: The City and County of Denver vs. Lauren R. Watson." November 20, 1968: William Lee Brent and two accomplices in a van marked "Black Panther Black Community News Service" allegedly rob a gas station in San Francisco's Bayview district of $80, resulting in a shootout with police. [ 103 ] In 1968, the group shortened its name to the Black Panther Party and sought to focus directly on political action. Members were encouraged to carry guns and to defend themselves against violence. An influx of college students joined the group, which had consisted chiefly of "brothers off the block". This created some tension in the group. Some members were more interested in supporting the Panthers' social programs, while others wanted to maintain their "street mentality". [ 104 ] By 1968, the party had expanded into many U.S. cities, [ 76 ] including Atlanta , Baltimore , Boston , Chicago, Cleveland , Dallas , Denver , Detroit, Kansas City , Los Angeles, Newark , New Orleans , New York City, Omaha , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , San Diego , San Francisco, Seattle , Toledo , and Washington, D.C. Peak membership was near 5,000 by 1969, and their newspaper , under the editorial leadership of Eldridge Cleaver , had a circulation of 250,000. [ citation needed ] The group created a Ten-Point Program , a document that called for "Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace", as well as exemption from conscription for black men, among other demands. [ 105 ] With the Ten-Point program, "What We Want, What We Believe," the Black Panther Party expressed its economic and political grievances. [ 106 ] Curtis Austin states that by late 1968, Black Panther ideology had evolved from black nationalism to become more a "revolutionary internationalist movement ": [The Party] dropped its wholesale attacks against whites and began to emphasize more of a class analysis of society. Its emphasis on Marxist–Leninist doctrine and its repeated espousal of Maoist statements signaled the group's transition from a revolutionary nationalist to a revolutionary internationalist movement. Every Party member had to study Mao Tse-tung's "Little Red Book" to advance his or her knowledge of peoples' struggle and the revolutionary process. [ 2 ] [The Party] dropped its wholesale attacks against whites and began to emphasize more of a class analysis of society. Its emphasis on Marxist–Leninist doctrine and its repeated espousal of Maoist statements signaled the group's transition from a revolutionary nationalist to a revolutionary internationalist movement. Every Party member had to study Mao Tse-tung's "Little Red Book" to advance his or her knowledge of peoples' struggle and the revolutionary process. [ 2 ] Panther slogans and iconography spread. At the 1968 Summer Olympics , Tommie Smith and John Carlos , two American track and field medalists, gave the black power salute during the American national anthem. The International Olympic Committee banned them from all future Olympic Games. Film star Jane Fonda publicly supported Huey Newton and the Black Panthers during the early 1970s. She ended up informally adopting Mary Luana Williams , the daughter of two BPP members. Fonda and other Hollywood celebrities became involved in the Panthers' leftist programs. The Panthers attracted a wide variety of left-wing revolutionaries and political activists, including writer Jean Genet , former Ramparts magazine editor David Horowitz (who later became a harsh critic of what he described as Panther criminality), [ 107 ] [ 108 ] and left-wing lawyer Charles R. Garry , who acted as counsel in the Panthers' many legal battles. The BPP adopted a "Serve the People" program, which at first involved a free breakfast program for children . By the end of 1968, the BPP had established 38 chapters and branches, claiming more than 5,000 members. Eldridge and Kathleen Cleaver left the country days before Cleaver was to turn himself in to serve the remainder of a thirteen-year sentence for a 1958 rape conviction. They settled in Algeria. [ 109 ] By the end of the year, party membership peaked at around 2,000. [ 110 ] Party members engaged in criminal activities such as extortion, stealing, violent discipline of BPP members, and robberies. The BPP leadership took one-third of the proceeds from robberies committed by BPP members. [ 111 ] Survival programs No kid should be running around hungry in school. No kid should be running around hungry in school. Inspired by Mao Zedong 's advice to revolutionaries in The Little Red Book , Newton called on the Panthers to "serve the people" and to make "survival programs" a priority within its branches. The most famous of their programs was the Free Breakfast for Children Program , initially run out of an Oakland church. The Free Breakfast For Children program was especially significant because it served as a space for educating youth about the current condition of the Black community, and the actions that the party was taking to address that condition. "While the children ate their meal[s], members [of the party] taught them liberation lessons consisting of Party messages and Black history." [ 82 ] Through this program, the party was able to influence young minds, and strengthen their ties to communities as well as gain widespread support for their ideologies. The breakfast program became so popular that the Panthers Party claimed to have fed twenty thousand children in the 1968–69 school year. [ 113 ] The Black Panther Party's free breakfast program is "the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for." The Black Panther Party's free breakfast program is "the greatest threat to efforts by authorities to neutralize the BPP and destroy what it stands for." Other survival programs [ 114 ] were free services such as clothing distribution, classes on politics and economics, free medical clinics, lessons on self-defense and first aid, transportation to upstate prisons for family members of inmates, an emergency-response ambulance program, drug and alcohol rehabilitation, and testing for sickle-cell disease . [ 115 ] The free medical clinics were very significant because they modeled an idea of how the world might work with free medical care , eventually being established in 13 places across the country. These clinics were involved in community-based health care that had roots connected to the Civil Rights Movement, which made it possible to establish the Medical Committee for Human Rights. [ 116 ] Political activities In 1968, BPP Minister of Information Eldridge Cleaver ran for presidential office on the Peace and Freedom Party ticket. [ 117 ] They were a big influence on the White Panther Party , tied to the Detroit/Ann Arbor band MC5 and their manager John Sinclair (author of the book Guitar Army ), which also promulgated a ten-point program. 1969 Chronology Early 1969: In late 1968 and January 1969, the BPP began to purge members due to fears about law enforcement infiltration and various petty disagreements. January 14, 1969: The Los Angeles chapter was involved in a shootout with members of the black nationalist US Organization , and two Panthers are killed. January 1969: The Oakland BPP begins the first free breakfast program for children. March 1969: There is a second purge of BPP members. April 1969: Members of the New York chapter, known as the Panther 21 , are indicted and jailed for a bombing conspiracy. All would eventually be acquitted. May 1969: Two more southern California Panthers are killed in violent disputes with US Organization members. [ 101 ] May 1969: Members of the New Haven chapter torture and murder Alex Rackley , who they suspected of being an informant. July 1969 the BPP organized the United Front Against Fascism conference in Oakland, which was attended by around 5,000 people representing a number of groups. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] July 17, 1969: Two policemen are shot, and a Panther is killed in a gun battle in Chicago. [ 101 ] Late July 1969: The BPP ideology undergoes a shift, with a turn toward self-discipline and anti-racism. August 1969: Bobby Seale is indicted and imprisoned in relation to the Rackley murder. October 18, 1969: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police outside a Los Angeles restaurant. [ 101 ] Mid-to-late 1969: COINTELPRO activity increases. November 13, 1969: A Panther is killed in a gunfight with police in Chicago. [ 101 ] December 4, 1969: Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are killed by law enforcement in Chicago. [ 17 ] Late 1969: David Hilliard , as BPP head, advocates violent revolution. Panther membership is down significantly from the late 1968 peak. Shoot-out with the US Organization Violent conflict between the Panther chapter in LA and the US Organization , a black nationalist group, resulted in shootings and beatings and led to the murders of at least four Black Panther Party members. On January 17, 1969, Los Angeles Panther captain Bunchy Carter and deputy minister John Huggins were killed in Campbell Hall on the UCLA campus, in a gun battle with members of the US Organization. Another shootout between the two groups on March 17 led to further injuries. Two more Panthers died. Black Panther Party Education Programs and Liberation Schools Paramount to their beliefs regarding the need for individual agency to catalyze community change, the Black Panther Party (BPP) strongly supported the education of the masses. As part of their Ten-Point Program which set forth the ideals and goals of the party, they demanded an equitable education for all black people. Study and reading was important for all would-be candidates of the party, which included studying the Ten-Point Program, reading the Black Panther newspaper , and attending a series of political education classes as well as weapons training. A 1968 "Panther Party Book List" was circulated in the party newspaper, recommending Panthers read the following titles (the first five particularly emphasized): [ 120 ] The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Malcolm X and Alex Haley The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon I Speak of Freedom by Kwame Nkrumah The Lost Cities of Africa by Basil Davidson The Nat Turner Slave Revolt by Herbert Aptheker American Negro Slave Revolts by Herbert Aptheker A Documentary History of the Negro People of the United States by Herbert Aptheker Before the Mayflower by Lerone Bennett Jr. American Negro Poetry by Arna W. Bontemps Story of the Negro by Arna W. Bontemps Black Moses: The Story of Garvey and the UNIA by E.D. Cronin Black Reconstruction in America by W.E.B. Du Bois The Souls of Black Folk by W.E.B. Du Bois The World and Africa by W.E.B. Du Bois Black Mother: The Years of the African Slave Trade by Basil Davidson Studies in a Dying Colonialism by Frantz Fanon From Slavery to Freedom by John Hope Franklin Black Bourgeoisie by E.F. Frazier The Other America by Michael Harrington Garvey & Garveyism by Marcus Garvey The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey by Marcus Garvey The Myth of the Negro Past by Melville J. Herskovits A History of Negro Revolt by C.L.R. James MUNTU: The New African Culture by Janheinz Jahn Blues People by LeRoi Jones (later known as Amiri Baraka) Black Muslims in America by C.E. Lincoln Malcolm X Speaks by Malcolm X The Colonizer and the Colonized by Albert Memmi Ghana by Kwame Nkrumah We Charge Genocide by William L. Patterson Africa's Gift to America, World's Great Men of Color: 3,000 B.C. to 1946 A.D. by J.A. Rogers The Negro in Our History by Charles H. Wesley & Carter G. Woodson The Strange Career of Jim Crow by C. Vann Woodward Native Son by Richard Wright Number 5 of the "What We Want Now!" section of the Ten-Point Program reads: "We want education for our people that exposes the true nature of this decadent American society. We want education that teaches us our true history and our role in present-day society." To ensure that this occurred, the Black Panther Party took the education of their youth into their own hands by first establishing after-school programs and then opening up Liberation Schools in a variety of locations throughout the country which focused their curriculum on Black history , writing skills, and political science. [ 121 ] Intercommunal Youth Institute The first Liberation School was opened by the Richmond Black Panthers in July 1969 with brunch served and snacks provided to students. Another school was opened in Mt. Vernon New York on July 17 of the subsequent year. [ 121 ] These schools were informal in nature and more closely resembled after-school or summer programs. [ 122 ] While these campuses were the first to open, the first full-time and longest-running Liberation School was opened in January 1971 in Oakland in response to the inequitable conditions in the Oakland Unified School District which was ranked one of the lowest-scoring districts in California. [ 123 ] Named the Intercommunal Youth Institute (IYI), this school, under the directorship of Brenda Bay, and later Ericka Huggins , enrolled twenty-eight students in its first year, with the majority being the children of Black Panther parents. This number grew to fifty by the 1973–1974 school year. To provide full support for Black Panther parents whose time was spent organizing, some of the students and faculty members lived together year around. The school itself was dissimilar to traditional schools in a variety of ways including the fact that students were separated by academic performance rather than age, and students were often provided one-on-one support as the faculty to student ratio was 1:10. [ 123 ] The Panther's goal in opening Liberation Schools, and specifically the Intercommunal Youth Institute, was to provide students with an education that was not being provided in the "white" schools, [ 124 ] as the public schools in the district employed a Eurocentric assimilationist curriculum with little to no attention to black history and culture. While students were provided with traditional courses such as English, Math, and Science, they were also exposed to activities focused on class structure and the prevalence of institutional racism . [ 125 ] The overall goal of the school was to instill a sense of revolutionary consciousness in the students. [ 122 ] With a strong belief in experiential learning, students had the opportunity to participate in community service projects as well as practice their writing skills by drafting letters to political prisoners associated with the Black Panther Party. [ 125 ] Huggins is noted as saying, "I think that the school's principles came from the socialist principles we tried to live in the Black Panther Party. One of them being critical thinking—that children should learn not what to think but how to think ... the school was an expression of the collective wisdom of the people who envisioned it. And it was ... a living thing [that] changed every year. [ 122 ] Joan Kelley oversaw funding for the Intercommunal Youth Institute which was provided through a combination of Black Panther fundraising and community support. [ 123 ] Oakland Community School In 1974, due to increased interest in enrolling in the school, school officials decided to move to a larger facility and subsequently changed the school's name to Oakland Community School. During this year, the school graduated its first class. [ 124 ] Although the student population continued to grow ranging between 50 and 150 between 1974 and 1977, the original core values of individualized instruction remained. [ 123 ] In September 1977, the school received a special award from Governor Edmund Brown Jr. and the California Legislature for "having set the standard for the highest level of elementary education in the state. [ 124 ] The school eventually closed in 1982 due to governmental pressure on party leadership, which caused insufficient membership and funds to continue running the school. [ 123 ] Killing of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark In Chicago, on December 4, 1969, two Panthers were killed when the Chicago Police raided the home of Panther leader Fred Hampton . The raid had been orchestrated by the police in conjunction with the FBI. Hampton was shot and killed, as was Panther guard Mark Clark . A federal investigation reported that only one shot was fired by the Panthers, and police fired at least 80 shots. [ 126 ] The only shot fired by the Panthers was from Mark Clark, who appeared to fire a single round determined to be the result of a reflexive death convulsion after he was immediately struck in the chest by shots from the police at the start of the raid. Hampton was sleeping next to his pregnant fiancée and was subsequently shot twice in the head at point-blank range while unconscious. Coroner reports show that Hampton was drugged with a powerful barbiturate that night and would have been unable to have been awoken by the sounds of the police raid. [ 127 ] His body was then dragged into the hallway. He was 21 years old and unarmed at the time of his death. Seven other Panthers sleeping at the house at the time of the raid were then beaten and seriously wounded, then arrested under charges of aggravated assault and attempted murder of the officers involved in the raid. These charges would later be dropped. Cook County state's attorney Edward Hanrahan announced to the media later that the Panthers were first to shoot in the interaction and that they showed a "refusal to cease firing... when urged to do so several times." New York Times reporting would later demonstrate that this was not in fact the case and found a great deal of fake evidence being used by Chicago Police to assert their claims. [ 128 ] Former FBI agent Wesley Swearingen asserts that the Bureau was guilty of a "plot to murder" the Panthers. [ 129 ] Hampton had been slipped the barbiturates which had left him unconscious by William O'Neal , who had been working as an FBI informant. Hanrahan, his assistant, and eight Chicago police officers were indicted by a federal grand jury over the raid, but the charges were later dismissed. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] In 1979 civil action, Hampton's family won $1.85 million from the city of Chicago in a wrongful death settlement . [ 132 ] Torture-murder of Alex Rackley In May 1969, three members of the New Haven chapter tortured and murdered Alex Rackley , a 19-year-old member of the New York chapter, because they suspected him of being a police informant. Three party officers— Warren Kimbro , George Sams, Jr. , and Lonnie McLucas —later admitted taking part. Sams, who gave the order to shoot Rackley at the murder scene, turned state's evidence and testified that he had received orders personally from Bobby Seale to carry out the execution. Party supporters responded that Sams was himself the informant and an agent provocateur employed by the FBI. [ 133 ] The case resulted in the New Haven Black Panther trials of 1970. Kimbro, Sams and McLucas were convicted of the murder, but the trials of Seale and Ericka Huggins ended with a hung jury, and the prosecution chose not to seek another trial. International ties Activists from many countries around the globe supported the Panthers and their cause. In Scandinavian countries such as Norway and Finland, for example, left-wing activists organized a tour for Bobby Seale and Masai Hewitt in 1969. At each destination along the tour, the Panthers talked about their goals and the "Free Huey!" campaign. Seale and Hewitt made a stop in Germany as well, gaining support for the "Free Huey!" campaign. [ 134 ] 1970 Chronology January 1970: Leonard Bernstein holds a fundraiser for the BPP, which was notoriously mocked by Tom Wolfe in Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers . Spring 1970: The Oakland BPP engages in another ambush of police officers with guns and fragmentation bombs . Two officers are wounded. [ 135 ] May 1970: Huey Newton's conviction is overturned, but he remains incarcerated. July 1970: Newton tells The New York Times that "we've never advocated violence". August 1970: Newton is released from prison. International travels In 1970, a group of Panthers including Eldridge Cleaver and Elaine Brown traveled to Asia and they were welcomed as guests of the governments of China, [ 136 ] : 39 North Vietnam , and North Korea . The group's first stop was in North Korea, where the Panthers met with local officials to discuss ways in which they could help each other fight against American imperialism. Cleaver traveled to Pyongyang twice in 1969 and 1970 and following these trips he made an effort to publicize the writings and works of North Korean leader Kim Il Sung in the United States. [ 137 ] After leaving North Korea, the group traveled to North Vietnam with the same agenda in mind: finding ways to put an end to American imperialism. Eldridge Cleaver was invited to speak to Black GIs by the North Vietnamese government. He encouraged them to join the Black Liberation Struggle by arguing that the United States government was only using them for its own purposes. Instead of risking their lives on the battlefield for a country that continued to oppress them, Cleaver believed that the black GIs should risk their lives in support of their own liberation. After leaving Vietnam, Cleaver met with the Chinese ambassador to Algeria to express their mutual animosity towards the American government. [ 138 ] When Algeria held its first Pan-African Cultural Festival, they invited many important figures from the United States. Among the important figures invited to the festival were Bobby Seale and Cleaver. The cultural festival allowed Black Panthers to network with representatives of various international anti-imperialist movements. This was a significant time, which led to the formation of the International Section of the party. [ 139 ] It is at this festival that Cleaver met with the ambassador of North Korea, who later invited him to an International Conference of Revolutionary Journalists in Pyongyang. Eldridge also met with Yasser Arafat and gave a speech supporting the Palestinians and their goal of achieving liberation. [ 140 ] In fall 1971, a larger group of Panthers visited China. [ 136 ] : 39 1971–1974 Newton focused the BPP on the party's Oakland school and various other social service programs. In early 1971, the BPP founded the "Intercommunal Youth Institute" in January 1971, [ 141 ] with the intent of demonstrating how black youth ought to be educated. Ericka Huggins was the director of the school and Regina Davis was an administrator. [ 142 ] The school was unique in that it did not have grade levels but instead had different skill levels so an 11-year-old could be in second-level English and fifth-level science. [ 142 ] Elaine Brown taught reading and writing to a group of 10- to 11-year-olds deemed "uneducable" by the system. [ 143 ] The school children were given free busing; breakfast, lunch, and dinner; books and school supplies; children were taken to have medical checkups; many children were given free clothes. [ 144 ] Split Significant disagreements among the party's leaders over how to confront ideological differences led to a split within the party. Certain members felt that the Black Panthers should participate in local government and social services, while others encouraged constant conflict with the police. For some of the party's supporters, the separations among political action, criminal activity, social services, access to power, and grass-roots identity became confusing and contradictory as the Panthers' political momentum was bogged down in the criminal justice system . These (and other) disagreements led to a split. In January 1971, Newton expelled Geronimo Pratt who, since 1970, had been in jail facing a pending murder charge. Newton also expelled two of the New York 21 and his own secretary, Connie Matthews , who fled the country. Some Panther leaders, such as Huey P. Newton and David Hilliard , favored a focus on community service coupled with self-defense; others, such as Eldridge Cleaver , embraced a more confrontational strategy. In February 1971, Eldridge Cleaver deepened the schism in the party when he publicly criticized the party for adopting a " reformist " rather than " revolutionary " agenda and called for Hilliard's removal. Cleaver was expelled from the Central Committee but went on to lead a splinter group, the Black Liberation Army , which had previously existed as an underground paramilitary wing of the party. [ 145 ] The split turned violent, as the Newton and Cleaver factions carried out retaliatory assassinations of each other's members, resulting in the deaths of four people. [ 146 ] From mid-to-late 1971, hundreds of members throughout the country quit the Black Panther Party. [ 147 ] In May 1971, Bobby Seale was acquitted of ordering the Rackley murder, and returned to Oakland. Delegation to China In late September 1971, Huey P. Newton led a delegation to China and stayed for 10 days. [ 148 ] At every airport in China, Huey was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the Little Red Book and displaying signs that said, "We support the Black Panther Party, down with US imperialism" or, "We support the American people but the Nixon imperialist regime must be overthrown." During the trip, the Chinese delegate arranged for him to meet and have dinner with a DPRK ambassador, a Tanzanian ambassador, and delegations from both North Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam . [ 149 ] Huey was under the impression he was going to meet Mao Zedong, but instead had two meetings with the first Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai . One of these meetings also included Mao Zedong's wife Jiang Qing . Huey described China as "a free and liberated territory with a socialist government." [ 150 ] Newton solidifies control and centralizes power in Oakland In early 1972, the party began closing down dozens of chapters and branches all over the country and bringing members and operations to Oakland. [ 151 ] The political arm of the Southern California chapter was shut down and its members moved to Oakland, although the underground military arm remained for a time. [ 152 ] The underground remnants of the LA chapter, which had emerged from the Slausons street gang, eventually re-emerged as the Crips , a street gang who at first advocated social reform before devolving into racketeering. [ 153 ] Minister of Education Ray "Masai" Hewitt created the Buddha Samurai, the party's underground security cadre in Oakland. Newton expelled Hewitt from the party later in 1972, but the security cadre remained in operation under the leadership of Flores Forbes. One of the cadre's main functions was to extort and rob drug dealers and after-hours clubs. [ 152 ] The party developed a five-year plan to take over the city of Oakland politically and focused nearly all of its resources on winning political power in the Oakland city government. Bobby Seale ran for mayor, Elaine Brown ran for city council, and other Panthers ran for minor offices. Neither Seale nor Brown were elected, and many Party members resigned after the losses, [ 151 ] although a few Panthers won seats on local government commissions. Following the electoral defeat, Newton embarked on a major purge of the party in early 1974, expelling Bobby and John Seale, David and June Hilliard, Robert Bay, and numerous other top party leaders. Dozens of other Panthers loyal to Seale resigned or deserted. Newton indicted for violent crimes In 1974, Huey Newton and eight other Panthers were arrested and charged with assault on police officers. In August 1974, Newton went into exile in Cuba to avoid prosecution for the murder of Kathleen Smith, an eighteen-year-old prostitute. Newton was also indicted for pistol-whipping his tailor, Preston Callins. Although Newton confided to friends that Kathleen Smith was his "first nonpolitical murder", he was ultimately acquitted, after one witness's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had been smoking marijuana on the night of the murder, and another prostitute witness recanted her testimony. [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Newton was also acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges. [ 156 ] [ clarification needed ] 1974–1977 The Panthers under Elaine Brown In 1974, as Huey Newton prepared to go into exile in Cuba, he appointed Elaine Brown as the first chairwoman of the party. [ 157 ] Under Brown's leadership, the party became involved in organizing for more radical electoral campaigns, including Brown's 1975 unsuccessful run for Oakland City Council. [ 158 ] The party supported Lionel Wilson in his successful election as the first black mayor of Oakland, in exchange for Wilson's assistance in having criminal charges dropped against party member Flores Forbes, leader of the Buddha Samurai cadre. [ 152 ] In addition to changing the party's direction towards more involvement in the electoral arena , Brown also increased the influence of women Panthers by placing them in more visible roles within the previously male-dominated organization. Death of Betty van Patter Panther leader Elaine Brown hired Betty Van Patter in 1974 as a bookkeeper. Van Patter had previously served as a bookkeeper for Ramparts magazine and was introduced to the Panther leadership by David Horowitz , who had been the editor of Ramparts and a major fundraiser and board member for the Panther school. [ 159 ] Later that year, after a dispute with Brown over financial irregularities, [ 160 ] Van Patter went missing on December 13, 1974. Some weeks later, her severely beaten corpse was found on a San Francisco Bay beach. There was insufficient evidence for police to charge anyone with van Patter's murder, but the Black Panther Party leadership was "almost universally believed to be responsible". [ 161 ] [ 162 ] Huey Newton later allegedly confessed to a friend that he had ordered Van Patter's murder, and that Van Patter had been tortured and raped before being killed. [ 155 ] [ 163 ] FBI files investigating Van Patter were destroyed in 2009 for reasons the FBI has declined to provide. [ 164 ] 1977–1982 Return of Huey Newton and the demise of the party In 1977, Newton returned from exile in Cuba, and received complaints from male members about the excessive power of women in the organization, who now outnumbered men. According to Elaine Brown, Newton authorized the physical punishment of school administrator Regina Davis for scolding a male coworker. Davis was hospitalized with a broken jaw. [ 165 ] Brown said, "The beating of Regina would be taken as a clear signal that the words 'Panther' and 'comrade' had taken a gender-on-gender connotation, denoting an inferiority in the female half of us." [ 166 ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Brown resigned from the party and fled to LA. [ 169 ] Although many scholars and activists date the party's downfall to the period before Brown's leadership, a shrinking cadre of Panthers struggled through the 1970s. By 1980, Panther membership had dwindled to 27, and the Panther-sponsored Oakland Community School closed in 1982 amid a scandal over Newton embezzling funds for his drug addiction, [ 158 ] [ 170 ] which marked the formal end of the Black Panther Party. [ 157 ] Panthers attempt to assassinate a witness against Newton In October 1977, Flores Forbes, the party's assistant chief of staff, led a botched attempt to assassinate Crystal Gray, a key prosecution witness in Newton's upcoming trial, who had been present the day of Kathleen Smith's murder. When three Panthers attacked the wrong house by mistake, the occupant returned fire and killed one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, while the other two assailants escaped. [ 171 ] One of them, Flores Forbes, fled to Las Vegas , Nevada, with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy. Fearing that Malloy would discover the truth behind the botched assassination attempt, Newton allegedly ordered a "house cleaning", and Malloy was shot and buried alive in the desert. Although permanently paralyzed from the waist down, Malloy escaped and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder. [ 172 ] Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said the events "might have been the result of overzealous party members". [ 173 ] Newton was ultimately acquitted of the murder of Kathleen Smith, after Crystal Gray's testimony was impeached by her admission that she had smoked marijuana on the night of the murder, and he was acquitted of assaulting Preston Callins after Callins refused to press charges. Women and womanism From its beginnings, the Black Panther Party championed black masculinity and traditional gender roles. [ 174 ] : 6 A notice in the first issue of The Black Panther newspaper proclaimed the all-male organization as "the cream of Black Manhood ... there for the protection and defense of our Black community". [ 175 ] Scholars consider the party's stance of armed resistance highly masculine, with guns and violence proving manhood. [ 176 ] : 2 In 1968, several articles urged female Panthers to "stand behind black men" and be supportive. [ 174 ] : 6 The first woman to join the party was Joan Tarika Lewis , in 1967. [ 177 ] Nevertheless, women were present in the party from the early days and expanded their roles throughout its life. [ 178 ] Women often joined to fight against unequal gender norms. [ 179 ] By 1969, the party newspaper officially instructed male Panthers to treat female Party members as equals, [ 174 ] : 2 [ 174 ] : 6 a drastic change from the idea of the female Panther as subordinate. The same year, Deputy chairman Fred Hampton of the Illinois chapter conducted a meeting condemning sexism . [ 174 ] : 2 After 1969, the party considered sexism counterrevolutionary . [ 174 ] : 6 The Black Panthers adopted a womanist ideology responding to the unique experiences of African-American women, [ 11 ] emphasizing racism as more oppressive than sexism. [ 180 ] Womanism was a mix of black nationalism and the vindication of women, [ 11 ] : 20 putting race and community struggle before the gender issue. [ 11 ] : 8 Womanism posited that traditional feminism failed to include race and class struggle in its denunciation of male sexism [ 11 ] : 26 and was therefore part of white hegemony. [ 11 ] : 21 In opposition to some feminist viewpoints, womanism promoted a vision of gender roles: that men are not above women, but hold a different position in the home and community, [ 11 ] : 42 so men and women must work together for the preservation of African-American culture and community. [ 11 ] : 27 As the birth control pill was regulated throughout the United States in the early 1960s, the role of women as birth givers preserving the livelihood of future generations became stressed on African American women. The introduction of the pill acted as an opening for sexual liberation and autonomy for women to take control of their intimate relationships. However, members of the Black Panthers saw this as a possible hindrance to black liberation and a way of further controlling black bodies, akin to the history of eugenics and forced sterilization . Toni Cade Bambara , a political-social activist, critiques the pill as a benefactor in limiting African American fertility and a form of racial suicide . [ 181 ] Henceforth, the party newspaper portrayed women as intelligent political revolutionaries, exemplified by members such as Kathleen Cleaver , Angela Davis and Erika Huggins . [ 174 ] : 10 The Black Panther Party newspaper often showed women as active participants in the armed self-defense movement, picturing them with children and guns as protectors of home, family and community. [ 174 ] : 2 Police killed or incarcerated many male leaders, but female Panthers were less targeted for much of the 1960s and 1970s. By 1968, women made up two-thirds of the party, while many male members were out of duty. In the absence of much of the original male leadership, women moved into all parts of the organization. [ 178 ] [ 182 ] Roles included leadership positions, implementing community programs, and uplifting the black community. Women in the group called attention to sexism within the party and worked to make changes from within. [ 183 ] From 1968 to the end of its publication in 1982, the head editors of the Black Panther Party newspaper were all women, including JoNina Abron , its final editor. [ 174 ] : 5 In 1970, approximately 40% to 70% of Party members were women, [ 174 ] : 8 and several chapters, like the Des Moines, Iowa, and New Haven, Connecticut, chapters were headed by women. [ 176 ] : 7 During the 1970s, recognizing the limited access poor women had to abortion , the party officially supported women's reproductive rights , including abortion. [ 174 ] : 11 That same year, the party condemned and opposed prostitution . [ 174 ] : 12 Many women Panthers began to demand childcare to be able to fully participate in the organization. The party responded by establishing on-site child development centers in multiple US chapters. "Childcare became largely a group activity", with children raised collectively, in accord with the Panther's commitment to collectivism and the African American extended-family tradition. Childcare allowed women Panthers to embrace motherhood while fully participating in Party activism. [ 184 ] The party experienced significant problems in several chapters with sexism and gender oppression, particularly in the Oakland chapter where cases of sexual harassment and gender conflict were common. [ 185 ] : 5 When Oakland Panthers arrived to bolster the New York City Panther chapter after 21 New York leaders were incarcerated, they displayed such chauvinistic attitudes towards New York Panther women that they had to be fended off at gunpoint. [ 186 ] Some Party leaders thought the fight for gender equality was a threat to men and a distraction from the struggle for racial equality. [ 174 ] : 5 In response, the Chicago and New York chapters, among others, established equal gender rights as a priority and tried to eradicate sexist attitudes. [ 176 ] : 13 By the time the Black Panther Party disbanded, official policy was to reprimand men who violated the rules of gender equality . [ 176 ] : 13 Gender dynamics In the beginning, recruiting women was a low priority for Newton and Seale. [ 187 ] Seale stated in an interview that Newton targeted "brothers who had been pimping , brothers who had been peddling dope, brothers who ain't gonna take no shit, brothers who had been fighting the pigs". Also, they did not realize that women could help the fight until one came into an interest meeting asking about "female leadership". [ 188 ] Regina Jennings recalls that many male leaders had an "unchecked" sexism problem, and her task was to "lift the bedroom out of their minds." She remembers overhearing members: "Some concluded that the FBI sent me, but the captain assured them with salty good humor that, 'She's too stupid to be from the FBI.' He thought my cover and my comments too honest, too loud, and too ridiculous to be serious." She recalls her days in Oakland, California as a teenager looking for something to do to add purpose to her life and her community. She grew up around police brutality, so it was nothing new. Her goal in joining was "smashing racism" because she viewed herself as Black before she was a woman. In her community, that identity is what she felt held her back the most. [ 188 ] Women's role The Black Panther Party was involved in many community projects as part of their organization. These projects included community outreach, like the breakfast program, education, and health programs. [ 178 ] In many cases women were the ones primarily involved with administering these types of programs. From the beginning of the Black Panther Party, education was a fundamental goal of the organization. This was highlighted in the Ten Point Platform , the newspaper that was distributed by the party, and the public commentary shared by the Panthers. [ 178 ] The newspaper was one of the primary and original consciousness-raising and educational measures taken by the party. [ 178 ] Despite the fact that men were out distributing the newspaper, women like Elaine Brown and Kathleen Cleaver were behind the scenes working on those papers. [ 189 ] Elaine Brown Elaine Brown rose to power within the BPP as Minister of Information after Eldridge Cleaver fled abroad. In 1974, she became chair for the Oakland chapter. She was appointed by Huey Newton , the previous chair, while Newton and other leaders dealt with their legal issues. [ 178 ] [ 190 ] From the beginning of her tenure as chair, she faced opposition and feared a coup. She appointed many female officials and faced backlash for her policies for equality within the organization. When Huey Newton returned from exile and approved of the beating of a female Panther schoolteacher, Brown left the organization. [ 190 ] Gwen Robinson In an interview with Judson Jeffries, Gwen Robinson reflects on her time in the Black Panther Party Detroit Division. [ 191 ] She explains that she joined in October 1969 despite doubts from her mother, who had participated in a march with Martin Luther King Jr. in the early part of the decade. She chose the Black Panther Party (BPP) because "[She] felt a closeness and a bond with them" more than other organizations like the " SNCC , NAACP , the Urban League , the Nation of Islam , Shrines of Madonna, Eastside Voice of Independent Detroit (ESVID), the Republic of New Africa , and the Revolutionary Action Movement ." [ 191 ] In 12th grade, she decided to work full-time with the party, dropping out of chaotic Denby High School in Detroit. "There were some students who would use the N-word freely" and "a P.E. instructor accused [her] of stealing her keys." She was "shoved" into the pool when she refused to swim for fear of wetting her hair, while a White teacher who taught Afro-American history would kick people out "if you challenged his position on certain Black leaders." [ 191 ] In the BPP, she "was living as part of a collective " where all work was shared, and she enjoyed working all day selling newspapers. She climbed the ranks and became the branch's Communications Secretary in January 1971, after her predecessor left due to "some issues related to sexism ". In this branch, unlike the average BPP divisions, the "brothers" never turned violent or physical: "That kind of thing didn't take place in Detroit." She left the organization in 1973, keeping a link through her husband, their circulation manager. Summing up the legacy of the Detroit branch, she says, "It's crucial that people realize that the strength of the organization was rooted in discipline, deep commitment, and a genuine love for the people." [ 192 ] Connections to other political activist groups Latino liberation Members of the Black Panther Party, such as Huey P. Newton , also frequently collaborated with Latino activist groups, like the Brown Berets and Los Siete de la Raza . Newton himself even attended some court sessions for Los Siete de la Raza 's trial in June 1970. [ 193 ] Bobby Seale described their alliances with Los Siete as particularly important, they saw that both Black and Brown activist groups had been dealing with similar issues regarding oppression and violence in the United States. [ 193 ] Women's and gay liberation movements Huey Newton expressed his support for the women's liberation movement and the gay liberation movement in a 1970 letter published in the newspaper The Black Panther titled "A Letter from Huey to the Revolutionary Brothers and Sisters About the Women's Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements". [ 194 ] Written one year after the Stonewall riots , Newton acknowledged women and homosexuals as oppressed groups and urged the Black Panthers to "unite with them in a revolutionary fashion". [ 195 ] The Black Panther Party and the Gay Liberation Movement shared common ground in their fight against police brutality. [ 196 ] American Indian Movement (AIM) The Black Panther Party also influenced connections with the American Indian Movement , a Native organization that originated in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota in 1968. The American Indian Movement utilized the Panther's Ten Point Program , the Black Patrol, and Black Freedom Schools to form their own civil rights program, the Indian Patrol, and Survival Schools in the Twin Cities. Starting in 1966, Native activists –future AIM members– formed a close connection with the Black Panthers in Minneapolis. During the 1969 occupation of Alcatraz Island and the 1972 occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Native activists met with Stokely Carmichael. During the 1973 occupation of Wounded Knee , Angela Davis visited. Throughout, both organizations highlighted the shared parallels of the Black and Indigenous experience, emphasizing their intersectional oppression and a shared history of resistance. [ 197 ] Aftermath and legacy There is considerable debate about the impact of the Black Panther Party on the wider society or even their local environments. Author Jama Lazerow writes: As inheritors of the discipline, pride, and calm self-assurance preached by Malcolm X , the Panthers became national heroes in black communities by infusing abstract nationalism with street toughness—by joining the rhythms of black working-class youth culture to the interracial élan and effervescence of Bay Area New Left politics ... In 1966, the Panthers defined Oakland's ghetto as a territory, the police as interlopers, and the Panther mission as the defense of community. The Panthers' famous "policing the police" drew attention to the spatial remove that White Americans enjoyed from the police brutality that had come to characterize life in black urban communities. [ 198 ] As inheritors of the discipline, pride, and calm self-assurance preached by Malcolm X , the Panthers became national heroes in black communities by infusing abstract nationalism with street toughness—by joining the rhythms of black working-class youth culture to the interracial élan and effervescence of Bay Area New Left politics ... In 1966, the Panthers defined Oakland's ghetto as a territory, the police as interlopers, and the Panther mission as the defense of community. The Panthers' famous "policing the police" drew attention to the spatial remove that White Americans enjoyed from the police brutality that had come to characterize life in black urban communities. [ 198 ] Professor Judson Jeffries of Purdue University called the Panthers "the most effective black revolutionary organization in the 20th century". [ 199 ] The Los Angeles Times , in a 2013 review of Black Against Empire , an "authoritative" history of the BPP published by University of California Press , called the organization a "serious political and cultural force" and "a movement of intelligent, explosive dreamers". [ 200 ] The Black Panther Party is featured in exhibits [ 201 ] and curriculum [ 202 ] [ 203 ] of the National Civil Rights Museum . Numerous former Panthers have held elected office in the United States, some into the 21st century; these include Charles Barron (New York City Council), Nelson Malloy (Winston-Salem City Council), and Bobby Rush (US House of Representatives). Most of them praise the BPP's contribution to black liberation and American democracy. In 1990, the Chicago City Council passed a resolution declaring "Fred Hampton Day" in honor of the slain leader. [ 132 ] In Winston-Salem in 2012, a large contingent of local officials and community leaders came together to install a historic marker of the local BPP headquarters; State Representative Earline Parmone declared "[The Black Panther Party] dared to stand up and say, 'We're fed up and we're not taking it anymore'. ... Because they had courage, today I stand as ... the first African American ever to represent Forsyth County in the state Senate". [ 204 ] In October 2006, the Black Panther Party held a 40-year reunion in Oakland. [ 205 ] In January 2007, a joint California state and Federal task force charged eight men with the August 29, 1971, murder of California police officer Sgt. John Young. [ 206 ] The defendants have been identified as former members of the Black Liberation Army , with two linked to the Black Panthers. [ 207 ] In 1975, a similar case was dismissed when a judge ruled that police gathered evidence using torture . [ 208 ] On June 29, 2009, Herman Bell pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in the death of Sgt. Young. In July 2009, charges were dropped against four of the accused: Ray Boudreaux, Henry W. Jones, Richard Brown and Harold Taylor. Also, that month Jalil Muntaquim pleaded no contest to conspiracy to commit voluntary manslaughter, becoming the second person convicted in this case. [ 209 ] Since the 1990s, former Panther chief of staff David Hilliard has offered tours in Oakland of sites historically significant to the Black Panther Party. [ 210 ] In 2025, the first marker in a Black Panther Party Heritage Trail in Illinois was unveiled. [ 211 ] [ 212 ] Groups and movements inspired and aided by the Black Panthers Various groups and movements have picked names inspired by the Black Panthers: Assata's Daughters , an all-black activist group in Chicago, was founded in 2015 by Page May; the group is named after Black Panther Assata Shakur and has objectives similar to the Black Panthers' 10-Point Program. [ 213 ] Gray Panthers often used to refer to advocates for the rights of seniors ( Gray Panthers in the United States, The Grays, Gray Panthers in Germany). Polynesian Panthers , an advocacy group for Māori and Pasifika people in New Zealand . Black Panthers , a protest movement that advocates social justice and fights for the rights of Mizrahi Jews in Israel. White Panthers, used to refer to both the White Panther Party , a far-left, anti-racist, white American political party of the 1970s, as well as the White Panthers UK, an unaffiliated group started by Mick Farren . The Pink Panthers , used to refer to two LGBT rights organizations. Dalit Panthers of India , an Indian social reform movement, which fights against caste oppression in Indian society. This became the Liberation Panther Party , now a political party in India. The British Black Panther movement, which flourished in London in the late 1960s and early 1970s, was not affiliated with the American organization although it fought for many of the same rights. [ 214 ] [ 215 ] The French Black Dragons, a Black antifascist group closely linked to the punk rock and rockabilly scene. The Young Lords , which fought for Latino self-determination and Puerto-Rican independence. Huey P. Newton Gun Club , named after the Black Panther Party's founder. Memphis Black Autonomy Federation , a Memphis, Tennessee -based community group adhering to the Panther anarchism ideology and led by former Black Panther Party member Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin. In April 1977, Panthers were key supporters of the 504 Sit-ins , the longest of which was the 25-day occupation of the San Francisco Federal Building by over 120 people with disabilities. Panthers provided daily home-cooked meals in support of the protest's eventual success, which eventually led to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) thirteen years later. [ 216 ] New Black Panther Party In 1989, a " New Black Panther Party " was formed in Dallas , Texas. Ten years later, the NBPP became home to many former Nation of Islam members when its chairmanship was taken by Khalid Abdul Muhammad . The Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center list the New Black Panthers as a black separatist hate group . [ 217 ] The Huey Newton Foundation, former chairman and co-founder Bobby Seale, and members of the original Black Panther Party have insisted that this New Black Panther Party is illegitimate and they have strongly objected to it, stating that there "is no new Black Panther Party". [ 218 ] In popular media Books Many former members of the Black Panther Party have gone on to write books and memoirs about their experiences in the party, such as Revolutionary Suicide , the autobiography of Huey P. Newton , Seize the Time by Bobby Seal , Assata: An Autobiography by Assata Shakur , A Taste of Power by Elaine Brown, and many more. The 2021 graphic novel, The Black Panther Party by David F. Walker , is a collection of biographies of fifteen BPP leaders. [ 219 ] Film and TV The Black Panther Party briefly appeared in 1994's Forrest Gump . [ 220 ] The 1995 film Panther , based on the novel of the same name by Melvin Van Peebles , is a fictionalized account of the founding of the Black Panther Party, and the first feature-length narrative film to take the BPP as its topic. [ 221 ] The film Seberg (2019), directed by Benedict Andrews , stars Kristen Stewart as the actress Jean Seberg , who was persecuted by the FBI's COINTELPRO program for her public and financial support of the Black Panther Party. [ 222 ] Aaron Sorkin 's 2020 Netflix film, The Trial of the Chicago 7 , features the Chicago Seven trial that included Bobby Seale , portrayed by Yahya Abdul-Mateen II . [ 223 ] The 2021 film Judas and the Black Messiah , starring Daniel Kaluuya , tells the story of Fred Hampton and his Chicago BPP chapter. [ 224 ] The series The Big Cigar (2024), by Apple TV+ , follows Huey Newton 's escape to Havana, Cuba in 1974 to avoid legal charges. [ 225 ] Art In 2019, the Museum of Modern Art acquired 30 issues of the Black Panther newspaper for its permanent collection. In 2021, they were featured in a show and series of events highlighting the importance of the paper's artwork, with a selection to be placed on permanent display. [ 226 ] NFL quarterback and Black Lives Matter activist Colin Kaepernick worked with the former Black Panther newspaper illustrator and "Minister of Culture" Emory Douglas to create the cover art of his book Abolition for the People: The Movement For a Future without Policing and Prisons (2023). [ 227 ] See also Black Panther Party in Algeria Black Panther Party, Des Moines, Iowa Chapter Black Panther Party, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Chapter British Black Panthers Israeli Black Panthers Paul Birdsong References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Delli Carpini, Michael X. (2000). "Black Panther Party: 1966–1982" . Archived from the original on October 2, 2018 . Retrieved June 11, 2019 . While the exact size of the party is difficult to determine,the best estimates are that at its peak in 1969, the Black Panthers had as many as 5,000 members and between thirty-four and forty local chapters in the United States. ^ a b c Austin 2006 , p. 170 ^ Harris, Jessica C. (Summer 2001). "Revolutionary Black Nationalism: The Black Panther Party" . The Journal of Negro History . 86 (3): 409– 421. doi : 10.2307/1562458 . JSTOR 1562458 . Retrieved January 22, 2025 . The purpose of this paper is to take an in-depth look into the Black Panther Party, the major champion of a form of black nationalism commonly known as revolutionary nationalism. ^ "Revolutionary nationalism: the Black Panther Party and other groups" . Red Black and Green . Cambridge University Press. February 2, 2010. pp. 98– 126. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511562280.007 . ISBN 978-0-521-20887-1 . Retrieved January 22, 2025 . In the few years of its existence the Black Panther party has become one of the leading revolutionary nationalist organizations in the United States. ^ "The Revolutionary Legacy of the Black Panthers" . Socialistworker.org. November 3, 2016 . Retrieved January 22, 2025 . Newton defined the revolutionary nationalism of the Panthers as explicitly socialist: There are two kinds of nationalism, revolutionary nationalism and reactionary nationalism. Revolutionary nationalism is first dependent upon a people's revolution with the end goal being the people in power. Therefore, to be a revolutionary nationalist, you would by necessity have to be a socialist. ^ a b "Black Panthers" . November 3, 2017. Archived from the original on April 11, 2020 . Retrieved June 10, 2020 . The Black Panthers were part of the larger Black Power movement, which emphasized black pride, community control and unification for civil rights. ^ Cleaver, Eldridge (1967). On The Ideology of the Black Panther Party (Part 1) (PDF) . Black Panther Party Ministry of Information. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 2, 2021 . ^ " "Concrete Analysis of Concrete Conditions": A Study of the Relationship between the Black Panther Party and Maoism Relationship between the Black Panther Party and Maoism" . p. 29. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 22, 2021 . ^ Nangwaya, Ajamu (September 6, 2016). "Why you shouldn't romanticize the Black Panther Party" . Pambazuka News . Retrieved May 26, 2025 . The BPP's explicit commitment to revolutionary socialism was a notable development, […] ^ Jaynes, Gerald D. (2005). Encyclopedia of African American Society . Sage Publishing . p. 122. ISBN 0761927646 . Retrieved May 26, 2025 . The Black Panthers advocated militant self-defense of minority communities against the U.S. government and sought to establish revolutionary socialism through mass organization and community-based programs. ^ a b c d e f g h Blackmon 2008 , p. 28 ^ "Intercommunalism (1974)" . June 11, 2018. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020 . Retrieved June 8, 2020 . ^ "Intercommunalism: The Late Theorizations of Huey P. Newton" . June 11, 2018. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020 . Retrieved June 8, 2020 . ^ Joseph 2006 , p. 219 ^ Van Deburg, William L. (1992). New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965–1975 . University of Chicago Press. p. 155 . ISBN 978-0226847146 . ^ a b "October 15, 1966: The Black Panther Party Is Founded" . The Nation . ISSN 0027-8378 . Archived from the original on December 21, 2015 . Retrieved December 15, 2015 . ^ a b "Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities" . Mapping American Social Movements . Archived from the original on January 1, 2017 . Retrieved January 1, 2017 . ^ Brown, Mark (December 27, 2013). "Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 3, 2017 . Retrieved January 2, 2017 . ^ Meghelli, Samir (2009), "From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962–1978", in Marable, Manning (ed.), Black Routes to Islam , Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 99– 119 ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 152 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , chapter 7 ^ Nelson, Alondra (2011). Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination . University of Minnesota Press. ^ Austin 2006 ; Bloom & Martin 2013 ; Murch 2010 ; Joseph 2006 ^ Haas 2009 , p. 41. ^ "Hoover and the F.B.I." Luna Ray Films, LLC . PBS. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013 . Retrieved January 24, 2013 . ^ "Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security". The Washington Post . WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post. July 16, 1969. ProQuest 147638465 . ^ "Panthers 'threaten' U.S., Hoover says". Afro-American . Afro – American Company of Baltimore City. July 26, 1969. ProQuest 532216174 . ^ Stubblefield, Anna (2018). Ethics Along the Color Line . Cornell University Press. pp. 60– 61. ISBN 978-1501717703 . ^ Williams, Jakobi (2013). From the Bullet to the Ballot: The Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party and Racial Coalition Politics in Chicago . University of North Carolina Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-0807838167 . JSTOR 10.5149/9781469608167_williams . ^ Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities , United States Senate. Archived February 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ^ O'Reilly, Kenneth (1989). Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960–1972 . Free Press. ISBN 978-0029236819 . ^ Churchill and Vander Wall (2002). The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States . South End Press. ^ Haas, Jeffrey (2010). The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther . Chicago Review Press. ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , conclusion ^ Philip Foner , The Black Panthers Speak , Da Capo Press, 2002. ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 340 ^ Lazerow, Jama (2014). "Getting Right with the Panthers" . Reviews in American History . 42 (1): 162– 168. doi : 10.1353/rah.2014.0013 . ISSN 1080-6628 . ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 ^ Murch 2010 , p. 4 ^ Murch 2010 , p. 5 ^ Murch 2010 , p. 6 ^ a b Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 11 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 11–12 ^ a b Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 12 ^ McElrath, Jessica. The Black Panthers . afroamhistory.about.com. Retrieved June 25, 2016. ^ Murch 2010 , pp. 5–7 ^ Seale 1970 , part I; Newton 2009 , parts 2–3; Bloom & Martin 2013 , chapter 1; Murch 2010 , part II and chapter 5 ^ Seale 1970 , p. 13 ^ Murch 2010 , chapter 3 ^ Robin D. G. Kelley "Black Like Mao: Red China and Black Revolution" , Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics , Vol. 1, No. 4, Fall 1999 (Columbia University Press). ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 30–36 ^ Seale 1970 , chapters 6–7 ^ "Negroes With Guns-Description" Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , Wayne State University Press website. ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 30–39 ^ Seale, Bobby (1991). Seize the Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton . Black Classic Press. pp. 79– 83. ISBN 978-0933121300 . ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 39–44 ^ a b Pearson 1994 , p. 109 ^ Crean, Jeffrey (2024). The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History . New Approaches to International History series. London, UK: Bloomsbury Academic . ISBN 978-1-350-23394-2 . ^ "Black Panther Party" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on March 15, 2008 . Retrieved March 27, 2008 . ^ Jones 1998 , pp. 29, 196 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 45 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 46 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 48 ^ a b Black Panther Newspaper , May 15, 1967, p. 3; Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 71–72 ^ Austin 2006 , pp. x–xxiii ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 108–120 ^ David Farber. The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s . p. 207. ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 51 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 52 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 50 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 52–53 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 54–55 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 55 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 57 ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 129 ^ a b c Jones 1998 , p. 393 ^ "Black Panthers: A Taut, Violent Drama". St. Petersburg Times . July 21, 1968. ^ Stohl, 249. ^ "COINTELPRO" A Huey P. Newton Story Archived May 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , Public Broadcasting System website. ^ "UC Berkeley Library acquires FBI records of surveillance of Black leaders" . Berkeleyside . February 4, 2021 . Retrieved February 27, 2021 . ^ "Black Panther Party Pieces of History: 1966–1969" . Itsabouttimebpp.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010 . Retrieved August 27, 2010 . ^ a b c Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 186 ^ "History of the Black Panther Party, Part Two" Civilrightsteaching.org/Teaching for Change. Archived October 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ Newton, Huey. "In Defense of Self Defense July 3, 1967". Essays from the Minister of Defense (PDF) . p. 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2020 . Retrieved March 3, 2020 . ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 7, 221 ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 3 ^ December 15, 1971. "Case Against Newton Dropped". The Dispatch (Lexington, North Carolina) via UPI. Retrieved August 5, 2012. ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 110 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 104 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 107 ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 109 ^ Gerald Horne, Fire this Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s , University of Virginia Press, 1995. ^ Kate Coleman, 1980, "Souled Out: Eldridge Cleaver Admits He Ambushed Those Cops" . New West Magazine . ^ Austin 2006 , p. 166 ^ David Hilliard, This Side of Glory ^ "Interview With Eldridge Cleaver; The Two Nations Of Black America" . PBS . Archived from the original on March 12, 2011 . Retrieved March 30, 2014 . ^ Epstein, Edward Jay (February 13, 1971). "The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" . The New Yorker . p. 4. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved June 8, 2007 . ^ a b c "1500 at Rites of Panther Member" . Oakland Tribune . April 13, 1968. p. 4 . Retrieved February 24, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 152–158 ^ "Bobby Hutton (1950–1968) • BlackPast" . April 24, 2018. Archived from the original on June 2, 2019 . Retrieved June 4, 2019 . ^ a b c d e f Epstein, Edward Jay (February 13, 1971). "The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028-792X . ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 185, 191 ^ Fimrite, Peter, William Lee Brent – former Black Panther hijacked jet to Cuba Archived November 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine , San Francisco Chronicle , November 20, 2006 ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 175 ^ Newton, Huey (October 15, 1966). "The Ten-Point Program" . War Against the Panthers . Marxists.org. Archived from the original on June 26, 2006 . Retrieved December 24, 2020 . ^ Lazerow & Williams 2006 , p. 46 ^ Nordlinger, Jay (January 14, 2014). "A Witness, Part I: The meaning of David Horowitz" . National Review . ^ Sherman, Scott (June 15, 2000). "David Horowitz's Long March" . The Nation . Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. ^ Workneh, Lilly; Taryn, Post (February 18, 2016). "27 Important Facts Everyone Should Know About The Black Panthers" . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 5, 2017 . Retrieved February 7, 2017 . ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 173, 176 ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 186–187, 191 ^ a b Shames, Stephen (2016). Power to the people : the world of the Black Panthers . New York: Abrams. ISBN 978-1419722400 . OCLC 960165174 . ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 184 ^ "Black Panther Party Community Programs 1966–1982" . Archived from the original on April 25, 2016 . Retrieved April 18, 2016 . ^ Westneat, Danny (May 11, 2005). "Reunion of Black Panthers stirs memories of aggression, activism" . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on November 6, 2013 . Retrieved March 31, 2014 . ^ Bassett, Mary T. (2016). "Beyond Berets: The Black Panthers as Health Activists" . American Journal of Public Health . 106 (10): 1741– 1743. doi : 10.2105/ajph.2016.303412 . ISSN 0090-0036 . PMC 5024403 . PMID 27626339 . ^ Warren, Jenifer (May 2, 1998). "Former Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver Dies at 62" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 21, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 300. ^ Spencer, Robyn C. (January 26, 2017). "The Black Panther Party and Black Anti-fascism in the United States" . Duke University Press . Archived from the original on July 28, 2018 . Retrieved July 28, 2018 . ^ Turner, Page (June 10, 2022). "The Black Panther Party's 1968 Recommended Reading List" . Radical Reads . Retrieved August 16, 2024 . ^ a b Wahad, D. B., Abu-Jamal, M., Shakur, A., Fletcher, J., Jones, T., & Lotringer, S. (1993). Still Black, Still Strong: Survivors of the U.S. War Against Black Revolutionaries . Semiotexte. pp. 221–242 ^ a b c Murch, D. J. (2010). Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California . pp. 171–185 ^ a b c d e Woodard, K., Theoharis, J., & Gore, D. F. (2009). Want to Start a Revolution?: Radical Women in the Black Freedom Struggle . New York University Press. pp. 168–181 ^ a b c "Programs" . Black Panther Party . Retrieved November 28, 2023 . ^ a b Liberation Schools. (n.d.). Retrieved from Archived February 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine ^ Ted Gregory, "Black Panther Raid and the Death of Fred Hampton" Archived September 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , Chicago Tribune . ^ "BPP, Chicago Branch" , Encyclopedia of African-American History (ABC-CLIO), p. 672. ^ John Kifner, "State's Attorney in Chicago Makes Photographs of Black Panther Apartment Available," The New York Times , December 12, 1969. ^ "Wes Swearigen on FBI Assassination of Fred Hampton" . colorado.edu . Archived from the original on September 4, 2015 . Retrieved September 12, 2015 . ^ Asante, Molefi K. (2005). Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Sage Publications. pp. 135 –137. ISBN 978-0761927624 . ^ Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of American Law Enforcement , 2007. ^ a b "William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe" Archived November 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Archived August 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , PBS. ^ Edward Jay Epstein, "The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?" Archived July 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine New Yorker , February 13, 1971. ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , p. 313 ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 201 ^ a b Minami, Kazushi (2024). People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press . ISBN 9781501774157 . ^ Young, Benjamin (February 6, 2013). "North Korea and the American Radical Left" . NKIDP e-Dossier no. 14 . Woodrow Wilson Center. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015 . Retrieved March 5, 2014 . ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 318–321 ^ Marable, Manning; Agard-Jones, Vanessa (2008). Transnational Blackness: Navigating the Global Color Line . New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 183. ISBN 978-0230602687 . ^ Bloom & Martin 2013 , pp. 314–317 ^ Jones 1998 , p. 186 ^ a b Brown 1993 , p. 391 ^ Brown 1993 , p. 392 ^ Brown 1993 , p. 393 ^ Brian Baggins. "Black Panther Party" . marxists.org . Archived from the original on April 8, 2007 . Retrieved December 24, 2020 . ^ Cox, Donald (1999). "Split in the Party". New Political Science . 21 (2): 171– 176. doi : 10.1080/07393149908429861 . ISSN 0739-3148 . ^ Joseph 2006 , p. 268 ^ Newton 2009 , p. 349 ^ Newton 2009 , p. 351 ^ Newton 2009 , p. 352 ^ a b Jones 1998 , pp. 393–394 ^ a b c Forbes 2006 ^ Heffernan, Virginia (February 6, 2007). "The Gangs of Los Angeles: Roots, Branches and Bloods" . The New York Times . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ Pearson 1994 , pp. 265, 286, 328 ^ a b Kelley, Ken (September 15, 1989). "Huey Newton: I'll Never Forget" . East Bay Express . Vol. 11, no. 49. ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 283 ^ a b Jones 1998 , p. 394 ^ a b Perkins, Margo V. Autobiography As Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties . Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000, p. 5. ^ Horowitz, David (December 13, 1999) "Who killed Betty Van Patter?" Archived December 19, 2005, at the Wayback Machine Archived December 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Salon.com Archived November 13, 1999, at the Wayback Machine . ^ Brown 1993 , pp. 363–367 ^ Frank Browning. The Strange Journey of David Horowitz Archived January 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine . Mother Jones , May 1987, p. 34 (on Google books ) ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Left-leaving, left-leaning", Los Angeles Times , November 16, 2003. ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 328 ^ Leighton, Jared, Betty Louise Van Patter , archived from the original on March 30, 2018 , retrieved April 26, 2017 ^ Ryder, Ulli Kira (December 2008). "As Shelters Against the Cold": Women Poets of the Black Arts and Chicano Movements, 1965–1978 (Dissertation). p. 124. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016 . Retrieved September 17, 2016 . ^ McClendon III, John H. (1996). "Elaine Brown" . In Smith, Jessie Carney (ed.). Notable Black American Women, Book 2 . VNR AG. pp. 66– 67. ISBN 9780810391772 . Archived from the original on July 27, 2020 . Retrieved September 13, 2016 . ^ Brown 1993 , p. 444 ^ Keating, Fiona (October 24, 2015). "Women of the revolution: More than 50% of the Black Panther Party were women and carried guns" . International Business Times . Archived from the original on September 16, 2016 . Retrieved September 13, 2016 . ^ Brown 1993 , pp. 444–450 ^ Pearson 1994 , p. 299 ^ "Gunmen Try To Kill Witness Against Black Panther Leader". The Leader-Post . October 25, 1977. ^ Turner, Wallace (December 14, 1977). "Coast Inquiries Pick Panthers As Target; Murder, Attempted Murders and Financing of Poverty Programs Under Oakland Investigation" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 23, 2018 . Retrieved July 23, 2018 . ^ "The Odyssey of Huey Newton" . Time . November 13, 1978. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012 . Retrieved March 31, 2014 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lumsden, Linda (2009). "Good Mothers With Guns: Framing Black Womanhood in the Black Panther , 1968–1980". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly . 86 (4): 900– 922. doi : 10.1177/107769900908600411 . S2CID 145098294 . ^ Spencer, Robyn Ceanne (2008). "Engendering the Black Freedom Struggle: Revolutionary Black Womanhood and the Black Panther Party in the Bay Area, California". Journal of Women's History . 20 (1): 92. doi : 10.1353/jowh.2008.0006 . S2CID 145479202 . ^ a b c d Williams, Jakobi (2012). " 'Don't no woman have to do nothing she don't want to do': Gender, Activism, and the Illinois Black Panther Party". Black Women, Gender & Families . 6 (2). ^ Jones 1998 , pp. 300, 307 ^ a b c d e f Seale, Bobby (1991). Seize the time : the story of the Black Panther party and Huey P. Newton . Baltimore, Md.: Black Classic Press. ISBN 9780933121300 . OCLC 24636234 . ^ Cleaver, Kathleen Neal (June 1, 1999). "Women, power, and revolution". New Political Science . 21 (2): 231– 236. doi : 10.1080/07393149908429865 . ISSN 0739-3148 . ^ Blackmon 2008 , p. 2 ^ Bambara, Toni Cade, ed. (2005). The Black Woman: An Anthology . New York: Washington Square Press. pp. 155– 156. ISBN 978-0743476973 . ^ "Whose Revolution is This – Gender's Divisive Role in the Black Panther Party Ninth Symposium Issue of Gender and Sexuality Law: Note 9 Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law 2008" . heinonline.org . Archived from the original on October 18, 2016 . Retrieved October 6, 2016 . ^ "Say It Loud: 9 Black Women in the Black Power Movement Everyone Should Know" . For Harriet | Celebrating the Fullness of Black Womanhood . Archived from the original on June 20, 2018 . Retrieved October 6, 2016 . ^ Bauer, Kari (February 22, 2016). "No Revolution Without Us: Feminists of the Black Panther Party, with Lynn C. French and Salamishah Tillet" . Urban Democracy Lab . Archived from the original on August 11, 2016 . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ Regina Jennings, "Africana Womanism in the Black Panthers Party: a Personal story", The Western Journal of Black Study 25/3 (2001). ^ Austin 2006 , pp. 300–301 ^ Alameen-Shavers, Antwanisha (Fall 2016). "The Woman Question: Gender Dynamics within the Black Panther Party". Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men . 5 : 33– 62. doi : 10.2979/spectrum.5.1.03 . S2CID 152211806 . ^ a b Jennings, Regina (2001). "Africana Womanism in The Black Panther Party: A Personal Story". The Western Journal of Black Studies . 25 : 146– 152. ^ Cleaver, Kathleen; Katsiaficas (2001). Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A new look at the Panthers and their legacy . New York: Routledge. ^ a b Brown, DeNeen L. (January 10, 2018). " 'I have all the guns and money': When a woman led the Black Panther Party" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Archived from the original on June 20, 2018 . Retrieved February 18, 2018 . ^ a b c Jeffries, Judson L. (Fall 2016). "Conversing with Gwen Robinson" . Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men . 5 : 137– 145. doi : 10.2979/spectrum.5.1.07 . S2CID 185337572 . Archived from the original on June 20, 2018 . Retrieved June 19, 2018 . ^ Jeffries, Judson (Fall 2016). "Conversing with Gwen Robinson". Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men . 5 : 137– 145. doi : 10.2979/spectrum.5.1.07 . S2CID 185337572 . ^ a b Pulido, Laura (2019). Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left . American Crossroads Volume 19 (Ebook ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. doi : 10.1525/9780520938892 . ISBN 9780520938892 . OCLC 61730663 . S2CID 242639764 . ^ Porter, Ronald K. (2012). "A Rainbow in Black: The Gay Politics of the Black Panther Party" . Counterpoints . 367 : 364– 375. JSTOR 42981419 . Archived from the original on June 4, 2020 . Retrieved January 27, 2021 . ^ Newton, Huey P. (2019). The New Huey P. Newton Reader . Hilliard, David,, Weise, Donald,, Brown, Elaine, 1943–. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1609809003 . OCLC 1086404074 . ^ Leighton, Jared (2019). " 'All of Us Are Unapprehended Felons': Gay Liberation, the Black Panther Party, and Intercommunal Efforts Against Police Brutality in the Bay Area" . Journal of Social History . 52 (3): 860– 85. doi : 10.1093/jsh/shx119 – via EBSCO. ^ Voigt, Matthias André (2024). Reinventing the Warrior: Masculinity in the American Indian Movement, 1968–1973 . Lyda Conley series on trailblazing indigenous futures. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. pp. 94ff, 115ff, 120– 121. ISBN 978-0-7006-3697-6 . ^ Lazerow & Williams 2006 , p. 37 ^ Jordan Green, "The strange history of the Black Panthers in the Triad" Archived September 9, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , Yes! Weekly , April 11, 2006. ^ Hector Tobar "'Black Against Empire' tells the history of Black Panthers" Archived September 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , The Los Angeles Times , January 24, 2013. ^ "What Do We Want? Black Power" Archived October 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine National Civil Rights Museum. ^ National Civil Rights Museum Curriculum Guide Archived October 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Black Power-Questions to Consider" Archived October 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , National Civil Rights Museum. ^ Layla Garms, "Black Panther Legacy Honored with Marker" Archived September 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine , The Chronicle of Winston-Salem , October 18, 2012. ^ Photos of the Black Panther Party Archived January 17, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , Oakland 2006. ^ Ex-militants charged in S.F. police officer's '71 slaying at station Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (via SFGate ) ^ See Black Liberation Army tied to 1971 slaying and Suspects arrested in police officer's 1971 shooting had settled into quiet lives Archived December 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . USA Today. ^ Wohlsen, Marcus (January 23, 2007). "8 arrested in 1971 cop-killing tied to Black Panthers" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved August 14, 2016 . ^ "2nd guilty plea in 1971 killing of S.F. officer" Archived June 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (via SFGate ). ^ DelVecchio, Rick (October 25, 1997). "Tour of Black Panther Sites: Former member shows how party grew in Oakland" . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 15, 2011 . ^ "Black Panther Party's Illinois history recognized with heritage trail" . Chicago Tribune . August 2, 2025 . Retrieved August 3, 2025 . ^ "Historical Preservation Society of the Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party" . Historical Preservation Society of the Illinois Chapter of the Black Panther Party . Retrieved August 3, 2025 . ^ "We're Assata's Daughters" . Zed Collective. October 19, 2016. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017 . Retrieved March 14, 2017 . ^ Holly Williams, "Power struggle: A new exhibition looks back at the rise of the British Black Panthers" Archived September 27, 2017, at the Wayback Machine , The Independent , October 13, 2013. ^ Hazelann Williams, "Reliving The British Black Panther Movement" Archived April 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine , The Voice , January 9, 2012. ^ Schweik, Susan (2011). "Lomax's Matrix The Black Power of 504" . Disability Studies Quarterly . 31 (1). doi : 10.18061/dsq.v31i1.1371 . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016 . Retrieved November 21, 2016 . ^ "Active U.S. Hate Groups: Black Separatist" . Splcenter.org. Archived from the original on March 14, 2008 . Retrieved June 25, 2016 . ^ Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation. "There Is No New Black Panther Party: An Open Letter From the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation" . Archived from the original on April 1, 2011. ^ Park, Ed (February 2, 2021). "Can a Comic Book Contain the Drama and Heat of Activism?" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 16, 2023 . Retrieved December 16, 2023 . ^ Lazerow & Williams 2006 , p. 324. ^ Ndounou, Monica White (2014). Shaping the Future of African American Film: Color-Coded Economics and the Story Behind the Numbers . Rutgers University Press. p. 149. ISBN 978-0813562568 . ^ Macnab, Geoffrey (January 8, 2020). "How Hollywood star Jean Seberg was destroyed by the FBI" . The Independent . ^ McDowell, Jeanne Dorin (October 15, 2020). "The True Story of 'The Trial of the Chicago 7' " . Smithsonian . ^ Davis, Clayton (December 23, 2020). " 'Judas and the Black Messiah': Inside the Long Struggle to Bring Fred Hampton's Story to the Screen" . Variety . ^ Topel, Fred (May 15, 2024). " 'Big Cigar' cast looks back on Black Panthers leader's flight to Cuba" . UPI . ^ Tommasino, Akili (October 12, 2021). "Black Power in Print: The Black Panther Newspapers at MoMA" . The Museum of Modern Art . Retrieved August 16, 2024 . ^ Kaepernick, Colin. "Abolition for the People" . haymarketbooks.org . Retrieved August 16, 2024 . General and cited references Alkebulan, Paul (2007). Survival Pending Revolution: The History of the Black Panther Party . Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. Austin, Curtis J. (2006). Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party . University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1557288271 . Blackmon, Janiece L. (2008). I Am Because We Are: Africana Womanism as a Vehicle of Empowerment and Influence . Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Bloom, Joshua; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013). Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party . University of California Press. p. 315. ISBN 978-0520953543 . Brown, Elaine (1993). A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story . Anchor. ISBN 978-0679419440 . Carmichael, Stokely (1967). Black Power: The Politics of Liberation . Random House. Churchill, Ward; Vander Wall, Jim (1988). Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret War Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement . South End Press . ISBN 978-0896082946 . Dooley, Brian (1998). Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America . Pluto Press. Forbes, Flores A. (2006). Will You Die with Me? My Life and the Black Panther Party . Atria Books. ISBN 978-0743482660 . Haas, Jeffrey (2009). The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther . Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1569763650 . Hilliard, David; Cole, Lewis (1993). This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party . Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0316364218 . Jones, Charles E. (1998). The Black Panther Party Reconsidered . Baltimore: Black Classic Press . ISBN 978-0933121966 . OCLC 941682342 . Joseph, Peniel (2006). Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America . Henry Holt. p. 219 . ISBN 978-0805075397 . Lazerow, Jama; Williams, Yohuru, eds. (2006). In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement . Durham: Duke University Press . ISBN 978-0822338901 . Lewis, John (1998). Walking with the Wind . Simon and Schuster. p. 353 . ISBN 978-0684810652 . Murch, Donna (2010). Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California . University of North Carolina. ISBN 978-0807871133 . Newton, Huey P. (2009) [1973]. Revolutionary Suicide . Penguin Classics Deluxe Edition. Penguin Books. p. 349. ISBN 978-0143105329 . Pearson, Hugh (1994). The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America . Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0201483413 . Rhodes, Jane (2007). Framing the Black Panthers: The Spectacular Rise of a Black Power Icon . New York: The New Press. ISBN 978-1565849617 . Seale, Bobby (1970). Seize The Time: The Story of The Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton . Random House. ISBN 093312130X . Shames, Stephen (2006). "The Black Panthers". Aperture . A photographic essay of the organization, allegedly suppressed due to Spiro Agnew 's intervention in 1970. Street, Joe (2024). Black Revolutionaries: A History of The Black Panther Party . University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9-780-8203-6695-1 . Swirski, Peter (2010). "Chapter One: 1960s: The Return of the Black Panther: Irving Wallace's The Man ". Ars Americana Ars Politica . Montreal, London: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 26– 56. ISBN 978-0773537668 . JSTOR j.ctt80bj0 . Further reading Malloy, Sean L. (2017). Out of Oakland: Black Panther Party Internationalism during the Cold War . Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1501713422 . Phu, T. N. (2008). "Shooting the movement : Black Panther Party photography and African American protest traditions". Canadian Review of American Studies . 38 (1): 165– 189. doi : 10.3138/cras.38.1.165 . Shih, Bryan; Yohuru Williams (2016). The Black Panthers: Portraits from an Unfinished Revolution . Bold Type Books. ISBN 978-1568585550 . Whitaker, Mark (2023). Saying It Loud: 1966 – The Year Black Power Challenged the Civil Rights Movement . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1982114121 . OCLC 1365769400 . "The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution | Documentary about Black Panther Party" . Independent Lens . PBS . Retrieved October 6, 2016 . External links This section's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( January 2019 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata It's About Time official site of the association of Black Panther alumni, with copies of historical documents, histories and timeline. Seattle Black Panther Party History and Memory Project The largest collection of materials on any single chapter. Mapping American Social Movements: Mapping the Black Panther Party in Key Cities tracks the geography of the BPP, including offices, facilities, and locations of key events in six cities. Official website according to the Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation. FBI file on the BPP Incidents attributed to the Black Panthers at the START database Young Lords in Lincoln Park FBI Docs —Contains FBI Files on BPP members, information on destroyed BPP FBI files, and inventories of BPP FBI files held by the National Archives UC Berkeley Social Activism Online Sound Recordings: The Black Panther Party Hartford Web Publishing collection of BPP documents The Black Panther Party Newspaper, electronic archive, published in Black Thought and Culture , Alexander Street Press, Alexandria, VA 2005. The Party's Over , a 1978 profile and history of the party by New Times magazine. Benjamin R. Young, "'Our Common Struggle against Our Common Enemy': North Korea and the American Radical Left", NKIDP e-Dossier no. 14, Woodrow Wilson Center. An essay and selection of primary sources on the Black Panther Party's ties with North Korea in the late 1960s. Berger, Maurice (September 8, 2016). "Reconsidering the Black Panthers Through Photos" . The New York Times . The Black Panther Party Archive at marxists.org v t e Black Panther Party v t e Founders Huey P. Newton Bobby Seale Huey P. Newton Bobby Seale Leadership Elaine Brown Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Donald Cox Fred Hampton David Hilliard Elaine Brown Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Donald Cox Fred Hampton David Hilliard Members West Coast based JoNina Abron-Ervin Richard Aoki Charles Barron William Lee Brent Ed Bullins Bunchy Carter Mark Comfort Aaron Dixon Emory Douglas B. Kwaku Duren Barbara Easley-Cox Kent Ford Reggie Forte Raymond "Masai" Hewitt Elbert "Big Man" Howard John Huggins Ericka Huggins Bobby Hutton George Jackson Joan Tarika Lewis Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) Pat Parker Geronimo Pratt Robert Trivers Michael Zinzun East Coast based Mumia Abu-Jamal Sundiata Acoli Ashanti Alston Kuwasi Balagoon Dhoruba bin Wahad Veronza Bowers Jr. Safiya Bukhari W. Paul Coates Marshall "Eddie" Conway Jamal Joseph Chaka Khan Warren Kimbro Lonnie McLucas Denise Oliver-Velez Larry Pinkney Alex Rackley Nile Rodgers George W. Sams Jr. Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Russell Maroon Shoatz Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor James Dixon York Southern based H. Rap Brown Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin Mark Essex James Forman Robert Hillary King Pete O'Neal Malik Rahim Herman Wallace Albert Woodfox Chicago based Mark Clark William O'Neal Bobby Rush Marion Stamps Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) Others Stokely Carmichael Connie Matthews West Coast based JoNina Abron-Ervin Richard Aoki Charles Barron William Lee Brent Ed Bullins Bunchy Carter Mark Comfort Aaron Dixon Emory Douglas B. Kwaku Duren Barbara Easley-Cox Kent Ford Reggie Forte Raymond "Masai" Hewitt Elbert "Big Man" Howard John Huggins Ericka Huggins Bobby Hutton George Jackson Joan Tarika Lewis Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) Pat Parker Geronimo Pratt Robert Trivers Michael Zinzun JoNina Abron-Ervin Richard Aoki Charles Barron William Lee Brent Ed Bullins Bunchy Carter Mark Comfort Aaron Dixon Emory Douglas B. Kwaku Duren Barbara Easley-Cox Kent Ford Reggie Forte Raymond "Masai" Hewitt Elbert "Big Man" Howard John Huggins Ericka Huggins Bobby Hutton George Jackson Joan Tarika Lewis Jalil Muntaqim (Anthony Bottom) Pat Parker Geronimo Pratt Robert Trivers Michael Zinzun East Coast based Mumia Abu-Jamal Sundiata Acoli Ashanti Alston Kuwasi Balagoon Dhoruba bin Wahad Veronza Bowers Jr. Safiya Bukhari W. Paul Coates Marshall "Eddie" Conway Jamal Joseph Chaka Khan Warren Kimbro Lonnie McLucas Denise Oliver-Velez Larry Pinkney Alex Rackley Nile Rodgers George W. Sams Jr. Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Russell Maroon Shoatz Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor James Dixon York Mumia Abu-Jamal Sundiata Acoli Ashanti Alston Kuwasi Balagoon Dhoruba bin Wahad Veronza Bowers Jr. Safiya Bukhari W. Paul Coates Marshall "Eddie" Conway Jamal Joseph Chaka Khan Warren Kimbro Lonnie McLucas Denise Oliver-Velez Larry Pinkney Alex Rackley Nile Rodgers George W. Sams Jr. Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Russell Maroon Shoatz Michael "Cetewayo" Tabor James Dixon York Southern based H. Rap Brown Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin Mark Essex James Forman Robert Hillary King Pete O'Neal Malik Rahim Herman Wallace Albert Woodfox H. Rap Brown Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin Mark Essex James Forman Robert Hillary King Pete O'Neal Malik Rahim Herman Wallace Albert Woodfox Chicago based Mark Clark William O'Neal Bobby Rush Marion Stamps Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) Mark Clark William O'Neal Bobby Rush Marion Stamps Akua Njeri (Deborah Johnson) Others Stokely Carmichael Connie Matthews Stokely Carmichael Connie Matthews Influences Black power Deacons for Defense and Justice W. E. B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon Harry Haywood Lowndes County Freedom Organization Malcolm X Robert F. Williams Black power Deacons for Defense and Justice W. E. B. Du Bois Frantz Fanon Harry Haywood Lowndes County Freedom Organization Malcolm X Robert F. Williams Programs and projects Ten-Point Program Free Breakfast for Children The Black Panther (newspaper) Rainbow Coalition United Front Against Fascism Ten-Point Program Free Breakfast for Children The Black Panther (newspaper) Rainbow Coalition United Front Against Fascism Inspired groups Contemporary American Indian Movement Black Guerrilla Family Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panthers (Israel) British Black Panthers Dalit Panthers George Jackson Brigade Gray Panthers I Wor Kuen Ngā Tamatoa Polynesian Panthers Red Guard Party The Pink Panthers Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi White Panther Party Young Lords Subsequent Assata's Daughters Black Panther Militia Black Riders Liberation Party Black Women's Defense League Huey P. Newton Gun Club New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Black Panther Party New Panther Vanguard Movement Revolutionary Black Panther Party Contemporary American Indian Movement Black Guerrilla Family Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panthers (Israel) British Black Panthers Dalit Panthers George Jackson Brigade Gray Panthers I Wor Kuen Ngā Tamatoa Polynesian Panthers Red Guard Party The Pink Panthers Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi White Panther Party Young Lords American Indian Movement Black Guerrilla Family Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panthers (Israel) British Black Panthers Dalit Panthers George Jackson Brigade Gray Panthers I Wor Kuen Ngā Tamatoa Polynesian Panthers Red Guard Party The Pink Panthers Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi White Panther Party Young Lords Subsequent Assata's Daughters Black Panther Militia Black Riders Liberation Party Black Women's Defense League Huey P. Newton Gun Club New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Black Panther Party New Panther Vanguard Movement Revolutionary Black Panther Party Assata's Daughters Black Panther Militia Black Riders Liberation Party Black Women's Defense League Huey P. Newton Gun Club New Afrikan Black Panther Party New Black Panther Party New Panther Vanguard Movement Revolutionary Black Panther Party Films and television Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America (1968) Black Panthers: A Report (1968) Black Panthers (1968) Mayday (1969) Interview with Bobby Seale (1969) Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther (1969) Finally Got the News (1970) The Murder of Fred Hampton (1971) Teach Our Children (1973) In the Event Anyone Disappears (1974) Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom (1992) Panther (1995) All Power to the People (1996) Public Enemy (1999) A Huey P. Newton Story (2001) Night Catches Us (2010) The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution (2015) Judas and the Black Messiah (2021) The Big Cigar (2024) Black Power, We're Goin' Survive America (1968) Black Panthers: A Report (1968) Black Panthers (1968) Mayday (1969) Interview with Bobby Seale (1969) Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther (1969) Finally Got the News (1970) The Murder of Fred Hampton (1971) Teach Our Children (1973) In the Event Anyone Disappears (1974) Charles Garry: Streetfighter in the Courtroom (1992) Panther (1995) All Power to the People (1996) Public Enemy (1999) A Huey P. Newton Story (2001) Night Catches Us (2010) The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution (2015) Judas and the Black Messiah (2021) The Big Cigar (2024) Books Soul on Ice (1968) Seize the Time (1970) Blood in My Eye (1972) Revolutionary Suicide (1973) A Taste of Power (1992) Black Against Empire (2013) Soul on Ice (1968) Seize the Time (1970) Blood in My Eye (1972) Revolutionary Suicide (1973) A Taste of Power (1992) Black Against Empire (2013) Related articles 1968 Olympics Black Power salute COINTELPRO Intercommunalism Murder of Betty Van Patter New Haven Black Panther trials Panther 21 Rice–Poindexter case Robert Templeton Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) Panther Power (2000) Black power movement Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention 1968 Olympics Black Power salute COINTELPRO Intercommunalism Murder of Betty Van Patter New Haven Black Panther trials Panther 21 Rice–Poindexter case Robert Templeton Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1971) Panther Power (2000) Black power movement Revolutionary People's Constitutional Convention Category| Black Panther Party Category| Black Panther Party v t e American New Left v t e Organizations and movements General Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Diggers Free Speech Movement George Jackson Brigade Maoist Internationalist Movement New Communist movement Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Rainbow Coalition Red Guard Party SLATE Symbionese Liberation Army Up Against the Wall Motherfucker United Freedom Front Young Patriots Organization Youth International Party ("Yippies") Students for a Democratic Society New American Movement Revolutionary Youth Movement Venceremos Brigade Weather Underground Worker Student Alliance Ethnic movements American Indian Movement Antonio Maceo Brigade Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panther Party Brown Berets I Wor Kuen National Amerindianist American Redman's Party Revolutionary Action Movement Sojourner Truth Organization White Panther Party Young Lords General Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Diggers Free Speech Movement George Jackson Brigade Maoist Internationalist Movement New Communist movement Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Rainbow Coalition Red Guard Party SLATE Symbionese Liberation Army Up Against the Wall Motherfucker United Freedom Front Young Patriots Organization Youth International Party ("Yippies") Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee Diggers Free Speech Movement George Jackson Brigade Maoist Internationalist Movement New Communist movement Peace and Freedom Party Progressive Labor Party Rainbow Coalition Red Guard Party SLATE Symbionese Liberation Army Up Against the Wall Motherfucker United Freedom Front Young Patriots Organization Youth International Party ("Yippies") Students for a Democratic Society New American Movement Revolutionary Youth Movement Venceremos Brigade Weather Underground Worker Student Alliance New American Movement Revolutionary Youth Movement Venceremos Brigade Weather Underground Worker Student Alliance Ethnic movements American Indian Movement Antonio Maceo Brigade Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panther Party Brown Berets I Wor Kuen National Amerindianist American Redman's Party Revolutionary Action Movement Sojourner Truth Organization White Panther Party Young Lords American Indian Movement Antonio Maceo Brigade Black Liberation Army Black Liberators Black Panther Party Brown Berets I Wor Kuen National Amerindianist American Redman's Party Revolutionary Action Movement Sojourner Truth Organization White Panther Party Young Lords People Influences Theodor W. Adorno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Erich Fromm Paul Goodman Che Guevara Herbert Marcuse C. Wright Mills Ho Chi Minh Raymond Williams Erik Olin Wright Malcolm X Mao Zedong Activists Saul Alinsky Bob Avakian Bill Ayers Bernardine Dohrn David Gilbert Ted Gold Tom Hayden Abbie Hoffman John Jacobs Huey P. Newton Terry Robbins Jerry Rubin Bobby Seale Influences Theodor W. Adorno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Erich Fromm Paul Goodman Che Guevara Herbert Marcuse C. Wright Mills Ho Chi Minh Raymond Williams Erik Olin Wright Malcolm X Mao Zedong Theodor W. Adorno Murray Bookchin Noam Chomsky Erich Fromm Paul Goodman Che Guevara Herbert Marcuse C. Wright Mills Ho Chi Minh Raymond Williams Erik Olin Wright Malcolm X Mao Zedong Activists Saul Alinsky Bob Avakian Bill Ayers Bernardine Dohrn David Gilbert Ted Gold Tom Hayden Abbie Hoffman John Jacobs Huey P. Newton Terry Robbins Jerry Rubin Bobby Seale Saul Alinsky Bob Avakian Bill Ayers Bernardine Dohrn David Gilbert Ted Gold Tom Hayden Abbie Hoffman John Jacobs Huey P. Newton Terry Robbins Jerry Rubin Bobby Seale Publications Berkeley Tribe Dissent Liberated Barracks National Guardian The Newsreel Radical America Ramparts Telos Berkeley Tribe Dissent Liberated Barracks National Guardian The Newsreel Radical America Ramparts Telos v t e African Americans v t e History Timeline American Civil War Black Codes Black genocide Black Lives Matter COVID-19 impact Emancipation Proclamation George Floyd protests Great Migration Second New Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / 2013 Harlem Renaissance Jim Crow laws Lynching Military history Million Man March Nadir of American race relations The Negro Motorist Green Book Partus sequitur ventrem Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Redlining Separate but equal Silent Parade Tulsa race massacre Women's suffrage movement Antebellum Abolitionism African American founding fathers Atlantic slave trade Children of the plantation Cornerstone Speech Free Negro Free people of color Plantations Slavery Treatment of slaves Underground Railroad Quilts Civil Rights 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Montgomery bus boycott Sit-in movement Freedom Riders Birmingham movement March on Washington Freedom Summer Selma to Montgomery marches Chicago Freedom Movement Post–civil rights era Legislation Browder v. Gayle (1956) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights Acts 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 1968 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Timeline American Civil War Black Codes Black genocide Black Lives Matter COVID-19 impact Emancipation Proclamation George Floyd protests Great Migration Second New Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / 2013 Harlem Renaissance Jim Crow laws Lynching Military history Million Man March Nadir of American race relations The Negro Motorist Green Book Partus sequitur ventrem Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Redlining Separate but equal Silent Parade Tulsa race massacre Women's suffrage movement Timeline American Civil War Black Codes Black genocide Black Lives Matter COVID-19 impact Emancipation Proclamation George Floyd protests Great Migration Second New Second New Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 / 2013 Harlem Renaissance Jim Crow laws Lynching Military history Million Man March Nadir of American race relations The Negro Motorist Green Book Partus sequitur ventrem Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Redlining Separate but equal Silent Parade Tulsa race massacre Women's suffrage movement Antebellum Abolitionism African American founding fathers Atlantic slave trade Children of the plantation Cornerstone Speech Free Negro Free people of color Plantations Slavery Treatment of slaves Underground Railroad Quilts Abolitionism African American founding fathers Atlantic slave trade Children of the plantation Cornerstone Speech Free Negro Free people of color Plantations Slavery Treatment of slaves Treatment of slaves Underground Railroad Quilts Quilts Civil Rights 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Montgomery bus boycott Sit-in movement Freedom Riders Birmingham movement March on Washington Freedom Summer Selma to Montgomery marches Chicago Freedom Movement Post–civil rights era 1865–1896 1896–1954 1954–1968 Montgomery bus boycott Sit-in movement Freedom Riders Birmingham movement March on Washington Freedom Summer Selma to Montgomery marches Chicago Freedom Movement Post–civil rights era Montgomery bus boycott Sit-in movement Freedom Riders Birmingham movement March on Washington Freedom Summer Selma to Montgomery marches Chicago Freedom Movement Post–civil rights era Legislation Browder v. Gayle (1956) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights Acts 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 1968 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Browder v. Gayle (1956) Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights Acts 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 1968 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 1968 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Culture Afrofuturism Black cowboys Black Maskers Black mecca Businesses Family structure Folktales Hoteps Juneteenth Kwanzaa LGBTQ community Names Negro National Anthem Neighborhoods New Negro Newspapers Soul food Stereotypes Middle class Upper class Art Afro-Surrealism Choreopoem Dance Film Literature Musical theater Post-black art Quilting Gee's Bend Music Blues subgenres Disco Post Electro Field holler Call and response Sorrow songs Funk Minneapolis subgenres Gospel Hip-hop subgenres House Acid Garage Jazz subgenres New jack swing Ragtime Rock / Rock and roll Rhythm and blues Alternative subgenres Skiffle Jug Soul Motown subgenres Spirituals Techno Detroit Zydeco Beauty and Fashion Black dandyism Black is beautiful Black Panther Uniform Dashiki Durag FUBU Hair Harlem Renaissance Fashion Hip-hop fashion Grills Lettuce hem Sagging Sneaker Culture Zoot suit Afrofuturism Black cowboys Black Maskers Black mecca Businesses Family structure Folktales Hoteps Juneteenth Kwanzaa LGBTQ community Names Negro National Anthem Neighborhoods New Negro Newspapers Soul food Stereotypes Middle class Upper class Afrofuturism Black cowboys Black Maskers Black mecca Businesses Family structure Folktales Hoteps Juneteenth Kwanzaa LGBTQ community Names Negro National Anthem Neighborhoods New Negro Newspapers Soul food Stereotypes Middle class Upper class Art Afro-Surrealism Choreopoem Dance Film Literature Musical theater Post-black art Quilting Gee's Bend Afro-Surrealism Choreopoem Dance Film Literature Musical theater Post-black art Quilting Gee's Bend Gee's Bend Music Blues subgenres Disco Post Electro Field holler Call and response Sorrow songs Funk Minneapolis subgenres Gospel Hip-hop subgenres House Acid Garage Jazz subgenres New jack swing Ragtime Rock / Rock and roll Rhythm and blues Alternative subgenres Skiffle Jug Soul Motown subgenres Spirituals Techno Detroit Zydeco Blues subgenres subgenres Disco Post Post Electro Field holler Call and response Sorrow songs Call and response Sorrow songs Funk Minneapolis subgenres Minneapolis subgenres Gospel Hip-hop subgenres subgenres House Acid Garage Acid Garage Jazz subgenres subgenres New jack swing Ragtime Rock / Rock and roll Rhythm and blues Alternative subgenres Alternative subgenres Skiffle Jug Jug Soul Motown subgenres Motown subgenres Spirituals Techno Detroit Detroit Zydeco Beauty and Fashion Black dandyism Black is beautiful Black Panther Uniform Dashiki Durag FUBU Hair Harlem Renaissance Fashion Hip-hop fashion Grills Lettuce hem Sagging Sneaker Culture Zoot suit Black dandyism Black is beautiful Black Panther Uniform Dashiki Durag FUBU Hair Harlem Renaissance Fashion Hip-hop fashion Grills Lettuce hem Sagging Sneaker Culture Zoot suit Notable people Ralph Abernathy Maya Angelou Crispus Attucks James Baldwin James Bevel Julian Bond Amelia Boynton James Bradley Carol Moseley Braun Edward Brooke Blanche Bruce Ralph Bunche George Washington Carver Shirley Chisholm Claudette Colvin Frederick Douglass W. E. B. Du Bois Medgar Evers James Farmer Henry Highland Garnet Marcus Garvey Fred Gray Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Kamala Harris Jimi Hendrix Jesse Jackson Ketanji Brown Jackson Michael Jackson Harriet Jacobs Barbara Jordan Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Huddie Ledbetter John Lewis Joseph Lowery Malcolm X Thurgood Marshall Toni Morrison Bob Moses Diane Nash Barack Obama Michelle Obama Rosa Parks Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Colin Powell Gabriel Prosser Joseph Rainey A. Philip Randolph Hiram Revels Paul Robeson Al Sharpton Fred Shuttlesworth Clarence Thomas Emmett Till Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Nat Turner Denmark Vesey C. T. Vivian David Walker Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells Roy Wilkins Oprah Winfrey Andrew Young Whitney Young Ralph Abernathy Maya Angelou Crispus Attucks James Baldwin James Bevel Julian Bond Amelia Boynton James Bradley Carol Moseley Braun Edward Brooke Blanche Bruce Ralph Bunche George Washington Carver Shirley Chisholm Claudette Colvin Frederick Douglass W. E. B. Du Bois Medgar Evers James Farmer Henry Highland Garnet Marcus Garvey Fred Gray Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer Kamala Harris Jimi Hendrix Jesse Jackson Ketanji Brown Jackson Michael Jackson Harriet Jacobs Barbara Jordan Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Huddie Ledbetter John Lewis Joseph Lowery Malcolm X Thurgood Marshall Toni Morrison Bob Moses Diane Nash Barack Obama Michelle Obama Rosa Parks Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Colin Powell Gabriel Prosser Joseph Rainey A. Philip Randolph Hiram Revels Paul Robeson Al Sharpton Fred Shuttlesworth Clarence Thomas Emmett Till Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Nat Turner Denmark Vesey C. T. Vivian David Walker Booker T. Washington Ida B. Wells Roy Wilkins Oprah Winfrey Andrew Young Whitney Young Education, science and technology Black studies Black schools Historically black colleges and universities Inventors and scientists Museums Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Black studies Black schools Historically black colleges and universities Inventors and scientists Museums Women in computer science in medicine in STEM fields in computer science in medicine in STEM fields Religion Afro-Diasphoric Religions Hoodoo Louisiana Voodoo Voodoo Revival Orisha-Voodoo Black church Boyd Convention National Baptist Convention AME Azusa Street Revival Black Hebrew Israelites Moorish Science Temple of America Ausar Auset Society Black theology Catholicism Doctrine of Father Divine Islam American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Five-Percent Nation Judaism Nuwaubian Nation Afro-Diasphoric Religions Hoodoo Louisiana Voodoo Voodoo Revival Orisha-Voodoo Hoodoo Louisiana Voodoo Voodoo Revival Orisha-Voodoo Black church Boyd Convention National Baptist Convention AME Azusa Street Revival Boyd Convention National Baptist Convention AME Azusa Street Revival Black Hebrew Israelites Moorish Science Temple of America Ausar Auset Society Moorish Science Temple of America Ausar Auset Society Black theology Catholicism Doctrine of Father Divine Islam American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Five-Percent Nation American Society of Muslims Nation of Islam Five-Percent Nation Judaism Nuwaubian Nation Political movements Afrocentrism Anarchism Back-to-Africa movement Black power Movement Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Pan-Africanism Populism Raised fist Self-determination Nationalism Separatism Socialism Afrocentrism Anarchism Back-to-Africa movement Black power Movement Movement Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Pan-Africanism Populism Raised fist Self-determination Nationalism Nationalism Separatism Socialism Civic and economic groups Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) Black Panther Party Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to African People (CEMOTAP) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Nashville Student Movement National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) National Urban League (NUL) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund (UNCF) Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) Black Panther Party Committee to Eliminate Media Offensive to African People (CEMOTAP) Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Nashville Student Movement National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) National Urban League (NUL) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Thurgood Marshall College Fund United Negro College Fund (UNCF) Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) Sports Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football Black NFL quarterbacks Black players in ice hockey Muhammad Ali Arthur Ashe Jack Johnson Joe Louis Jesse Owens Jackie Robinson Serena Williams Athletic associations and conferences Central (CIAA) Mid-Eastern (MEAC) Southern (SIAC) Southwestern (SWAC) Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football Black NFL quarterbacks Black players in ice hockey Muhammad Ali Arthur Ashe Jack Johnson Joe Louis Jesse Owens Jackie Robinson Serena Williams Negro league baseball Baseball color line Black players in professional American football Black NFL quarterbacks Black NFL quarterbacks Black players in ice hockey Muhammad Ali Arthur Ashe Jack Johnson Joe Louis Jesse Owens Jackie Robinson Serena Williams Athletic associations and conferences Central (CIAA) Mid-Eastern (MEAC) Southern (SIAC) Southwestern (SWAC) Central (CIAA) Mid-Eastern (MEAC) Southern (SIAC) Southwestern (SWAC) Ethnic subdivisions African-American Southerners Affirlachians Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Black Indians Black Seminoles Cherokee Freedmen Chickasaw Choctaw Freedmen Creek Freedmen Freedmen Mascogos Brass Ankles Creoles of color Alabama Creole Arkansas Creoles Louisiana Creole Delaware Moors Dominickers Exodusters Great Migrators Gullah Louisiana Mina Maroons Great Dismal Swamp Redbone Multiethnic African-American Jews Afro-Romani Black Mennonites Blasians Blaxicans By African origin Fula Igbo Yoruba African-American Southerners Affirlachians Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Black Indians Black Seminoles Cherokee Freedmen Chickasaw Choctaw Freedmen Creek Freedmen Freedmen Mascogos Brass Ankles Creoles of color Alabama Creole Arkansas Creoles Louisiana Creole Delaware Moors Dominickers Exodusters Great Migrators Gullah Louisiana Mina Maroons Great Dismal Swamp Redbone African-American Southerners Affirlachians Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Melungeon Carmelites Chestnut Ridge Atlantic Creoles Tidewater Tidewater Black Indians Black Seminoles Cherokee Freedmen Chickasaw Choctaw Freedmen Creek Freedmen Freedmen Mascogos Black Seminoles Cherokee Freedmen Chickasaw Choctaw Freedmen Creek Freedmen Freedmen Mascogos Brass Ankles Creoles of color Alabama Creole Arkansas Creoles Louisiana Creole Alabama Creole Arkansas Creoles Louisiana Creole Delaware Moors Dominickers Exodusters Great Migrators Gullah Louisiana Mina Maroons Great Dismal Swamp Great Dismal Swamp Redbone Multiethnic African-American Jews Afro-Romani Black Mennonites Blasians Blaxicans African-American Jews Afro-Romani Black Mennonites Blasians Blaxicans By African origin Fula Igbo Yoruba Fula Igbo Yoruba Demographics Neighborhoods list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas States and territories Neighborhoods list list U.S. cities with large populations 2000 majorities 2010 majorities 2000 majorities 2010 majorities Metropolitan areas States and territories Languages African-American Vernacular English Ebonics social context American Sign Black American Sign English American English African-American English Gullah Afro-Seminole Creole Louisiana Creole Negro Dutch Nuwaubian African-American Vernacular English Ebonics social context Ebonics social context American Sign Black American Sign Black American Sign English American English African-American English American English African-American English Gullah Afro-Seminole Creole Afro-Seminole Creole Louisiana Creole Negro Dutch Nuwaubian By state/city Alabama Arkansas California Los Angeles San Francisco Florida Jacksonville Tallahassee Georgia Atlanta Hawaii Illinois Chicago Indiana Iowa Davenport Kansas Kentucky Lexington Louisiana Maryland Baltimore Massachusetts Boston Michigan Detroit Mississippi Nebraska Omaha New Jersey New York New York City North Carolina Ohio Cleveland Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Philadelphia South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Austin Dallas–Fort Worth Houston San Antonio Utah Virginia West Virginia Alabama Arkansas California Los Angeles San Francisco Los Angeles San Francisco Florida Jacksonville Tallahassee Jacksonville Tallahassee Georgia Atlanta Atlanta Hawaii Illinois Chicago Chicago Indiana Iowa Davenport Davenport Kansas Kentucky Lexington Lexington Louisiana Maryland Baltimore Baltimore Massachusetts Boston Boston Michigan Detroit Detroit Mississippi Nebraska Omaha Omaha New Jersey New York New York City New York City North Carolina Ohio Cleveland Cleveland Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Philadelphia Philadelphia South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Austin Dallas–Fort Worth Houston San Antonio Austin Dallas–Fort Worth Houston San Antonio Utah Virginia West Virginia Diaspora Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone America Canada Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Israel Europe France Africa Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone Gambia Ghana Liberia Sierra Leone America Canada Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Canada Dominican Republic Haiti Mexico Trinidad and Tobago Israel Europe France France Lists African Americans Activists Actors Astronauts Billionaires Journalists Jurists Mathematicians Republicans Singers Sportspeople Spingarn Medal winners US cabinet members US representatives US senators Visual artists Writers African-American firsts Mayors Sports firsts US state firsts Historic places Index of related articles Landmark African-American legislation Lynching victims Monuments Neighborhoods Outline of African diaspora African Americans Activists Actors Astronauts Billionaires Journalists Jurists Mathematicians Republicans Singers Sportspeople Spingarn Medal winners US cabinet members US representatives US senators Visual artists Writers Activists Actors Astronauts Billionaires Journalists Jurists Mathematicians Republicans Singers Sportspeople Spingarn Medal winners US cabinet members US representatives US senators Visual artists Writers African-American firsts Mayors Sports firsts US state firsts Mayors Sports firsts US state firsts Historic places Index of related articles Landmark African-American legislation Lynching victims Monuments Neighborhoods Outline of African diaspora Category United States portal Category United States portal v t e National political parties in the United States v t e List of political parties in the United States Major parties Democratic Republican Democratic Republican Third parties Larger Green Libertarian Smaller African People's Socialist Alliance American Communist American Freedom American Solidarity Black Socialists Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Constitution Freedom Freedom Road Freedom Socialist Forward Green Mountain Peace and Justice Legal Marijuana Now Liberal Progressive Dane Marijuana Peace and Freedom People's Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Social Democrats Socialism and Liberation Socialist Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Labor Socialist Workers South Carolina Workers Transhumanist Unity Working Class Working Families Workers World World Socialist Larger Green Libertarian Green Libertarian Smaller African People's Socialist Alliance American Communist American Freedom American Solidarity Black Socialists Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Constitution Freedom Freedom Road Freedom Socialist Forward Green Mountain Peace and Justice Legal Marijuana Now Liberal Progressive Dane Marijuana Peace and Freedom People's Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Social Democrats Socialism and Liberation Socialist Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Labor Socialist Workers South Carolina Workers Transhumanist Unity Working Class Working Families Workers World World Socialist African People's Socialist Alliance American Communist American Freedom American Solidarity Black Socialists Christian Liberty Citizens Communist Constitution Freedom Freedom Road Freedom Socialist Forward Green Mountain Peace and Justice Legal Marijuana Now Liberal Progressive Dane Marijuana Peace and Freedom People's Pirate Progressive Labor Prohibition Reform Social Democrats Socialism and Liberation Socialist Socialist Action Socialist Alternative Socialist Equality Socialist Labor Socialist Workers South Carolina Workers Transhumanist Unity Working Class Working Families Workers World World Socialist Defunct parties Major parties Democratic-Republican Federalist National Republican Whig National Union Third parties American (1924) American (1969) American (Know Nothing) Americans Elect American Nazi American Vegetarian Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Communist Workers' Constitution (1952) Constitutional Union Democratic-Republican (1844) Equal Rights Farmer–Labor Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Human Rights Independence (1906) Independence (2007) Justice Labor (1919) Labor (1996) Liberal Republican Liberty (1840) National Progressives National (1917) National Renaissance National Socialist National States' Rights Natural Law New Alliance New (1992) New Union Nullifier Opposition (Southern) Patriot People's (1971) Personal Choice Populist Populist (People's) Progressive (1912) Progressive (1924) Progressive (1948) Proletarian Radical Democratic Raza Unida Readjuster Red Guards (1969) Red Guards (2015) Renew America Serve America Silver Silver Republican Social Democratic Socialist (1901) States Rights (Dixiecrat) Traditionalist Worker Unconditional Union Union (1850) Union (1861) Union (1936) Union Labor U.S. Labor White Panther White Patriot Young Patriots Workers Young Lords Youth International Major parties Democratic-Republican Federalist National Republican Whig National Union Democratic-Republican Federalist National Republican Whig National Union Third parties American (1924) American (1969) American (Know Nothing) Americans Elect American Nazi American Vegetarian Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Communist Workers' Constitution (1952) Constitutional Union Democratic-Republican (1844) Equal Rights Farmer–Labor Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Human Rights Independence (1906) Independence (2007) Justice Labor (1919) Labor (1996) Liberal Republican Liberty (1840) National Progressives National (1917) National Renaissance National Socialist National States' Rights Natural Law New Alliance New (1992) New Union Nullifier Opposition (Southern) Patriot People's (1971) Personal Choice Populist Populist (People's) Progressive (1912) Progressive (1924) Progressive (1948) Proletarian Radical Democratic Raza Unida Readjuster Red Guards (1969) Red Guards (2015) Renew America Serve America Silver Silver Republican Social Democratic Socialist (1901) States Rights (Dixiecrat) Traditionalist Worker Unconditional Union Union (1850) Union (1861) Union (1936) Union Labor U.S. Labor White Panther White Patriot Young Patriots Workers Young Lords Youth International American (1924) American (1969) American (Know Nothing) Americans Elect American Nazi American Vegetarian Anti-Masonic Black Panther Boston Tea Citizens Communist Workers' Constitution (1952) Constitutional Union Democratic-Republican (1844) Equal Rights Farmer–Labor Free Soil Gold Democrats Greenback Human Rights Independence (1906) Independence (2007) Justice Labor (1919) Labor (1996) Liberal Republican Liberty (1840) National Progressives National (1917) National Renaissance National Socialist National States' Rights Natural Law New Alliance New (1992) New Union Nullifier Opposition (Southern) Patriot People's (1971) Personal Choice Populist Populist (People's) Progressive (1912) Progressive (1924) Progressive (1948) Proletarian Radical Democratic Raza Unida Readjuster Red Guards (1969) Red Guards (2015) Renew America Serve America Silver Silver Republican Social Democratic Socialist (1901) States Rights (Dixiecrat) Traditionalist Worker Unconditional Union Union (1850) Union (1861) Union (1936) Union Labor U.S. Labor White Panther White Patriot Young Patriots Workers Young Lords Youth International State and local political parties (without national body) Presidential nominating convention ( List ) Politics of the United States Politics portal State and local political parties (without national body) Presidential nominating convention ( List ) Politics of the United States Politics portal State and local political parties (without national body) Presidential nominating convention ( List ) Politics of the United States Politics portal v t e Oakland, California v t e Economy Oakland Seaport List of companies Oakland Seaport List of companies Education Higher California College of the Arts Laney College Lincoln University Merritt College Mills College Samuel Merritt University Patten University Primary and secondary Oakland USD Castlemont High Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont High McClymonds High MetWest High Oakland High Oakland Technical High Skyline High American Indian Model Schools High School The Crucible Bishop O'Dowd High School The College Preparatory School Head-Royce School Oakland School for the Arts St. Elizabeth High School Higher California College of the Arts Laney College Lincoln University Merritt College Mills College Samuel Merritt University Patten University California College of the Arts Laney College Lincoln University Merritt College Mills College Samuel Merritt University Patten University Primary and secondary Oakland USD Castlemont High Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont High McClymonds High MetWest High Oakland High Oakland Technical High Skyline High American Indian Model Schools High School The Crucible Bishop O'Dowd High School The College Preparatory School Head-Royce School Oakland School for the Arts St. Elizabeth High School Oakland USD Castlemont High Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont High McClymonds High MetWest High Oakland High Oakland Technical High Skyline High Castlemont High Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont High McClymonds High MetWest High Oakland High Oakland Technical High Skyline High American Indian Model Schools High School High School The Crucible Bishop O'Dowd High School The College Preparatory School Head-Royce School Oakland School for the Arts St. Elizabeth High School Government Mayors City Hall City Council Fire Department Police Department Port of Oakland Mayors City Hall City Council Fire Department Police Department Port of Oakland History ( Timeline ) Oakland Railroad Company Oakland Army Base Key System Naval Supply Depot Black Panther Party 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Firestorm of 1991 Oscar Grant shooting Shootings of police officers Riders scandal Your Black Muslim Bakery Occupy Oakland Oakland Tribune 2012 Oikos University shooting Ghost Ship warehouse fire Oakland Railroad Company Oakland Army Base Key System Naval Supply Depot Black Panther Party 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Firestorm of 1991 Oscar Grant shooting Shootings of police officers Riders scandal Your Black Muslim Bakery Occupy Oakland Oakland Tribune 2012 Oikos University shooting Ghost Ship warehouse fire Sports Oakland Ballers Oakland Roots SC Oakland Soul SC Oakland Spiders Former California Golden Seals Golden State Warriors Oakland Athletics Oakland Raiders Oakland Ballers Oakland Roots SC Oakland Soul SC Oakland Spiders Former California Golden Seals Golden State Warriors Oakland Athletics Oakland Raiders California Golden Seals Golden State Warriors Oakland Athletics Oakland Raiders Transportation San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge SR 24 Caldecott Tunnel Posey and Webster Street Tubes MacArthur Maze Interstate 580 Interstate 880 Cypress Street Viaduct Interstate 980 Warren Freeway International Boulevard Oakland – Jack London Square station Oakland International Airport AC Transit Eastmont Transit Center BART stations 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland (Uptown Transit Center) Coliseum Lake Merritt MacArthur OAK Rockridge West Oakland San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge SR 24 Caldecott Tunnel Caldecott Tunnel Posey and Webster Street Tubes MacArthur Maze Interstate 580 Interstate 880 Cypress Street Viaduct Cypress Street Viaduct Interstate 980 Warren Freeway International Boulevard Oakland – Jack London Square station Oakland International Airport AC Transit Eastmont Transit Center BART stations 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland (Uptown Transit Center) Coliseum Lake Merritt MacArthur OAK Rockridge West Oakland 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland (Uptown Transit Center) Coliseum Lake Merritt MacArthur OAK Rockridge West Oakland Other Designated Landmarks Neighborhoods Notable people Tallest buildings Children's Hospital Mountain View Cemetery Lake Merritt Temescal Creek Sausal Creek Crime Designated Landmarks Neighborhoods Notable people Tallest buildings Children's Hospital Mountain View Cemetery Lake Merritt Temescal Creek Sausal Creek Crime Related Alameda County San Francisco Bay Area California United States Alameda County San Francisco Bay Area California United States Category Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Sweden Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Sweden Poland Israel Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX Black Panther Party 1966 establishments in California 1982 disestablishments in the United States African and Black nationalism in the United States African-American history in Oakland, California African-American-related controversies Anti-capitalist political parties Anti-fascist organizations in the United States Anti-imperialist organizations Anti-racism in the United States Anti-racist organizations in the United States Black political parties in the United States Black Power COINTELPRO targets Crime in the San Francisco Bay Area Defunct American political movements Defunct Maoist parties in the United States Far-left politics in the United States History of Oakland, California Left-wing militant groups in the United States Far-left political parties in the United States New Left Political movements Political parties disestablished in 1982 Political parties established in 1966 Politics and race in the United States Politics of Oakland, California Political parties of minorities in the United States Black anti-fascism Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from December 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from November 2023 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2025 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Wikipedia external links cleanup from January 2019 Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 20:34 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party
|
Саҳифаи аслӣ Вуруди корбарон Тағйироти охир Саҳифаҳои тасодуфӣ Роҳнамо Саҳифаҳои вижа Кумаки молӣ Эҷоди ҳисоб Вуруд Кумаки молӣ Эҷоди ҳисоб Вуруд Муҳтавоҳо Ибтидо 1 Таснифот 2 Тақсимоти ҷуғрофӣ Toggle Тақсимоти ҷуғрофӣ subsection 2.1 Шеваҳо 2.1 Шеваҳо 3 Фонология Toggle Фонология subsection 3.1 Садонокҳо 3.2 Ҳамсадоҳо 3.1 Садонокҳо 3.2 Ҳамсадоҳо 4 Грамматика Toggle Грамматика subsection 4.1 Морфология 4.2 Синтаксис 4.1 Морфология 4.2 Синтаксис 5 Системаи навиштан 6 Инҷоро ҳам бингаред 7 Сарчашмаҳо 8 Эзоҳ 9 Пайвандҳо Забони инглисӣ Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Rumantsch Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski தமிழ் ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Саҳифа Баҳс кирилликӣ lotinī Хондан Вироиш Вироиши манбаъ Намоиши таърих Хондан Вироиш Вироиши манбаъ Намоиши таърих Пайвандҳо ба ин саҳифа Тағйироти монандӣ Боргузории парванда Пайванди пойдор Иттилооти саҳифа Ёдкарди ин саҳифа Гирифтани URL-и кӯтоҳшуда Боргирии QR-код Download as PDF Нусхаи чопӣ Викианбор Викикитоб Wikifunctions Элементи Викидода Инглисӣ Номи қавмӣ англ. English [ 1 ] Кишварҳо Самоаи Америкоӣ [ 2 ] Ангиля [ 3 ] Антигуаю Барбуда [ 4 ] Aruba [d] [ 5 ] Австралия [ 6 ] Баҳамас [ 7 ] Баҳрайн [ 8 ] Барбадос [ 9 ] Белиз [ 10 ] Бермуда [ 11 ] Бутон [ 12 ] Ботсвана [ 13 ] British Indian Ocean Territory [d] [ 14 ] British Virgin Islands [d] [ 15 ] Бруней [ 16 ] Камбоҷа [ 17 ] Камерун [ 18 ] Конодо [ 19 ] Cayman Islands [d] [ 20 ] Ҷазираҳои Кук [ 21 ] Доминика [ 22 ] Эритрея [ 23 ] Эфиопия [ 24 ] Ҷазираҳои Фолкланд [ 25 ] Фиҷи [ 26 ] Гамбия [ 27 ] Ғано [ 28 ] Гибралтар [ 29 ] Гренада [ 30 ] Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико [ 31 ] Гернси [ 32 ] Гайана [ 33 ] Ҳиндустон [ 34 ] Ҷумҳурии Ирландия [ 35 ] Isle of Man [d] [ 36 ] Исроил [ 37 ] Ямайка [ 38 ] Jersey [d] [ 39 ] Кения [ 40 ] Ҷумҳурии Кирибатӣ [ 41 ] Лубнон [ 42 ] Лесото [ 43 ] Либерия [ 44 ] Мадагаскар [ 45 ] Малави [ 46 ] Малайзия [ 47 ] Малдив [ 48 ] Малта [ 49 ] Ҷазираҳои Маршал [ 50 ] Маврикия [ 51 ] Микронезия [ 52 ] Montserrat [d] [ 53 ] Намибия [ 54 ] Науру [ 55 ] Зеландияи Нав [ 56 ] Нигерия [ 57 ] Niue [d] [ 58 ] Умон [ 59 ] Покистон [ 60 ] Палау [ 61 ] Попуо Гинеяи Нав [ 62 ] Филиппин [ 63 ] Ҷазираҳои Питкэрн [ 64 ] Руанда [ 65 ] Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha [d] Сент-Китс ва Невис [ 66 ] Сент-Люсия [ 67 ] Saint-Martin [d] [ 68 ] Сент-Винсент ва Гренадинҳо [ 69 ] Самоа [ 70 ] Ҷазираҳои Сейшел [ 71 ] Сиерра Леоне [ 72 ] Сингапур [ 73 ] Sint Maarten [d] [ 74 ] Ҷазираҳои Соломон [ 75 ] Африқои Ҷанубӣ [ 76 ] Судони Ҷанубӣ [ 77 ] Шри-Ланка [ 78 ] Судон [ 79 ] Свазиленд [ 80 ] Танзания [ 81 ] Tokelau [d] [ 82 ] Тонга [ 83 ] Тринидад ва Тобаго [ 84 ] Turks and Caicos Islands [d] [ 85 ] Тувалу [ 86 ] Ҷазираҳои Вирҷиния [ 87 ] Уганда [ 88 ] Имороти Муттаҳидаи Арабӣ [ 89 ] Подшоҳии Муттаҳидаи Бритониёи Кабир ва Ирланди Шимолӣ [ 90 ] Вануату [ 91 ] Замбия [ 92 ] Зимбабве [ 93 ] Индонезия [ 94 ] Самоаи Америкоӣ [ 2 ] Ангиля [ 3 ] Антигуаю Барбуда [ 4 ] Aruba [d] [ 5 ] Австралия [ 6 ] Баҳамас [ 7 ] Баҳрайн [ 8 ] Барбадос [ 9 ] Белиз [ 10 ] Бермуда [ 11 ] Бутон [ 12 ] Ботсвана [ 13 ] British Indian Ocean Territory [d] [ 14 ] British Virgin Islands [d] [ 15 ] Бруней [ 16 ] Камбоҷа [ 17 ] Камерун [ 18 ] Конодо [ 19 ] Cayman Islands [d] [ 20 ] Ҷазираҳои Кук [ 21 ] Доминика [ 22 ] Эритрея [ 23 ] Эфиопия [ 24 ] Ҷазираҳои Фолкланд [ 25 ] Фиҷи [ 26 ] Гамбия [ 27 ] Ғано [ 28 ] Гибралтар [ 29 ] Гренада [ 30 ] Иёлоти Муттаҳидаи Амрико [ 31 ] Гернси [ 32 ] Гайана [ 33 ] Ҳиндустон [ 34 ] Ҷумҳурии Ирландия [ 35 ] Isle of Man [d] [ 36 ] Исроил [ 37 ] Ямайка [ 38 ] Jersey [d] [ 39 ] Кения [ 40 ] Ҷумҳурии Кирибатӣ [ 41 ] Лубнон [ 42 ] Лесото [ 43 ] Либерия [ 44 ] Мадагаскар [ 45 ] Малави [ 46 ] Малайзия [ 47 ] Малдив [ 48 ] Малта [ 49 ] Ҷазираҳои Маршал [ 50 ] Маврикия [ 51 ] Микронезия [ 52 ] Montserrat [d] [ 53 ] Намибия [ 54 ] Науру [ 55 ] Зеландияи Нав [ 56 ] Нигерия [ 57 ] Niue [d] [ 58 ] Умон [ 59 ] Покистон [ 60 ] Палау [ 61 ] Попуо Гинеяи Нав [ 62 ] Филиппин [ 63 ] Ҷазираҳои Питкэрн [ 64 ] Руанда [ 65 ] Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha [d] Сент-Китс ва Невис [ 66 ] Сент-Люсия [ 67 ] Saint-Martin [d] [ 68 ] Сент-Винсент ва Гренадинҳо [ 69 ] Самоа [ 70 ] Ҷазираҳои Сейшел [ 71 ] Сиерра Леоне [ 72 ] Сингапур [ 73 ] Sint Maarten [d] [ 74 ] Ҷазираҳои Соломон [ 75 ] Африқои Ҷанубӣ [ 76 ] Судони Ҷанубӣ [ 77 ] Шри-Ланка [ 78 ] Судон [ 79 ] Свазиленд [ 80 ] Танзания [ 81 ] Tokelau [d] [ 82 ] Тонга [ 83 ] Тринидад ва Тобаго [ 84 ] Turks and Caicos Islands [d] [ 85 ] Тувалу [ 86 ] Ҷазираҳои Вирҷиния [ 87 ] Уганда [ 88 ] Имороти Муттаҳидаи Арабӣ [ 89 ] Подшоҳии Муттаҳидаи Бритониёи Кабир ва Ирланди Шимолӣ [ 90 ] Вануату [ 91 ] Замбия [ 92 ] Зимбабве [ 93 ] Индонезия [ 94 ] Шумораи умумии гӯишварон 753 359 540 тан ( 2019 ) [ 95 ] 753 359 540 тан ( 2019 ) [ 95 ] Вазъ дар ҳоли амн [d] [ 96 ] Таснифот забонҳои авруосиёӣ забонҳои ҳиндуаврупоӣ Забонҳои германӣ забонҳои германии ғарбӣ [d] Anglo-Frisian [d] Anglic [d] ингилисӣ Хат Алифбои англисӣ , English Braille [d] ва Unified English Braille [d] Коди забонӣ ГОСТ 7.75–97 анг 045 ISO 639-1 en ISO 639-2 eng ISO 639-3 eng WALS eng Ethnologue eng Linguasphere 52-ABA ABS ASCL 1201 ва 12 IETF en Glottolog stan1293 Ниг. низ: Лоиҳа:Забоншиносӣ Забони инглисӣ ( англ. English, the English language ) — забони зергурӯҳи инглису фризии гурӯҳии ғарбии олмонии (германии) оилаи забонҳои ҳиндуаврупоӣ. Забони англисӣ — яке аз забонҳои дар тамоми ҷаҳон хеле паҳншуда мебошад. Дар Амрико , Урупо , Устролиё , Африқою Осиё бо ин забон гуфтугӯ мекунанд ва онро мефаҳманд. Таснифот Забони инглисӣ яке аз забонҳои бузургтари ҷаҳон ба шумор рафта шумораи одамоне, ки дар ҷаҳон бо он гуфтугу менамоянд зиёда 1,5 млрд мебошад. Забони инглисӣ дар 58 давлати дунё мақоми давлатӣ дошта, ватанаш Бритониёи кабир мебошад. Забони инглисӣ ба яке аз шохаҳои забонҳои олмонӣ шомил буда дар маҷмӯъ ба оилаи забонҳои ҳинду аврупоӣ дохил мешавад. Забони англисиро зиёда аз 90 % мардуми ИМА, Британияи Кабир, Австралия, ва Канада истифода мебаранд, ки ин ҳам бошад аз сабаби халқи мезистаи ин давлатҳои англичанҳо мебошанд. Забони англисӣ забонӣ ҷаҳонӣ эътироф шуда зиёда аз нисфи кишварҳои дунё бо ин забон дар донишгоҳҳову марказҳои таълимӣ ба мардум дарс меомузанд. Маҷлисҳову корҳои тиҷоратӣ асосан байни давлатҳои дунё бо забонӣ англисӣ суръат мегирад. [ 97 ] Тақсимоти ҷуғрофӣ Шеваҳо Фонология Садонокҳо Ҳамсадоҳо bilabial labio- dental dental alveolar post- alveolar palatal velar glottal plosive p b t d k g nasal m n ŋ 1 flap ɾ 2 fricative f v θ ð 3 s z ʃ ʒ 4 x 5 h affricate tʃ dʒ 4 approximant ɹ 4 j lateral approximant l Грамматика Морфология Синтаксис Системаи навиштан Мисолҳо! Дар забони англисӣ артикли номуайяни a, an пеш аз исмҳои ҷондор ва беҷон меояд. Масалан; A a boy a pen a dog a girl a table An an apple an ant an ice cream an orange an umbrella Артикли а пеш аз исмҳои ки бо ҳамсадо сар мешаванд меояд. Артикли an пеш аз исмҳои ки бо садонок сар мешаванд меояд. Аммо артикли a, an дар шумораи ҷамъи исмҳо омада наметавонанд. Масалан; Boys Pens Dogs Girls Tables Apples Ants Пеш аз ин исмҳо артикли муайяни the меояд. The boys The girls The apples The pens The tables Артикли a, an метавонанд пеш аз касбу кори одмон оянд. I am a doctor. You are a teacher. She is a student. He is an idiot. Инҷоро ҳам бингаред Артикли муайяни the чунин шакл дар исм дорад. 1. Пеш аз исмҳои шуморида шаванда ва шуморида нашаванда дар шакли танҳо ва ҷамъ меояд. 2. Пеш аз шумораҳои тартиби. Today is the first of October. 3. Пеш аз номҳои рӯзномаву, маҷала, театр, номи киштиҳо омада метавонад. Сарчашмаҳо Эзоҳ ↑ ↑ ScriptSource - American Samoa ↑ ScriptSource - Anguilla ↑ ScriptSource - Antigua and Barbuda ↑ ScriptSource - Aruba ↑ ScriptSource - Australia ↑ ScriptSource - Bahamas ↑ ScriptSource - Bahrain ↑ ScriptSource - Barbados ↑ ScriptSource - Belize ↑ ScriptSource - Bermuda ↑ ScriptSource - Bhutan ↑ ScriptSource - Botswana ↑ ScriptSource - British Indian Ocean Territory ↑ ScriptSource - British Virgin Islands ↑ ScriptSource - Brunei ↑ ScriptSource - Cambodia ↑ ScriptSource - Cameroon ↑ ScriptSource - Canada ↑ ScriptSource - Cayman Islands ↑ ScriptSource - Cook Islands ↑ ScriptSource - Dominica ↑ ScriptSource - Eritrea ↑ ScriptSource - Ethiopia ↑ ScriptSource - Falkland Islands ↑ ScriptSource - Fiji ↑ ScriptSource - Gambia ↑ ScriptSource - Ghana ↑ ScriptSource - Gibraltar ↑ ScriptSource - Grenada ↑ ScriptSource - United States ↑ ScriptSource - Guernsey ↑ ScriptSource - Guyana ↑ ScriptSource - India ↑ ScriptSource - Ireland ↑ ScriptSource - Isle of Man ↑ ScriptSource - Israel ↑ ScriptSource - Jamaica ↑ ScriptSource - Jersey ↑ ScriptSource - Kenya ↑ ScriptSource - Kiribati ↑ ScriptSource - Lebanon ↑ ScriptSource - Lesotho ↑ ScriptSource - Liberia ↑ ScriptSource - Madagascar ↑ ScriptSource - Malawi ↑ ScriptSource - Malaysia ↑ ScriptSource - Maldives ↑ ScriptSource - Malta ↑ ScriptSource - Marshall Islands ↑ ScriptSource - Mauritius ↑ ScriptSource - Micronesia ↑ ScriptSource - Montserrat ↑ ScriptSource - Namibia ↑ ScriptSource - Nauru ↑ ScriptSource - New Zealand ↑ ScriptSource - Nigeria ↑ ScriptSource - Niue ↑ ScriptSource - Oman ↑ ScriptSource - Pakistan ↑ ScriptSource - Palau ↑ ScriptSource - Papua New Guinea ↑ ScriptSource - Philippines ↑ ScriptSource - Pitcairn ↑ ScriptSource - Rwanda ↑ ScriptSource - Saint Kitts and Nevis ↑ ScriptSource - Saint Lucia ↑ ScriptSource - Saint Martin ↑ ScriptSource - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ↑ ScriptSource - Samoa ↑ ScriptSource - Seychelles ↑ ScriptSource - Sierra Leone ↑ ScriptSource - Singapore ↑ ScriptSource - Sint Maarten ↑ ScriptSource - Solomon Islands ↑ ScriptSource - South Africa ↑ ScriptSource - South Sudan ↑ ScriptSource - Sri Lanka ↑ ScriptSource - Sudan ↑ ScriptSource - Eswatini ↑ ScriptSource - Tanzania ↑ ScriptSource - Tokelau ↑ ScriptSource - Tonga ↑ ScriptSource - Trinidad and Tobago ↑ ScriptSource - Turks and Caicos Islands ↑ ScriptSource - Tuvalu ↑ ScriptSource - U.S. Virgin Islands ↑ ScriptSource - Uganda ↑ ScriptSource - United Arab Emirates ↑ ScriptSource - United Kingdom ↑ ScriptSource - Vanuatu ↑ ScriptSource - Zambia ↑ ScriptSource - Zimbabwe ↑ ScriptSource - Indonesia ↑ Ethnologue (ингл.) — 25, 19 — Dallas, Texas : SIL , 1951. — ISSN 1946-9675 ↑ Красная книга языков ЮНЕСКО — ЮНЕСКО . ↑ нусхаи бойгонӣ . 9 Январ 2019 санҷида шуд. Баргирифта аз сарчашмаи аввал 8 Январ 2019 . Пайвандҳо Маҳфилҳои Забони Англиси дар Тоҷикистон Бойгонӣ шудааст 8 июли 2006 сол. Ин мақолаи хурд дар бораи яке аз забонҳои ҷаҳон аст. Бо густариши он ба Википедия кӯмак кунед. Википедия:Статьи со ссылками на элементы Викиданных без русской подписи Забонҳо ва шеваҳо аз рӯи алифбо Мақолаҳои хурд дар бораи забонҳо Забонҳо Википедия:Мақолаҳои бо сарчашма аз Викидода Ин саҳифа охирин бор дар 26 Январ 2025, соати 00:08 вироиш шуда аст. Матн зери иҷозатномаи Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License дастрас мебошад, дигар иҷозатномаҳои иловагӣ низ ба кор бурда мешаванд. Ниг. Қоидаҳои истифодаро барои маълумоти бештар. Сиёсати ҳифзи ҳарими хусусӣ Дар бораи Википедиа Такзибнома Оинномаи рафтор Падидоварон Омор Баёнияи куки Намои мобилӣ
|
https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D3%A3
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Earliest history of Earth 2 Earliest evidence for life on Earth 3 Origins of life on Earth Toggle Origins of life on Earth subsection 3.1 Independent emergence on Earth 3.1.1 Replication first: RNA world 3.1.2 Membranes first: Lipid world 3.1.3 The clay hypothesis 3.1.4 Metabolism first: Iron–sulfur world 3.1.5 Metabolism first: Pre–cells (successive cellularization) 3.2 Prebiotic environments 3.2.1 Geothermal springs 3.2.2 Deep sea hydrothermal vents 3.2.2.1 Carbonate-rich lakes 3.3 Life "seeded" from elsewhere 3.1 Independent emergence on Earth 3.1.1 Replication first: RNA world 3.1.2 Membranes first: Lipid world 3.1.3 The clay hypothesis 3.1.4 Metabolism first: Iron–sulfur world 3.1.5 Metabolism first: Pre–cells (successive cellularization) 3.1.1 Replication first: RNA world 3.1.2 Membranes first: Lipid world 3.1.3 The clay hypothesis 3.1.4 Metabolism first: Iron–sulfur world 3.1.5 Metabolism first: Pre–cells (successive cellularization) 3.2 Prebiotic environments 3.2.1 Geothermal springs 3.2.2 Deep sea hydrothermal vents 3.2.2.1 Carbonate-rich lakes 3.2.1 Geothermal springs 3.2.2 Deep sea hydrothermal vents 3.2.2.1 Carbonate-rich lakes 3.2.2.1 Carbonate-rich lakes 3.3 Life "seeded" from elsewhere 4 Environmental and evolutionary impact of microbial mats 5 Diversification of eukaryotes Toggle Diversification of eukaryotes subsection 5.1 Chromatin, nucleus, endomembrane system, and mitochondria 5.2 Plastids 5.1 Chromatin, nucleus, endomembrane system, and mitochondria 5.2 Plastids 6 Sexual reproduction and multicellular organisms Toggle Sexual reproduction and multicellular organisms subsection 6.1 Evolution of sexual reproduction 6.2 Multicellularity 6.3 Fossil evidence 6.1 Evolution of sexual reproduction 6.2 Multicellularity 6.3 Fossil evidence 7 Emergence of animals Toggle Emergence of animals subsection 7.1 Deuterostomes and the first vertebrates 7.1 Deuterostomes and the first vertebrates 8 Colonization of land Toggle Colonization of land subsection 8.1 Evolution of terrestrial antioxidants 8.2 Evolution of soil 8.3 Plants and the Late Devonian wood crisis 8.4 Land invertebrates 8.5 Amphibians 8.6 Reptiles 8.7 Birds 8.8 Mammals 8.9 Flowering plants 8.10 Social insects 8.11 Humans 8.1 Evolution of terrestrial antioxidants 8.2 Evolution of soil 8.3 Plants and the Late Devonian wood crisis 8.4 Land invertebrates 8.5 Amphibians 8.6 Reptiles 8.7 Birds 8.8 Mammals 8.9 Flowering plants 8.10 Social insects 8.11 Humans 9 Mass extinctions 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links History of life العربية Català Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша नेपाल भाषा 日本語 پښتو Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Part of a series on Evolutionary biology Darwin's finches by John Gould Index Introduction Main Outline Glossary Evidence History Index Introduction Main Outline Glossary Evidence History Processes and outcomes Population genetics Quantitative genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Cooperation Coevolution Coextinction Contingency Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Population genetics Quantitative genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Cooperation Coevolution Coextinction Contingency Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history Origin of life Common descent History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Recent human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event Origin of life Common descent History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Recent human evolution Recent human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo-devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology ( timeline ) Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo-devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology ( timeline ) Fields and applications Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Invasion genetics Island biogeography Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Invasion genetics Island biogeography Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications Eugenics Evolution as fact and theory Dysgenics Social effects Creation–evolution controversy Theistic evolution Objections to evolution Level of support Nature-nurture controversy Eugenics Evolution as fact and theory Dysgenics Social effects Creation–evolution controversy Theistic evolution Objections to evolution Level of support Nature-nurture controversy Evolutionary biology portal Category Evolutionary biology portal Category .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day. Earth formed about 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years ago (abbreviated as Ga , for gigaannum ) and evidence suggests that life emerged prior to 3.7 Ga. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The similarities among all known present-day species indicate that they have diverged through the process of evolution from a common ancestor . [ 4 ] The earliest clear evidence of life comes from biogenic carbon signatures [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and stromatolite fossils [ 5 ] discovered in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks from western Greenland . In 2015, possible "remains of biotic life " were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] There is further evidence of possibly the oldest forms of life in the form of fossilized microorganisms in hydrothermal vent precipitates from the Nuvvuagittuq Belt , that may have lived as early as 4.28 billion years ago, not long after the oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago, and after the Earth formed 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years ago. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] These earliest fossils, however, may have originated from non-biological processes. [ 1 ] [ 10 ] [ 7 ] [ 11 ] Microbial mats of coexisting bacteria and archaea were the dominant form of life in the early Archean eon, and many of the major steps in early evolution are thought to have taken place in this environment. [ 12 ] The evolution of photosynthesis by cyanobacteria , around 3.5 Ga, eventually led to a buildup of its waste product, oxygen , in the oceans. After free oxygen saturated all available reductant substances on the Earth's surface , it built up in the atmosphere, leading to the Great Oxygenation Event around 2.4 Ga. [ 13 ] The earliest evidence of eukaryotes (complex cells with organelles ) dates from 1.85 Ga, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] likely due to symbiogenesis between anaerobic archaea and aerobic proteobacteria in co-adaptation against the new oxidative stress . While eukaryotes may have been present earlier, their diversification accelerated when aerobic cellular respiration by the endosymbiont mitochondria provided a more abundant source of biological energy . Around 1.6 Ga, some eukaryotes gained the ability to photosynthesize via endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria, and gave rise to various algae that eventually overtook cyanobacteria as the dominant primary producers . At around 1.7 Ga, multicellular organisms began to appear, with differentiated cells performing specialized functions. [ 16 ] While early organisms reproduced asexually , the primary method of reproduction for the vast majority of macroscopic organisms, including almost all eukaryotes (which includes animals and plants ), is sexual reproduction , the fusion of male and female reproductive cells ( gametes ) to create a zygote . [ 17 ] The origin and evolution of sexual reproduction remain a puzzle for biologists, though it is thought to have evolved from a single-celled eukaryotic ancestor. [ 18 ] While microorganisms formed the earliest terrestrial ecosystems at least 2.7 Ga, the evolution of plants from freshwater green algae dates back to about 1 billion years ago. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Microorganisms are thought to have paved the way for the inception of land plants in the Ordovician period. Land plants were so successful that they are thought to have contributed to the Late Devonian extinction event [ 21 ] as early tree Archaeopteris drew down CO 2 levels, leading to global cooling and lowered sea levels, while their roots increased rock weathering and nutrient run-offs which may have triggered algal bloom anoxic events . Bilateria , animals having a left and a right side that are mirror images of each other, appeared by 555 Ma (million years ago). [ 22 ] Ediacara biota appeared during the Ediacaran period, [ 23 ] while vertebrates , along with most other modern phyla originated about 525 Ma during the Cambrian explosion . [ 24 ] During the Permian period, synapsids , including the ancestors of mammals , dominated the land. [ 25 ] The Permian–Triassic extinction event killed most complex species of its time, 252 Ma . [ 26 ] During the recovery from this catastrophe, archosaurs became the most abundant land vertebrates; [ 27 ] one archosaur group, the dinosaurs , dominated the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. [ 28 ] After the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 66 Ma killed off the non-avian dinosaurs, [ 29 ] mammals increased rapidly in size and diversity . [ 30 ] Such mass extinctions may have accelerated evolution by providing opportunities for new groups of organisms to diversify. [ 31 ] Only a very small percentage of species have been identified: one estimate claims that Earth may have 1 trillion species, because "identifying every microbial species on Earth presents a huge challenge." [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Only 1.75–1.8 million species have been named [ 34 ] [ 35 ] and 1.8 million documented in a central database. [ 36 ] The currently living species represent less than one percent of all species that have ever lived on Earth. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Life timeline This box: view talk edit view talk edit −4500 — – — – −4000 — – — – −3500 — – — – −3000 — – — – −2500 — – — – −2000 — – — – −1500 — – — – −1000 — – — – −500 — – — – 0 — Water Single-celled life Photosynthesis Multicellular life @supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}} Plants Arthropods Molluscs Flowers Dinosaurs Mammals Birds Primates Hadean Archean Proterozoic Phanerozoic ← Earth formed ← Earliest water ← LUCA ← Earliest fossils ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Sexual reproduction ← Earliest fungi ← Neoproterozoic oxygenation event ← Ediacaran biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest tetrapods ← Earliest hominoid ← Earth formed ← Earliest water ← LUCA ← Earliest fossils ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Sexual reproduction ← Earliest fungi ← Neoproterozoic oxygenation event ← Ediacaran biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest tetrapods ← Earliest hominoid ( million years ago ) Earliest history of Earth History of Earth and its life −4500 — – −4000 — – −3500 — – −3000 — – −2500 — – −2000 — – −1500 — – −1000 — – −500 — – 0 — Hadean Archean Protero -zoic Phanero -zoic Eo Paleo Meso Neo Paleo Meso Neo Paleo Meso Ceno ← Earth and Solar System formed ← Cool surface, oceans, atmosphere ← Late Heavy Bombardment ← Earliest evidence of life (-4100) ← Oxygenation of atmosphere ← Earliest indisputable multicellular organism [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest land invertebrates and plants ← Earliest land vertebrates ← Earliest known dinosaur ← Extinction of non-avian dinosaurs ← Earth and Solar System formed ← Cool surface, oceans, atmosphere ← Late Heavy Bombardment ← Earliest evidence of life (-4100) ← Oxygenation of atmosphere ← Earliest indisputable multicellular organism [ 39 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest land invertebrates and plants ← Earliest land vertebrates ← Earliest known dinosaur ← Extinction of non-avian dinosaurs Scale: Ma (Millions of years) The oldest meteorite fragments found on Earth are about 4.54 billion years old; this, coupled primarily with the dating of ancient lead deposits, has put the estimated age of Earth at around that time. [ 43 ] The Moon has the same composition as Earth's crust but does not contain an iron -rich core like the Earth's. Many scientists think that about 60–110 million years (period of late stage accretion) after the formation of Solar System, the proto-Earth collided with Theia , a co-orbital, Mars-sized protoplanet originating from the inner Solar System . This collision ejected massive amounts of proto-Earth silicate mantle material into orbit that accreted to form the Moon. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Another hypothesis is that the Earth and Moon started to coalesce at the same time but the Earth, having a much stronger gravity than the early Moon, attracted almost all the iron particles in the area. [ 47 ] Until 2001, the oldest rocks found on Earth were about 3.8 billion years old, [ 48 ] [ 43 ] leading scientists to estimate that the Earth's surface had been molten until then. Accordingly, they named this part of Earth's history the Hadean . [ 49 ] However, analysis of zircons formed 4.4 Ga indicates that Earth's crust solidified about 100 million years after the planet's formation and that the planet quickly acquired oceans and an atmosphere , which may have been capable of supporting life. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Evidence from the Moon indicates that, from 4 to 3.8 Ga, it suffered a Late Heavy Bombardment by debris that was left over from the formation of the Solar System , and the Earth should have experienced an even heavier bombardment due to its stronger gravity. [ 49 ] [ 53 ] While there is no direct evidence of conditions on Earth 4 to 3.8 Ga, there is no reason to think that the Earth was not also affected by this late heavy bombardment. [ 54 ] This event may well have stripped away any previous atmosphere and oceans; in this case gases and water from comet impacts may have contributed to their replacement, although outgassing from volcanoes on Earth would have supplied at least half. [ 55 ] However, if subsurface microbial life had evolved by this point, it would have survived the bombardment. [ 56 ] Earliest evidence for life on Earth The earliest identified organisms were minute and relatively featureless, and their fossils looked like small rods that are very difficult to tell apart from structures that arise through abiotic physical processes. The oldest undisputed evidence of life on Earth, interpreted as fossilized bacteria, dates to 3 Ga. [ 57 ] Other finds in rocks dated to about 3.5 Ga have been interpreted as bacteria, [ 58 ] with geochemical evidence also seeming to show the presence of life 3.8 Ga. [ 59 ] However, these analyses were closely scrutinized, and non-biological processes were found which could produce all of the "signatures of life" that had been reported. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] While this does not prove that the structures found had a non-biological origin, they cannot be taken as clear evidence for the presence of life. Geochemical signatures from rocks deposited 3.4 Ga have been interpreted as evidence for life. [ 57 ] [ 62 ] Evidence for fossilized microorganisms considered to be 3.77 billion to 4.28 billion years old was found in the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Quebec, Canada, [ 8 ] although the evidence is disputed as inconclusive. [ 63 ] Origins of life on Earth Most biologists reason that all living organisms on Earth must share a single last universal ancestor , because it would be virtually impossible that two or more separate lineages could have independently developed the many complex biochemical mechanisms common to all living organisms. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] According to a different scenario [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] a single last universal ancestor, e.g. a "first cell" or a first individual precursor cell has never existed. Instead, the early biochemical evolution of life [ 70 ] led to diversification through the development of a multiphenotypic population of pre-cells from which the precursor cells ( protocells ) of the three domains of life [ 71 ] emerged. Thus, the formation of cells was a successive process. See § Metabolism first: Pre-cells, successive cellularisation , below. Independent emergence on Earth Life on Earth is based on carbon and water . Carbon provides stable frameworks for complex chemicals and can be easily extracted from the environment, especially from carbon dioxide . [ 52 ] There is no other chemical element whose properties are similar enough to carbon's to be called an analogue; silicon , the element directly below carbon on the periodic table , does not form very many complex stable molecules, and because most of its compounds are water-insoluble and because silicon dioxide is a hard and abrasive solid in contrast to carbon dioxide at temperatures associated with living things, it would be more difficult for organisms to extract. The elements boron and phosphorus have more complex chemistries but suffer from other limitations relative to carbon. Water is an excellent solvent and has two other useful properties: the fact that ice floats enables aquatic organisms to survive beneath it in winter; and its molecules have electrically negative and positive ends, which enables it to form a wider range of compounds than other solvents can. Other good solvents, such as ammonia , are liquid only at such low temperatures that chemical reactions may be too slow to sustain life, and lack water's other advantages. [ 72 ] Organisms based on alternative biochemistry may, however, be possible on other planets. [ 73 ] Research on how life might have emerged from non-living chemicals focuses on three possible starting points: self-replication , an organism's ability to produce offspring that are very similar to itself; metabolism, its ability to feed and repair itself; and external cell membranes , which allow food to enter and waste products to leave, but exclude unwanted substances. [ 74 ] Research on abiogenesis still has a long way to go, since theoretical and empirical approaches are only beginning to make contact with each other. [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Replication first: RNA world Even the simplest members of the three modern domains of life use DNA to record their "recipes" and a complex array of RNA and protein molecules to "read" these instructions and use them for growth, maintenance and self-replication. The discovery that some RNA molecules can catalyze both their own replication and the construction of proteins led to the hypothesis of earlier life-forms based entirely on RNA. [ 77 ] These ribozymes could have formed an RNA world in which there were individuals but no species, as mutations and horizontal gene transfers would have meant that offspring were likely to have different genomes from their parents, and evolution occurred at the level of genes rather than organisms. [ 78 ] RNA would later have been replaced by DNA, which can build longer, more stable genomes, strengthening heritability and expanding the capabilities of individual organisms. [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] Ribozymes remain as the main components of ribosomes , the "protein factories" in modern cells. [ 81 ] Evidence suggests the first RNA molecules formed on Earth prior to 4.17 Ga. [ 82 ] Although short self-replicating RNA molecules have been artificially produced in laboratories, [ 83 ] doubts have been raised about whether natural non-biological synthesis of RNA is possible. [ 84 ] The earliest "ribozymes" may have been formed of simpler nucleic acids such as PNA , TNA or GNA , which would have been replaced later by RNA. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] In 2003, it was proposed that porous metal sulfide precipitates would assist RNA synthesis at about 100 °C (212 °F) and ocean-bottom pressures near hydrothermal vents . Under this hypothesis, lipid membranes would be the last major cell components to appear and, until then, the protocells would be confined to the pores. [ 87 ] Membranes first: Lipid world It has been suggested that double-walled "bubbles" of lipids like those that form the external membranes of cells may have been an essential first step. [ 88 ] Experiments that simulated the conditions of the early Earth have reported the formation of lipids, and these can spontaneously form liposomes , double-walled "bubbles", and then reproduce themselves. [ 52 ] Although they are not intrinsically information-carriers as nucleic acids are, they would be subject to natural selection for longevity and reproduction. Nucleic acids such as RNA might then have formed more easily within the liposomes than outside. [ 89 ] The clay hypothesis RNA is complex and there are doubts about whether it can be produced non-biologically in the wild. [ 84 ] Some clays , notably montmorillonite , have properties that make them plausible accelerators for the emergence of an RNA world: they grow by self-replication of their crystalline pattern; they are subject to an analogue of natural selection, as the clay "species" that grows fastest in a particular environment rapidly becomes dominant; and they can catalyze the formation of RNA molecules. [ 90 ] Although this idea has not become the scientific consensus, it still has active supporters. [ 91 ] Research in 2003 reported that montmorillonite could also accelerate the conversion of fatty acids into "bubbles" and that the "bubbles" could encapsulate RNA attached to the clay. These "bubbles" can then grow by absorbing additional lipids and then divide. The formation of the earliest cells may have been aided by similar processes. [ 92 ] A similar hypothesis presents self-replicating iron-rich clays as the progenitors of nucleotides , lipids and amino acids . [ 93 ] Metabolism first: Iron–sulfur world A series of experiments starting in 1997 showed that early stages in the formation of proteins from inorganic materials including carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide could be achieved by using iron sulfide and nickel sulfide as catalysts . Most of the steps required temperatures of about 100 °C (212 °F) and moderate pressures, although one stage required 250 °C (482 °F) and a pressure equivalent to that found under 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of rock. Hence it was suggested that self-sustaining synthesis of proteins could have occurred near hydrothermal vents. [ 70 ] Metabolism first: Pre–cells (successive cellularization) In this scenario, the biochemical evolution of life [ 70 ] led to diversification through the development of a multiphenotypic population of pre-cells , [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] i.e. evolving entities of primordial life with different characteristics and widespread horizontal gene transfer . From this pre-cell population the founder groups A, B, C and then, from them, the precursor cells (here named proto-cells) of the three domains of life [ 71 ] arose successively, leading first to the domain Bacteria , then to the domain Archea and finally to the domain Eucarya . For the development of cells ( cellularization ), the pre-cells had to be protected from their surroundings by envelopes (i.e. membranes, walls). For instance, the development of rigid cell walls by the invention of peptidoglycan in bacteria (domain Bacteria) may have been a prerequisite for their successful survival, radiation and colonization of virtually all habitats of the geosphere and hydrosphere. [ 69 ] This scenario may explain the quasi-random distribution of evolutionarily important features among the three domains and, at the same time, the existence of the most basic biochemical features (genetic code, set of protein amino acids etc.) in all three domains (unity of life), as well as the close relationship between the Archaea and the Eucarya. A scheme of the pre-cell scenario is shown in the adjacent figure, [ 69 ] where important evolutionary improvements are indicated by numbers. Prebiotic environments Geothermal springs Wet-dry cycles at geothermal springs are shown to solve the problem of hydrolysis and promote the polymerization and vesicle encapsulation of biopolymers. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] The temperatures of geothermal springs are suitable for biomolecules. [ 96 ] Silica minerals and metal sulfides in these environments have photocatalytic properties to catalyze biomolecules. Solar UV exposure also promotes the synthesis of biomolecules like RNA nucleotides. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] An analysis of hydrothermal veins at a 3.5 Gya (giga years ago or 1 billion years) geothermal spring setting were found to have elements required for the origin of life, which are potassium, boron, hydrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, zinc, nitrogen, and oxygen. [ 99 ] Mulkidjanian and colleagues find that such environments have identical ionic concentrations to the cytoplasm of modern cells. [ 97 ] Fatty acids in acidic or slightly alkaline geothermal springs assemble into vesicles after wet-dry cycles as there is a lower concentration of ionic solutes at geothermal springs since they are freshwater environments, in contrast to seawater which has a higher concentration of ionic solutes. [ 100 ] For organic compounds to be present at geothermal springs, they would have likely been transported by carbonaceous meteors. The molecules that fell from the meteors were then accumulated in geothermal springs. Geothermal springs can accumulate aqueous phosphate in the form of phosphoric acid . Based on lab-run models, these concentrations of phosphate are insufficient to facilitate biosynthesis . [ 101 ] As for the evolutionary implications, freshwater heterotrophic cells that depended upon synthesized organic compounds later evolved photosynthesis because of the continuous exposure to sunlight as well as their cell walls with ion pumps to maintain their intracellular metabolism after they entered the oceans. [ 95 ] Deep sea hydrothermal vents Catalytic mineral particles and transition metal sulfides at these environments are capable of catalyzing organic compounds. [ 102 ] Scientists simulated laboratory conditions that were identical to white smokers and successfully oligomerized RNA, measured to be 4 units long. [ 103 ] Long chain fatty acids can be synthesized via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis . [ 104 ] Another experiment that replicated conditions also similar white smokers, with long chain fatty acids present resulted in the assembly of vesicles. [ 105 ] Exergonic reactions at hydrothermal vents are suggested to have been a source of free energy that promoted chemical reactions, synthesis of organic molecules, and are inducive to chemical gradients. [ 106 ] In small rock pore systems, membranous structures between alkaline seawater and the acidic ocean would be conducive to natural proton gradients. [ 107 ] Nucleobase synthesis could occur by following universally conserved biochemical pathways by using metal ions as catalysts. [ 104 ] RNA molecules of 22 bases can be polymerized in alkaline hydrothermal vent pores. Thin pores are shown to only accumulate long polynucleotides whereas thick pores accumulate both short and long polynucleotides. Small mineral cavities or mineral gels could have been a compartment for abiogenic processes. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] A genomic analysis supports this hypothesis as they found 355 genes that likely traced to LUCA upon 6.1 million sequenced prokaryotic genes. They reconstruct LUCA as a thermophilic anaerobe with a Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, implying an origin of life at white smokers. LUCA would also have exhibited other biochemical pathways such as gluconeogenesis , reverse incomplete Krebs cycle , glycolysis , and the pentose phosphate pathway , including biochemical reactions such as reductive amination and transamination . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 104 ] [ 113 ] Carbonate-rich lakes One theory traces the origins of life to the abundant carbonate-rich lakes which would have dotted the early Earth . Phosphate would have been an essential cornerstone to the origin of life since it is a critical component of nucleotides , phospholipids , and adenosine triphosphate . [ 114 ] Phosphate is often depleted in natural environments due to its uptake by microbes and its affinity for calcium ions. In a process called ' apatite precipitation', free phosphate ions react with the calcium ions abundant in water to precipitate out of solution as apatite minerals. [ 114 ] When attempting to simulate prebiotic phosphorylation , scientists have only found success when using phosphorus levels far above modern day natural concentrations. [ 101 ] This problem of low phosphate is solved in carbonate -rich environments. When in the presence of carbonate, calcium readily reacts to form calcium carbonate instead of apatite minerals. [ 115 ] With the free calcium ions removed from solution , phosphate ions are no longer precipitated from solution. [ 115 ] This is specifically seen in lakes with no inflow, since no new calcium is introduced into the water body. [ 101 ] After all of the calcium is sequestered into calcium carbonate ( calcite ), phosphate concentrations are able to increase to levels necessary for facilitating biomolecule creation. [ 116 ] Though carbonate-rich lakes have alkaline chemistry in modern times, models suggest that carbonate lakes had a pH low enough for prebiotic synthesis when placed in the acidifying context of Earth's early carbon dioxide rich atmosphere . [ 101 ] Rainwater rich in carbonic acid weathered the rock on the surface of the Earth at rates far greater than today. [ 117 ] With high phosphate influx, no phosphate precipitation, and no microbial usage of phosphate at this time, models show phosphate reached concentrations approximately 100 times greater than they are today. [ 101 ] Modeled pH and phosphate levels of early Earth carbonate-rich lakes nearly match the conditions used in current laboratory experiments on the origin of life. [ 101 ] Similar to the process predicted by geothermal hot spring hypotheses, [ 118 ] changing lake levels and wave action deposited phosphorus-rich brine onto dry shore and marginal pools. [ 95 ] This drying of the solution promotes polymerization reactions and removes enough water to promote phosphorylation, a process integral to biological energy storage and transfer. [ 101 ] [ 95 ] [ 119 ] When washed away by further precipitation and wave action, researchers concluded these newly formed biomolecules may have washed back into the lake - allowing the first prebiotic syntheses on Earth to occur. [ 101 ] Life "seeded" from elsewhere The Panspermia hypothesis does not explain how life arose originally, but simply examines the possibility of its coming from somewhere other than Earth. The idea that life on Earth was "seeded" from elsewhere in the Universe dates back at least to the Greek philosopher Anaximander in the sixth century BCE . [ 120 ] In the twentieth century it was proposed by the physical chemist Svante Arrhenius , [ 121 ] by the astronomers Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe , [ 122 ] and by molecular biologist Francis Crick and chemist Leslie Orgel . [ 123 ] There are three main versions of the "seeded from elsewhere" hypothesis: from elsewhere in the Solar System via fragments knocked into space by a large meteor impact, in which case the most credible sources are Mars [ 124 ] and Venus ; [ 125 ] by alien visitors , possibly as a result of accidental contamination by microorganisms that they brought with them; [ 123 ] and from outside the Solar System but by natural means. [ 121 ] [ 124 ] Experiments in low Earth orbit, such as EXOSTACK , have demonstrated that some microorganism spores can survive the shock of being catapulted into space and some can survive exposure to outer space radiation for at least 5.7 years. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Meteorite ALH84001 , which was once part of the Martian crust, shows evidence of carbonate-globules with texture and size indicative of terrestrial bacterial activity. [ 128 ] Scientists are divided over the likelihood of life arising independently on Mars, [ 129 ] or on other planets in our galaxy . [ 124 ] Environmental and evolutionary impact of microbial mats Microbial mats are multi-layered, multi-species colonies of bacteria and other organisms that are generally only a few millimeters thick, but still contain a wide range of chemical environments, each of which favors a different set of microorganisms. [ 130 ] To some extent each mat forms its own food chain , as the by-products of each group of microorganisms generally serve as "food" for adjacent groups. [ 131 ] Stromatolites are stubby pillars built as microorganisms in mats slowly migrate upwards to avoid being smothered by sediment deposited on them by water. [ 130 ] There has been vigorous debate about the validity of alleged stromatolite fossils from before 3 Ga, [ 132 ] with critics arguing that they could have been formed by non-biological processes. [ 60 ] In 2006, another find of stromatolites was reported from the same part of Australia, in rocks dated to 3.5 Ga. [ 133 ] In modern underwater mats the top layer often consists of photosynthesizing cyanobacteria which create an oxygen-rich environment, while the bottom layer is oxygen-free and often dominated by hydrogen sulfide emitted by the organisms living there. [ 131 ] Oxygen is toxic to organisms that are not adapted to it, but greatly increases the metabolic efficiency of oxygen-adapted organisms; [ 134 ] [ 135 ] oxygenic photosynthesis by bacteria in mats increased biological productivity by a factor of between 100 and 1,000. The source of hydrogen atoms used by oxygenic photosynthesis is water, which is much more plentiful than the geologically produced reducing agents required by the earlier non-oxygenic photosynthesis. [ 136 ] From this point onwards life itself produced significantly more of the resources it needed than did geochemical processes. [ 137 ] Oxygen became a significant component of Earth's atmosphere about 2.4 Ga. [ 138 ] Although eukaryotes may have been present much earlier, [ 139 ] [ 140 ] the oxygenation of the atmosphere was a prerequisite for the evolution of the most complex eukaryotic cells, from which all multicellular organisms are built. [ 141 ] The boundary between oxygen-rich and oxygen-free layers in microbial mats would have moved upwards when photosynthesis shut down overnight, and then downwards as it resumed on the next day. This would have created selection pressure for organisms in this intermediate zone to acquire the ability to tolerate and then to use oxygen, possibly via endosymbiosis , where one organism lives inside another and both of them benefit from their association. [ 12 ] Cyanobacteria have the most complete biochemical "toolkits" of all the mat-forming organisms. Hence they are the most self-sufficient, well-adapted to strike out on their own both as floating mats and as the first of the phytoplankton , provide the basis of most marine food chains. [ 12 ] Diversification of eukaryotes Chromatin, nucleus, endomembrane system, and mitochondria Eukaryotes may have been present long before the oxygenation of the atmosphere, [ 139 ] but most modern eukaryotes require oxygen, which is used by their mitochondria to fuel the production of ATP , the internal energy supply of all known cells. [ 141 ] In the 1970s, a vigorous debate concluded that eukaryotes emerged as a result of a sequence of endosymbiosis between prokaryotes . For example: a predatory microorganism invaded a large prokaryote, probably an archaean , but instead of killing its prey, the attacker took up residence and evolved into mitochondria; one of these chimeras later tried to swallow a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium, but the victim survived inside the attacker and the new combination became the ancestor of plants ; and so on. After each endosymbiosis, the partners eventually eliminated unproductive duplication of genetic functions by rearranging their genomes, a process which sometimes involved transfer of genes between them. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ 144 ] Another hypothesis proposes that mitochondria were originally sulfur - or hydrogen -metabolizing endosymbionts, and became oxygen-consumers later. [ 145 ] On the other hand, mitochondria might have been part of eukaryotes' original equipment. [ 146 ] There is a debate about when eukaryotes first appeared: the presence of steranes in Australian shales may indicate eukaryotes at 2.7 Ga; [ 140 ] however, an analysis in 2008 concluded that these chemicals infiltrated the rocks less than 2.2 Ga and prove nothing about the origins of eukaryotes. [ 147 ] Fossils of the algae Grypania have been reported in 1.85 billion-year-old rocks (originally dated to 2.1 Ga but later revised [ 15 ] ), indicating that eukaryotes with organelles had already evolved. [ 148 ] A diverse collection of fossil algae were found in rocks dated between 1.5 and 1.4 Ga. [ 149 ] The earliest known fossils of fungi date from 1.43 Ga. [ 150 ] Plastids Plastids , the superclass of organelles of which chloroplasts are the best-known exemplar, are thought to have originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. The symbiosis evolved around 1.5 Ga and enabled eukaryotes to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis . [ 141 ] Three evolutionary lineages of photosynthetic plastids have since emerged: chloroplasts in green algae and plants, rhodoplasts in red algae and cyanelles in the glaucophytes . [ 151 ] Not long after this primary endosymbiosis of plastids, rhodoplasts , and chloroplasts were passed down to other bikonts , establishing a eukaryotic assemblage of phytoplankton by the end of the Neoproterozoic Eon. Sexual reproduction and multicellular organisms Evolution of sexual reproduction The defining characteristics of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes are meiosis and fertilization , resulting in genetic recombination , giving offspring 50% of their genes from each parent. [ 152 ] By contrast, in asexual reproduction there is no recombination, but occasional horizontal gene transfer . Bacteria also exchange DNA by bacterial conjugation , enabling the spread of resistance to antibiotics and other toxins , and the ability to utilize new metabolites . [ 153 ] However, conjugation is not a means of reproduction, and is not limited to members of the same species – there are cases where bacteria transfer DNA to plants and animals. [ 154 ] On the other hand, bacterial transformation is clearly an adaptation for transfer of DNA between bacteria of the same species. This is a complex process involving the products of numerous bacterial genes and can be regarded as a bacterial form of sex. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] This process occurs naturally in at least 67 prokaryotic species (in seven different phyla). [ 157 ] Sexual reproduction in eukaryotes may have evolved from bacterial transformation. [ 158 ] The disadvantages of sexual reproduction are well-known: the genetic reshuffle of recombination may break up favorable combinations of genes; and since males do not directly increase the number of offspring in the next generation, an asexual population can out-breed and displace in as little as 50 generations a sexual population that is equal in every other respect. [ 152 ] Nevertheless, the great majority of animals, plants, fungi and protists reproduce sexually. There is strong evidence that sexual reproduction arose early in the history of eukaryotes and that the genes controlling it have changed very little since then. [ 159 ] How sexual reproduction evolved and survived is an unsolved puzzle. [ 160 ] The Red Queen hypothesis suggests that sexual reproduction provides protection against parasites , because it is easier for parasites to evolve means of overcoming the defenses of genetically identical clones than those of sexual species that present moving targets, and there is some experimental evidence for this. However, there is still doubt about whether it would explain the survival of sexual species if multiple similar clone species were present, as one of the clones may survive the attacks of parasites for long enough to out-breed the sexual species. [ 152 ] Furthermore, contrary to the expectations of the Red Queen hypothesis, Kathryn A. Hanley et al. found that the prevalence, abundance and mean intensity of mites was significantly higher in sexual geckos than in asexuals sharing the same habitat. [ 162 ] In addition, biologist Matthew Parker, after reviewing numerous genetic studies on plant disease resistance, failed to find a single example consistent with the concept that pathogens are the primary selective agent responsible for sexual reproduction in the host. [ 163 ] Alexey Kondrashov 's deterministic mutation hypothesis (DMH) assumes that each organism has more than one harmful mutation and that the combined effects of these mutations are more harmful than the sum of the harm done by each individual mutation. If so, sexual recombination of genes will reduce the harm that bad mutations do to offspring and at the same time eliminate some bad mutations from the gene pool by isolating them in individuals that perish quickly because they have an above-average number of bad mutations. However, the evidence suggests that the DMH's assumptions are shaky because many species have on average less than one harmful mutation per individual and no species that has been investigated shows evidence of synergy between harmful mutations. [ 152 ] The random nature of recombination causes the relative abundance of alternative traits to vary from one generation to another. This genetic drift is insufficient on its own to make sexual reproduction advantageous, but a combination of genetic drift and natural selection may be sufficient. When chance produces combinations of good traits, natural selection gives a large advantage to lineages in which these traits become genetically linked. On the other hand, the benefits of good traits are neutralized if they appear along with bad traits. Sexual recombination gives good traits the opportunities to become linked with other good traits, and mathematical models suggest this may be more than enough to offset the disadvantages of sexual reproduction. [ 160 ] Other combinations of hypotheses that are inadequate on their own are also being examined. [ 152 ] The adaptive function of sex remains a major unresolved issue in biology. The competing models to explain it were reviewed by John A. Birdsell and Christopher Wills . [ 164 ] The hypotheses discussed above all depend on the possible beneficial effects of random genetic variation produced by genetic recombination. An alternative view is that sex arose and is maintained as a process for repairing DNA damage, and that the genetic variation produced is an occasionally beneficial byproduct. [ 158 ] [ 165 ] Multicellularity The simplest definitions of "multicellular", for example "having multiple cells", could include colonial cyanobacteria like Nostoc . Even a technical definition such as "having the same genome but different types of cell" would still include some genera of the green algae Volvox , which have cells that specialize in reproduction. [ 166 ] Multicellularity evolved independently in organisms as diverse as sponges and other animals, fungi, plants, brown algae , cyanobacteria, slime molds and myxobacteria . [ 15 ] [ 167 ] For the sake of brevity, this article focuses on the organisms that show the greatest specialization of cells and variety of cell types, although this approach to the evolution of biological complexity could be regarded as "rather anthropocentric ". [ 16 ] The initial advantages of multicellularity may have included: more efficient sharing of nutrients that are digested outside the cell, [ 169 ] increased resistance to predators, many of which attacked by engulfing; the ability to resist currents by attaching to a firm surface; the ability to reach upwards to filter-feed or to obtain sunlight for photosynthesis; [ 170 ] the ability to create an internal environment that gives protection against the external one; [ 16 ] and even the opportunity for a group of cells to behave "intelligently" by sharing information. [ 168 ] These features would also have provided opportunities for other organisms to diversify, by creating more varied environments than flat microbial mats could. [ 170 ] Multicellularity with differentiated cells is beneficial to the organism as a whole but disadvantageous from the point of view of individual cells, most of which lose the opportunity to reproduce themselves. In an asexual multicellular organism, rogue cells which retain the ability to reproduce may take over and reduce the organism to a mass of undifferentiated cells. Sexual reproduction eliminates such rogue cells from the next generation and therefore appears to be a prerequisite for complex multicellularity. [ 170 ] The available evidence indicates that eukaryotes evolved much earlier but remained inconspicuous until a rapid diversification around 1 Ga. The only respect in which eukaryotes clearly surpass bacteria and archaea is their capacity for variety of forms, and sexual reproduction enabled eukaryotes to exploit that advantage by producing organisms with multiple cells that differed in form and function. [ 170 ] By comparing the composition of transcription factor families and regulatory network motifs between unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms, scientists found there are many novel transcription factor families and three novel types of regulatory network motifs in multicellular organisms, and novel family transcription factors are preferentially wired into these novel network motifs which are essential for multicellular development. These results propose a plausible mechanism for the contribution of novel-family transcription factors and novel network motifs to the origin of multicellular organisms at transcriptional regulatory level. [ 171 ] Fossil evidence Fungi-like fossils were found in vesicular basalt dating back to the Paleoproterozoic Era around 2.4 billion years ago. [ 172 ] The controversial Francevillian biota fossils, dated to 2.1 Ga, are the earliest known fossil organisms that are clearly multicellular, if they are indeed fossils. [ 40 ] They may have had differentiated cells. [ 173 ] Another early multicellular fossil, Qingshania , dated to 1.7 Ga, appears to consist of virtually identical cells. The red algae called Bangiomorpha , dated at 1.2 Ga, is the earliest known organism that certainly has differentiated, specialized cells, and is also the oldest known sexually reproducing organism. [ 170 ] The 1.43 billion-year-old fossils interpreted as fungi appear to have been multicellular with differentiated cells. [ 150 ] The "string of beads" organism Horodyskia , found in rocks dated from 1.5 Ga to 900 Ma, may have been an early metazoan; [ 15 ] however, it has also been interpreted as a colonial foraminifera . [ 161 ] Emergence of animals ParaHoxozoa Bilaterians Deuterostomes Protostomes Ecdysozoa Spiralia Xenacoelomorpha Cnidaria Placozoa Ctenophora Porifera ParaHoxozoa Bilaterians Deuterostomes Protostomes Ecdysozoa Spiralia Xenacoelomorpha Cnidaria Placozoa Bilaterians Deuterostomes Protostomes Ecdysozoa Spiralia Xenacoelomorpha Deuterostomes Protostomes Ecdysozoa Spiralia Deuterostomes Deuterostomes Protostomes Ecdysozoa Spiralia Ecdysozoa Ecdysozoa Spiralia Spiralia Xenacoelomorpha Xenacoelomorpha Cnidaria Cnidaria Placozoa Placozoa Ctenophora Ctenophora Porifera Porifera Animals are multicellular eukaryotes, [ note 1 ] and are distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking cell walls . [ 175 ] All animals are motile , [ 176 ] if only at certain life stages. All animals except sponges have bodies differentiated into separate tissues , including muscles , which move parts of the animal by contracting, and nerve tissue , which transmits and processes signals. [ 177 ] In November 2019, researchers reported the discovery of Caveasphaera , a multicellular organism found in 609-million-year-old rocks, that is not easily defined as an animal or non-animal, which may be related to one of the earliest instances of animal evolution . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Fossil studies of Caveasphaera have suggested that animal-like embryonic development arose much earlier than the oldest clearly defined animal fossils. [ 178 ] and may be consistent with studies suggesting that animal evolution may have begun about 750 million years ago. [ 179 ] [ 180 ] Nonetheless, the earliest widely accepted animal fossils are the rather modern-looking cnidarians (the group that includes jellyfish , sea anemones and Hydra ), possibly from around 580 Ma , although fossils from the Doushantuo Formation can only be dated approximately. Their presence implies that the cnidarian and bilaterian lineages had already diverged. [ 181 ] The Ediacara biota, which flourished for the last 40 million years before the start of the Cambrian , [ 182 ] were the first animals more than a very few centimeters long. Many were flat and had a "quilted" appearance, and seemed so strange that there was a proposal to classify them as a separate kingdom , Vendozoa . [ 183 ] Others, however, have been interpreted as early molluscs ( Kimberella [ 184 ] [ 185 ] ), echinoderms ( Arkarua [ 186 ] ), and arthropods ( Spriggina , [ 187 ] Parvancorina [ 188 ] ). There is still debate about the classification of these specimens, mainly because the diagnostic features which allow taxonomists to classify more recent organisms, such as similarities to living organisms, are generally absent in the Ediacarans. However, there seems little doubt that Kimberella was at least a triploblastic bilaterian animal, in other words, an animal significantly more complex than the cnidarians. [ 189 ] The small shelly fauna are a very mixed collection of fossils found between the Late Ediacaran and Middle Cambrian periods. The earliest, Cloudina , shows signs of successful defense against predation and may indicate the start of an evolutionary arms race . Some tiny Early Cambrian shells almost certainly belonged to molluscs, while the owners of some "armor plates", Halkieria and Microdictyon , were eventually identified when more complete specimens were found in Cambrian lagerstätten that preserved soft-bodied animals. [ 190 ] In the 1970s there was already a debate about whether the emergence of the modern phyla was "explosive" or gradual but hidden by the shortage of Precambrian animal fossils. [ 190 ] A re-analysis of fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte increased interest in the issue when it revealed animals, such as Opabinia , which did not fit into any known phylum . At the time these were interpreted as evidence that the modern phyla had evolved very rapidly in the Cambrian explosion and that the Burgess Shale's "weird wonders" showed that the Early Cambrian was a uniquely experimental period of animal evolution. [ 192 ] Later discoveries of similar animals and the development of new theoretical approaches led to the conclusion that many of the "weird wonders" were evolutionary "aunts" or "cousins" of modern groups [ 193 ] —for example that Opabinia was a member of the lobopods , a group which includes the ancestors of the arthropods, and that it may have been closely related to the modern tardigrades . [ 194 ] Nevertheless, there is still much debate about whether the Cambrian explosion was really explosive and, if so, how and why it happened and why it appears unique in the history of animals. [ 195 ] Deuterostomes and the first vertebrates Most of the animals at the heart of the Cambrian explosion debate were protostomes , one of the two main groups of complex animals. The other major group, the deuterostomes , contains invertebrates such as starfish and sea urchins (echinoderms), as well as chordates (see below). Many echinoderms have hard calcite "shells", which are fairly common from the Early Cambrian small shelly fauna onwards. [ 190 ] Other deuterostome groups are soft-bodied, and most of the significant Cambrian deuterostome fossils come from the Chengjiang fauna , a lagerstätte in China . [ 197 ] The chordates are another major deuterostome group: animals with a distinct dorsal nerve cord. Chordates include soft-bodied invertebrates such as tunicates as well as vertebrates—animals with a backbone. While tunicate fossils predate the Cambrian explosion, [ 198 ] the Chengjiang fossils Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia appear to be true vertebrates, [ 24 ] and Haikouichthys had distinct vertebrae , which may have been slightly mineralized . [ 199 ] Vertebrates with jaws , such as the acanthodians , first appeared in the Late Ordovician . [ 200 ] Colonization of land Adaptation to life on land is a major challenge: all land organisms need to avoid drying-out and all those above microscopic size must create special structures to withstand gravity; respiration and gas exchange systems have to change; reproductive systems cannot depend on water to carry eggs and sperm towards each other. [ 201 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Although the earliest good evidence of land plants and animals dates back to the Ordovician period ( 488 to 444 Ma ), and a number of microorganism lineages made it onto land much earlier, [ 204 ] [ 205 ] modern land ecosystems only appeared in the Late Devonian , about 385 to 359 Ma . [ 206 ] In May 2017, evidence of the earliest known life on land may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old geyserite and other related mineral deposits (often found around hot springs and geysers ) uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] In July 2018, scientists reported that the earliest life on land may have been bacteria living on land 3.22 billion years ago. [ 209 ] In May 2019, scientists reported the discovery of a fossilized fungus , named Ourasphaira giraldae , in the Canadian Arctic , that may have grown on land a billion years ago, well before plants were living on land. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] [ 212 ] Evolution of terrestrial antioxidants Oxygen began to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere over 3 Ga, as a by-product of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). However, oxygen produces destructive chemical oxidation which was toxic to most previous organisms. Protective endogenous antioxidant enzymes and exogenous dietary antioxidants helped to prevent oxidative damage. For example, brown algae accumulate inorganic mineral antioxidants such as rubidium , vanadium , zinc , iron, copper , molybdenum , selenium and iodine , concentrated more than 30,000 times more than in seawater. Most marine mineral antioxidants act in the cells as essential trace elements in redox and antioxidant metalloenzymes . [ citation needed ] When plants and animals began to enter rivers and land about 500 Ma, environmental deficiency of these marine mineral antioxidants was a challenge to the evolution of terrestrial life. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] Terrestrial plants slowly optimized the production of new endogenous antioxidants such as ascorbic acid , polyphenols , flavonoids , tocopherols , etc. A few of these appeared more recently, in the last 200–50 Ma, in fruits and flowers of angiosperm plants. [ citation needed ] In fact, angiosperms (the dominant type of plant today) and most of their antioxidant pigments evolved during the Late Jurassic period. Plants employ antioxidants to defend their structures against reactive oxygen species produced during photosynthesis. Animals are exposed to the same oxidants, and they have evolved endogenous enzymatic antioxidant systems. [ 215 ] Iodine in the form of the iodide ion I − is the most primitive and abundant electron-rich essential element in the diet of marine and terrestrial organisms; it acts as an electron donor and has this ancestral antioxidant function in all iodide-concentrating cells, from primitive marine algae to terrestrial vertebrates. [ 216 ] Evolution of soil Before the colonization of land there was no soil , a combination of mineral particles and decomposed organic matter . Land surfaces were either bare rock or shifting sand produced by weathering . Water and dissolved nutrients would have drained away very quickly. [ 206 ] In the Sub-Cambrian peneplain in Sweden, for example, maximum depth of kaolinitization by Neoproterozoic weathering is about 5 m, while nearby kaolin deposits developed in the Mesozoic are much thicker . [ 217 ] It has been argued that in the late Neoproterozoic sheet wash was a dominant process of erosion of surface material due to the lack of plants on land. [ 218 ] Films of cyanobacteria, which are not plants but use the same photosynthesis mechanisms, have been found in modern deserts in areas unsuitable for vascular plants . This suggests that microbial mats may have been the first organisms to colonize dry land, possibly in the Precambrian. Mat-forming cyanobacteria could have gradually evolved resistance to desiccation as they spread from the seas to intertidal zones and then to land. [ 206 ] Lichens , which are symbiotic combinations of a fungus (almost always an ascomycete ) and one or more photosynthesizers (green algae or cyanobacteria), [ 219 ] are also important colonizers of lifeless environments, [ 206 ] and their ability to break down rocks contributes to soil formation where plants cannot survive. [ 219 ] The earliest known ascomycete fossils date from 423 to 419 Ma in the Silurian . [ 206 ] Soil formation would have been very slow until the appearance of burrowing animals, which mix the mineral and organic components of soil and whose feces are a major source of organic components. [ 206 ] Burrows have been found in Ordovician sediments, and are attributed to annelids (worms) or arthropods. [ 206 ] [ 220 ] Plants and the Late Devonian wood crisis In aquatic algae, almost all cells are capable of photosynthesis and are nearly independent. Life on land requires plants to become internally more complex and specialized: photosynthesis is most efficient at the top; roots extract water and nutrients from the ground; and the intermediate parts support and transport. [ 201 ] [ 221 ] Spores of land plants resembling liverworts have been found in Middle Ordovician rocks from 476 Ma . Middle Silurian rocks from 430 Ma contain fossils of true plants, including clubmosses such as Baragwanathia ; most were under 10 centimetres (3.9 in) high, and some appear closely related to vascular plants , the group that includes trees . [ 221 ] By the Late Devonian 370 Ma , abundant trees such as Archaeopteris bound the soil so firmly that they changed river systems from mostly braided to mostly meandering . [ 222 ] This caused the "Late Devonian wood crisis" because: [ 223 ] They removed more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing the greenhouse effect and thus causing an ice age in the Carboniferous period. [ 21 ] This did not repeat in later ecosystems, since the carbon dioxide "locked up" in wood was returned to the atmosphere by decomposition of dead wood, but the earliest fossil evidence of fungi that can decompose wood also comes from the Late Devonian. [ 224 ] The increasing depth of plants' roots led to more washing of nutrients into rivers and seas by rain. This caused algal blooms whose high consumption of oxygen caused anoxic events in deeper waters, increasing the extinction rate among deep-water animals. [ 21 ] Land invertebrates Animals had to change their feeding and excretory systems, and most land animals developed internal fertilization of their eggs. [ 203 ] The difference in refractive index between water and air required changes in their eyes. On the other hand, in some ways movement and breathing became easier, and the better transmission of high-frequency sounds in the air encouraged the development of hearing . [ 202 ] The oldest animal with evidence of air-breathing, although not being the oldest myriapod fossil record, is Pneumodesmus , an archipolypodan millipede from the Early Devonian , about 414 Ma . [ 225 ] Its air-breathing, terrestrial nature is evidenced by the presence of spiracles , the openings to tracheal systems . [ 226 ] However, some earlier trace fossils from the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary about 490 Ma are interpreted as the tracks of large amphibious arthropods on coastal sand dunes , and may have been made by euthycarcinoids , [ 227 ] which are thought to be evolutionary "aunts" of myriapods . [ 228 ] Other trace fossils from the Late Ordovician a little over 445 Ma probably represent land invertebrates, and there is clear evidence of numerous arthropods on coasts and alluvial plains shortly before the Silurian-Devonian boundary, about 415 Ma , including signs that some arthropods ate plants. [ 229 ] Arthropods were well pre-adapted to colonize land, because their existing jointed exoskeletons provided protection against desiccation, support against gravity and a means of locomotion that was not dependent on water. [ 203 ] [ 230 ] The fossil record of other major invertebrate groups on land is poor: none at all for non- parasitic flatworms , nematodes or nemerteans ; some parasitic nematodes have been fossilized in amber ; annelid worm fossils are known from the Carboniferous, but they may still have been aquatic animals; the earliest fossils of gastropods on land date from the Late Carboniferous, and this group may have had to wait until leaf litter became abundant enough to provide the moist conditions they need. [ 202 ] The earliest confirmed fossils of flying insects date from the Late Carboniferous, but it is thought that insects developed the ability to fly in the Early Carboniferous or even Late Devonian. This gave them a wider range of ecological niches for feeding and breeding, and a means of escape from predators and from unfavorable changes in the environment. [ 231 ] About 99% of modern insect species fly or are descendants of flying species. [ 232 ] Amphibians "Fish" Osteolepiformes Panderichthyidae Obruchevichthidae Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Osteolepiformes Osteolepiformes Panderichthyidae Obruchevichthidae Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Panderichthyidae Panderichthyidae Obruchevichthidae Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Obruchevichthidae Obruchevichthidae Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Acanthostega Acanthostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Ichthyostega Ichthyostega Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Tulerpeton Tulerpeton Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Early labyrinthodonts Early labyrinthodonts Anthracosauria Amniotes Anthracosauria Anthracosauria Amniotes Amniotes Tetrapods , vertebrates with four limbs, evolved from other rhipidistian fish over a relatively short timespan during the Late Devonian ( 370 to 360 Ma ). [ 235 ] The early groups are grouped together as Labyrinthodontia . They retained aquatic, fry-like tadpoles , a system still seen in modern amphibians . Iodine and T4/T3 stimulate the amphibian metamorphosis and the evolution of nervous systems transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into a "more evolved" terrestrial, carnivorous frog with better neurological, visuospatial, olfactory and cognitive abilities for hunting. [ 213 ] The new hormonal action of T3 was made possible by the formation of T3-receptors in the cells of vertebrates. First, about 600–500 million years ago, the alpha T3-receptors with a metamorphosing action appeared in primitive chordates and then, about 250–150 million years ago, the beta T3-receptors with metabolic and thermogenetic actions appeared in birds and mammals. [ 236 ] From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was thought that tetrapods evolved from fish that had already acquired the ability to crawl on land, possibly in order to go from a pool that was drying out to one that was deeper. However, in 1987, nearly complete fossils of Acanthostega from about 363 Ma showed that this Late Devonian transitional animal had legs and both lungs and gills , but could never have survived on land: its limbs and its wrist and ankle joints were too weak to bear its weight; its ribs were too short to prevent its lungs from being squeezed flat by its weight; its fish-like tail fin would have been damaged by dragging on the ground. The current hypothesis is that Acanthostega , which was about 1 metre (3.3 ft) long, was a wholly aquatic predator that hunted in shallow water. Its skeleton differed from that of most fish, in ways that enabled it to raise its head to breathe air while its body remained submerged, including: its jaws show modifications that would have enabled it to gulp air; the bones at the back of its skull are locked together, providing strong attachment points for muscles that raised its head; the head is not joined to the shoulder girdle and it has a distinct neck. [ 233 ] The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air breathing would have been an advantage: leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish; air-breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen, since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen. [ 233 ] Later discoveries revealed earlier transitional forms between Acanthostega and completely fish-like animals. [ 237 ] Unfortunately, there is then a gap ( Romer's gap ) of about 30 Ma between the fossils of ancestral tetrapods and Middle Carboniferous fossils of vertebrates that look well-adapted for life on land, during which only some fossils are found, which had five digits in the terminating point of the four limbs, showing true or crown tetrapods appeared in the gap around 350 Ma. Some of the fossils after this gap look as if the animals which they belonged to were early relatives of modern amphibians, all of which need to keep their skins moist and to lay their eggs in water, while others are accepted as early relatives of the amniotes , whose waterproof skin and egg membranes enable them to live and breed far from water. [ 234 ] The Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse may have paved the way for amniotes to become dominant over amphibians. Reptiles Amniotes Synapsids Early synapsids (extinct) Pelycosaurs Extinct pelycosaurs Therapsids Extinct therapsids Mammaliaformes Extinct mammaliaforms Mammals Sauropsids Anapsids ; whether turtles belong here is debated [ 238 ] Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae (extinct) Diapsids Araeoscelidia (extinct) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Synapsids Early synapsids (extinct) Pelycosaurs Extinct pelycosaurs Therapsids Extinct therapsids Mammaliaformes Extinct mammaliaforms Mammals Early synapsids (extinct) Early synapsids (extinct) Pelycosaurs Extinct pelycosaurs Therapsids Extinct therapsids Mammaliaformes Extinct mammaliaforms Mammals Extinct pelycosaurs Extinct pelycosaurs Therapsids Extinct therapsids Mammaliaformes Extinct mammaliaforms Mammals Extinct therapsids Extinct therapsids Mammaliaformes Extinct mammaliaforms Mammals Extinct mammaliaforms Extinct mammaliaforms Mammals Mammals Sauropsids Anapsids ; whether turtles belong here is debated [ 238 ] Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae (extinct) Diapsids Araeoscelidia (extinct) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Anapsids ; whether turtles belong here is debated [ 238 ] Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae (extinct) Diapsids Araeoscelidia (extinct) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Anapsids ; whether turtles belong here is debated [ 238 ] Anapsids ; whether turtles belong here is debated [ 238 ] Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae (extinct) Diapsids Araeoscelidia (extinct) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae (extinct) Captorhinidae and Protorothyrididae (extinct) Diapsids Araeoscelidia (extinct) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Araeoscelidia (extinct) Araeoscelidia (extinct) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Squamata ( lizards and snakes ) Archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Extinct archosaurs Extinct archosaurs Crocodilians Crocodilians Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Pterosaurs (extinct) Pterosaurs (extinct) Dinosaurs Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Sauropods (extinct) Theropods Extinct theropods Birds Extinct theropods Extinct theropods Birds Birds Sauropods (extinct) Sauropods (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Ornithischians (extinct) Amniotes, whose eggs can survive in dry environments, probably evolved in the Late Carboniferous period ( 330 to 298.9 Ma ). The earliest fossils of the two surviving amniote groups, synapsids and sauropsids , date from around 313 Ma . [ 239 ] [ 240 ] The synapsid pelycosaurs and their descendants the therapsids are the most common land vertebrates in the best-known Permian (298.9 to 251.9 Ma) fossil beds. However, at the time these were all in temperate zones at middle latitudes , and there is evidence that hotter, drier environments nearer the Equator were dominated by sauropsids and amphibians. [ 241 ] The Permian–Triassic extinction event wiped out almost all land vertebrates, [ 242 ] as well as the great majority of other life. [ 243 ] During the slow recovery from this catastrophe, estimated to have taken 30 million years, [ 244 ] a previously obscure sauropsid group became the most abundant and diverse terrestrial vertebrates: a few fossils of archosauriformes ("ruling lizard forms") have been found in Late Permian rocks, [ 245 ] but, by the Middle Triassic , archosaurs were the dominant land vertebrates. Dinosaurs distinguished themselves from other archosaurs in the Late Triassic, and became the dominant land vertebrates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods ( 201.4 to 66 Ma ). [ 246 ] Birds During the Late Jurassic, birds evolved from small, predatory theropod dinosaurs. [ 247 ] The first birds inherited teeth and long, bony tails from their dinosaur ancestors, [ 247 ] but some had developed horny, toothless beaks by the very Late Jurassic [ 248 ] and short pygostyle tails by the Early Cretaceous . [ 249 ] Mammals While the archosaurs and dinosaurs were becoming more dominant in the Triassic, the mammaliaform successors of the therapsids evolved into small, mainly nocturnal insectivores . This ecological role may have promoted the evolution of mammals , for example nocturnal life may have accelerated the development of endothermy ("warm-bloodedness") and hair or fur. [ 250 ] By 195 Ma in the Early Jurassic there were animals that were very like today's mammals in a number of respects. [ 251 ] Unfortunately, there is a gap in the fossil record throughout the Middle Jurassic. [ 252 ] However, fossil teeth discovered in Madagascar indicate that the split between the lineage leading to monotremes and the one leading to other living mammals had occurred by 167 Ma . [ 253 ] After dominating land vertebrate niches for about 150 Ma, the non-avian dinosaurs perished in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event ( 66 Ma ) along with many other groups of organisms. [ 254 ] Mammals throughout the time of the dinosaurs had been restricted to a narrow range of taxa , sizes and shapes, but increased rapidly in size and diversity after the extinction, [ 255 ] [ 256 ] with bats taking to the air within 13 million years, [ 257 ] and cetaceans to the sea within 15 million years. [ 258 ] Flowering plants Gymnosperms Gnetales (gymnosperm) Welwitschia (gymnosperm) Ephedra (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Angiosperms (flowering plants) One possible family tree of flowering plants [ 259 ] Gymnosperms Gnetales (gymnosperm) Welwitschia (gymnosperm) Ephedra (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Angiosperms (flowering plants) Gnetales (gymnosperm) Welwitschia (gymnosperm) Ephedra (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Angiosperms (flowering plants) Gnetales (gymnosperm) Welwitschia (gymnosperm) Ephedra (gymnosperm) Gnetales (gymnosperm) Welwitschia (gymnosperm) Gnetales (gymnosperm) Gnetales (gymnosperm) Welwitschia (gymnosperm) Welwitschia (gymnosperm) Ephedra (gymnosperm) Ephedra (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Bennettitales Angiosperms (flowering plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) Gymnosperms Angiosperms (flowering plants) Cycads (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Ginkgo Gnetales (gymnosperm) Conifers (gymnosperm) Another possible family tree [ 260 ] Gymnosperms Angiosperms (flowering plants) Cycads (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Ginkgo Gnetales (gymnosperm) Conifers (gymnosperm) Angiosperms (flowering plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) Cycads (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Ginkgo Gnetales (gymnosperm) Conifers (gymnosperm) Cycads (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Ginkgo Cycads (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Cycads (gymnosperm) Cycads (gymnosperm) Bennettitales Bennettitales Ginkgo Ginkgo Gnetales (gymnosperm) Conifers (gymnosperm) Gnetales (gymnosperm) Gnetales (gymnosperm) Conifers (gymnosperm) Conifers (gymnosperm) The first flowering plants appeared around 130 Ma. [ 261 ] The 250,000 to 400,000 species of flowering plants outnumber all other ground plants combined, and are the dominant vegetation in most terrestrial ecosystems. There is fossil evidence that flowering plants diversified rapidly in the Early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 Ma , [ 259 ] [ 260 ] and that their rise was associated with that of pollinating insects. [ 260 ] Among modern flowering plants Magnolia are thought to be close to the common ancestor of the group. [ 259 ] However, paleontologists have not succeeded in identifying the earliest stages in the evolution of flowering plants. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Social insects The social insects are remarkable because the great majority of individuals in each colony are sterile. This appears contrary to basic concepts of evolution such as natural selection and the selfish gene . In fact, there are very few eusocial insect species: only 15 out of approximately 2,600 living families of insects contain eusocial species, and it seems that eusociality has evolved independently only 12 times among arthropods, although some eusocial lineages have diversified into several families. Nevertheless, social insects have been spectacularly successful; for example although ants and termites account for only about 2% of known insect species, they form over 50% of the total mass of insects. Their ability to control a territory appears to be the foundation of their success. [ 262 ] The sacrifice of breeding opportunities by most individuals has long been explained as a consequence of these species' unusual haplodiploid method of sex determination , which has the paradoxical consequence that two sterile worker daughters of the same queen share more genes with each other than they would with their offspring if they could breed. [ 263 ] However, E. O. Wilson and Bert Hölldobler argue that this explanation is faulty: for example, it is based on kin selection , but there is no evidence of nepotism in colonies that have multiple queens. Instead, they write, eusociality evolves only in species that are under strong pressure from predators and competitors, but in environments where it is possible to build "fortresses"; after colonies have established this security, they gain other advantages through co-operative foraging . In support of this explanation they cite the appearance of eusociality in bathyergid mole rats, [ 262 ] which are not haplodiploid. [ 264 ] The earliest fossils of insects have been found in Early Devonian rocks from about 400 Ma , which preserve only a few varieties of flightless insect. The Mazon Creek lagerstätten from the Late Carboniferous, about 300 Ma , include about 200 species, some gigantic by modern standards, and indicate that insects had occupied their main modern ecological niches as herbivores , detritivores and insectivores. Social termites and ants first appeared in the Early Cretaceous, and advanced social bees have been found in Late Cretaceous rocks but did not become abundant until the Middle Cenozoic . [ 265 ] Humans The idea that, along with other life forms, modern-day humans evolved from an ancient, common ancestor was proposed by Robert Chambers in 1844 and taken up by Charles Darwin in 1871. [ 266 ] Modern humans evolved from a lineage of upright-walking apes that has been traced back over 6 Ma to Sahelanthropus . [ 267 ] The first known stone tools were made about 2.5 Ma , apparently by Australopithecus garhi , and were found near animal bones that bear scratches made by these tools. [ 268 ] The earliest hominines had chimpanzee -sized brains, but there has been a fourfold increase in the last 3 Ma; a statistical analysis suggests that hominine brain sizes depend almost completely on the date of the fossils, while the species to which they are assigned has only slight influence. [ 269 ] There is a long-running debate about whether modern humans evolved all over the world simultaneously from existing advanced hominines or are descendants of a single small population in Africa , which then migrated all over the world less than 200,000 years ago and replaced previous hominine species. [ 270 ] There is also debate about whether anatomically modern humans had an intellectual, cultural and technological "Great Leap Forward" under 40,000–50,000 years ago and, if so, whether this was due to neurological changes that are not visible in fossils. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] Mass extinctions Life on Earth has suffered occasional mass extinctions at least since 542 Ma . Although they were disasters at the time, mass extinctions have sometimes accelerated the evolution of life on Earth. When dominance of particular ecological niches passes from one group of organisms to another, it is rarely because the new dominant group is "superior" to the old and usually because an extinction event eliminates the old dominant group and makes way for the new one. [ 31 ] [ 273 ] The fossil record appears to show that the gaps between mass extinctions are becoming longer and that the average and background rates of extinction are decreasing. Both of these phenomena could be explained in one or more ways: [ 274 ] The oceans may have become more hospitable to life over the last 500 Ma and less vulnerable to mass extinctions: dissolved oxygen became more widespread and penetrated to greater depths; the development of life on land reduced the run-off of nutrients and hence the risk of eutrophication and anoxic events; and marine ecosystems became more diversified so that food chains were less likely to be disrupted. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] Reasonably complete fossils are very rare, most extinct organisms are represented only by partial fossils, and complete fossils are rarest in the oldest rocks. So paleontologists have mistakenly assigned parts of the same organism to different genera, which were often defined solely to accommodate these finds—the story of Anomalocaris is an example of this. The risk of this mistake is higher for older fossils because these are often both unlike parts of any living organism and poorly conserved. Many of the "superfluous" genera are represented by fragments which are not found again and the "superfluous" genera appear to become extinct very quickly. [ 274 ] Biodiversity in the fossil record, which is "...the number of distinct genera alive at any given time; that is, those whose first occurrence predates and whose last occurrence postdates that time" [ 277 ] shows a different trend: a fairly swift rise from 542 to 400 Ma ; a slight decline from 400 to 200 Ma , in which the devastating Permian–Triassic extinction event is an important factor; and a swift rise from 200 Ma to the present. [ 277 ] See also History of evolutionary thought On the Origin of Species Phylogenetics Speciation Taxonomy of commonly fossilised invertebrates Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Viral evolution Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind Footnotes ^ Myxozoa were thought to be an exception, but are now thought to be heavily modified members of the Cnidaria . .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Jímenez-Guri, Eva; Philippe, Hervé; Okamura, Beth; et al. (July 6, 2007). " Buddenbrockia Is a Cnidarian Worm". Science . 317 (5834): 116– 118. Bibcode : 2007Sci...317..116J . doi : 10.1126/science.1142024 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 17615357 . S2CID 5170702 . References ^ a b Pearce, Ben K. D.; Tupper, Andrew S.; Pudritz, Ralph E. ; et al. (March 1, 2018). "Constraining the Time Interval for the Origin of Life on Earth". Astrobiology . 18 (3): 343– 364. arXiv : 1808.09460 . Bibcode : 2018AsBio..18..343P . doi : 10.1089/ast.2017.1674 . ISSN 1531-1074 . PMID 29570409 . S2CID 4419671 . ^ a b Rosing, Minik T. (January 29, 1999). " 13 C-Depleted Carbon Microparticles in >3700-Ma Sea-Floor Sedimentary Rocks from West Greenland". Science . 283 (5402): 674– 676. Bibcode : 1999Sci...283..674R . doi : 10.1126/science.283.5402.674 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 9924024 . ^ a b Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; et al. (January 2014). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks". Nature Geoscience . 7 (1): 25– 28. Bibcode : 2014NatGe...7...25O . doi : 10.1038/ngeo2025 . ISSN 1752-0894 . ^ Futuyma 2005 ^ Nutman, Allen P.; Bennett, Vickie C.; Friend, Clark R. L.; et al. (September 22, 2016). "Rapid emergence of life shown by discovery of 3,700-million-year-old microbial structures" (PDF) . Nature . 537 (7621): 535– 538. Bibcode : 2016Natur.537..535N . doi : 10.1038/nature19355 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 27580034 . S2CID 205250494 . Archived from the original on 2020-01-02 . Retrieved 2020-02-17 . ^ Borenstein, Seth (October 19, 2015). "Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2018-07-12 . Retrieved 2020-02-17 . ^ a b Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnke, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (November 24, 2015). "Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon" (PDF) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 112 (47): 14518– 14521. Bibcode : 2015PNAS..11214518B . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1517557112 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 4664351 . PMID 26483481 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-13 . Retrieved 2020-02-14 . ^ a b Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; et al. (March 2, 2017). "Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates" (PDF) . Nature . 543 (7643): 60– 64. Bibcode : 2017Natur.543...60D . doi : 10.1038/nature21377 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 28252057 . S2CID 2420384 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-02-13 . Retrieved 2020-02-18 . ^ Zimmer, Carl (March 1, 2017). "Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest" . Matter. The New York Times . New York. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 2020-01-04 . Retrieved 2017-03-02 . "A version of this article appears in print on March 2, 2017, Section A, Page 9 of the New York edition with the headline: Artful Squiggles in Rocks May Be Earth's Oldest Fossils." ^ Papineau, Dominic; De Gregorio, Bradley T.; Cody, George D.; et al. (June 2011). "Young poorly crystalline graphite in the >3.8-Gyr-old Nuvvuagittuq banded iron formation". Nature Geoscience . 4 (6): 376– 379. Bibcode : 2011NatGe...4..376P . doi : 10.1038/ngeo1155 . ISSN 1752-0894 . ^ Nemchin, Alexander A.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Menneken, Martina; et al. (July 3, 2008). "A light carbon reservoir recorded in zircon-hosted diamond from the Jack Hills". Nature . 454 (7200): 92– 95. Bibcode : 2008Natur.454...92N . doi : 10.1038/nature07102 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 18596808 . S2CID 4415308 . ^ a b c Nisbet, Euan G.; Fowler, C. M. R. (December 7, 1999). "Archaean metabolic evolution of microbial mats" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 266 (1436): 2375– 2382. Bibcode : 1999PBioS.266.2375N . doi : 10.1098/rspb.1999.0934 . ISSN 0962-8452 . PMC 1690475 . ^ Anbar, Ariel D.; Yun, Duan; Lyons, Timothy W.; et al. (September 28, 2007). "A Whiff of Oxygen Before the Great Oxidation Event?". Science . 317 (5846): 1903– 1906. Bibcode : 2007Sci...317.1903A . doi : 10.1126/science.1140325 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 17901330 . S2CID 25260892 . ^ Knoll, Andrew H. ; Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Hewitt, David; et al. (June 29, 2006). "Eukaryotic organisms in Proterozoic oceans" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 361 (1470): 1023– 1038. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2006.1843 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1578724 . PMID 16754612 . ^ a b c d e f Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (March 31, 2003). "The origin of the Metazoa in the light of the Proterozoic fossil record" (PDF) . Paleontological Research . 7 (1): 9– 41. Bibcode : 2003PalRe...7....9F . doi : 10.2517/prpsj.7.9 . ISSN 1342-8144 . S2CID 55178329 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26 . Retrieved 2008-09-02 . ^ a b c Bonner, John Tyler (January 7, 1998). "The origins of multicellularity". Integrative Biology . 1 (1): 27– 36. doi : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:1<27::AID-INBI4>3.0.CO;2-6 . ISSN 1757-9694 . ^ Otto, Sarah P. ; Lenormand, Thomas (April 1, 2002). "Resolving the paradox of sex and recombination". Nature Reviews Genetics . 3 (4): 252– 261. doi : 10.1038/nrg761 . ISSN 1471-0056 . PMID 11967550 . S2CID 13502795 . ^ Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer . "iTOL: Interactive Tree of Life" . Heidelberg, Germany: European Molecular Biology Laboratory . Archived from the original on 2022-06-10 . Retrieved 2015-07-21 . Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (January 1, 2007). "Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation" (PDF) . Bioinformatics . 23 (1): 127– 128. doi : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529 . ISSN 1367-4803 . PMID 17050570 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-19 . Retrieved 2015-07-21 . Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (July 1, 2011). "Interactive Tree Of Life v2: online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy" (PDF) . Nucleic Acids Research . 39 (Suppl. 2): W475 – W478 . doi : 10.1093/nar/gkr201 . ISSN 0305-1048 . PMC 3125724 . PMID 21470960 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-01 . Retrieved 2015-07-21 . Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (January 1, 2007). "Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL): an online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation" (PDF) . Bioinformatics . 23 (1): 127– 128. doi : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl529 . ISSN 1367-4803 . PMID 17050570 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-19 . Retrieved 2015-07-21 . Letunic, Ivica; Bork, Peer (July 1, 2011). "Interactive Tree Of Life v2: online annotation and display of phylogenetic trees made easy" (PDF) . Nucleic Acids Research . 39 (Suppl. 2): W475 – W478 . doi : 10.1093/nar/gkr201 . ISSN 0305-1048 . PMC 3125724 . PMID 21470960 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-01 . Retrieved 2015-07-21 . ^ Strother, Paul K.; Battison, Leila; Brasier, Martin D. ; et al. (May 26, 2011). "Earth's earliest non-marine eukaryotes". Nature . 473 (7348): 505– 509. Bibcode : 2011Natur.473..505S . doi : 10.1038/nature09943 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 21490597 . S2CID 4418860 . ^ Beraldi-Campesi, Hugo (February 23, 2013). "Early life on land and the first terrestrial ecosystems" . Ecological Processes . 2 (1) 1: 1– 17. Bibcode : 2013EcoPr...2....1B . doi : 10.1186/2192-1709-2-1 . ISSN 2192-1709 . ^ a b c Algeo, Thomas J.; Scheckler, Stephen E. (January 29, 1998). "Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 353 (1365): 113– 130. doi : 10.1098/rstb.1998.0195 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1692181 . ^ Fedonkin, Mikhail A. ; Simonetta, Alberto; Ivantsov, Andrei Yu (January 1, 2007). "New data on Kimberella , the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications" (PDF) . Geological Society Special Publications . 286 (1): 157– 179. Bibcode : 2007GSLSP.286..157F . doi : 10.1144/SP286.12 . ISSN 0375-6440 . S2CID 331187 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-11 . Retrieved 2020-02-18 . ^ Jun-Yuan, Chen; Oliveri, Paola; Chia-Wei, Li; et al. (April 25, 2000). "Precambrian animal diversity: Putative phosphatized embryos from the Doushantuo Formation of China" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (9): 4457– 4462. Bibcode : 2000PNAS...97.4457C . doi : 10.1073/pnas.97.9.4457 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 18256 . PMID 10781044 . ^ a b D-G., Shu; H-L., Luo; Conway Morris, Simon ; et al. (November 4, 1999). "Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China" (PDF) . Nature . 402 (6757): 42– 46. Bibcode : 1999Natur.402...42S . doi : 10.1038/46965 . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 4402854 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26 . Retrieved 2015-01-22 . ^ Hoyt, Donald F. (February 17, 1997). "Synapsid Reptiles" . ZOO 138 Vertebrate Zoology (Lecture). Pomona, CA: California State Polytechnic University, Pomona . Archived from the original on 2009-05-20 . Retrieved 2015-01-22 . ^ Barry, Patrick L. (January 28, 2002). Phillips, Tony (ed.). "The Great Dying" . Science@NASA . Marshall Space Flight Center . Archived from the original on 2010-04-10 . Retrieved 2015-01-22 . ^ Tanner, Lawrence H.; Lucas, Spencer G. ; Chapman, Mary G. (March 2004). "Assessing the record and causes of Late Triassic extinctions" (PDF) . Earth-Science Reviews . 65 ( 1– 2): 103– 139. Bibcode : 2004ESRv...65..103T . doi : 10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00082-5 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-25 . Retrieved 2007-10-22 . ^ Benton 1997 ^ Fastovsky, David E.; Sheehan, Peter M. (March 2005). "The Extinction of the Dinosaurs in North America" (PDF) . GSA Today . 15 (3): 4– 10. doi : 10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015<4:TEOTDI>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 1052-5173 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-22 . Retrieved 2015-01-23 . ^ Roach, John (June 20, 2007). "Dinosaur Extinction Spurred Rise of Modern Mammals" . National Geographic News . Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2008-05-11 . Retrieved 2020-02-21 . Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Novacek, Michael J.; et al. (June 21, 2007). "Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary". Nature . 447 (7147): 1003– 1006. Bibcode : 2007Natur.447.1003W . doi : 10.1038/nature05854 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 17581585 . S2CID 4334424 . Wible, John R.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Novacek, Michael J.; et al. (June 21, 2007). "Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary". Nature . 447 (7147): 1003– 1006. Bibcode : 2007Natur.447.1003W . doi : 10.1038/nature05854 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 17581585 . S2CID 4334424 . ^ a b Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (May 1, 1999). "Major Patterns in the History of Carnivorous Mammals" . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 27 : 463– 493. Bibcode : 1999AREPS..27..463V . doi : 10.1146/annurev.earth.27.1.463 . ISSN 1545-4495 . Archived from the original on February 29, 2020 . Retrieved August 3, 2019 . ^ Dybas, Cheryl; Fryling, Kevin (May 2, 2016). "Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species: Largest analysis of microbial data reveals that 99.999 percent of all species remain undiscovered" (Press release). Alexandria, VA: National Science Foundation . News Release 16-052. Archived from the original on 2016-05-04 . Retrieved 2016-12-11 . "Our results show that this leaves 100,000 times more microorganisms awaiting discovery -- and 100 million to be fully explored. ^ Locey, Kenneth J.; Lennon, Jay T. (May 24, 2016). "Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 (21): 5970– 5975. Bibcode : 2016PNAS..113.5970L . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1521291113 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 4889364 . PMID 27140646 . ^ Chapman 2009 . ^ Novacek, Michael J. (November 8, 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future" . Sunday Review . The New York Times . New York. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 2014-11-10 . Retrieved 2014-12-25 . "A version of this article appears in print on November 9, 2014, Section SR, Page 6 of the New York edition with the headline: Prehistory's Brilliant Future." ^ "Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist" . Species 2000 ; Integrated Taxonomic Information System . 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-10-07 . Retrieved 2020-02-16 . ^ McKinney 1997 , p. 110 . ^ Stearns & Stearns 1999 , p. x . ^ Erwin, Douglas H. (December 19, 2015). "Early metazoan life: divergence, environment and ecology" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 370 (1684). Bibcode : 2015RSPTB.37050036E . doi : 10.1098/rstb.2015.0036 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 4650120 . PMID 26554036 . Article 20150036. ^ a b El Albani, Abderrazak ; Bengtson, Stefan; Canfield, Donald E. ; et al. (July 1, 2010). "Large colonial organisms with coordinated growth in oxygenated environments 2.1 Gyr ago". Nature . 466 (7302): 100– 104. Bibcode : 2010Natur.466..100A . doi : 10.1038/nature09166 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 20596019 . S2CID 4331375 . ^ Butterfield, Nicholas J. (2000). "Bangiomorpha pubescensn. Gen., n. Sp.: Implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes" . Paleobiology . 26 (3): 386– 404. Bibcode : 2000Pbio...26..386B . doi : 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2 . S2CID 36648568 . Archived from the original on 2020-11-12 . Retrieved 2022-11-09 . ^ Butterfield, Nicholas J. (September 2000). "Bangiomorpha pubescensn. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes" . Paleobiology . 26 (3): 386– 404. Bibcode : 2000Pbio...26..386B . doi : 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2 . S2CID 36648568 . Retrieved 22 December 2022 . ^ a b Dalrymple 1991 Newman 2007 Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved" . Geological Society Special Publication . 190 (1): 205– 221. Bibcode : 2001GSLSP.190..205D . doi : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 . ISSN 0375-6440 . S2CID 130092094 . Archived from the original on 2020-02-13 . Retrieved 2020-02-21 . Newman 2007 Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). "The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved" . Geological Society Special Publication . 190 (1): 205– 221. Bibcode : 2001GSLSP.190..205D . doi : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14 . ISSN 0375-6440 . S2CID 130092094 . Archived from the original on 2020-02-13 . Retrieved 2020-02-21 . ^ Makishima, Akio (2017-01-27). Origins of the Earth, Moon, and Life: An Interdisciplinary Approach . Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-812059-0 . ^ Belbruno, Edward; Gott III, J. Richard (March 2005). "Where Did the Moon Come From?" . The Astronomical Journal . 129 (3): 1724– 1745. arXiv : astro-ph/0405372 . Bibcode : 2005AJ....129.1724B . doi : 10.1086/427539 . ISSN 0004-6256 . ^ Lee, Der-Chuen; Halliday, Alex N. (December 1995). "Hafnium–tungsten chronometry and the timing of terrestrial core formation" . Nature . 378 (6559): 771– 774. Bibcode : 1995Natur.378..771L . doi : 10.1038/378771a0 . hdl : 2027.42/62600 . ISSN 0028-0836 . ^ Galimov, Erik M. ; Krivtsov, Anton M. (December 2005). "Origin of the Earth—Moon system" . Journal of Earth System Science . 114 (6): 593– 600. Bibcode : 2005JESS..114..593G . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.502.314 . doi : 10.1007/BF02715942 . ISSN 0253-4126 . S2CID 56094186 . Archived from the original on 2021-08-13 . Retrieved 2020-02-22 . ^ Thompson, Andrea (September 25, 2008). "Oldest Rocks on Earth Found" . Live Science . Watsonville, CA: Imaginova . Archived from the original on 2012-06-12 . Retrieved 2015-01-23 . ^ a b Cohen, Barbara A. ; Swindle, Timothy D.; Kring, David A. (December 1, 2000). "Support for the Lunar Cataclysm Hypothesis from Lunar Meteorite Impact Melt Ages". Science . 290 (5497): 1754– 1756. Bibcode : 2000Sci...290.1754C . doi : 10.1126/science.290.5497.1754 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 11099411 . ^ "Early Earth Likely Had Continents And Was Habitable" (Press release). Boulder, CO: University of Colorado . November 17, 2005. Archived from the original on 2015-01-24 . Retrieved 2015-01-23 . Harrison, T. Mark; Blichert-Toft, Janne ; Müller, Wolfgang; et al. (December 23, 2005). "Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga" . Science . 310 (5756): 1947– 1950. Bibcode : 2005Sci...310.1947H . doi : 10.1126/science.1117926 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 16293721 . Harrison, T. Mark; Blichert-Toft, Janne ; Müller, Wolfgang; et al. (December 23, 2005). "Heterogeneous Hadean Hafnium: Evidence of Continental Crust at 4.4 to 4.5 Ga" . Science . 310 (5756): 1947– 1950. Bibcode : 2005Sci...310.1947H . doi : 10.1126/science.1117926 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 16293721 . ^ Cavosie, Aaron J.; Valley, John W.; Wilde, Simon A.; Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility (July 15, 2005). "Magmatic δ 18 O in 4400–3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 235 ( 3– 4): 663– 681. Bibcode : 2005E&PSL.235..663C . doi : 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028 . ISSN 0012-821X . ^ a b c Garwood, Russell J. (2012). "Patterns In Palaeontology: The first 3 billion years of evolution" . Palaeontology Online . 2 (Article 11): 1– 14. Archived from the original on 2012-12-09 . Retrieved 2020-02-25 . ^ Britt, Robert Roy (July 24, 2002). "Evidence for Ancient Bombardment of Earth" . Space.com . Watsonville, CA: Imaginova . Archived from the original on 2006-04-15 . Retrieved 2015-01-23 . ^ Valley, John W.; Peck, William H.; King, Elizabeth M.; et al. (April 1, 2002). "A cool early Earth" (PDF) . Geology . 30 (4): 351– 354. Bibcode : 2002Geo....30..351V . doi : 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0351:ACEE>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0091-7613 . PMID 16196254 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-12-16 . Retrieved 2008-09-13 . ^ Dauphas, Nicolas; Robert, François ; Marty, Bernard (December 2000). "The Late Asteroidal and Cometary Bombardment of Earth as Recorded in Water Deuterium to Protium Ratio". Icarus . 148 (2): 508– 512. Bibcode : 2000Icar..148..508D . doi : 10.1006/icar.2000.6489 . ISSN 0019-1035 . ^ Scalice, Daniella (May 20, 2009). Fletcher, Julie (ed.). "Microbial Habitability During the Late Heavy Bombardment" . Astrobiology . Mountain View, CA: NASA Astrobiology Program . Archived from the original on 2015-01-24 . Retrieved 2020-02-25 . Abramov, Oleg; Mojzsis, Stephen J. (May 21, 2009). "Microbial habitability of the Hadean Earth during the late heavy bombardment". Nature . 459 (7245): 419– 422. Bibcode : 2009Natur.459..419A . doi : 10.1038/nature08015 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 19458721 . S2CID 3304147 . Abramov, Oleg; Mojzsis, Stephen J. (May 21, 2009). "Microbial habitability of the Hadean Earth during the late heavy bombardment". Nature . 459 (7245): 419– 422. Bibcode : 2009Natur.459..419A . doi : 10.1038/nature08015 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 19458721 . S2CID 3304147 . ^ a b Brasier, Martin ; McLoughlin, Nicola; Green, Owen; et al. (June 2006). "A fresh look at the fossil evidence for early Archaean cellular life" (PDF) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 361 (1470): 887– 902. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2006.1835 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1578727 . PMID 16754605 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-07-30 . Retrieved 2008-08-30 . ^ Schopf, J. William (April 30, 1993). "Microfossils of the Early Archean Apex Chert: New Evidence of the Antiquity of Life". Science . 260 (5108): 640– 646. Bibcode : 1993Sci...260..640S . doi : 10.1126/science.260.5108.640 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 11539831 . S2CID 2109914 . Altermann, Wladyslaw; Kazmierczak, Józef (November 2003). "Archean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth" . Research in Microbiology . 154 (9): 611– 617. doi : 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.006 . ISSN 0923-2508 . PMID 14596897 . Altermann, Wladyslaw; Kazmierczak, Józef (November 2003). "Archean microfossils: a reappraisal of early life on Earth" . Research in Microbiology . 154 (9): 611– 617. doi : 10.1016/j.resmic.2003.08.006 . ISSN 0923-2508 . PMID 14596897 . ^ Mojzsis, Stephen J.; Arrhenius, Gustaf; McKeegan, Kevin D.; et al. (November 7, 1996). "Evidence for life on Earth before 3,800 million years ago". Nature . 384 (6604): 55– 59. Bibcode : 1996Natur.384...55M . doi : 10.1038/384055a0 . hdl : 2060/19980037618 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 8900275 . S2CID 4342620 . ^ a b Grotzinger, John P. ; Rothman, Daniel H. (October 3, 1996). "An abiotic model for stromatolite morphogenesis". Nature . 383 (6599): 423– 425. Bibcode : 1996Natur.383..423G . doi : 10.1038/383423a0 . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 4325802 . ^ Fedo, Christopher M.; Whitehouse, Martin J. (May 24, 2002). "Metasomatic Origin of Quartz-Pyroxene Rock, Akilia, Greenland, and Implications for Earth's Earliest Life". Science . 296 (5572): 1448– 1452. Bibcode : 2002Sci...296.1448F . doi : 10.1126/science.1070336 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 12029129 . S2CID 10367088 . Lepland, Aivo; van Zuilen, Mark A.; Arrhenius, Gustaf; et al. (January 2005). "Questioning the evidence for Earth's earliest life—Akilia revisited". Geology . 33 (1): 77– 79. Bibcode : 2005Geo....33...77L . doi : 10.1130/G20890.1 . ISSN 0091-7613 . Lepland, Aivo; van Zuilen, Mark A.; Arrhenius, Gustaf; et al. (January 2005). "Questioning the evidence for Earth's earliest life—Akilia revisited". Geology . 33 (1): 77– 79. Bibcode : 2005Geo....33...77L . doi : 10.1130/G20890.1 . ISSN 0091-7613 . ^ Schopf, J. William (June 29, 2006). "Fossil evidence of Archaean life" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 361 (1470): 869– 885. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2006.1834 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1578735 . PMID 16754604 . ^ Drake, Nadia (March 1, 2017). "This May Be the Oldest Known Sign of Life on Earth" . National Geographic News . Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 2019-10-23 . Retrieved 2020-02-26 . ^ Ciccarelli, Francesca D.; Doerks, Tobias; von Mering, Christian; et al. (March 3, 2006). "Toward Automatic Reconstruction of a Highly Resolved Tree of Life" (PDF) . Science . 311 (5765): 1283– 1287. Bibcode : 2006Sci...311.1283C . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.381.9514 . doi : 10.1126/science.1123061 . PMID 16513982 . S2CID 1615592 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-24. ^ Mason, Stephen F. (September 6, 1984). "Origins of biomolecular handedness". Nature . 311 (5981): 19– 23. Bibcode : 1984Natur.311...19M . doi : 10.1038/311019a0 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 6472461 . S2CID 103653 . ^ Orgel, Leslie E. (October 1994). "The Origin of Life on the Earth" (PDF) . Scientific American . Vol. 271, no. 4. pp. 76– 83. Bibcode : 1994SciAm.271d..76O . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican1094-76 . ISSN 0036-8733 . PMID 7524147 . Archived from the original on 2001-01-24 . Retrieved 2008-08-30 . ^ a b Kandler, Otto (1994). "The early diversification of life". In Bengtson, Stefan (ed.). Early Life on Earth. Nobel Symposium 84 . New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 152– 160. ISBN 978-0-231-08088-0 . Archived from the original on 2023-04-08 . Retrieved 2023-03-19 . ^ a b Kandler, Otto (1995). "Cell Wall Biochemistry in Archaea and its Phylogenetic Implications". Journal of Biological Physics . 20 ( 1– 4): 165– 169. doi : 10.1007/BF00700433 . S2CID 83906865 . ^ a b c d e Kandler, Otto (1998). "The early diversification of life and the origin of the three domains: A proposal" . In Wiegel, Jürgen; Adams, Michael W. W. (eds.). Thermophiles: The keys to molecular evolution and the origin of life? . London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 19– 31. ISBN 978-0-203-48420-3 . Archived from the original on 2023-02-25 . Retrieved 2023-01-29 . ^ a b c Wächtershäuser, Günter (August 25, 2000). "Life as We Don't Know It". Science . 289 (5483): 1307– 1308. Bibcode : 2000Sci...289.1307W . doi : 10.1126/science.289.5483.1307 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 10979855 . S2CID 170713742 . ^ a b Woese, Carl R. ; Kandler, Otto ; Wheelis, Mark (1990). "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 87 (12): 4576– 4579. Bibcode : 1990PNAS...87.4576W . doi : 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 . PMC 54159 . PMID 2112744 . ^ Bennett 2008 , pp. 82–85 ^ Schulze-Makuch, Dirk ; Irwin, Louis N. (April 2006). "The prospect of alien life in exotic forms on other worlds". Naturwissenschaften . 93 (4): 155– 172. Bibcode : 2006NW.....93..155S . doi : 10.1007/s00114-005-0078-6 . ISSN 0028-1042 . PMID 16525788 . S2CID 3207913 . ^ Peretó, Juli (March 2005). "Controversies on the origin of life" (PDF) . International Microbiology . 8 (1): 23– 31. ISSN 1139-6709 . PMID 15906258 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-04 . Retrieved 2007-10-07 . ^ Szathmáry, Eörs (February 3, 2005). "In search of the simplest cell". Nature . 433 (7025): 469– 470. Bibcode : 2005Natur.433..469S . doi : 10.1038/433469a . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 15690023 . S2CID 4360797 . ^ Luisi, Pier Luigi ; Ferri, Francesca; Stano, Pasquale (January 2006). "Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review". Naturwissenschaften . 93 (1): 1– 13. Bibcode : 2006NW.....93....1L . doi : 10.1007/s00114-005-0056-z . ISSN 0028-1042 . PMID 16292523 . S2CID 16567006 . ^ Joyce, Gerald F. (July 11, 2002). "The antiquity of RNA-based evolution". Nature . 418 (6894): 214– 221. Bibcode : 2002Natur.418..214J . doi : 10.1038/418214a . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 12110897 . S2CID 4331004 . ^ a b Hoenigsberg, Hugo (December 30, 2003). "Evolution without speciation but with selection: LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor in Gilbert's RNA world" . Genetics and Molecular Research . 2 (4): 366– 375. ISSN 1676-5680 . PMID 15011140 . Archived from the original on 2004-06-02 . Retrieved 2008-08-30 . ^ Trevors, Jack T.; Abel, David L. (November 2004). "Chance and necessity do not explain the origin of life". Cell Biology International . 28 (11): 729– 739. doi : 10.1016/j.cellbi.2004.06.006 . ISSN 1065-6995 . PMID 15563395 . S2CID 30633352 . ^ Forterre, Patrick ; Benachenhou-Lahfa, Nadia; Confalonieri, Fabrice; et al. (1992). Adoutte, André; Perasso, Roland (eds.). "The nature of the last universal ancestor and the root of the tree of life, still open questions". BioSystems . 28 ( 1– 3): 15– 32. Bibcode : 1992BiSys..28...15F . doi : 10.1016/0303-2647(92)90004-I . ISSN 0303-2647 . PMID 1337989 . Part of a special issue: 9th Meeting of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology, July 3–7, 1992, Orsay, France. ^ Cech, Thomas R. (August 11, 2000). "The Ribosome Is a Ribozyme". Science . 289 (5481): 878– 879. Bibcode : 2000Sci...289..878C . doi : 10.1126/science.289.5481.878 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 10960319 . S2CID 24172338 . ^ Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E. ; Semenov, Dmitry A.; et al. (October 24, 2017). "Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 114 (43): 11327– 11332. arXiv : 1710.00434 . Bibcode : 2017PNAS..11411327P . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1710339114 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 5664528 . PMID 28973920 . ^ Johnston, Wendy K.; Unrau, Peter J.; Lawrence, Michael S.; et al. (May 18, 2001). "RNA-Catalyzed RNA Polymerization: Accurate and General RNA-Templated Primer Extension" (PDF) . Science . 292 (5520): 1319– 1325. Bibcode : 2001Sci...292.1319J . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.70.5439 . doi : 10.1126/science.1060786 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 11358999 . S2CID 14174984 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2006-09-09. ^ a b Levy, Matthew; Miller, Stanley L. (July 7, 1998). "The stability of the RNA bases: Implications for the origin of life" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (14): 7933– 7938. Bibcode : 1998PNAS...95.7933L . doi : 10.1073/pnas.95.14.7933 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 20907 . PMID 9653118 . Larralde, Rosa; Robertson, Michael P.; Miller, Stanley L. (August 29, 1995). "Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: Implications for chemical evolution" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (18): 8158– 8160. Bibcode : 1995PNAS...92.8158L . doi : 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 41115 . PMID 7667262 . Lindahl, Tomas (April 22, 1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature . 362 (6422): 709– 715. Bibcode : 1993Natur.362..709L . doi : 10.1038/362709a0 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 8469282 . S2CID 4283694 . Larralde, Rosa; Robertson, Michael P.; Miller, Stanley L. (August 29, 1995). "Rates of decomposition of ribose and other sugars: Implications for chemical evolution" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (18): 8158– 8160. Bibcode : 1995PNAS...92.8158L . doi : 10.1073/pnas.92.18.8158 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 41115 . PMID 7667262 . Lindahl, Tomas (April 22, 1993). "Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA". Nature . 362 (6422): 709– 715. Bibcode : 1993Natur.362..709L . doi : 10.1038/362709a0 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 8469282 . S2CID 4283694 . ^ Orgel, Leslie E. (November 17, 2000). "A Simpler Nucleic Acid". Science . 290 (5495): 1306– 1307. doi : 10.1126/science.290.5495.1306 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 11185405 . S2CID 83662769 . ^ Nelson, Kevin E.; Levy, Matthew; Miller, Stanley L. (April 11, 2000). "Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been the first genetic molecule" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (8): 3868– 3871. Bibcode : 2000PNAS...97.3868N . doi : 10.1073/pnas.97.8.3868 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 18108 . PMID 10760258 . ^ Martin, William ; Russell, Michael J. (January 29, 2003). "On the origins of cells: a hypothesis for the evolutionary transitions from abiotic geochemistry to chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, and from prokaryotes to nucleated cells" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 358 (1429): 59– 85. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2002.1183 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1693102 . PMID 12594918 . ^ Trevors, Jack T.; Psenner, Roland (December 2001). "From self-assembly of life to present-day bacteria: a possible role for nanocells" . FEMS Microbiology Reviews . 25 (5): 573– 582. doi : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2001.tb00592.x . ISSN 0168-6445 . PMID 11742692 . ^ Segré, Daniel; Ben-Eli, Dafna; Deamer, David W. ; et al. (February 2001). "The Lipid World" (PDF) . Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres . 31 ( 1– 2): 119– 145. Bibcode : 2001OLEB...31..119S . doi : 10.1023/A:1006746807104 . ISSN 0169-6149 . PMID 11296516 . S2CID 10959497 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-06-26 . Retrieved 2020-02-28 . ^ Cairns-Smith 1968 , pp. 57–66 ^ Ferris, James P. (June 1999). "Prebiotic Synthesis on Minerals: Bridging the Prebiotic and RNA Worlds". The Biological Bulletin . 196 (3): 311– 314. doi : 10.2307/1542957 . ISSN 0006-3185 . JSTOR 1542957 . PMID 10390828 . "This paper was originally presented at a workshop titled Evolution: A Molecular Point of View ." ^ Hanczyc, Martin M.; Fujikawa, Shelly M.; Szostak, Jack W. (October 24, 2003). "Experimental Models of Primitive Cellular Compartments: Encapsulation, Growth, and Division" . Science . 302 (5645): 618– 622. Bibcode : 2003Sci...302..618H . doi : 10.1126/science.1089904 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMC 4484575 . PMID 14576428 . ^ Hartman, Hyman (October 1998). "Photosynthesis and the Origin of Life". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres . 28 ( 4– 6): 512– 521. Bibcode : 1998OLEB...28..515H . doi : 10.1023/A:1006548904157 . ISSN 0169-6149 . PMID 11536891 . S2CID 2464 . ^ Deamer, David (February 10, 2021). "Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions" . Life . 11 (2): 134. Bibcode : 2021Life...11..134D . doi : 10.3390/life11020134 . ISSN 2075-1729 . PMC 7916457 . PMID 33578711 . ^ a b c d Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01). "The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life" . Astrobiology . 20 (4): 429– 452. Bibcode : 2020AsBio..20..429D . doi : 10.1089/ast.2019.2045 . ISSN 1531-1074 . PMC 7133448 . PMID 31841362 . ^ Des Marais, David J.; Walter, Malcolm R. (2019-12-01). "Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction" . Astrobiology . 19 (12): 1419– 1432. Bibcode : 2019AsBio..19.1419D . doi : 10.1089/ast.2018.1976 . ISSN 1531-1074 . PMC 6918855 . PMID 31424278 . ^ a b Mulkidjanian, Armen Y.; Bychkov, Andrew Yu.; Dibrova, Daria V.; Galperin, Michael Y.; Koonin, Eugene V. (2012-04-03). "Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 (14): E821-30. Bibcode : 2012PNAS..109E.821M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1117774109 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 3325685 . PMID 22331915 . ^ Patel, Bhavesh H.; Percivalle, Claudia; Ritson, Dougal J.; Duffy, Colm D.; Sutherland, John D. (March 16, 2015). "Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism" . Nature Chemistry . 7 (4): 301– 307. Bibcode : 2015NatCh...7..301P . doi : 10.1038/nchem.2202 . ISSN 1755-4349 . PMC 4568310 . PMID 25803468 . ^ Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Baumgartner, Raphael; Djokic, Tara; Ota, Tsutomu; Steller, Luke; Garbe, Ulf; Nakamura, Eizo (2021-01-01). "Elements for the Origin of Life on Land: A Deep-Time Perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia" . Astrobiology . 21 (1): 39– 59. Bibcode : 2021AsBio..21...39V . doi : 10.1089/ast.2019.2107 . ISSN 1531-1074 . PMID 33404294 . S2CID 230783184 . Archived from the original on 2023-07-16 . Retrieved 2022-10-07 . ^ Milshteyn, Daniel; Damer, Bruce; Havig, Jeff; Deamer, David (2018-05-10). "Amphiphilic Compounds Assemble into Membranous Vesicles in Hydrothermal Hot Spring Water but Not in Seawater" . Life . 8 (2): 11. Bibcode : 2018Life....8...11M . doi : 10.3390/life8020011 . ISSN 2075-1729 . PMC 6027054 . PMID 29748464 . ^ a b c d e f g h Toner, Jonathan D.; Catling, David C. (2020-01-14). "A carbonate-rich lake solution to the phosphate problem of the origin of life" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 117 (2): 883– 888. Bibcode : 2020PNAS..117..883T . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1916109117 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 6969521 . PMID 31888981 . ^ "Origin of life: Chemistry of seabed's hot vents could explain emergence of life" . ScienceDaily . Archived from the original on 2022-10-07 . Retrieved 2022-10-07 . ^ Burcar, Bradley T.; Barge, Laura M.; Trail, Dustin; Watson, E. Bruce; Russell, Michael J.; McGown, Linda B. (2015-07-01). "RNA Oligomerization in Laboratory Analogues of Alkaline Hydrothermal Vent Systems" . Astrobiology . 15 (7): 509– 522. Bibcode : 2015AsBio..15..509B . doi : 10.1089/ast.2014.1280 . ISSN 1531-1074 . PMID 26154881 . Archived from the original on 2020-06-03 . Retrieved 2022-10-07 . ^ a b c Harrison, Stuart A.; Palmeira, Raquel Nunes; Halpern, Aaron; Lane, Nick (2022-11-01). "A biophysical basis for the emergence of the genetic code in protocells" . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics . 1863 (8) 148597. doi : 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148597 . ISSN 0005-2728 . PMID 35868450 . S2CID 250707510 . ^ Jordan, Sean F.; Rammu, Hanadi; Zheludev, Ivan N.; Hartley, Andrew M.; Maréchal, Amandine; Lane, Nick (November 4, 2019). "Promotion of protocell self-assembly from mixed amphiphiles at the origin of life" (PDF) . Nature Ecology & Evolution . 3 (12): 1705– 1714. Bibcode : 2019NatEE...3.1705J . doi : 10.1038/s41559-019-1015-y . ISSN 2397-334X . PMID 31686020 . S2CID 207891212 . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022 . Retrieved October 10, 2022 . ^ Colín-García, María; Heredia, Alejandro; Cordero, Guadalupe; Camprubí, Antoni; Negrón-Mendoza, Alicia; Ortega-Gutiérrez, Fernando; Beraldi, Hugo; Ramos-Bernal, Sergio (2016). "Hydrothermal vents and prebiotic chemistry: a review" . Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana . Archived from the original on 2017-08-18 . Retrieved 2022-10-07 . ^ Lane, Nick; Allen, John F.; Martin, William (2010-01-27). "How did LUCA make a living? Chemiosmosis in the origin of life" . BioEssays . 32 (4): 271– 280. doi : 10.1002/bies.200900131 . PMID 20108228 . Archived from the original on 2022-10-24 . Retrieved 2022-10-24 . ^ Westall, F.; Hickman-Lewis, K.; Hinman, N.; Gautret, P.; Campbell, K.a.; Bréhéret, J.g.; Foucher, F.; Hubert, A.; Sorieul, S.; Dass, A.v.; Kee, T.p.; Georgelin, T.; Brack, A. (2018-03-01). "A Hydrothermal-Sedimentary Context for the Origin of Life" . Astrobiology . 18 (3): 259– 293. Bibcode : 2018AsBio..18..259W . doi : 10.1089/ast.2017.1680 . ISSN 1531-1074 . PMC 5867533 . PMID 29489386 . ^ Lane, Nick; Martin, William F. (2012-12-21). "The Origin of Membrane Bioenergetics" . Cell . 151 (7): 1406– 1416. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.050 . ISSN 0092-8674 . PMID 23260134 . S2CID 15028935 . ^ Baaske, Philipp; Weinert, Franz M.; Duhr, Stefan; Lemke, Kono H.; Russell, Michael J.; Braun, Dieter (2007-05-29). "Extreme accumulation of nucleotides in simulated hydrothermal pore systems" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 104 (22): 9346– 9351. Bibcode : 2007PNAS..104.9346B . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0609592104 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 1890497 . PMID 17494767 . ^ Weiss, Madeline C.; Sousa, Filipa L.; Mrnjavac, Natalia; Neukirchen, Sinje; Roettger, Mayo; Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Martin, William F. (2016-07-25). "The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor" (PDF) . Nature Microbiology . 1 (9): 16116. doi : 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.116 . ISSN 2058-5276 . PMID 27562259 . S2CID 2997255 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-29 . Retrieved 2022-10-24 . ^ Weiss, Madeline C.; Preiner, Martina; Xavier, Joana C.; Zimorski, Verena; Martin, William F. (2018-08-16). "The last universal common ancestor between ancient Earth chemistry and the onset of genetics" . PLOS Genetics . 14 (8) e1007518. doi : 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007518 . ISSN 1553-7404 . PMC 6095482 . PMID 30114187 . ^ Harrison, Stuart A.; Lane, Nick (2018-12-12). "Life as a guide to prebiotic nucleotide synthesis" . Nature Communications . 9 (1): 5176. Bibcode : 2018NatCo...9.5176H . doi : 10.1038/s41467-018-07220-y . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMC 6289992 . PMID 30538225 . ^ a b Schwartz, Alan W. (2006-09-07). "Phosphorus in prebiotic chemistry" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 361 (1474): 1743– 1749. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2006.1901 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1664685 . PMID 17008215 . ^ a b Nathan, Yaacov; Sass, Eytan (November 1981). "Stability relations of apatites and calcium carbonates". Chemical Geology . 34 ( 1– 2): 103– 111. Bibcode : 1981ChGeo..34..103N . doi : 10.1016/0009-2541(81)90075-9 . ISSN 0009-2541 . ^ Gulbrandsen, R. A. (1969-06-01). "Physical and chemical factors in the formation of marine apatite". Economic Geology . 64 (4): 365– 382. Bibcode : 1969EcGeo..64..365G . doi : 10.2113/gsecongeo.64.4.365 . ISSN 1554-0774 . ^ Zahnle, K.; Schaefer, L.; Fegley, B. (2010-06-23). "Earth's Earliest Atmospheres" . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 2 (10) a004895. Bibcode : 2010CSHPB...204895Z . doi : 10.1101/cshperspect.a004895 . ISSN 1943-0264 . PMC 2944365 . PMID 20573713 . ^ Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01). "The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life" . Astrobiology . 20 (4): 429– 452. Bibcode : 2020AsBio..20..429D . doi : 10.1089/ast.2019.2045 . ISSN 1531-1074 . PMC 7133448 . PMID 31841362 . ^ Ross, David; Deamer, David (2016-07-26). "Dry/Wet Cycling and the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Prebiotic Polymer Synthesis" . Life . 6 (3): 28. Bibcode : 2016Life....6...28R . doi : 10.3390/life6030028 . ISSN 2075-1729 . PMC 5041004 . PMID 27472365 . ^ O'Leary 2008 ^ a b Arrhenius 1980 , p. 32 ^ Hoyle, Fred ; Wickramasinghe, Nalin C. (November 1979). "On the Nature of Interstellar Grains". Astrophysics and Space Science . 66 (1): 77– 90. Bibcode : 1979Ap&SS..66...77H . doi : 10.1007/BF00648361 . ISSN 0004-640X . S2CID 115165958 . ^ a b Crick, Francis H. ; Orgel, Leslie E. (July 1973). "Directed Panspermia". Icarus . 19 (3): 341– 346. Bibcode : 1973Icar...19..341C . doi : 10.1016/0019-1035(73)90110-3 . ISSN 0019-1035 . ^ a b c Warmflash, David; Weiss, Benjamin (November 2005). "Did Life Come From Another World?". Scientific American . Vol. 293, no. 5. pp. 64– 71. Bibcode : 2005SciAm.293e..64W . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64 . ISSN 0036-8733 . PMID 16318028 . ^ Wickramasinghe, Nalin C. ; Wickramasinghe, Janaki T. (September 2008). "On the possibility of microbiota transfer from Venus to Earth". Astrophysics and Space Science . 317 ( 1– 2): 133– 137. Bibcode : 2008Ap&SS.317..133W . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.470.2347 . doi : 10.1007/s10509-008-9851-2 . ISSN 0004-640X . S2CID 14623053 . ^ Clancy, Brack & Horneck 2005 ^ Horneck, Gerda; Klaus, David M.; Mancinelli, Rocco L. (March 2010). "Space Microbiology" . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 74 (1): 121– 156. Bibcode : 2010MMBR...74..121H . doi : 10.1128/mmbr.00016-09 . PMC 2832349 . PMID 20197502 . ^ McKay, David S.; Gibson, Everett K.; Thomas-Keprta, Kathie L.; Vali, Hojatollah; Romanek, Christopher S.; Clemett, Simon J.; Chillier, Xavier D. F.; Maechling, Claude R.; Zare, Richard N. (1996-08-16). "Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001" . Science . 273 (5277): 924– 930. Bibcode : 1996Sci...273..924M . doi : 10.1126/science.273.5277.924 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 8688069 . S2CID 40690489 . Archived from the original on 2023-02-21 . Retrieved 2023-02-26 . ^ Than, Ker (August 23, 2007). "Claim of Martian Life Called 'Bogus' " . Space.com . Watsonville, CA: Imaginova . Archived from the original on 2011-05-08 . Retrieved 2015-01-25 . ^ a b Krumbein et al. 2003 , pp. 1–28 ^ a b Risatti, J. Bruno; Capman, William C.; Stahl, David A. (October 11, 1994). "Community structure of a microbial mat: The phylogenetic dimension" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 (21): 10173– 10177. Bibcode : 1994PNAS...9110173R . doi : 10.1073/pnas.91.21.10173 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 44980 . PMID 7937858 . ^ "Biodiversity rocks" . Nature (Editor's summary). 441 (7094). June 8, 2006. ISSN 0028-0836 . Archived from the original on 2006-06-19 . Retrieved 2020-03-03 . Awramik, Stanley M. (June 8, 2006). "Respect for stromatolites". Nature . 441 (7094): 700– 701. doi : 10.1038/441700a . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 16760962 . S2CID 4429617 . Allwood, Walter & Kamber et al. 2006 Awramik, Stanley M. (June 8, 2006). "Respect for stromatolites". Nature . 441 (7094): 700– 701. doi : 10.1038/441700a . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 16760962 . S2CID 4429617 . Allwood, Walter & Kamber et al. 2006 ^ Allwood, Abigail C.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Kamber, Balz S.; et al. (June 8, 2006). "Stromatolite reef from the Early Archaean era of Australia". Nature . 441 (7094): 714– 718. Bibcode : 2006Natur.441..714A . doi : 10.1038/nature04764 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 16760969 . S2CID 4417746 . ^ Abele, Doris (November 7, 2002). "Toxic oxygen: The radical life-giver" (PDF) . Nature . 420 (6911): 27. Bibcode : 2002Natur.420...27A . doi : 10.1038/420027a . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 12422197 . S2CID 4317378 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-05-12 . Retrieved 2020-03-03 . ^ Westerdahl, Becky B. (2007). "Introduction to Aerobic Respiration" . Biological Science 10V (Lecture). Davis, CA: University of California, Davis . Archived from the original on 2007-10-29 . Retrieved 2008-07-14 . Textbook used for lecture: Starr, Evers & Starr 2007 . Textbook used for lecture: Starr, Evers & Starr 2007 . ^ Blankenship, Robert E. (January 1, 2001). "Molecular evidence for the evolution of photosynthesis". Trends in Plant Science . 6 (1): 4– 6. Bibcode : 2001TPS.....6....4B . doi : 10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01831-8 . PMID 11164357 . ^ Hoehler, Tori M.; Bebout, Brad M.; Des Marais, David J. (July 19, 2001). "The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth". Nature . 412 (6844): 324– 327. Bibcode : 2001Natur.412..324H . doi : 10.1038/35085554 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 11460161 . S2CID 4365775 . ^ Goldblatt, Colin; Lenton, Timothy M. ; Watson, Andrew J. (2006). "The Great Oxidation at ~2.4 Ga as a bistability in atmospheric oxygen due to UV shielding by ozone" (PDF) . Geophysical Research Abstracts . 8 (770). ISSN 1029-7006 . SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU06-A-00770. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2007-09-26 . Retrieved 2020-03-05 . ^ a b Glansdorff, Nicolas; Ying, Xu; Labedan, Bernard (July 9, 2008). "The Last Universal Common Ancestor: emergence, constitution and genetic legacy of an elusive forerunner" . Biology Direct . 3 (29): 29. Bibcode : 2008BiDir...3...29G . doi : 10.1186/1745-6150-3-29 . ISSN 1745-6150 . PMC 2478661 . PMID 18613974 . ^ a b Brocks, Jochen J.; Logan, Graham A.; Buick, Roger; et al. (August 13, 1999). "Archean Molecular Fossils and the Early Rise of Eukaryotes". Science . 285 (5430): 1033– 1036. Bibcode : 1999Sci...285.1033B . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.516.9123 . doi : 10.1126/science.285.5430.1033 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 10446042 . ^ a b c Hedges, S. Blair ; Blair, Jaime E.; Venturi, Maria L.; et al. (January 28, 2004). "A molecular timescale of eukaryote evolution and the rise of complex multicellular life" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 4 2. doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-4-2 . ISSN 1471-2148 . PMC 341452 . PMID 15005799 . ^ Margulis 1981 ^ Vellai, Tibor; Vida, Gábor (August 7, 1999). "The origin of eukaryotes: the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 266 (1428): 1571– 1577. Bibcode : 1999PBioS.266.1571V . doi : 10.1098/rspb.1999.0817 . ISSN 0962-8452 . PMC 1690172 . PMID 10467746 . ^ Selosse, Marc-André; Abert, Béatrice; Godelle, Bernard (March 1, 2001). "Reducing the genome size of organelles favours gene transfer to the nucleus". Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 16 (3): 135– 141. doi : 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02084-X . ISSN 0169-5347 . PMID 11179577 . ^ Pisani, Davide; Cotton, James A.; McInerney, James O. (August 2007). "Supertrees Disentangle the Chimerical Origin of Eukaryotic Genomes" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 24 (8): 1752– 1760. doi : 10.1093/molbev/msm095 . ISSN 0737-4038 . PMID 17504772 . ^ Gray, Michael W.; Burger, Gertraud; Lang, B. Franz (March 5, 1999). "Mitochondrial Evolution" . Science . 283 (5407): 1476– 1481. Bibcode : 1999Sci...283.1476G . doi : 10.1126/science.283.5407.1476 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMC 3428767 . PMID 10066161 . Gray, Michael W. (September 2012). "Mitochondrial Evolution" . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 4 (9) a011403. Bibcode : 2012CSHPB...411403G . doi : 10.1101/cshperspect.a011403 . ISSN 1943-0264 . PMC 3428767 . PMID 22952398 . Gray, Michael W. (September 2012). "Mitochondrial Evolution" . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 4 (9) a011403. Bibcode : 2012CSHPB...411403G . doi : 10.1101/cshperspect.a011403 . ISSN 1943-0264 . PMC 3428767 . PMID 22952398 . ^ Rasmussen, Birger; Fletcher, Ian R.; Brocks, Jochen J.; et al. (October 23, 2008). "Reassessing the first appearance of eukaryotes and cyanobacteria". Nature . 455 (7216): 1101– 1104. Bibcode : 2008Natur.455.1101R . doi : 10.1038/nature07381 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 18948954 . S2CID 4372071 . ^ Tsu-Ming, Han; Runnegar, Bruce (July 10, 1992). "Megascopic eukaryotic algae from the 2.1-billion-year-old negaunee iron-formation, Michigan". Science . 257 (5067): 232– 235. Bibcode : 1992Sci...257..232H . doi : 10.1126/science.1631544 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 1631544 . ^ Javaux, Emmanuelle J.; Knoll, Andrew H. ; Walter, Malcolm R. (July 2004). "TEM evidence for eukaryotic diversity in mid-Proterozoic oceans". Geobiology . 2 (3): 121– 132. Bibcode : 2004Gbio....2..121J . doi : 10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00027.x . ISSN 1472-4677 . S2CID 53600639 . ^ a b Butterfield, Nicholas J. (Winter 2005). "Probable Proterozoic fungi" . Paleobiology . 31 (1): 165– 182. Bibcode : 2005Pbio...31..165B . doi : 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0165:PPF>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0094-8373 . S2CID 86332371 . Archived from the original on 2018-12-23 . Retrieved 2020-03-10 . ^ Wise, Robert R. (2006). "1. The Diversity of Plastid Form and Function". Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration . Vol. 23. Springer. pp. 3– 26. doi : 10.1007/978-1-4020-4061-0_1 . ISBN 978-1-4020-4060-3 . ^ a b c d e Neiman, Maurine; Jokela, Jukka (2010). "Sex: Advantage". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . doi : 10.1002/9780470015902.a0001716.pub2 . ISBN 978-0-470-01617-6 . ^ Holmes & Jobling 1996 ^ Christie, Peter J. (April 2001). "Type IV secretion: intercellular transfer of macromolecules by systems ancestrally related to conjugation machines" . Molecular Microbiology . 40 (2): 294– 305. doi : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02302.x . ISSN 0950-382X . PMC 3922410 . PMID 11309113 . ^ Michod, Richard E.; Bernstein, Harris; Nedelcu, Aurora M. (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens" (PDF) . Infection, Genetics and Evolution . 8 (3): 267– 285. Bibcode : 2008InfGE...8..267M . doi : 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002 . ISSN 1567-1348 . PMID 18295550 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-11 . Retrieved 2013-07-21 . ^ Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol (July 2010). "Evolutionary Origin of Recombination during Meiosis". BioScience . 60 (7): 498– 505. Bibcode : 2010BiSci..60..498B . doi : 10.1525/bio.2010.60.7.5 . ISSN 0006-3568 . S2CID 86663600 . ^ Johnsborg, Ola; Eldholm, Vegard; Håvarstein, Leiv Sigve (December 2007). "Natural genetic transformation: prevalence, mechanisms and function" . Research in Microbiology . 158 (10): 767– 778. doi : 10.1016/j.resmic.2007.09.004 . ISSN 0923-2508 . PMID 17997281 . ^ a b Bernstein, Bernstein & Michod 2012 , pp. 1–50 ^ Ramesh, Marilee A.; Malik, Shehre-Banoo; Logsdon, John M. Jr. (January 26, 2005). "A Phylogenomic Inventory of Meiotic Genes: Evidence for Sex in Giardia and an Early Eukaryotic Origin of Meiosis" . Current Biology . 15 (2): 185– 191. Bibcode : 2005CBio...15..185R . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.003 . ISSN 0960-9822 . PMID 15668177 . S2CID 17013247 . ^ a b Otto, Sarah P. ; Gerstein, Aleeza C. (August 2006). "Why have sex? The population genetics of sex and recombination". Biochemical Society Transactions . 34 (4): 519– 522. doi : 10.1042/BST0340519 . ISSN 0300-5127 . PMID 16856849 . ^ a b Lin Dong; Shuhai Xiao; Bing Shen; et al. (January 1, 2008). "Silicified Horodyskia and Palaeopascichnus from upper Ediacaran cherts in South China: tentative phylogenetic interpretation and implications for evolutionary stasis". Journal of the Geological Society . 165 (1): 367– 378. Bibcode : 2008JGSoc.165..367D . doi : 10.1144/0016-76492007-074 . ISSN 0016-7649 . S2CID 129309037 . ^ Hanley, Kathryn A.; Fisher, Robert N.; Case, Ted J. (June 1995). "Lower Mite Infestations in an Asexual Gecko Compared With Its Sexual Ancestors". Evolution . 49 (3): 418– 426. doi : 10.2307/2410266 . ISSN 0014-3820 . JSTOR 2410266 . PMID 28565091 . ^ Parker, Matthew A. (September 1994). "Pathogens and sex in plants". Evolutionary Ecology . 8 (5): 560– 584. Bibcode : 1994EvEco...8..560P . doi : 10.1007/bf01238258 . ISSN 0269-7653 . S2CID 31756267 . ^ Birdsell & Wills 2003 , pp. 27–137 ^ Bernstein, Hopf & Michod 1987 , pp. 323–370 ^ Bell, Graham ; Mooers, Arne O. (March 1997). "Size and complexity among multicellular organisms" (PDF) . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society . 60 (3): 345– 363. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1997.tb01500.x . ISSN 0024-4066 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-05 . Retrieved 2015-02-02 . ^ Kaiser, Dale (December 2001). "Building a Multicellular Organism". Annual Review of Genetics . 35 : 103– 123. doi : 10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090145 . ISSN 0066-4197 . PMID 11700279 . ^ a b Nakagaki, Toshiyuki; Yamada, Hiroyasu; Tóth, Ágota (September 28, 2000). "Maze-solving by an amoeboid organism" . Nature . 407 (6803): 470. Bibcode : 2000Natur.407..470N . doi : 10.1038/35035159 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 11028990 . S2CID 205009141 . ^ Koschwanez, John H.; Foster, Kevin R.; Murray, Andrew W. (August 9, 2011). "Sucrose Utilization in Budding Yeast as a Model for the Origin of Undifferentiated Multicellularity" . PLOS Biology . 9 (8) e1001122. doi : 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001122 . ISSN 1544-9173 . PMC 3153487 . PMID 21857801 . ^ a b c d e Butterfield, Nicholas J. (Summer 2000). " Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes" . Paleobiology . 26 (3): 386– 404. Bibcode : 2000Pbio...26..386B . doi : 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0386:BPNGNS>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0094-8373 . S2CID 36648568 . Archived from the original on 2016-10-23 . Retrieved 2015-02-01 . ^ Jinpu, Jin; Kun, He; Xing, Tang; et al. (July 2015). "An Arabidopsis transcriptional regulatory map reveals distinct functional and evolutionary features of novel transcription factors" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 32 (7): 1767– 1773. doi : 10.1093/molbev/msv058 . ISSN 0737-4038 . PMC 4476157 . PMID 25750178 . ^ Bengtson, Stefan; Rasmussen, Birger; Ivarsson, Magnus; Muhling, Janet; Broman, Curt; Marone, Federica; Stampanoni, Marco; Bekker, Andrey (24 April 2017). "Fungus-like mycelial fossils in 2.4-billion-year-old vesicular basalt" . Nature Ecology & Evolution . 1 (6): 0141. Bibcode : 2017NatEE...1..141B . doi : 10.1038/s41559-017-0141 . hdl : 20.500.11937/67718 . PMID 28812648 . S2CID 25586788 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2019 . Retrieved 15 July 2019 . ^ Dickey, Gwyneth (July 31, 2010). "Evidence for earlier multicellular life" (PNG) . Science News . Vol. 178, no. 3. p. 17. doi : 10.1002/scin.5591780322 . ISSN 0036-8423 . Retrieved 2015-02-02 . ^ Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory (3 March 2020). The Invertebrate Tree of Life . Princeton University Press. ^ Davidson, Michael W. (May 26, 2005). "Animal Cell Structure" . Molecular Expressions . Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University . Archived from the original on 2007-09-20 . Retrieved 2008-09-03 . ^ Saupe, Stephen G. (January 3, 2004). "Concepts of Biology" . Concepts of Biology (BIOL116) (Lecture). St. Joseph, MN: College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University . Archived from the original on 2007-11-21 . Retrieved 2008-09-03 . ^ Hinde 2001 , pp. 28–57 ^ a b Chen, Xiaozheng (November 27, 2019). "Researchers say animal-like embryos preceded animal appearance" (Press release). American Association for the Advancement of Science . EurekAlert! . Archived from the original on 2019-11-28 . Retrieved 2019-11-28 . ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (27 November 2019). "Is This the First Fossil of an Embryo? - Mysterious 609-million-year-old balls of cells may be the oldest animal embryos — or something else entirely" . Matter. The New York Times . New York. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2019 . ^ Cunningham, John A.; Liu, Alexander G.; Bengtson, Stefan; et al. (January 2017). "The origin of animals: Can molecular clocks and the fossil record be reconciled?" . BioEssays . 39 (1) e201600120. Bibcode : 2017BiEss..39....1C . doi : 10.1002/bies.201600120 . ISSN 0265-9247 . PMID 27918074 . ^ Jun-Yuan, Chen; Oliveri, Paola; Feng, Gao; et al. (August 1, 2002). "Precambrian Animal Life: Probable Developmental and Adult Cnidarian Forms from Southwest China" (PDF) . Developmental Biology . 248 (1): 182– 196. doi : 10.1006/dbio.2002.0714 . ISSN 0012-1606 . PMID 12142030 . Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2013 . Retrieved 2015-02-04 . ^ Grazhdankin, Dima (June 2004). "Patterns of distribution in the Ediacaran biotas: facies versus biogeography and evolution". Paleobiology . 30 (2): 203– 221. Bibcode : 2004Pbio...30..203G . doi : 10.1666/0094-8373(2004)030<0203:PODITE>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0094-8373 . S2CID 129376371 . ^ Seilacher, Adolf (August 1992). "Vendobionta and Psammocorallia: lost constructions of Precambrian evolution" . Journal of the Geological Society . 149 (4): 607– 613. Bibcode : 1992JGSoc.149..607S . doi : 10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0607 . ISSN 0016-7649 . S2CID 128681462 . Archived from the original on 2022-04-22 . Retrieved 2015-02-04 . ^ Martin, Mark W.; Grazhdankin, Dmitriy V.; Bowring, Samuel A. ; et al. (May 5, 2000). "Age of Neoproterozoic Bilaterian Body and Trace Fossils, White Sea, Russia: Implications for Metazoan Evolution". Science . 288 (5467): 841– 845. Bibcode : 2000Sci...288..841M . doi : 10.1126/science.288.5467.841 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 10797002 . ^ Fedonkin, Mikhail A. ; Waggoner, Benjamin M. (August 28, 1997). "The late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism" . Nature . 388 (6645): 868– 871. Bibcode : 1997Natur.388..868F . doi : 10.1038/42242 . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 4395089 . ^ Mooi, Rich; David, Bruno (December 1998). "Evolution Within a Bizarre Phylum: Homologies of the First Echinoderms" . American Zoologist . 38 (6): 965– 974. doi : 10.1093/icb/38.6.965 . ISSN 0003-1569 . ^ McMenamin, Mark A. S. (September 2003). Spriggina is a trilobitoid ecdysozoan . Geoscience Horizons Seattle 2003 . Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 35. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America . p. 105. ISSN 0016-7592 . OCLC 249088612 . Archived from the original on 2016-04-12 . Retrieved 2007-11-24 . Paper No. 40-2 presented at the Geological Society of America's 2003 Seattle Annual Meeting (November 2–5, 2003) on November 2, 2003, at the Washington State Convention Center . ^ Jih-Pai, Lin; Gon, Samuel M. III; Gehling, James G.; et al. (2006). "A Parvancorina -like arthropod from the Cambrian of South China". Historical Biology . 18 (1): 33– 45. Bibcode : 2006HBio...18...33L . doi : 10.1080/08912960500508689 . ISSN 0891-2963 . S2CID 85821717 . ^ Butterfield, Nicholas J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group 'worms': fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale". BioEssays . 28 (12): 1161– 1166. doi : 10.1002/bies.20507 . ISSN 0265-9247 . PMID 17120226 . S2CID 29130876 . ^ a b c Bengtson 2004 , pp. 67–78 ^ Gould 1989 , pp. 124–136 ^ Gould 1989 ^ Budd, Graham E. (February 2003). "The Cambrian Fossil Record and the Origin of the Phyla" . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 43 (1): 157– 165. doi : 10.1093/icb/43.1.157 . ISSN 1540-7063 . PMID 21680420 . ^ Budd, Graham E. (March 1996). "The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group". Lethaia . 29 (1): 1– 14. Bibcode : 1996Letha..29....1B . doi : 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01831.x . ISSN 0024-1164 . ^ Marshall, Charles R. (May 30, 2006). "Explaining the Cambrian 'Explosion' of Animals". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 34 : 355– 384. Bibcode : 2006AREPS..34..355M . doi : 10.1146/annurev.earth.33.031504.103001 . ISSN 1545-4495 . S2CID 85623607 . ^ Janvier, Philippe (2001). "Vertebrata (Vertebrates)". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . doi : 10.1038/npg.els.0001531 . ISBN 978-0-470-01617-6 . ^ Conway Morris, Simon (August 2, 2003). "Once we were worms" . New Scientist . Vol. 179, no. 2406. p. 34. ISSN 0262-4079 . Archived from the original on 2008-07-25 . Retrieved 2008-09-05 . ^ Jun-Yuan Chen; Di-Ying Huang; Qing-Qing Peng; et al. (July 8, 2003). "The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (14): 8314– 8318. Bibcode : 2003PNAS..100.8314C . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1431177100 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 166226 . PMID 12835415 . ^ D.-G. Shu; Conway Morris, Simon ; J. Han; et al. (January 30, 2003). "Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys ". Nature . 421 (6922): 526– 529. Bibcode : 2003Natur.421..526S . doi : 10.1038/nature01264 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 12556891 . S2CID 4401274 . ^ Sansom, Smith & Smith 2001 , pp. 156–171 ^ a b Cowen 2000 , pp. 120–122 ^ a b c Selden 2001 , "Terrestrialization of Animals," pp. 71–74 ^ a b c Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011). "Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty" . Evolution: Education and Outreach . 4 (3): 489– 501. doi : 10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y . ISSN 1936-6434 . ^ Battistuzzi, Fabia U.; Feijao, Andreia; Hedges, S. Blair (November 9, 2004). "A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 4 44. doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-4-44 . ISSN 1471-2148 . PMC 533871 . PMID 15535883 . ^ Weber, Büdel & Belnap 2016 , pp. 37–54, Chapter 3: "Terrestrial Ecosystems in the Precambrian" by Hugo Beraldi-Campesi and Gregory J. Retallack . doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-30214-0_3 : "...terrestrial ecosystems were indeed present, full of life, and functional since the Archean." ^ a b c d e f g Shear 2000 , "The Early Development of Terrestrial Ecosystems," pp. 169–184 Archived 2023-04-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ Smith, Deborah (May 10, 2017). "Oldest evidence of life on land found in 3.48 billion-year-old Australian rocks" (Press release). Sydney, Australia: UNSW Media . Retrieved 2020-07-14 . ^ Djokic, Tara; Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Campbell, Kathleen A. ; et al. (May 9, 2017). "Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits" . Nature Communications . 8 15263. Bibcode : 2017NatCo...815263D . doi : 10.1038/ncomms15263 . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMC 5436104 . PMID 28486437 . ^ Homann, Martin; Sansjofre, Pierre; Van Zuilen, Mark; et al. (September 2018). "Microbial life and biogeochemical cycling on land 3,220 million years ago" (PDF) . Nature Geoscience . 11 (9): 665– 671. Bibcode : 2018NatGe..11..665H . doi : 10.1038/s41561-018-0190-9 . ISSN 1752-0894 . S2CID 134935568 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-09 . Retrieved 2021-05-10 . ^ Zimmer, Carl (May 22, 2019). "A Billion-Year-Old Fungus May Hold Clues to Life's Arrival on Land" . Matter. The New York Times . New York. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 2019-05-23 . Retrieved 2019-05-23 . "A version of this article appears in print on May 28, 2019, Section D, Page 3 of the New York edition with the headline: Finding a Clue to Life's Arrival." ^ Loron, Corentin C.; François, Camille; Rainbird, Robert H.; et al. (June 13, 2019). "Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada" . Nature . 570 (7760): 232– 235. Bibcode : 2019Natur.570..232L . doi : 10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 31118507 . S2CID 162180486 . ^ Timmer, John (May 22, 2019). "Billion-year-old fossils may be early fungus" . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 2019-05-22 . Retrieved May 23, 2019 . ^ a b Venturi, Sebastiano (September 2011). "Evolutionary Significance of Iodine". Current Chemical Biology . 5 (3): 155– 162. doi : 10.2174/187231311796765012 (inactive 1 July 2025). ISSN 2212-7968 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ( link ) ^ Crockford, Susan J. (August 2009). "Evolutionary roots of iodine and thyroid hormones in cell-cell signaling" . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 49 (2): 155– 166. doi : 10.1093/icb/icp053 . ISSN 1557-7023 . PMID 21669854 . ^ Venturi, Sebastiano; Donati, Francesco M.; Venturi, Alessandro; et al. (August 2000). "Environmental Iodine Deficiency: A Challenge to the Evolution of Terrestrial Life?". Thyroid . 10 (8): 727– 729. doi : 10.1089/10507250050137851 . ISSN 1050-7256 . PMID 11014322 . ^ Küpper, Frithjof C.; Carpenter, Lucy J. ; McFiggans, Gordon B.; et al. (May 13, 2008). "Iodide accumulation provides kelp with an inorganic antioxidant impacting atmospheric chemistry" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (19): 6954– 6958. Bibcode : 2008PNAS..105.6954K . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0709959105 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 2383960 . PMID 18458346 . ^ Lidmar-Bergström, Karna ; Bonow, Johan M.; Japsen, Peter (January 2013). "Stratigraphic Landscape Analysis and geomorphological paradigms: Scandinavia as an example of Phanerozoic uplift and subsidence". Global and Planetary Change . 100 : 153– 171. Bibcode : 2013GPC...100..153L . doi : 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.015 . ISSN 0921-8181 . ^ Lidmar-Bergström, Karna (December 1993). "Denudation surfaces and tectonics in the southernmost part of the Baltic Shield". Precambrian Research . 64 ( 1– 4): 337– 345. Bibcode : 1993PreR...64..337L . doi : 10.1016/0301-9268(93)90086-H . ISSN 0301-9268 . ^ a b Hawksworth, David L. (2002). "Lichens". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . doi : 10.1038/npg.els.0000368 . ISBN 978-0-470-01617-6 . S2CID 241563883 . ^ Retallack, Gregory J. ; Feakes, Carolyn R. (January 2, 1987). "Trace Fossil Evidence for Late Ordovician Animals on Land". Science . 235 (4784): 61– 63. Bibcode : 1987Sci...235...61R . doi : 10.1126/science.235.4784.61 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 17769314 . S2CID 37351505 . ^ a b Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (September 4, 1997). "The origin and early evolution of plants on land" (PDF) . Nature . 389 (6646): 33– 39. Bibcode : 1997Natur.389...33K . doi : 10.1038/37918 . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 3866183 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03 . Retrieved 2015-02-10 . ^ Scheckler 2001 , "Afforestation—the First Forests," pp. 67–70 ^ The phrase "Late Devonian wood crisis" is used at "Tetrapoda: Acanthostega " . Palaeos . Archived from the original on 2021-08-15 . Retrieved 2015-02-10 . ^ Taylor, Thomas N.; Osborn, Jeffrey M. (February 1996). "The importance of fungi in shaping the paleoecosystem". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology . 90 ( 3– 4): 249– 262. Bibcode : 1996RPaPa..90..249T . doi : 10.1016/0034-6667(95)00086-0 . ISSN 0034-6667 . ^ Brookfield, M. E.; Catlos, E. J.; Suarez, S. E. (2021-10-03). "Myriapod divergence times differ between molecular clock and fossil evidence: U/Pb zircon ages of the earliest fossil millipede-bearing sediments and their significance" . Historical Biology . 33 (10): 2014– 2018. Bibcode : 2021HBio...33.2014B . doi : 10.1080/08912963.2020.1762593 . ISSN 0891-2963 . S2CID 238220137 . Archived from the original on 2023-06-23 . Retrieved 2023-06-23 . ^ Shear, William A. ; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (March–May 2010). "The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda". Arthropod Structure & Development . 39 ( 2– 3): 174– 190. Bibcode : 2010ArtSD..39..174S . doi : 10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002 . ISSN 1467-8039 . PMID 19944188 . ^ MacNaughton, Robert B.; Cole, Jennifer M.; Dalrymple, Robert W.; et al. (May 2002). "First steps on land: Arthropod trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician eolian sandstone, southeastern Ontario, Canada". Geology . 30 (5): 391– 394. Bibcode : 2002Geo....30..391M . doi : 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0391:FSOLAT>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0091-7613 . ^ Vaccari, N. Emilio; Edgecombe, Gregory D. ; Escudero, C. (July 29, 2004). "Cambrian origins and affinities of an enigmatic fossil group of arthropods". Nature . 430 (6999): 554– 557. Bibcode : 2004Natur.430..554V . doi : 10.1038/nature02705 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 15282604 . S2CID 4419235 . ^ Buatois, Luis A.; Mangano, M. Gabriela; Genise, Jorge F. ; et al. (June 1998). "The Ichnologic Record of the Continental Invertebrate Invasion: Evolutionary Trends in Environmental Expansion, Ecospace Utilization, and Behavioral Complexity". PALAIOS . 13 (3): 217– 240. Bibcode : 1998Palai..13..217B . doi : 10.2307/3515447 . ISSN 0883-1351 . JSTOR 3515447 . ^ Cowen 2000 , p. 126 ^ Grimaldi & Engel 2005 , pp. 155–160 ^ Grimaldi & Engel 2005 , p. 12 ^ a b c Clack, Jennifer A. (December 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land". Scientific American . Vol. 293, no. 6. pp. 100– 107. Bibcode : 2005SciAm.293f.100C . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100 . ISSN 0036-8733 . PMID 16323697 . ^ a b Ahlberg, Per E. ; Milner, Andrew R. (April 7, 1994). "The origin and early diversification of tetrapods". Nature . 368 (6471): 507– 514. Bibcode : 1994Natur.368..507A . doi : 10.1038/368507a0 . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 4369342 . ^ Gordon, Malcolm S.; Graham, Jeffrey B.; Wang, Tobias (September–October 2004). "Introduction to the Special Collection: Revisiting the Vertebrate Invasion of the Land". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology . 77 (5): 697– 699. doi : 10.1086/425182 . ISSN 1522-2152 . S2CID 83750933 . ^ Venturi and Bégin 2010 , "Thyroid Hormone, Iodine and Human Brain Evolution," pp. 105–124 Archived 2023-07-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ Daeschler, Edward B. ; Shubin, Neil H. ; Jenkins, Farish A. Jr. (April 6, 2006). "A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan" (PDF) . Nature . 440 (7085): 757– 763. Bibcode : 2006Natur.440..757D . doi : 10.1038/nature04639 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 16598249 . S2CID 4413217 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-29 . Retrieved 2020-07-26 . ^ deBraga, Michael; Rieppel, Olivier (July 1997). "Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 120 (3): 281– 354. doi : 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01280.x . ISSN 0024-4082 . ^ a b Benton, Michael J. ; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (January 2007). "Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life" . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 24 (1): 26– 53. doi : 10.1093/molbev/msl150 . ISSN 0737-4038 . PMID 17047029 . ^ a b Benton, Michael J. (May 1990). "Phylogeny of the major tetrapod groups: Morphological data and divergence dates". Journal of Molecular Evolution . 30 (5): 409– 424. Bibcode : 1990JMolE..30..409B . doi : 10.1007/BF02101113 . ISSN 0022-2844 . PMID 2111854 . S2CID 35082873 . ^ Sidor, Christian A. ; O'Keefe, F. Robin; Damiani, Ross; et al. (April 14, 2005). "Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climate-controlled endemism in Pangaea" (PDF) . Nature . 434 (7035): 886– 889. Bibcode : 2005Natur.434..886S . doi : 10.1038/nature03393 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 15829962 . S2CID 4416647 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2023 . Retrieved December 18, 2022 . ^ Smith, Roger; Botha, Jennifer (September–October 2005). "The recovery of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the South African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction". Comptes Rendus Palevol . 4 ( 6– 7): 623– 636. Bibcode : 2005CRPal...4..623S . doi : 10.1016/j.crpv.2005.07.005 . ISSN 1631-0683 . ^ Benton 2005 ^ Sahney, Sarda; Benton, Michael J. (April 7, 2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 275 (1636): 759– 765. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 . ISSN 0962-8452 . PMC 2596898 . PMID 18198148 . ^ Gauthier et al. 1989 , p. 345 ^ Benton, Michael J. (March 1983). "Dinosaur Success in the Triassic: A Noncompetitive Ecological Model" (PDF) . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 58 (1): 29– 55. doi : 10.1086/413056 . ISSN 0033-5770 . JSTOR 2828101 . S2CID 13846947 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-11 . Retrieved 2008-09-08 . ^ a b Padian 2004 , pp. 210–231 ^ Hou, Lian-hai; Zhou, Zhonghe ; Martin, Larry D. ; et al. (October 19, 1995). "A beaked bird from the Jurassic of China". Nature . 377 (6550): 616– 618. Bibcode : 1995Natur.377..616H . doi : 10.1038/377616a0 . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 4357707 . ^ Clarke, Julia A. ; Zhou, Zhonghe ; Zhang, Fucheng (March 2006). "Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui " . Journal of Anatomy . 208 (3): 287– 308. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x . ISSN 1469-7580 . PMC 2100246 . PMID 16533313 . ^ Ruben, John A. ; Jones, Terry D. (August 2000). "Selective Factors Associated with the Origin of Fur and Feathers" . American Zoologist . 40 (4): 585– 596. doi : 10.1093/icb/40.4.585 . ISSN 0003-1569 . ^ Zhe-Xi, Luo ; Crompton, Alfred W. ; Ai-Lin, Sun (May 25, 2001). "A New Mammaliaform from the Early Jurassic and Evolution of Mammalian Characteristics". Science . 292 (5521): 1535– 1540. Bibcode : 2001Sci...292.1535L . doi : 10.1126/science.1058476 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 11375489 . S2CID 8738213 . ^ Cifelli, Richard L. (November 2001). "Early mammalian radiations" . Journal of Paleontology . 75 (6): 1214– 1226. Bibcode : 2001JPal...75.1214C . doi : 10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1214:EMR>2.0.CO;2 . ISSN 0022-3360 . S2CID 85882683 . Archived from the original on 2020-05-30 . Retrieved 2015-02-16 . ^ Flynn, John J.; Parrish, J. Michael; Rakotosamimanana, Berthe ; et al. (September 2, 1999). "A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar". Nature . 401 (6748): 57– 60. Bibcode : 1999Natur.401...57F . doi : 10.1038/43420 . ISSN 0028-0836 . S2CID 40903258 . ^ MacLeod, Norman; Rawson, Peter F.; Forey, Peter L.; et al. (April 1997). "The Cretaceous–Tertiary biotic transition" . Journal of the Geological Society . 154 (2): 265– 292. Bibcode : 1997JGSoc.154..265M . doi : 10.1144/gsjgs.154.2.0265 . ISSN 0016-7649 . S2CID 129654916 . Archived from the original on 2020-05-30 . Retrieved 2015-02-16 . ^ Alroy, John (March 1999). "The Fossil Record of North American Mammals: Evidence for a Paleocene Evolutionary Radiation" . Systematic Biology . 48 (1): 107– 118. doi : 10.1080/106351599260472 . ISSN 1063-5157 . PMID 12078635 . ^ Archibald, J. David; Deutschman, Douglas H. (June 2001). "Quantitative Analysis of the Timing of the Origin and Diversification of Extant Placental Orders" (PDF) . Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 8 (2): 107– 124. doi : 10.1023/A:1011317930838 . ISSN 1064-7554 . S2CID 15581162 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2009-07-09 . Retrieved 2015-02-16 . ^ Simmons, Nancy B. ; Seymour, Kevin L.; Habersetzer, Jörg; et al. (February 14, 2008). "Primitive Early Eocene bat from Wyoming and the evolution of flight and echolocation". Nature . 451 (7180): 818– 821. Bibcode : 2008Natur.451..818S . doi : 10.1038/nature06549 . hdl : 2027.42/62816 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 18270539 . S2CID 4356708 . ^ Thewissen, Madar & Hussain 1996 ^ a b c d Crane, Friis and Pedersen 2000 , "The Origin and Early Diversification of Angiosperms," pp. 233–250 Archived 2023-07-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d Crepet, William L. (November 21, 2000). "Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably 'perplexing phenomenon' " . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (24): 12939– 12941. Bibcode : 2000PNAS...9712939C . doi : 10.1073/pnas.97.24.12939 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 34068 . PMID 11087846 . ^ "evolution: plant timeline" . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1996. ISBN 978-0-691-18550-7 . OCLC 42796406 . Archived from the original on 2015-03-27 . Retrieved 2020-10-23 . ^ a b Wilson, Edward O. ; Hölldobler, Bert (September 20, 2005). "Eusociality: Origin and consequences" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (38): 13367– 13371. Bibcode : 2005PNAS..10213367W . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0505858102 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 1224642 . PMID 16157878 . ^ Hughes, William O. H.; Oldroyd, Benjamin P.; Beekman, Madeleine; Ratnieks, Francis L. W. (May 30, 2008). "Ancestral Monogamy Shows Kin Selection Is Key to the Evolution of Eusociality". Science . 320 (5880): 1213– 1216. Bibcode : 2008Sci...320.1213H . doi : 10.1126/science.1156108 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 18511689 . S2CID 20388889 . ^ Lovegrove, Barry G. (January 1991). "The evolution of eusociality in molerats (Bathyergidae): a question of risks, numbers, and costs". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology . 28 (1): 37– 45. Bibcode : 1991BEcoS..28...37L . doi : 10.1007/BF00172137 . ISSN 0340-5443 . S2CID 36466393 . ^ Labandeira & Eble 1999 ^ Montgomery, Stephen (2009). "Darwin & The Descent of Man" . Charles Darwin & Evolution . Cambridge: Christ's College . Archived from the original on 2019-06-20 . Retrieved 2020-11-19 . ^ Brunet, Michel ; Guy, Franck; Pilbeam, David ; et al. (July 11, 2002). "A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa" (PDF) . Nature . 418 (6894): 145– 151. Bibcode : 2002Natur.418..145B . doi : 10.1038/nature00879 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 12110880 . S2CID 1316969 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2023 . Retrieved December 18, 2022 . ^ de Heinzelin, Jean ; Clark, J. Desmond ; White, Tim ; et al. (April 23, 1999). "Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids". Science . 284 (5414): 625– 629. Bibcode : 1999Sci...284..625D . doi : 10.1126/science.284.5414.625 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 10213682 . ^ De Miguel, Carmen; Henneberg, Maciej (2001). "Variation in hominid brain size: How much is due to method?". Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology . 52 (1): 3– 58. doi : 10.1078/0018-442X-00019 . hdl : 2440/5362 . ISSN 0018-442X . PMID 11515396 . ^ Leakey 1994 , pp. 87–89 ^ Klein, Richard (1995). "Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins". Journal of World Prehistory . 9 (2): 167– 198. doi : 10.1007/bf02221838 . S2CID 10402296 . ^ Mellars, Paul (June 20, 2006). "Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (25): 9381– 9386. Bibcode : 2006PNAS..103.9381M . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0510792103 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 1480416 . PMID 16772383 . ^ Benton 2005a , Chapter 6: "Tetrapods of the Triassic" ^ a b MacLeod, Norman (1999). "Extinction!" . FirstScience.com . Archived from the original on 2000-08-19 . Retrieved 2020-12-25 . ^ Martin, Ronald E. (June 1995). "Cyclic and secular variation in microfossil biomineralization: clues to the biogeochemical evolution of Phanerozoic oceans". Global and Planetary Change . 11 ( 1– 2): 1– 23. Bibcode : 1995GPC....11....1M . doi : 10.1016/0921-8181(94)00011-2 . ISSN 0921-8181 . ^ Martin, Ronald E. (June 1996). "Secular Increase in Nutrient Levels through the Phanerozoic: Implications for Productivity, Biomass, and Diversity of the Marine Biosphere". PALAIOS . 11 (3): 209– 219. Bibcode : 1996Palai..11..209M . doi : 10.2307/3515230 . ISSN 0883-1351 . JSTOR 3515230 . ^ a b Rohde, Robert A. ; Muller, Richard A. (March 10, 2005). "Cycles in fossil diversity" (PDF) . Nature . 434 (7030): 208– 210. Bibcode : 2005Natur.434..208R . doi : 10.1038/nature03339 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 15758998 . S2CID 32520208 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-10-03 . Retrieved 2008-09-22 . Bibliography Arrhenius, Svante (1980) [Arrhenius paper originally published 1903]. "The Propagation of Life in Space". In Goldsmith, Donald (ed.). The Quest for Extraterrestrial Life: A Book of Readings . Foreword by Sir Fred Hoyle . Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. Bibcode : 1980qel..book...32A . ISBN 978-0-935702-02-6 . LCCN 79057423 . OCLC 7121102 . Bengtson, Stefan (2004). "Early Skeletal Fossils". In Lipps, Jere H. ; Waggoner, Benjamin M. (eds.). Neoproterozoic-Cambrian Biological Revolutions: Presented as a Paleontological Society Short Course at the Annual Meeting of the Geological Society of America, Denver, Colorado, November 6, 2004 . Paleontological Society Papers. Vol. 10. New Haven, CT: Yale University Reprographics & Imaging Service; Paleontological Society . OCLC 57481790 . Bennett, Jeffrey O. (2008). Beyond UFOs: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life and Its Astonishing Implications for Our Future . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press . Bibcode : 2008buse.book.....B . ISBN 978-0-691-13549-6 . LCCN 2007037872 . OCLC 172521761 . Benton, Michael J. (1997). Vertebrate Palaeontology (2nd ed.). London: Chapman & Hall . ISBN 978-0-412-73800-5 . OCLC 37378512 . Benton, Michael J. (2005) [Originally published 2003]. When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time (1st paperback ed.). London: Thames & Hudson . ISBN 978-0-500-28573-2 . LCCN 2002109744 . OCLC 62145244 . Benton, Michael J. (2005). Vertebrate Palaeontology (3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science . ISBN 978-0-632-05637-8 . LCCN 2003028152 . OCLC 53970617 . Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol; Michod, Richard E. (2012). "DNA Repair as the Primary Adaptive Function of Sex in Bacteria and Eukaryotes" . In Kimura, Sakura; Shimizu, Sora (eds.). DNA Repair: New Research . Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers . ISBN 978-1-62100-808-8 . LCCN 2011038504 . OCLC 828424701 . Archived from the original on 2013-10-29 . Retrieved 2013-07-21 . Bernstein, Harris; Hopf, Frederic A.; Michod, Richard E. (1987). "The Molecular Basis of the Evolution of Sex". In Scandalios, John G. (ed.). Molecular Genetics of Development . Advances in Genetics. Vol. 24. San Diego, CA: Academic Press . pp. 323– 70. doi : 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60012-7 . ISBN 978-0-12-017624-3 . OCLC 646754753 . PMID 3324702 . Birdsell, John A.; Wills, Christopher (2003). "The Evolutionary Origin and Maintenance of Sexual Recombination: A Review of Contemporary Models". In MacIntyre, Ross J.; Clegg, Michael T. (eds.). Evolutionary Biology . Vol. 33. New York: Springer Science+Business Media . ISBN 978-1-4419-3385-0 . OCLC 751583918 . Briggs, Derek E. G. ; Crowther, Peter R., eds. (2001). Palaeobiology II . Foreword by E. N. K. Clarkson . Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-05149-6 . LCCN 0632051477 . OCLC 43945263 . Cairns-Smith, A. G. (1968). "An Approach to a Blueprint for a Primitive Organism". In Waddington, C. H (ed.). Towards a Theoretical Biology . Vol. 1. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 978-0-85224-018-2 . LCCN 71419832 . OCLC 230043266 . Chapman, Arthur D. (2009). Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World (2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study . ISBN 978-0-642-56860-1 . OCLC 780539206 . Archived from the original on 2016-12-25 . Retrieved 2016-11-06 . Clancy, Paul; Brack, André; Horneck, Gerda (2005). Looking for Life, Searching the Solar System . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-82450-7 . LCCN 2006271630 . OCLC 57574490 . Cowen, Richard (2000). History of Life (3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-04444-3 . LCCN 99016542 . OCLC 47011068 . Cunnane, Stephen C.; Stewart, Kathlyn M., eds. (2010). Environmental Influences on Human Brain Evolution . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978-0-470-45268-4 . LCCN 2009047979 . OCLC 940843566 . Dalrymple, G. Brent (1991). The Age of the Earth . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-1569-0 . LCCN 90047051 . OCLC 22347190 . Futuyma, Douglas J. (2005). Evolution . Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978-0-87893-187-3 . LCCN 2004029808 . OCLC 57311264 . Gauthier, Jacques ; Cannatella, David C.; de Queiroz, Kevin; et al. (1989). "Tetrapod phylogeny". In Fernholm, Bo; Bremer, Kåre ; Jörnvall, Hans (eds.). The Hierarchy of Life: Molecules and Morphology in Phylogenetic Analysis . International Congress Series. Vol. 824. Amsterdam, the Netherlands; New York: Excerpta Medica/Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (Biomedical Division) . ISBN 978-0-444-81073-1 . LCCN 89001132 . OCLC 19129518 . "Proceedings from Nobel Symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel 's Björkborn , Karlskoga , Sweden, August 29 – September 2, 1988" Gee, Henry , ed. (2000). Shaking the Tree: Readings from Nature in the History of Life . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978-0-226-28497-2 . LCCN 99049796 . OCLC 42476104 . Gould, Stephen Jay (1989). Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History (1st ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company . Bibcode : 1989wlbs.book.....G . ISBN 978-0-393-02705-1 . LCCN 88037469 . OCLC 18983518 . Grimaldi, David ; Engel, Michael S. (2005). Evolution of the Insects . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82149-0 . LCCN 2004054605 . OCLC 56057971 . Hinde, Rosalind T. (2001). "The Cnidaria and Ctenophora". In Anderson, D. T. (ed.). Invertebrate Zoology (2nd ed.). Melbourne; New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-551368-4 . LCCN 2002276846 . OCLC 49663129 . Holmes, Randall K.; Jobling, Michael G. (1996). "Genetics" . In Baron, Samuel (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Galveston, TX: University of Texas Medical Branch . Exchange of Genetic Information. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2 . LCCN 95050499 . OCLC 33838234 . PMID 21413277 . Archived from the original on 2022-04-03 . Retrieved 2017-08-31 . Krumbein, Wolfgang E.; Brehm, Ulrike; Gerdes, Gisela; et al. (2003). "Biofilm, Biodictyon, Biomat Microbialites, Oolites, Stromatolites Geophysiology, Global Mechanism, Parahistology" (PDF) . In Krumbein, Wolfgang E.; Paterson, David M.; Zavarzin, Georgii A. (eds.). Fossil and Recent Biofilms: A Natural History of Life on Earth . Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 978-1-4020-1597-7 . LCCN 2003061870 . OCLC 52901566 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-01-06. Labandeira, Conrad C.; Eble, Gunther J. (1999). "The Fossil Record of Insect Diversity and Disparity" (PDF) . In Anderson, John M.; Thackeray, John Francis; et al. (eds.). Towards Gondwana Alive: Promoting biodiversity & stemming the Sixth Extinction . Pretoria: Gondwana Alive Society. ISBN 978-1-919795-43-0 . LCCN 2001385090 . OCLC 44822625 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-12 . Retrieved 2015-02-17 . "Preview booklet for 'Gondwana alive : biodiversity and the evolving terrestrial biosphere', book planned for September 2000, and associated projects." Leakey, Richard (1994). The Origin of Humankind . Science Masters Series. New York: Basic Books . ISBN 978-0-465-03135-1 . LCCN 94003617 . OCLC 30739453 . Margulis, Lynn (1981). Symbiosis in Cell Evolution: Life and its Environment on the Early Earth . San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Company . ISBN 978-0-7167-1256-5 . LCCN 80026695 . OCLC 6982472 . McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. (eds.). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences (1st ed.). London; New York: Chapman & Hall . ISBN 978-0-412-63380-5 . LCCN 96071014 . OCLC 36442106 . Miller, G. Tyler; Spoolman, Scott E. (2012). Environmental Science (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole . ISBN 978-1-111-98893-7 . LCCN 2011934330 . OCLC 741539226 . Newman, William L. (July 9, 2007). "Age of the Earth" . Geologic Time . Reston, VA: Publications Services, USGS . OCLC 18792528 . Archived from the original on 2005-12-23 . Retrieved 2008-08-29 . O'Leary, Margaret R. (2008). Anaxagoras and the Origin of Panspermia Theory . Bloomington, IN: iUniverse . ISBN 978-0-595-49596-2 . OCLC 757322661 . Padian, Kevin (2004). "Basal Avialae". In Weishampel, David B. ; Dodson, Peter ; Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press . ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8 . LCCN 2004049804 . OCLC 55000644 . Sansom, Ivan J. ; Smith, Moya M.; Smith, M. Paul (2001). "The Ordovician radiation of vertebrates". In Ahlberg, Per Erik (ed.). Major Events in Early Vertebrate Evolution: Palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development . Systematics Association special volume series. Vol. 61. London; New York: Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978-0-415-23370-5 . LCCN 00062919 . OCLC 51667292 . Starr, Cecie; Evers, Christine A.; Starr, Lisa (2007). Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology (2nd ed.). Southbank, Australia; Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole . ISBN 978-0-495-01654-0 . LCCN 2005936176 . OCLC 68043255 . Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, Stephen C. (1999). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press . ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6 . LCCN 98034087 . OCLC 803522914 . Thewissen, J. G. M.; Madar, S. I.; Hussain, S. T. (1996). Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan . Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. Vol. 191. Frankfurt: Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft . ISBN 978-3-929907-32-2 . LCCN 97151576 . OCLC 36463214 . Weber, Bettina; Büdel, Burkhard; Belnap, Jayne, eds. (2016). Biological Soil Crusts: An Organizing Principle in Drylands . Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis). Vol. 226. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-30212-6 . LCCN 2016941282 . OCLC 995222892 . Further reading Dawkins, Richard (1989). The Selfish Gene (New ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-286092-7 . LCCN 89016077 . OCLC 20012195 . Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor's Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978-0-618-00583-3 . LCCN 2004059864 . OCLC 56617123 . Ruse, Michael ; Travis, Joseph , eds. (2009). Evolution: The First Four Billion Years . Foreword by Edward O. Wilson . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978-0-674-03175-3 . LCCN 2008030270 . OCLC 225874308 . Smith, John Maynard ; Szathmáry, Eörs (1997) [1995; Oxford: W. H. Freeman/Spektrum ]. The Major Transitions in Evolution . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-850294-4 . LCCN 94026965 . OCLC 715217397 . External links van Wyhe, John (ed.). "The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online" . Retrieved 2015-02-23 . Price, R. G. "Understanding Evolution: History, Theory, Evidence, and Implications" . rationalrevolution.net . Retrieved 2015-02-23 . "Evolution" . The Virtual Fossil Museum . Retrieved 2015-02-22 . General information on evolution compiled by Roger Perkins. "Understanding Evolution" . University of California, Berkeley . Archived from the original on 2021-11-10 . Retrieved 2020-12-25 . "Evolution Resources" . Washington, D.C.: National Academies . Retrieved 2020-12-25 . "Tree of Life" . Archived from the original on 2020-12-15 . Retrieved 2020-12-25 . Tree of life diagram by Neal Olander. "Evolution" . New Scientist . Retrieved 2020-12-25 . Brain, Marshall . How Evolution Works at HowStuffWorks "Modern Theories of Evolution: An Introduction to the Concepts and Theories That Led to Our Current Understanding of Evolution" . Palomar College . Retrieved 2020-12-25 . Tutorial created by Dennis O'Neil. v t e Evolutionary biology v t e Introduction Outline Timeline of evolution History of life Index Introduction Outline Timeline of evolution History of life Index Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Altruism Cheating Reciprocal Baldwin effect Cladistics Coevolution Mutualism Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of evolution Evolutionary arms race Evolutionary pressure Exaptation Extinction Event Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Pleiotropy Signalling theory Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex Taxonomy Tradeoff Unit of selection Gene-centered view of evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Altruism Cheating Reciprocal Cheating Reciprocal Baldwin effect Cladistics Coevolution Mutualism Mutualism Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of evolution Evolutionary arms race Evolutionary pressure Exaptation Extinction Event Event Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Pleiotropy Signalling theory Handicap principle Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex Species Species complex Taxonomy Tradeoff Unit of selection Gene-centered view of evolution Gene-centered view of evolution Population genetics Artificial selection Biodiversity Evolutionary invasion analysis Evolutionarily stable strategy Fisher's principle Fitness Inclusive Gene flow Kin selection Inbreeding avoidance Kin recognition Parental investment Parent–offspring conflict Mutation Neutral evolution Genetic drift Population Natural selection Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Flowering plants Fungi Mate choice Social selection Trivers–Willard hypothesis Variation Artificial selection Biodiversity Evolutionary invasion analysis Evolutionarily stable strategy Fisher's principle Fitness Inclusive Inclusive Gene flow Kin selection Inbreeding avoidance Kin recognition Parental investment Parent–offspring conflict Inbreeding avoidance Kin recognition Parental investment Parent–offspring conflict Mutation Neutral evolution Genetic drift Genetic drift Population Natural selection Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Flowering plants Fungi Mate choice Flowering plants Fungi Mate choice Social selection Trivers–Willard hypothesis Variation Development Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Genetic assimilation Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Genetic assimilation Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Of taxa Bacteria Birds origin Brachiopods Molluscs Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses Kangaroos primates humans lemurs sea cows Plants pollinator-mediated Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses Bacteria Birds origin origin Brachiopods Molluscs Cephalopods Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies butterflies Life Mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses Kangaroos primates humans lemurs sea cows cats canids wolves dogs wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses Kangaroos primates humans lemurs humans lemurs sea cows Plants pollinator-mediated pollinator-mediated Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses Of organs Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Of processes Aging Antagonistic pleiotropy Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation/sexes Life cycles/nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex-determination Red Queen hypothesis Snake venom Aging Antagonistic pleiotropy Death Programmed cell death Antagonistic pleiotropy Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation/sexes Life cycles/nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex-determination Red Queen hypothesis Gamete differentiation/sexes Life cycles/nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex-determination Red Queen hypothesis Snake venom Tempo and modes Deep time Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Deep time Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Speciation Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Ecological Hybrid Non-ecological Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Ecological Hybrid Non-ecological Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric History Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Philosophy Darwinism Alternatives Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Teleology in biology Teleonomy Darwinism Alternatives Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Teleology in biology Teleonomy Teleonomy Related Biogeography Ecological genetics Evolutionary medicine Group selection Cultural evolution Cultural group selection Dual inheritance theory Vicar of Bray hypothesis Hologenome theory of evolution Hybrid Missing heritability problem Molecular evolution Astrobiology Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance Biogeography Ecological genetics Evolutionary medicine Group selection Cultural evolution Cultural group selection Dual inheritance theory Vicar of Bray hypothesis Cultural evolution Cultural group selection Dual inheritance theory Vicar of Bray hypothesis Hologenome theory of evolution Hybrid Missing heritability problem Molecular evolution Astrobiology Phylogenetics Tree Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance Category Portal Category Portal v t e Elements of nature v t e Universe Space Time Energy Matter chemical elements particles Change Space Time Energy Matter chemical elements particles chemical elements particles Change Earth Earth science History geological Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Earth science History geological geological Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere (Earth) Climate Clouds Moonlight Rain Snow Sunlight Tides Wind tornado tropical cyclone Meteorology Atmosphere (Earth) Climate Clouds Moonlight Rain Snow Sunlight Tides Wind tornado tropical cyclone tornado tropical cyclone Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin (abiogenesis) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology astrobiology Biodiversity Organism Eukaryota fauna animals flora plants fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Origin (abiogenesis) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology astrobiology Origin (abiogenesis) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology astrobiology astrobiology Biodiversity Organism Eukaryota fauna animals flora plants fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Biodiversity Organism Eukaryota fauna animals flora plants fungi protista fauna animals animals flora plants plants fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria archaea bacteria Viruses See also Nature-based solutions Nature-based solutions Category Category v t e Earth v t e Outline History Outline History Atmosphere Atmosphere of Earth Prebiotic atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Weather Atmosphere of Earth Prebiotic atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Weather Climate Climate system Energy balance Climate change Climate variability and change Climatology Paleoclimatology Climate system Energy balance Climate change Climate variability and change Climatology Paleoclimatology Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Culture and society List of sovereign states dependent territories In culture Earth Day Flag Symbol World economy Etymology World history Time zones World List of sovereign states dependent territories dependent territories In culture Earth Day Flag Symbol World economy Etymology World history Time zones World Environment Biome Biosphere Biogeochemical cycles Ecology Ecosystem Human impact on the environment Evolutionary history of life Nature Biome Biosphere Biogeochemical cycles Ecology Ecosystem Human impact on the environment Evolutionary history of life Nature Geodesy Cartography Computer cartography Earth's orbit Geodetic astronomy Geomatics Gravity Navigation Remote Sensing Geopositioning Virtual globe Cartography Computer cartography Computer cartography Earth's orbit Geodetic astronomy Geomatics Gravity Navigation Remote Sensing Geopositioning Virtual globe Geophysics Earth structure Fluid dynamics Geomagnetism Magnetosphere Mineral physics Seismology Plate tectonics Signal processing Tomography Earth structure Fluid dynamics Geomagnetism Magnetosphere Mineral physics Seismology Plate tectonics Signal processing Tomography Geology Age of Earth Earth science Extremes on Earth Future Geological history Geologic time scale Geologic record History of Earth Age of Earth Earth science Extremes on Earth Future Geological history Geologic time scale Geologic time scale Geologic record History of Earth Oceans Antarctic/Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Oceanography Antarctic/Southern Ocean Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Oceanography Planetary science The Moon Evolution of the Solar System Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in the Universe Solar System The Moon Evolution of the Solar System Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in the Universe Solar System Category Category Evolutionary biology Biology Evolution-related timelines Paleontology Evolutionary biology Earth sciences Geochronology Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2021 This page was last edited on 29 December 2025, at 17:19 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_life
|
Pagina principal Portal del communitate Modificationes recente Pagina aleatori Adjuta Paginas special Donationes Crear conto Aperir session Donationes Crear conto Aperir session Wikipedia : Declaration general de non-responsabilitate Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Cebuano کوردی Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo ગુજરાતી Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Igbo Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Ligure Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Pälzisch Polski پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Tarandíne Русский संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sardu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש 中文 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Pagina de projecto Discussion Leger Vider codice-fonte Vider historia Leger Vider codice-fonte Vider historia Paginas ligate a iste Modificationes ligate Incargar file Ligamine permanente Information sur le pagina Obtener URL accurtate Discargar codice QR Cambiar al analysator syntactic ancian Crear un libro Discargar como PDF Version pro imprimer Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikisource multilingue Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctiones Elemento Wikidata W IKIPEDIA N ON D A G ARANTIA D E V ALIDITATE Wikipedia es un encyclopedia collaborative a contento aperte, isto es, un association voluntari de individuos e gruppos que disveloppa un ressource commun de cognoscentia human. Le structura del projecto permitte a omnes con un connexion a Internet e un navigator del web alterar su contento. Per favor sia informate que nihil trovate hic ha necessarimente essite revidite per professionales con le expertise requirite pro provider vos de informationes complete, accurate o digne de fide. Isto non es a dicer que vos non trovara informationes de valor e accurate in Wikipedia; multe vices vos lo facera. Nonobstante, Wikipedia non pote garantir le validitate del informationes trovate hic. Le contento de cata articulo specific pote recentemente haber essite cambiate, vandalisate o alterate per alicuno cuje opinion non corresponde con le stato del cognoscentia in le campos pertinente. W IKIPEDIA N ON D A G ARANTIA D E V ALIDITATE Wikipedia es un encyclopedia collaborative a contento aperte, isto es, un association voluntari de individuos e gruppos que disveloppa un ressource commun de cognoscentia human. Le structura del projecto permitte a omnes con un connexion a Internet e un navigator del web alterar su contento. Per favor sia informate que nihil trovate hic ha necessarimente essite revidite per professionales con le expertise requirite pro provider vos de informationes complete, accurate o digne de fide. Isto non es a dicer que vos non trovara informationes de valor e accurate in Wikipedia; multe vices vos lo facera. Nonobstante, Wikipedia non pote garantir le validitate del informationes trovate hic. Le contento de cata articulo specific pote recentemente haber essite cambiate, vandalisate o alterate per alicuno cuje opinion non corresponde con le stato del cognoscentia in le campos pertinente. Nulle revision formal per pares Nos es in processo de cercar methodos a seliger e dar emphase a versiones digne de fide de articulos. Nostre communitate active de editores usa instrumentos como le paginas Modificationes recente e Nove paginas pro surveliar contento nove e cambiate. Nonobstante, Wikipedia non es uniformemente revidite per pares; ben que le lectores pote corriger errores o ingagiar in revision per pares casual, illes non ha obligation legal pro facer isto, ergo tote le informationes legite hic es absolutemente sin garantia implicite de aptitude pro qualcunque fin o uso. Mesmo le articulos informalmente revidite per pares o articulos del septimana pote haber essite modificate inappropriatemente plus tarde, justo ante que vos los vide. Necuno del autores, contributores, patrocinatores, administratores, operatores de systema, o altere personas connectite con Wikipedia in omne modo del toto pote esser responsabile pro le apparition de alicun information inaccurate o diffamatori o pro vostre uso del information continite in iste paginas web o a que illos ha ligamines. Nulle revision formal per pares Nos es in processo de cercar methodos a seliger e dar emphase a versiones digne de fide de articulos. Nostre communitate active de editores usa instrumentos como le paginas Modificationes recente e Nove paginas pro surveliar contento nove e cambiate. Nonobstante, Wikipedia non es uniformemente revidite per pares; ben que le lectores pote corriger errores o ingagiar in revision per pares casual, illes non ha obligation legal pro facer isto, ergo tote le informationes legite hic es absolutemente sin garantia implicite de aptitude pro qualcunque fin o uso. Mesmo le articulos informalmente revidite per pares o articulos del septimana pote haber essite modificate inappropriatemente plus tarde, justo ante que vos los vide. Necuno del autores, contributores, patrocinatores, administratores, operatores de systema, o altere personas connectite con Wikipedia in omne modo del toto pote esser responsabile pro le apparition de alicun information inaccurate o diffamatori o pro vostre uso del information continite in iste paginas web o a que illos ha ligamines. Necuno del autores, contributores, patrocinatores, administratores, operatores de systema, o altere personas connectite con Wikipedia in omne modo del toto pote esser responsabile pro le apparition de alicun information inaccurate o diffamatori o pro vostre uso del information continite in iste paginas web o a que illos ha ligamines. Nulle contracto; licentia limitate Per favor assecura que vos comprende que le information disponibile hic es providite liberemente, e que nulle sorta de accordo o contracto es create inter vos e le proprietarios o usatores de iste sito, le proprietarios del servitores in que illo es albergate, le contributores individual de Wikipedia , alicun administratores del projecto, operatores de systema o alicuno altere qui es connectite de alicun modo con iste projecto o projectos-sorores subjecte a vostre reclamationes contra illes directemente. A vos es impartite un licentia limitate a copiar qualcunque cosa de iste sito; isto nullemente crea o implica responsabilitate contractual o extracontractual del parte de Wikipedia o de su agentes, membros, organisatores o altere usatores. Il ha nulle accordo o comprension inter vos e Wikipedia concernente vostre uso o modification de iste information ultra le Licentia GNU pro Documentation Libere (GFDL); e nulle persona a Wikipedia es responabile in caso que alicuno cambia, edita, modifica o elimina alicun information que vos pote publicar in Wikipedia o in un de su projectos associate. Nulle contracto; licentia limitate Per favor assecura que vos comprende que le information disponibile hic es providite liberemente, e que nulle sorta de accordo o contracto es create inter vos e le proprietarios o usatores de iste sito, le proprietarios del servitores in que illo es albergate, le contributores individual de Wikipedia , alicun administratores del projecto, operatores de systema o alicuno altere qui es connectite de alicun modo con iste projecto o projectos-sorores subjecte a vostre reclamationes contra illes directemente. A vos es impartite un licentia limitate a copiar qualcunque cosa de iste sito; isto nullemente crea o implica responsabilitate contractual o extracontractual del parte de Wikipedia o de su agentes, membros, organisatores o altere usatores. Il ha nulle accordo o comprension inter vos e Wikipedia concernente vostre uso o modification de iste information ultra le Licentia GNU pro Documentation Libere (GFDL); e nulle persona a Wikipedia es responabile in caso que alicuno cambia, edita, modifica o elimina alicun information que vos pote publicar in Wikipedia o in un de su projectos associate. Marcas commercial Omne marcas commercial, marcas de servicio, marcas collective, derectos de designo, derectos de personalitate o derectos similar que es mentionate, usate o citate in le articulos del encyclopedia Wikipedia es le proprietate de lor proprietarios respective. Lor uso hic non implica que vos pote usar los pro altere fin que pro le mesme o un similar uso informational como contemplate per le autores original de iste articulos de Wikipedia sub le schema de licentiamento GFDL. Si non alteremente indicate, le sitos Wikipedia e Wikimedia non es appoiate per, ni affiliate con le possessores de tal derectos e per consequente Wikipedia non pote impartir derectos a usar materiales alteremente protegite. Vostre uso de tal o similar proprietate incorporee es a vostre proprie risco. Marcas commercial Omne marcas commercial, marcas de servicio, marcas collective, derectos de designo, derectos de personalitate o derectos similar que es mentionate, usate o citate in le articulos del encyclopedia Wikipedia es le proprietate de lor proprietarios respective. Lor uso hic non implica que vos pote usar los pro altere fin que pro le mesme o un similar uso informational como contemplate per le autores original de iste articulos de Wikipedia sub le schema de licentiamento GFDL. Si non alteremente indicate, le sitos Wikipedia e Wikimedia non es appoiate per, ni affiliate con le possessores de tal derectos e per consequente Wikipedia non pote impartir derectos a usar materiales alteremente protegite. Vostre uso de tal o similar proprietate incorporee es a vostre proprie risco. Jurisdiction e legalitate de contento Le publication de information trovate in Wikipedia pote esser in violation del leges del pais o jurisdiction ab ubi vos vide iste information. Le base de datos de Wikipedia es immagazinate in un servitor in le Stato de Florida in le Statos Unite de America , e es mantenite in referentia al protectiones date sub lege local e federal. Le leges in vostre pais o jurisdiction pote non proteger o permitter le mesme typos de parola o distribution. Wikipedia non incoragia le violation de leges; e non pote esser responsabile pro violationes de tal leges, in caso que vos face ligamines a iste dominio o usa, reproduce, o republica le information continite in isto. Jurisdiction e legalitate de contento Le publication de information trovate in Wikipedia pote esser in violation del leges del pais o jurisdiction ab ubi vos vide iste information. Le base de datos de Wikipedia es immagazinate in un servitor in le Stato de Florida in le Statos Unite de America , e es mantenite in referentia al protectiones date sub lege local e federal. Le leges in vostre pais o jurisdiction pote non proteger o permitter le mesme typos de parola o distribution. Wikipedia non incoragia le violation de leges; e non pote esser responsabile pro violationes de tal leges, in caso que vos face ligamines a iste dominio o usa, reproduce, o republica le information continite in isto. Non es consilio professional Si vos besonia consilio specific (per exemplo, medic, legal, financiari, o de administration de riscos) per favor cerca un professinoal qui es licentiate o experte in ille area. Vide en:Wikipedia:Risk disclaimer , en:Wikipedia:Medical disclaimer , e en:Wikipedia:Legal disclaimer pro declarationes specific de exemption de responsabilitates. Gratias pro prender le tempore a leger iste pagina, e per favor gaude de vostre uso de Wikipedia . Non es consilio professional Si vos besonia consilio specific (per exemplo, medic, legal, financiari, o de administration de riscos) per favor cerca un professinoal qui es licentiate o experte in ille area. Vide en:Wikipedia:Risk disclaimer , en:Wikipedia:Medical disclaimer , e en:Wikipedia:Legal disclaimer pro declarationes specific de exemption de responsabilitates. Gratias pro prender le tempore a leger iste pagina, e per favor gaude de vostre uso de Wikipedia . Exemplos de declarationes de exemption de altere encyclopedias Ben que altere encyclopedias, differentemente que Wikipedia, es professionalmente revidite per pares, illos ancora non garanti lor contento. Le declaration de exemption de britannica.com (del sito albergante le Encyclopædia Britannica in-linea): "BRITANNICA, SU DIRECTORES, FUNCTIONARIOS, ACTIONEROS, PARENTES, SUBSIDIARIOS, AFFILIATOS, AGENTES E LICENTIATORES, O PROVIDITORES DE CONTENTO IN NULLE EVENTO ESSERA RESPONSABILE PRO DAMNOS INDIRECTE, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, O CONSEQUENTIAL PROVENIENTE EX O CONNEXE AL USO, INCAPACITATE A USAR, RENDIMENTO O NON-RENDIMENTO DEL SERVICIOS, MESMO SI BRITANNICA ESSEVA PREVIEMENTE ADVERTITE DEL POSSIBILITATE DE TAL DAMNOS E SIN REGUARDO DE SI TAL DAMNOS PROVENI IN CONTRACTO, TORTO, SUB STATUTO, IN EQUITATE, A LEGE, O ALTEREMENTE." Le declaration de exemption de MSN.com (del sito albergante le encyclopedia Encarta de Microsoft) "...E TOTE LE RISCO A PROPOSITO DE QUALITATE SATISFACTORI, RENDIMENTO, ACCURATESSA, E EFFORTIO ES CON VOS." Le declaration de exemption de bartleby.com (del sito albergante le Encyclopedia Columbia ) "VOS EXPRESSEMENTE DECLARA VOS DE ACCORDO QUE LE USO DEL SERVICIO ES A VOSTRE SOL RISCO." Vide equalmente: en:Wikipedia:Non-Wikipedia disclaimers Exemplos de declarationes de exemption de altere encyclopedias Ben que altere encyclopedias, differentemente que Wikipedia, es professionalmente revidite per pares, illos ancora non garanti lor contento. Le declaration de exemption de britannica.com (del sito albergante le Encyclopædia Britannica in-linea): "BRITANNICA, SU DIRECTORES, FUNCTIONARIOS, ACTIONEROS, PARENTES, SUBSIDIARIOS, AFFILIATOS, AGENTES E LICENTIATORES, O PROVIDITORES DE CONTENTO IN NULLE EVENTO ESSERA RESPONSABILE PRO DAMNOS INDIRECTE, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, O CONSEQUENTIAL PROVENIENTE EX O CONNEXE AL USO, INCAPACITATE A USAR, RENDIMENTO O NON-RENDIMENTO DEL SERVICIOS, MESMO SI BRITANNICA ESSEVA PREVIEMENTE ADVERTITE DEL POSSIBILITATE DE TAL DAMNOS E SIN REGUARDO DE SI TAL DAMNOS PROVENI IN CONTRACTO, TORTO, SUB STATUTO, IN EQUITATE, A LEGE, O ALTEREMENTE." Le declaration de exemption de MSN.com (del sito albergante le encyclopedia Encarta de Microsoft) "...E TOTE LE RISCO A PROPOSITO DE QUALITATE SATISFACTORI, RENDIMENTO, ACCURATESSA, E EFFORTIO ES CON VOS." Le declaration de exemption de bartleby.com (del sito albergante le Encyclopedia Columbia ) "VOS EXPRESSEMENTE DECLARA VOS DE ACCORDO QUE LE USO DEL SERVICIO ES A VOSTRE SOL RISCO." Vide equalmente: en:Wikipedia:Non-Wikipedia disclaimers Wikipedia:A proposito Le ultime modification de iste pagina data del 1 maio 2017 a 08:22. Le pagina ha essite rendite con Parsoid . Le texto es disponibile sub le licentia Creative Commons Attribution-CompartiSimile ; additional conditiones pote esser in vigor. Vide Conditiones de uso pro detalios. Politica de confidentialitate A proposito de Wikipedia Declaration de non-responsabilitate Codice de conducta Programmatores Statisticas Declaration sur cookies Version mobile
|
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Declaration_general_de_non-responsabilitate
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Bounty Bowl I: The 1989 Thanksgiving Classic 2 Bounty Bowl II 3 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 3.1 Porkchop Bowl 3.2 Further coverage 3.1 Porkchop Bowl 3.2 Further coverage 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Bounty Bowl Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item The Bounty Bowl was the name given to two NFL games held in 1989 between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys . The first, a 1989 Thanksgiving Day game in Dallas , was noted for allegations that the Eagles put a $200 bounty on Cowboys kicker Luis Zendejas , who had been cut by Philadelphia earlier that season. The second was a rematch held two weeks later in Philadelphia. The Eagles, who were heavy favorites to win both games, swept the series. Bounty Bowl I: The 1989 Thanksgiving Classic Texas Stadium , the site of the game. Philadelphia Eagles (7–4) Dallas Cowboys (1–10) 27 0 Head coach: Buddy Ryan Head coach: Jimmy Johnson Philadelphia Eagles (7–4) Dallas Cowboys (1–10) 27 0 Head coach: Buddy Ryan Head coach: Jimmy Johnson 1 2 3 4 Total PHI 0 10 14 3 27 DAL 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 Total PHI 0 10 14 3 27 DAL 0 0 0 0 0 Date November 23, 1989 Stadium Texas Stadium Irving, Texas Favorite Philadelphia -6 [ 1 ] Referee Gene Barth TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Pat Summerall and John Madden The Cowboys/Eagles rivalry had been increasingly heated since the 1986 season, with Buddy Ryan arriving as the Eagles' head coach; the next year, during the NFL players' strike, the Cowboys (who were playing with a number of players that crossed picket lines) routed an Eagles squad filled with replacement players ; [ 2 ] Ryan, believing that the Cowboys had run up the score in poor form, responded in kind in the second game when the strike was over. [ 3 ] After the 1988 season, the Cowboys were sold to Jerry Jones , who proceeded to gut the team and fire longtime head coach Tom Landry in preparation for rebuilding. On November 23, 1989, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Dallas Cowboys 27–0. Following the game, which was broadcast on CBS , Cowboys head coach Jimmy Johnson alleged that Ryan had taken out a bounty on two of the former's players, kicker Luis Zendejas and quarterback Troy Aikman : [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} I have absolutely no respect for the way they played the game, I would have said something to Buddy, but he wouldn't stand on the field long enough. He put his big, fat rear end into the dressing room. I have absolutely no respect for the way they played the game, I would have said something to Buddy, but he wouldn't stand on the field long enough. He put his big, fat rear end into the dressing room. Ryan denied the bounty accusation, saying that film of the game "show that Small had no intention of hurting Zendejas." [ 5 ] The Philadelphia coach asserted it would have been in the Eagles' best interests to keep Zendejas in the game because he was in a slump. [ 5 ] Ryan also joked about Johnson's accusations: [ 5 ] I resent that. I've been on a diet, I lost a couple of pounds, and I thought I was looking good. I resent that. I've been on a diet, I lost a couple of pounds, and I thought I was looking good. When the Cowboys and Eagles met on Thanksgiving 25 years later, on November 27, 2014, Johnson joked that Ryan put up the bounty offer to keep his players interested since the Cowboys, who ultimately went 1-15, performed so poorly that year. [ 6 ] Zendejas spoke of having seen ''Buddy call guys out and give them $100'' for what the kicker called a weekly Big Hit award but what Ryan called a Big Play award. [ 7 ] This set of events set the stage for the scheduled rematch two weeks later in Philadelphia, dubbed "Bounty Bowl II." As for the Eagles, they would not play another Thanksgiving game until the 2008 NFL season when the Eagles faced the Arizona Cardinals in a preview of that season's NFC Championship Game. Bounty Bowl II Veterans Stadium, the site of the game Dallas Cowboys (1–12) Philadelphia Eagles (9–4) 10 20 Head coach: Jimmy Johnson Head coach: Buddy Ryan Dallas Cowboys (1–12) Philadelphia Eagles (9–4) 10 20 Head coach: Jimmy Johnson Head coach: Buddy Ryan 1 2 3 4 Total DAL 0 3 7 0 10 PHI 0 17 3 0 20 1 2 3 4 Total DAL 0 3 7 0 10 PHI 0 17 3 0 20 Date December 10, 1989 Stadium Veterans Stadium Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Favorite Philadelphia -12 [ 8 ] Referee Jerry Seeman TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Verne Lundquist and Terry Bradshaw The second game in the series took place on December 10, 1989, with NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue in attendance. The game was anticipated as a media event. CBS Sports did a pre-game opening touting the contest as "Bounty Bowl II", complete with wanted posters, the involved players' pictures, and bounty amounts. During the game, Eagles' fans threw snowballs, ice, and beer onto the field. Several game participants were targeted, including back judge Al Jury and Cowboys punter Mike Saxon (both struck by snowballs), as well as Cowboys coach Jimmy Johnson , who was hit with objects as he was escorted off the field by the Philadelphia Police Department . Television announcers Verne Lundquist and Terry Bradshaw were also pelted with snowballs – Lundquist would claim on-air that a recent dental surgery had been less unpleasant than broadcasting a game in Philadelphia [ 9 ] – and Eagles defensive lineman Jerome Brown was struck while standing on the sideline asking fans to cease throwing things. Eagles fan Edward Rendell later admitted that he was involved in the incident. The then-former Philadelphia district attorney , future mayor of Philadelphia and future governor of Pennsylvania bet another fan $20 that the latter couldn't reach the field with a snowball; Rendell lost. [ 10 ] The Eagles won the game 20–10. As a result of the incident, the Eagles added security and banned beer sales for their last home game of the year against the Phoenix Cardinals and the subsequent NFC wild-card playoff game versus the Los Angeles Rams . Aftermath Porkchop Bowl A third game in the heated rivalry took place the next season, known as the "Porkchop Bowl". The game got its name because, in the week leading up to the game, Eagles head coach Buddy Ryan choked on a pork chop while out to dinner with offensive coordinator Ted Plumb. Plumb intervened and saved Ryan's life. Philadelphia won this game as well, 21–20. [ 11 ] Further coverage In 2008 and on April 11, 2010, the game was included on a list of the ten most memorable moments in the history of Texas Stadium by ESPN . [ 12 ] See also New Orleans Saints bounty scandal National Football League controversies Cowboys–Eagles rivalry List of nicknamed NFL games and plays References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Philadelphia Eagles at Dallas Cowboys - November 23rd, 1989" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 15, 2024 . ^ "Pro Football: Ryan Gets Revenge in the End" . Los Angeles Times . October 26, 1987 . Retrieved April 4, 2010 . ^ "He's sure no Buddy to the Cowboys" . Eugene Register-Guard . October 27, 1987 . Retrieved April 4, 2010 . ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "Jimmy Johnson on Bounty Bowl" . YouTube . January 3, 2010. ^ a b c Kawakami, Tim (November 25, 1989). "Despite Investigation, Buddy's Humor Bountiful" . Philadelphia Daily News . Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. ^ Jimmy Johnson mentioned in the first segment of Fox NFL Sunday on November 27, 2014. Johnson was an analyst on the show at the time. ^ Dave Anderson (November 26, 1989). "Sports of The Times; The Backfire From Buddy Ryan's 'Bounties' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved February 2, 2018 . ^ "Dallas Cowboys at Philadelphia Eagles - December 10th, 1989" . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 15, 2024 . ^ 1989 Bounty Bowl II . YouTube. ^ "Meet Ed Rendell: New Governor Led Philly Comeback" . Philadelphia: WTAE Pittsburgh, ThePittsburghChannel. November 5, 2002. Archived from the original on November 7, 2002. ^ "Today in Philly Sports History: Porkchop Bowl, 1990" . RSN . December 28, 2008 . Retrieved March 23, 2023 . ^ Luksa, Frank (September 15, 2008). "Legends, underdogs, goats shared Texas Stadium spotlight" . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 4, 2008. External links Coach's Perspective of Bounty Bowl Bounty Bowl II Information .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Dallas Cowboys v t e Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington, Texas Headquartered in Frisco, Texas Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington, Texas Headquartered in Frisco, Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches All-time roster Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First-round draft picks Ring of Honor Ford Center at The Star Franchise History Coaches All-time roster Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First-round draft picks Ring of Honor Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America's Team America's Team: The Gambler and His Cowboys Cheerleaders Making the Team America's Sweethearts: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Debbie Does Dallas Doomsday Defense Dirty Dozen The Triplets ( Aikman , Irvin , and Smith ) Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Tom Landry Tex Schramm Roger Staubach Black Sunday Little Giants Jerry Maguire " Get Up (A Cowboys Anthem) " " We Dem Boyz " King of the Hill "You Only Move Twice" ( The Simpsons episode) Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk book NFL on Thanksgiving Day America's Team America's Team: The Gambler and His Cowboys America's Team: The Gambler and His Cowboys Cheerleaders Making the Team America's Sweethearts: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Debbie Does Dallas Making the Team America's Sweethearts: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders Debbie Does Dallas Doomsday Defense Dirty Dozen The Triplets ( Aikman , Irvin , and Smith ) Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Tom Landry Tex Schramm Roger Staubach Black Sunday Little Giants Jerry Maguire " Get Up (A Cowboys Anthem) " " We Dem Boyz " King of the Hill "You Only Move Twice" ( The Simpsons episode) Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk book book Lore Ice Bowl The Catch Herschel Walker trade Bounty Bowl series Pickle Juice Game 2013 game vs. Denver Broncos 2013 game vs. Green Bay Packers Dez Caught It Ice Bowl The Catch Herschel Walker trade Bounty Bowl series Pickle Juice Game 2013 game vs. Denver Broncos 2013 game vs. Green Bay Packers Dez Caught It Rivalries Green Bay Packers Houston Oilers/Texans Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Washington Commanders Green Bay Packers Houston Oilers/Texans Los Angeles Rams Minnesota Vikings New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Washington Commanders Division championships (25) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 2018 2021 2023 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 2018 2021 2023 Conference championships (10) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1975 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 1966 1967 1970 1971 1975 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League championships (5) 1971 (VI) 1977 (XII) 1992 (XXVII) 1993 (XXVIII) 1995 (XXX) 1971 (VI) 1977 (XII) 1992 (XXVII) 1993 (XXVIII) 1995 (XXX) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD-FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Broadcasters Radio network KRLD-FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division v t e Philadelphia Eagles v t e Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks All-time roster ( A–Ke , Kh–Z ) Draft Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks All-time roster ( A–Ke , Kh–Z ) Draft Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture " Fly, Eagles Fly " Swoop Curse of Billy Penn Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr. Dan Baker Cheerleaders Dom DiSandro Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon South Philadelphia Sports Complex Boy Meets World It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia " No one likes us, we don't care " New Heights The Philly Specials A Philly Special Christmas A Philly Special Christmas Special A Philly Special Christmas Party " Fly, Eagles Fly " Swoop Curse of Billy Penn Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr. Dan Baker Cheerleaders Dom DiSandro Silver Linings Playbook The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon South Philadelphia Sports Complex Boy Meets World It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia " No one likes us, we don't care " New Heights The Philly Specials A Philly Special Christmas A Philly Special Christmas Special A Philly Special Christmas Party A Philly Special Christmas A Philly Special Christmas Special A Philly Special Christmas Party Lore Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners " Pennsylvania Polka " Steagles " Happy Hundred " Chuck Bednarik's hit on Frank Gifford Santa Claus incident Miracle at the Meadowlands 46 defense Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game Pickle Juice Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Double Doink Corn Dog Tush Push Frankford Yellow Jackets Pennsylvania Keystoners " Pennsylvania Polka " Steagles " Happy Hundred " Chuck Bednarik's hit on Frank Gifford Santa Claus incident Miracle at the Meadowlands 46 defense Fog Bowl Bounty Bowl series Body Bag Game Pickle Juice Game 4th and 26 Miracle at the New Meadowlands Philly Special Double Doink Corn Dog Tush Push Rivalries Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Pittsburgh Steelers Washington Commanders Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Pittsburgh Steelers Washington Commanders Division championships (17) 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2010 2013 2017 2019 2022 2024 2025 1947 1948 1949 1980 1988 2001 2002 2003 2004 2006 2010 2013 2017 2019 2022 2024 2025 Conference championships (6) 1960 1980 2004 2017 2022 2024 1960 1980 2004 2017 2022 2024 League championships (5) 1948 1949 1960 2017 (LII) 2024 (LIX) 1948 1949 1960 2017 (LII) 2024 (LIX) Retired numbers 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 5 15 20 40 44 60 70 92 99 Media Broadcasters WIP-FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Devan Kaney Broadcasters WIP-FM Merrill Reese Mike Quick Devan Kaney Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division v t e NFL on CBS v t e Related programs Inside the NFL NFL on Nickelodeon The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 – 2017 ) NFL Big Game Night ( Channel 5 UK , since 2025 ) Non-NFL programs Arena Football on CBS College Football on CBS Inside the NFL NFL on Nickelodeon The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 – 2017 ) NFL Big Game Night ( Channel 5 UK , since 2025 ) Inside the NFL NFL on Nickelodeon The NFL on Westwood One Sports ( commentators ) The NFL Today Thursday Night Football ( 2014 – 2017 ) NFL Big Game Night ( Channel 5 UK , since 2025 ) Non-NFL programs Arena Football on CBS College Football on CBS Arena Football on CBS College Football on CBS Related articles 1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment NFL on television ( history ) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead-out programs ) Prime-time results Thursday Night Football results (2006–present) 1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment NFL on television ( history ) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead-out programs ) 1994–1996 U.S. TV realignment NFL on television ( history ) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s KCBS-TV KCNC-TV KDKA-TV WBZ-TV WJZ-TV WCBS-TV WFOR-TV Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead-out programs ) Prime-time results Thursday Night Football results (2006–present) Thursday Night Football results (2006–present) Commentators NFL Today personalities Postseason Super Bowl Pre- AFL–NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games Bills Toronto Series NFL Today personalities NFL Today personalities Postseason Super Bowl Super Bowl Pre- AFL–NFL merger NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl NFL Championship Game Playoff Bowl Non-US based games Bills Toronto Series Bills Toronto Series Lore 49ers–Cowboys rivalry AFL–NFL merger Black Sunday " Bottlegate " " Bounty Bowl series " The Fortune Cookie Bills–Chiefs rivalry Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry Colts–Patriots rivalry " Hail Maryland " " Hail Murray " "The Hit" (Chuck Bednarik) "The Instant Replay Game" " Miracle at the Meadowlands " " Miracle in Miami " " Miracle in Motown " Philadelphia Eagles Santa Claus incident 1982 Los Angeles Rams–Green Bay Packers game "Porkchop Bowl" 16–0 2013 Denver Broncos–Dallas Cowboys game Snow Bowl (1985) Snow Bowl (2017) Tom Dempsey's 63-yard field goal Justin Tucker's 66-yard field goal "The Wrong Way Run" Mile High Meltdown Postseason lore " The Block " " The Catch " " Deflategate " " The Fog Bowl " " The Hail Mary " " The Ice Bowl " Immaculate Redemption/The Tackle " Mile High Miracle " " Nipplegate " " The Tuck Rule Game " " 13 Seconds " Tom and Jerry 2024 AFC Championship Game " 3:16 game " Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games 49ers–Cowboys rivalry AFL–NFL merger Black Sunday " Bottlegate " " Bounty Bowl series " The Fortune Cookie Bills–Chiefs rivalry Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry Colts–Patriots rivalry " Hail Maryland " " Hail Murray " "The Hit" (Chuck Bednarik) "The Instant Replay Game" " Miracle at the Meadowlands " " Miracle in Miami " " Miracle in Motown " Philadelphia Eagles Santa Claus incident 1982 Los Angeles Rams–Green Bay Packers game "Porkchop Bowl" 16–0 2013 Denver Broncos–Dallas Cowboys game Snow Bowl (1985) Snow Bowl (2017) Tom Dempsey's 63-yard field goal Justin Tucker's 66-yard field goal "The Wrong Way Run" Mile High Meltdown 49ers–Cowboys rivalry AFL–NFL merger Black Sunday " Bottlegate " " Bounty Bowl series " The Fortune Cookie Bills–Chiefs rivalry Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry Colts–Patriots rivalry " Hail Maryland " " Hail Murray " "The Hit" (Chuck Bednarik) "The Instant Replay Game" " Miracle at the Meadowlands " " Miracle in Miami " " Miracle in Motown " Philadelphia Eagles Santa Claus incident 1982 Los Angeles Rams–Green Bay Packers game "Porkchop Bowl" 16–0 2013 Denver Broncos–Dallas Cowboys game Snow Bowl (1985) Snow Bowl (2017) Tom Dempsey's 63-yard field goal Justin Tucker's 66-yard field goal "The Wrong Way Run" Mile High Meltdown Postseason lore " The Block " " The Catch " " Deflategate " " The Fog Bowl " " The Hail Mary " " The Ice Bowl " Immaculate Redemption/The Tackle " Mile High Miracle " " Nipplegate " " The Tuck Rule Game " " 13 Seconds " Tom and Jerry 2024 AFC Championship Game " 3:16 game " " The Block " " The Catch " " Deflategate " " The Fog Bowl " " The Hail Mary " " The Ice Bowl " Immaculate Redemption/The Tackle " Mile High Miracle " " Nipplegate " " The Tuck Rule Game " " 13 Seconds " Tom and Jerry 2024 AFC Championship Game " 3:16 game " Holiday lore NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games NFL on Thanksgiving Day Christmas games Music " Posthumus Zone " " Posthumus Zone " NFL Championship 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 NFC Championship 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 AFC Championship 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Super Bowl Pre- AFL–NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 – 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 –present) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LV ( 2020 ) LVIII ( 2023 ) LXII ( 2027 ) Halftime shows X (1975) XIV (1979) XVI (1981) XXXV (2000) XXXVIII (2003) XLI (2006) XLIV (2009) XLVII (2012) 50 (2015) LIII (2018) LV (2020) LVIII (2023) Pre- AFL–NFL merger I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) I ( 1966 ) II ( 1967 ) IV ( 1969 ) NFC package carrier ( 1970 – 1993 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) VI ( 1971 ) VIII ( 1973 ) X ( 1975 ) XII ( 1977 ) XIV ( 1979 ) XVI ( 1981 ) XVIII ( 1983 ) XXI ( 1986 ) XXIV ( 1989 ) XXVI ( 1991 ) AFC package carrier ( 1998 –present) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LV ( 2020 ) LVIII ( 2023 ) LXII ( 2027 ) XXXV ( 2000 ) XXXVIII ( 2003 ) XLI ( 2006 ) XLIV ( 2009 ) XLVII ( 2012 ) 50 ( 2015 ) LIII ( 2018 ) LV ( 2020 ) LVIII ( 2023 ) LXII ( 2027 ) Halftime shows X (1975) XIV (1979) XVI (1981) XXXV (2000) XXXVIII (2003) XLI (2006) XLIV (2009) XLVII (2012) 50 (2015) LIII (2018) LV (2020) LVIII (2023) X (1975) XIV (1979) XVI (1981) XXXV (2000) XXXVIII (2003) XLI (2006) XLIV (2009) XLVII (2012) 50 (2015) LIII (2018) LV (2020) LVIII (2023) Pro Bowl 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 2007 NFL Honors 2013 2016 2019 2021 2024 2013 2016 2019 2021 2024 Dallas Cowboys NFL games 1989 NFL season Philadelphia Eagles NFL controversies 1989 in sports in Texas 1989 in sports in Pennsylvania NFL on Thanksgiving Day Culture of Philadelphia Violence in sports November 1989 sports events in the United States December 1989 sports events in the United States Nicknamed sporting events American football competitions in Irving, Texas American football competitions in Philadelphia Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use American English from December 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2025 This page was last edited on 10 December 2025, at 00:32 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_Bowl
|
Pääleht Arotusõtarõ Viimädseq muutmisõq Johuslinõ artikli Abi Tallitusleheküleq Tugõminõ Tiiq hindäle pruukjanimi Nimega sisseminek Tugõminõ Tiiq hindäle pruukjanimi Nimega sisseminek Wikipedia : Pääleht Pääleht Arotus Loeq Vaata lähteteksti Näütäq aoluku Loeq Vaata lähteteksti Näütäq aoluku Siiäq näütäjäq lingiq Siiäq putvaq muutmisõq Teedüstü üleslaatminõ Püsülink Leheküle andmõq Hangi lühendatud URL Laadi alla QR-kood Luuq raamat Laadiq alla ku PDF-fail Trükükujo Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Metaviki Wikimedia Outreach Mitmekeelsed Vikitekstid Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Andmõütsüs Olõq terveq tulõma võrokeelitsehe Vikipeediähe , vappa entsüklopeediähe! 2. nädäli artikli Hurda Jakob ( Jakob Hurt , 1839 – 1907 ) oll' Põlva kihlkunnast perit rahvaluulõ- ja keeletiidläne nink ütiskunnategeläne. Tüüt' päämädselt kerkoopõtajan, a kõgõ rohkõmp hinnatas tedä suurõ üle-Eestilidse rahvaluulõkorjamisõ alostamisõ ja iistvidämise iist. Lõunaeesti keelen om tä kirotanuq luulõtuisi, tähtraamadojuttõ ja jutussit. Loeq edesi Kas tiidset, et … Lõunõeesti kiili mõistjit oll' 2011. aastaga rahvalugõmisõ perrä kokko 101 857. Noist 74 499 võro , 12 549 seto , 9698 mulgi ja 4109 tarto keele mõistjat ni 1002 inemist, kiä märgi-is täpsämbähe, määnest lõunõeesti kiilt nä mõistvaq? Võromaa moodustõdi administratiivsõlt Tartomaa lõunõosast 1783. aastagal üten Võro liina asotamisõga ni Võromaa oll' noin piiren 1920 . aastagani? Võro Instituut , võro keele ja kultuuri edendämises mõtõld riigiasotus, om luud Eesti Vabariigi Valitsusõ puult 1995 . aastaga 14. urbõkuu pääväl ? Valit pilt Kõik artikliq Kõik artikliq tähti perrä: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P-Q R S T U V W-Õ-Ä-Ö-Ü-X-Y-Z-Ž Kaeq artikliid teemadõ perrä Soomõ-ugri vikipeediäq Aunusõkaŕala • Eesti • Ersä • Inarisaami • Komi • Liivi • Moksa • Mäemari • Niidümari • Permikomi • Põh'asaami • Soomõ • Udmurdi • Ungari • Vepsä • Võro Kõik Vikipeediäq lövvät Vikipeedijide tävveligust nimekiräst About this Wikipedia Võro is a Finno-Ugric language spoken by about 75.000 people mainly in Southern Estonia. Read more about Võro . Täämbä om 10. vahtsõaastakuu päiv 2026 . Võro Vikipeediän om parhillaq käsil 6884 artiklit . Vikipeediä tutvustus Seo om Vikipeediä võrokeeline kodolehekülg. Aśa mõtõq om üles ehitäq vaba võrokeeline entsüklopeediä. Et võro Vikipeediä om parlaq ainugõnõ terve lõunõeesti keelerühmä pääle, sis oodamiq siiäq väega ka tõisin lõunõeesti keelin - seto , mulgi ja tarto keelen kirotõduid artikliid. Egäüts või siiäq esiq vahtsit artiklit kirotaq ja olõmanolõvit parandaq. Tuu jaos piä ei nimega sisse minemä. Kaeq Vikipeediä tutvustust , säädüisi , sagõhõmpi küsümüisi ja nakkaq kirotama! Lühkü pruukmisoppus : olõmanolõvidõ artiklidõ manoq veeväq sinidseq lingiq; verevile lingele om artikli mõtõld, a tuu tulõ viil kirotaq. Verevät linki klõpsatõn saat leheküle pääle, kohe saat kirotaq vahtsõ artikli. Loeq edesi Luuq vahtsõnõ artikli! (Kirodaq kasti artikli nimi ja vaodaq nuppi Luuq leht !) Tähtsämpi linke Arotus Eräpoolõlda saisukotus Võro-eesti-võro sõnaraamat Võrokeeline aoleht Uma Leht Võro Instituut Võrgoväreht "Üts rahvas - kats kiilt Opikeskkund "Opiq võro kiilt!" Helüait - kullõq võro kiilt! Vikikeskkunna ümbrepandminõ võro kiilde Wikimedia tegemiisi Acèh Адыгабзэ Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bahasa Hulontalo Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Madhurâ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Basa Ugi Български Буряад Català Cebuano Чӑвашла Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe Farefare فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagana Samoa Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Кыргызча Ikirundi Кырык мары Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latina Latgaļu Latviešu Lea faka-Tonga Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Li Niha Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan Pangcah پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ တႆး ဘာသာမန် Picard Piemontèis Pinayuanan Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seediq Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Taclḥit Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça Tayal తెలుగు Tetun Thuɔŋjäŋ ไทย Tiếng Việt ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Tok Pisin ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Volapük Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wayuunaiki Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Bajau Sama Betawi Batak Mandailing Dagaare Kadazandusun Fɔ̀ngbè Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Kʋsaal Moore IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် Руски ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ትግሬ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Seo leht om viimäte muudõt 08:24, 25. märtekuu 2020. Teksti või pruukiq Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike -litsendsi tingimüisi perrä; mõnikõrd või päält taa ollaq ka muid tingimüisi. Taa kotsilõ kaeq täpsämbähe Wikimedia pruukmistingimüisist . Eräteedüse kaitsminõ Wikipedia tutvustus Hoiatuisi Käitumisjuhis Edendäjäq Statistiga Prännikidõ teedäqandminõ Mobiilikaehus
|
https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:P%C3%A4%C3%A4leht#bodyContent
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Mission goals 2 Development 3 References Habitable Worlds Observatory Bosanski Español Français Русский 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Mission type Space telescope Operator NASA Website Start of mission Launch date 2040s ( 2026-01-17UTC02:40 ) Large Strategic Science Missions Astrophysics Division ← NGRST The Habitable Worlds Observatory ( HWO ) is a future flagship space telescope for NASA Astrophysics that will build on the achievements of the Hubble , Webb , and Roman Space Observatories. Designed to search for signs of life on nearby Earth-like planets, HWO will combine cutting-edge ultraviolet , optical , and infrared technologies to explore fundamental questions about life in the Universe, the origin of galaxies and elements, and the place of humanity in the cosmos. [ 1 ] Its primary mission would be to search for and image Earth-size habitable exoplanets in the habitable zones of their stars, where liquid water can exist, by using a coronagraph or a starshade to block out the light of their stars. [ 2 ] The proposed launch date is 2041, a tentative date because U.S. President Donald Trump ’s budget proposals promised to defund and dismantle many NASA science missions currently in development. [ 3 ] Mission goals HWO's main objective would be to identify and directly image at least 25 potentially habitable worlds. It would then use spectroscopy to search for chemical biosignatures in these planets' atmospheres, including gases such as oxygen and methane, which could serve as critical evidence for life. HWO would also use its high sensitivity and resolution capabilities to trace the evolution of galaxies and other cosmic structures. [ 4 ] The main science themes for HWO are: [ 2 ] Living worlds – search for life Drivers of galaxy growth – show how galaxies change over the lifetime of the universe Evolution of elements over cosmic time – study how elements arise in stars and are redistributed Solar System in its galactic context – study objects in the Solar System Development The concept for HWO came out of two earlier ideas called the Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor and Habitable Exoplanets Observatory . HWO was officially recommended in 2020 by the National Academies ' Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics . [ 5 ] In 2023, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) established a Great Observatory Maturation Program (GOMAP) to unite government, industry, and academia to develop the technologies needed for HWO. [ 4 ] GOMAP aims to draw on lessons from previous NASA missions to streamline development of the HWO concept and decrease budget and schedule risks for the future mission. The HWO is designed to be launched on a super heavy-lift launch vehicle such as SpaceX 's Starship , Blue Origin 's New Glenn or the SLS . [ 6 ] The design for the HWO includes a 6–8-meter mirror; however, it would allow for a larger mirror if launch-vehicle technology allows by the time of its launch in the 2040s. [ 6 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "NASA Habitable Worlds Observatory Website" . ^ a b "Habitable Worlds Observatory Community Website at Space Telescope Science Institute" . Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy . Nov 6, 2025. Archived from the original on 2024-04-26 . Retrieved 2024-01-23 . ^ Berger, Eric (11 April 2025). "Trump White House budget proposal eviscerates science funding at NASA" . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 11 April 2025 . Retrieved 11 April 2025 . ^ a b Dana Bolles (Responsible NASA Official for Science) (January 1, 2024). Yesenia Arroyo (ed.). "HWO "about" page" . NASA . Archived from the original on 2024-01-06 . Retrieved 2024-01-06 . ^ FIONA HARRISON ; ROBERT C. KENNICUTT, JR. ; JULIANNE DALCANTON ; TIM DE ZEEUW ; ANDREW S. DRIESMAN ; JONATHAN J. FORTNEY ; GABRIELA GONZÁLEZ> ; JORDAN A. GOODMAN ; MARC P. KAMIONKOWSKI ; BRUCE A. MACINTOSH ; JACOBUS M. OSCHMANN ; RACHEL A. OSTEN ; LYMAN A. PAGE, JR. ; ELIOT QUATAERT ; WANDA A. SIGUR ; RACHEL SOMERVILLE ; KEIVAN G. STASSUN ; JEAN L. TURNER ; PIETER VAN DOKKUM ; ELLEN G. ZWEIBEL (2023). Pathways to Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 2020s . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine . doi : 10.17226/26141 . ISBN 978-0-309-46734-6 . OSTI 2326985 . Archived from the original on 2024-04-19 . Retrieved 2024-04-19 . ^ a b Kuhr, Jack (2024-07-10). "Habitable Worlds Observatory and the Future of Space Telescopes in the Era of Super Heavy Lift Launch" . payloadspace.com . Archived from the original on 2024-07-11 . Retrieved 2024-07-11 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Space telescopes v t e Operating Radio and Microwave NCLE (since 2018) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Queqiao (since 2018) Wind (since 1994) Queqiao 2 (since 2024) Infrared Odin (since 2001) James Webb (since 2022) SPHEREx (since 2025) Optical Aoi (since 2018) Astrosat (since 2015) BRITE constellation (since 2013) CHASE (since 2021) CHEOPS (since 2019) DSCOVR (since 2015) Euclid (since 2023) Hayabusa2 (since 2021) HiRISE (since 2005) Hubble (since 1990) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) NEOSSat (since 2013) Odin (since 2001) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Swift (since 2004) TESS (since 2018) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Ultraviolet Aditya-L1 (since 2023) ASO-S (since 2022) Astrosat (since 2015) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) IRIS (since 2013) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Swift (since 2004) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Carruthers Geocorona Observatory (since 2025) X-ray and Gamma-ray CALET (since 2015) Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999) DAMPE (since 2015) Einstein Probe (since 2024) HXMT (Insight) (since 2017) Fermi (since 2008) GECAM (since 2020) IXPE (since 2021) Spektr-RG (since 2019) SVOM (since 2024) Swift (since 2004) Max Valier Sat (since 2017) MAXI (since 2009) MinXSS-2 (since 2018) NICER (since 2017) NuSTAR (since 2012) LEIA (since 2022) XRISM (since 2023) XPoSat (since 2024) XMM-Newton (since 1999) Other (particle or unclassified) ACE (since 1997) AMS-02 (since 2011) CALET (since 2015) DAMPE (since 2015) IBEX (since 2008) ISS-CREAM (since 2017) Mini-EUSO (since 2019) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Radio and Microwave NCLE (since 2018) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Queqiao (since 2018) Wind (since 1994) Queqiao 2 (since 2024) NCLE (since 2018) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Queqiao (since 2018) Wind (since 1994) Queqiao 2 (since 2024) Infrared Odin (since 2001) James Webb (since 2022) SPHEREx (since 2025) Odin (since 2001) James Webb (since 2022) SPHEREx (since 2025) Optical Aoi (since 2018) Astrosat (since 2015) BRITE constellation (since 2013) CHASE (since 2021) CHEOPS (since 2019) DSCOVR (since 2015) Euclid (since 2023) Hayabusa2 (since 2021) HiRISE (since 2005) Hubble (since 1990) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) NEOSSat (since 2013) Odin (since 2001) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Swift (since 2004) TESS (since 2018) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Aoi (since 2018) Astrosat (since 2015) BRITE constellation (since 2013) CHASE (since 2021) CHEOPS (since 2019) DSCOVR (since 2015) Euclid (since 2023) Hayabusa2 (since 2021) HiRISE (since 2005) Hubble (since 1990) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) NEOSSat (since 2013) Odin (since 2001) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Swift (since 2004) TESS (since 2018) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Ultraviolet Aditya-L1 (since 2023) ASO-S (since 2022) Astrosat (since 2015) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) IRIS (since 2013) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Swift (since 2004) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Carruthers Geocorona Observatory (since 2025) Aditya-L1 (since 2023) ASO-S (since 2022) Astrosat (since 2015) Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006) IRIS (since 2013) SDO (since 2010) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Swift (since 2004) PROBA-3 (since 2024) Carruthers Geocorona Observatory (since 2025) X-ray and Gamma-ray CALET (since 2015) Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999) DAMPE (since 2015) Einstein Probe (since 2024) HXMT (Insight) (since 2017) Fermi (since 2008) GECAM (since 2020) IXPE (since 2021) Spektr-RG (since 2019) SVOM (since 2024) Swift (since 2004) Max Valier Sat (since 2017) MAXI (since 2009) MinXSS-2 (since 2018) NICER (since 2017) NuSTAR (since 2012) LEIA (since 2022) XRISM (since 2023) XPoSat (since 2024) XMM-Newton (since 1999) CALET (since 2015) Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999) DAMPE (since 2015) Einstein Probe (since 2024) HXMT (Insight) (since 2017) Fermi (since 2008) GECAM (since 2020) IXPE (since 2021) Spektr-RG (since 2019) SVOM (since 2024) Swift (since 2004) Max Valier Sat (since 2017) MAXI (since 2009) MinXSS-2 (since 2018) NICER (since 2017) NuSTAR (since 2012) LEIA (since 2022) XRISM (since 2023) XPoSat (since 2024) XMM-Newton (since 1999) Other (particle or unclassified) ACE (since 1997) AMS-02 (since 2011) CALET (since 2015) DAMPE (since 2015) IBEX (since 2008) ISS-CREAM (since 2017) Mini-EUSO (since 2019) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) ACE (since 1997) AMS-02 (since 2011) CALET (since 2015) DAMPE (since 2015) IBEX (since 2008) ISS-CREAM (since 2017) Mini-EUSO (since 2019) SOHO (since 1995) Solar Orbiter (since 2020) STEREO (since 2006) Planned PETREL (2025) K-EUSO (2026) Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026) PLATO (2026) Xuntian (2026) COSI (2027) LORD (2027) NEO Surveyor (2027) JASMINE (2028) Solar-C EUVST (2028) ARIEL (2029) Spektr-UV (2030) UVEX (2030) Spektr-M (2030+) LiteBIRD (2032) Taiji (2033) Athena (2035) LISA (2035) PETREL (2025) K-EUSO (2026) Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (2026) PLATO (2026) Xuntian (2026) COSI (2027) LORD (2027) NEO Surveyor (2027) JASMINE (2028) Solar-C EUVST (2028) ARIEL (2029) Spektr-UV (2030) UVEX (2030) Spektr-M (2030+) LiteBIRD (2032) Taiji (2033) Athena (2035) LISA (2035) Proposed Arcus Astro-1 Telescope AstroSat-2 EXCEDE Fresnel Imager FOCAL GSST-PMM HabEx HWO Hypertelescope ILO-1 iWF-MAXI JEM-EUSO LUCI LUVOIR Lynx Nautilus Deep Space Observatory New Worlds Mission NRO donation to NASA ORBIS OST PhoENiX Solar-D Space Solar Telescope THEIA THESEUS Arcus Astro-1 Telescope AstroSat-2 EXCEDE Fresnel Imager FOCAL GSST-PMM HabEx HWO Hypertelescope ILO-1 iWF-MAXI JEM-EUSO LUCI LUVOIR Lynx Nautilus Deep Space Observatory New Worlds Mission NRO donation to NASA ORBIS OST PhoENiX Solar-D Space Solar Telescope THEIA THESEUS Retired AGILE (2007–2024) Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011) ALEXIS (1993–2005) Alouette 1 (1962–1972) Ariel 1 (1962, 1964) Ariel 2 (1964) Ariel 3 (1967–1969) Ariel 4 (1971–1972) Ariel 5 (1974–1980) Ariel 6 (1979–1982) ASTERIA (2017–2019) ATM (1973–1974) ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000) Astro-1 (1990) BBXRT HUT Astro-2 ( HUT ) (1995) Astron (1983–1991) ANS (1974–1976) BeppoSAX (1996–2003) CHIPSat (2003–2008) Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000) CoRoT (2006–2013) Cos-B (1975–1982) COBE (1989–1993) CXBN-2 (2017–2019) DXS (1993) EPOCh (2008) EPOXI (2010) Explorer 11 (1961) EXOSAT (1983–1986) EUVE (1992–2001) FUSE (1999–2007) Gaia (2013–2025) GALEX (2003–2013) Gamma (1990–1992) Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991) Granat (1989–1998) Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985) HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005) HEAO-1 (1977–1979) Herschel (2009–2013) Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991) Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (2013–2023) HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982) HEAO-3 (1979–1981) HETE-2 (2000–2008) Hipparcos (1989–1993) ILO-X (2024) INTEGRAL (2002–2025) IRAS (1983) IRTS (1995–1996) ISO (1996–1998) IUE (1978–1996) IXAE (1996–2004) Kepler (2009–2018) Kristall (1990–2001) Kvant-1 (1987–2001) LEGRI (1997–2002) LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017) MinXSS (2015–2017) MOST (2003–2019) MSX (1996–1997) Mikhailo Lomonosov (2016–2019?) OAO-2 (1968–1973) OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981) Orbiting Solar Observatory OSO 1 OSO B OSO 3 OSO 4 OSO 5 OSO 6 OSO 7 OSO 8 Orion 1 (1971) Orion 2 (1973) PAMELA (2006–2016) PicSat (2018) Planck (2009–2013) RELIKT-1 (1983–1984) R/HESSI (2002–2018) ROSAT (1990–1999) RXTE (1995–2012) SAMPEX (1992–2004) SAS-B (1972–1973) SAS-C (1975–1979) SOLAR (2008–2017) Solwind (1979–1985) Spektr-R (2011–2019) Spitzer (2003–2020) Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015) Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980) Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985) Uhuru (1970–1973) Vanguard 3 (1959) WMAP (2001–2010) WISE (2009–2024) Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001) AGILE (2007–2024) Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011) ALEXIS (1993–2005) Alouette 1 (1962–1972) Ariel 1 (1962, 1964) Ariel 2 (1964) Ariel 3 (1967–1969) Ariel 4 (1971–1972) Ariel 5 (1974–1980) Ariel 6 (1979–1982) ASTERIA (2017–2019) ATM (1973–1974) ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000) Astro-1 (1990) BBXRT HUT BBXRT HUT Astro-2 ( HUT ) (1995) Astron (1983–1991) ANS (1974–1976) BeppoSAX (1996–2003) CHIPSat (2003–2008) Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000) CoRoT (2006–2013) Cos-B (1975–1982) COBE (1989–1993) CXBN-2 (2017–2019) DXS (1993) EPOCh (2008) EPOXI (2010) Explorer 11 (1961) EXOSAT (1983–1986) EUVE (1992–2001) FUSE (1999–2007) Gaia (2013–2025) GALEX (2003–2013) Gamma (1990–1992) Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991) Granat (1989–1998) Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985) HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005) HEAO-1 (1977–1979) Herschel (2009–2013) Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991) Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (2013–2023) HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982) HEAO-3 (1979–1981) HETE-2 (2000–2008) Hipparcos (1989–1993) ILO-X (2024) INTEGRAL (2002–2025) IRAS (1983) IRTS (1995–1996) ISO (1996–1998) IUE (1978–1996) IXAE (1996–2004) Kepler (2009–2018) Kristall (1990–2001) Kvant-1 (1987–2001) LEGRI (1997–2002) LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017) MinXSS (2015–2017) MOST (2003–2019) MSX (1996–1997) Mikhailo Lomonosov (2016–2019?) OAO-2 (1968–1973) OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981) Orbiting Solar Observatory OSO 1 OSO B OSO 3 OSO 4 OSO 5 OSO 6 OSO 7 OSO 8 OSO 1 OSO B OSO 3 OSO 4 OSO 5 OSO 6 OSO 7 OSO 8 Orion 1 (1971) Orion 2 (1973) PAMELA (2006–2016) PicSat (2018) Planck (2009–2013) RELIKT-1 (1983–1984) R/HESSI (2002–2018) ROSAT (1990–1999) RXTE (1995–2012) SAMPEX (1992–2004) SAS-B (1972–1973) SAS-C (1975–1979) SOLAR (2008–2017) Solwind (1979–1985) Spektr-R (2011–2019) Spitzer (2003–2020) Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015) Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980) Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985) Uhuru (1970–1973) Vanguard 3 (1959) WMAP (2001–2010) WISE (2009–2024) Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001) Hibernating (Mission completed) SWAS (1998–2005) TRACE (1998–2010) SWAS (1998–2005) TRACE (1998–2010) Lost/Failed OAO-1 (1966) OAO-B (1970) CORSA (1976) CXBN (2012–2013) OSO C (1965) ABRIXAS (1999) HETE-1 (1996) WIRE (1999) Astro-E (2000) Tsubame (2014–2015) Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016) OAO-1 (1966) OAO-B (1970) CORSA (1976) CXBN (2012–2013) OSO C (1965) ABRIXAS (1999) HETE-1 (1996) WIRE (1999) Astro-E (2000) Tsubame (2014–2015) Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016) Cancelled Aelita AOSO Astro-G Constellation-X Darwin Destiny EChO Eddington FAME FINESSE GEMS HOP IXO JDEM LOFT Nano-JASMINE OSO J OSO K Sentinel SIM & SIMlite SNAP SPICA SPOrt TAUVEX TPF XEUS XIPE Aelita AOSO Astro-G Constellation-X Darwin Destiny EChO Eddington FAME FINESSE GEMS HOP IXO JDEM LOFT Nano-JASMINE OSO J OSO K Sentinel SIM & SIMlite SNAP SPICA SPOrt TAUVEX TPF XEUS XIPE Related Great Observatories program List of space telescopes List of proposed space telescopes X-ray telescope List of heliophysics missions List of planetariums Hubble (2010 documentary) Deep Sky (2023 documentary) Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine (2023 documentary) Great Observatories program List of space telescopes List of proposed space telescopes X-ray telescope List of heliophysics missions List of planetariums Hubble (2010 documentary) Deep Sky (2023 documentary) Unknown: Cosmic Time Machine (2023 documentary) Category:Space telescopes Category:Space telescopes Space telescopes Exoplanet search projects Proposed astrobiology space missions Proposed NASA space probes 2040s in science Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 20:40 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 What to do then? 2 But providing sources can 3 See also 4 Notes Wikipedia : No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability العربية 日本語 Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This is an essay on notability . It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Wikipedia contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article or a Wikipedia policy , as it has not been reviewed by the community and may reflect various opinions. .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:AKON WP:AKON WP:AMOUNT WP:AMOUNT WP:NAECOLN WP:NAECOLN WP:OVERCOME WP:OVERCOME WP:AKON WP:AKON WP:AMOUNT WP:AMOUNT WP:NAECOLN WP:NAECOLN WP:OVERCOME WP:OVERCOME This page in a nutshell: When notability is legitimately invoked as an issue in a deletion nomination, the problem usually cannot be solved by more editing. When articles are listed for deletion on the grounds of the topic's notability, the creators of such articles often ask how they could write better articles about that topic. But they are, in fact, asking the wrong question. There are many notability guidelines for different types of articles, but when a notability issue is invoked, no matter what the topic is, it always boils down to this question: should we even have an article about that topic? This means that unless information is added to an article to show that its topic meets the relevant notability guideline, or unless the notability issue was invoked in error, there is nothing that can be done to save the article. Not a better writing style . Not a more neutral wording. Not surrendering the redaction to another person to circumvent conflict of interest guidelines . Not the removal of material potentially regarded as promotional . Not a more explicit referencing from primary sources , press releases, or interviews. Not even a promise that, soon, the subject will meet the notability guidelines. Nothing. None of these things address the problem. The problem is not with the article itself: the problem is what the article is about. Editors who protest against deletion nominations of articles they create are often closely related to the subject. Our conflict of interest guidelines do not prevent anyone from creating or editing articles about themselves, but the very act of creating an article often arises from such a relationship, and the creator often overestimates the notability of the subject. However, people who create articles about themselves or projects they are involved in can do something when their articles are deleted on notability grounds. But it can only be done off-wiki. They can get others to notice them or their projects first . For example: If an article had been posted in 2001 (Wikipedia's first year) about the American recording artist and record producer Akon , it would probably have been deleted for lack of notability, with good reason. Even in 2004, when the biographic article about Akon was first posted, another editor might have argued that it was too soon for an encyclopedic mention of this new hip-hop sensation (and it probably was). But little by little, reporters and authors took notice, and voilà! With new reliable sources to back up the information in the article, he became notable in Wikipedia's mind. At that point with the supporting newspaper and magazine articles, no editor could make a credible claim that Akon was not notable. In fact, if the current notability guidelines for websites had existed in 2001 (Wikipedia's first year), this encyclopedia would not have been able to maintain an article about itself . There was nothing about the site to document or write down as it was largely unknown at the time. But Wikipedia has grown into notability – appearing in the news and featuring in academic studies – and nowadays, it would be unthinkable for Wikipedia to not have such an article. Wikipedia has more than 7.1 million articles now. Many of those do not do justice to the importance of their subjects (we believe the technical term would be "crappy"), but at least they do establish that the subject has been noticed by third parties before the Wikipedia article was started. Bad writing is not an argument for deletion except in extreme cases , but an otherwise brilliantly written article may be deleted without hesitation if its topic does not meet the relevant notability guideline. [ 1 ] What to do then? It depends whether you have a relationship with the subject or not. If you don't, then, as far as Wikipedia is concerned, you can only wait. You may have started the article out of admiration for the subject, but if you are the only person who has noticed yet, then the time is not right for a Wikipedia article – even a brilliant one. Perhaps you are the first person to have noticed a performer, a politician, a business, etc. enough to write a neutral article about that subject. But if you are first to notice, then Wikipedia is not the right place to spread the word about something worth noting. You may want to try your luck at Facebook, Twitter, or a personal blog, as such websites are specifically suited for you to say what you want to say. After some time, a reliable source or two may notice the subject in some depth, perhaps even thanks to you. When you become aware of that happening with some depth, then the time is right for you to start the Wikipedia article on that subject. On the other hand, if you do have a close relationship with the subject, or if you are the subject, and you would like to become the subject of a stable Wikipedia entry, that's one motivation to become the best you can be in your field, and that is where you should concentrate your efforts. If you become prominent in that field, then by the time you come back to Wikipedia you might find that someone else has started a Wikipedia article on you, and that that article may have already survived a deletion discussion. As a bonus, you will have spared yourself the drama of fighting to have the article about you or the subject you are close to stay in Wikipedia. Of course, there is nothing keeping you from creating or editing an article about yourself or a subject you are close to (and editing is actually encouraged if you find blatant inaccuracies – though it is strongly discouraged otherwise), and Wikipedia does have several partly autobiographical articles about unquestionably notable people – perhaps the most well-known of whom would be Franklin Delano Roosevelt III , whose additions to his own Wikipedia article can be found here . For more insight, see Wikipedia:Wikipedians with articles , though this list does not claim that those on it ever edited articles about themselves. But the main point would be for you to become truly notable first, and that takes some time and effort (and often some luck). Your efforts could be undermined if you try to defend your current notability before your achievements have been noticed by the outside world. But providing sources can It is sometimes the case that editors will either fail to find or fail to seek sources before placing a {{ notability }} template on an article, or on occasion even before starting a deletion process. In this case, editing the article to include more and better sources can help. These sources can also simply be provided in the deletion discussion or on the talk page; as mentioned, the quality of the article is irrelevant to questions of notability. See also Wikipedia:Before – things to do before making an articles for deletion nomination. The foregoing essay assumes that the nominator has done that. If not, look at the potential sources listed in the deletion discussion. Wikipedia:Common sourcing mistakes (notability) – at times the notability of a topic is questioned that is notable , but lacks strong citations to reliable , secondary and independent sources substantively treating that topic. This essay covers three common mistakes in using sources to show notability. Wikipedia:Minimum coverage – An essay explaining what minimum coverage would be needed to write a proper article, and by extension, how to handle topics that don't meet those minimums. Notes ^ Articles for deletion discussion closed as a redirect for featured article Lewis (baseball) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia essays (?) v t e Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on building, editing, and deleting content Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Philosophy Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Articles are more important than policy Articles must be written All Five Pillars are equally important Avoid vague introductions Civil POV pushing Cohesion Competence is required Concede lost arguments Dissent is not disloyalty Don't lie Don't search for objections Duty to comply Editing Wikipedia is like visiting a foreign country Editors will sometimes be wrong Eight simple rules for editing our encyclopedia Explanationism External criticism of Wikipedia Five pillars Here to build an encyclopedia Large language models Leave it to the experienced Levels of competence Levels of consensus Most ideas are bad Need Not broken is ugly Not editing because of Wikipedia restriction Not every article can be a Featured Article The one question Oversimplification Paradoxes Paraphrasing POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Process is important Product, process, policy Purpose Reasonability rule Systemic bias There is no seniority Ten Simple Rules for Editing Wikipedia Tendentious editing The role of policies in collaborative anarchy The rules are principles Trifecta We are absolutely here to right great wrongs Wikipedia in brief Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is a community Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Article construction 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles 100K featured articles Abandoned stubs Acronym overkill Adding images improves the encyclopedia Advanced text formatting Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to the "Expand" template Amnesia test A navbox on every page An unfinished house is a real problem Archive your sources Article revisions Articles have a half-life Autosizing images Avoid mission statements Be neutral in form Beef up that first revision Blind men and an elephant BOLD, revert, discuss cycle Build content to endure Cherrypicking Chesterton's fence Children's lit, adult new readers, & large-print books Citation overkill Citation underkill Common-style fallacy Concept cloud Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Dictionaries as sources Don't cite Wikipedia on Wikipedia Don't demolish the house while it's still being built Don't get hung up on minor details Don't hope the house will build itself Don't panic Don't "teach the controversy" Editing on mobile devices Editors are not mindreaders Encourage the newcomers Endorsements (commercial) Featured articles may have problems Formatting bilateral relations articles Formatting bilateral relations templates Fruit of the poisonous tree Give an article a chance How to write a featured article Identifying and using independent sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources History sources Law sources Primary sources Science sources Style guides Tertiary sources Ignore STRONGNAT for date formats Introduction to structurism Link rot Mine a source Merge Test Minors and persons judged incompetent "Murder of" articles Not every story/event/disaster needs a biography Not everything needs a navbox Not everything needs a template Nothing is in stone Obtain peer review comments Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area Permastub Potential, not just current state Presentism Principle of Some Astonishment The problem with elegant variation Pro and con lists Printability Publicists Put a little effort into it Restoring part of a reverted edit Robotic editing Sham consensus Source your plot summaries Specialized-style fallacy Stublet Stub Makers Run an edit-a-thon Temporary versions of articles Tertiary-source fallacy There are no shortcuts to neutrality There is no deadline There is a deadline The deadline is now Try not to leave it a stub What is a reliable source Understanding Wikipedia's content standards Walled garden What an article should not include Wikipedia is a work in progress Wikipedia is not being written in an organized fashion The world will not end tomorrow Write the article first Writing better articles Writing article content Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Avoid thread mode Copyediting reception sections Coup Don't throw more litter onto the pile Gender-neutral language Myth vs fiction Proseline Reading in a flow state Turning biology research into a Wikipedia article Use our own words We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions Write the article first Writing about women Writing better articles Removing or deleting content Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Adjectives in your recommendations AfD is not a war zone Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Arguments to avoid in deletion reviews Arguments to avoid in image deletion discussions Arguments to make in deletion discussions Avoid repeated arguments Before commenting in a deletion discussion But there must be sources! Confusing arguments mean nothing Content removal Counting and sorting are not original research Delete or merge Delete the junk Deletion is not cleanup Does deletion help? Don't attack the nominator Don't confuse stub status with non-notability Don't overuse shortcuts to policy and guidelines to win your argument Emptying categories out of process Follow the leader How the presumption of notability works How to save an article nominated for deletion I just don't like it Identifying blatant advertising Identifying test edits Immunity Keep it concise Liar liar pants on fire No Encyclopedic Use Nothing Nothing is clear Overzealous deletion Relisting can be abusive Relist bias The Heymann Standard Unopposed AFD discussion Wikipedia is not Whack-A-Mole Why was the page I created deleted? What to do if your article gets tagged for speedy deletion When in doubt, hide it in the woodwork Zombie page Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on civility The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace The basics Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Accepting other users Apology Autistic editors Being right isn't enough Contributing to complicated discussions Divisiveness Don't retaliate Editors' pronouns Edit at your own pace Encouraging the newcomers Enjoy yourself Expect no thanks How to be civil Maintaining a friendly space Negotiation Obsessive–compulsive disorder editors Please say please Relationships with academic editors Thank you Too long; didn't read Truce Unblock perspectives We are all Wikipedians here You have a right to remain silent Philosophy A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent A thank you never hurts A weak personal attack is still wrong Advice for hotheads An uncivil environment is a poor environment Be the glue Beware of the tigers! Civility warnings Deletion as revenge Duty to comply Failure Forgive and forget It's not the end of the world Nobody cares Most people who disagree with you on content are not vandals On Wikipedia no one knows I'm a dog Old-fashioned Wikipedian values Profanity, civility, and discussions Revert notification opt-out Shadowless Fists of Death! Staying cool when the editing gets hot The grey zone The last word There is no Divine Right of Editors Most ideas are bad Nothing is clear Reader The rules of polite discourse There is no common sense Two wrongs don't make a right Wikipedia clichés Wikipedia is not about winning Wikipedia should not be a monopoly Writing for the opponent Dos Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Assume good faith Assume the assumption of good faith Assume no clue Avoid personal remarks Avoid the word "vandal" Be excellent to one another Be pragmatic Beyond civility Call a spade a spade Candor Deny recognition Desist Discussing cruft Drop the stick and back slowly away from the horse carcass Encourage full discussions Get over it How to lose Imagine others complexly Just drop it Keep it concise Keep it down to earth Mind your own business Say "MOBY" Mutual withdrawal Read before commenting Read the room Settle the process first You can search, too Don'ts Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE Wikipedia:Because I can Civil POV pushing Cyberbullying Don't accuse someone of a personal attack for accusing of a personal attack Don't be a fanatic Don't be a jerk Don't be an ostrich Don't be ashamed Don't be a WikiBigot Don't be high-maintenance Don't be inconsiderate Don't be obnoxious Don't be prejudiced Don't be rude Don't be the Fun Police Don't bludgeon the process Don't call a spade a spade Don't call people by their real name Don't call the kettle black Don't call things cruft Don't come down like a ton of bricks Don't cry COI Don't demand that editors solve the problems they identify Don't eat the troll's food Don't fight fire with fire Don't give a fuck Don't help too much Don't ignore community consensus Don't knit beside the guillotine Don't make a smarmy valediction part of your signature Don't remind others of past misdeeds Don't shout Don't spite your face Don't take the bait Don't template the regulars Don't throw your toys out of the pram Do not insult the vandals Griefing Hate is disruptive Nationalist editing No angry mastodons just madmen just madmen No ableism No Nazis No racists No Confederates No queerphobia No, you can't have a pony Passive aggression POV railroad Superhatting There are no oracles There's no need to guess someone's preferred pronouns You can't squeeze blood from a turnip UPPERCASE WikiRelations WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace WikiBullying WikiCrime WikiHarassment WikiHate WikiLawyering WikiLove WikiPeace Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on neutrality Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Academic bias Activist Advocacy Avoid thread mode Be neutral in form Blind men and an elephant Cherrypicking Civil POV pushing Coatrack Controversial articles Creating controversial content Criticisms of society may be consistent with NPOV and reliability Criticism Describing points of view Don't "teach the controversy" Endorsements Let the reader decide Inaccuracy Myth vs fiction NPOV dispute Neutral and proportionate point of view Not Wikipedia's fault POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields Partisans Partisanship Presentism Pro and con lists Systemic bias Tendentious editing There are no shortcuts to neutrality Wikipedia:Truth We are absolutely here to right great wrongs We shouldn't be able to figure out your opinions What is fringe? Why Wikipedia cannot claim the Earth is not flat Wikipedia is not RationalWiki Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Essays on notability Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Advanced source searching All high schools can be notable Alternative outlets Arguments to avoid in deletion discussions Articles with a single source Avoid template creep Bare notability Big events make key participants notable Businesses with a single location But it's true! Common sourcing mistakes Clones Coatrack Discriminate vs indiscriminate information Drafts are not checked for notability or sanity Every snowflake is unique Existence ≠ Notability Existence does not prove notability Extracting the meaning of significant coverage Google searches and numbers How the presumption of notability works High schools Historical/Policy/Notability/Arguments Inclusion is not an indicator of notability Independent sources Inherent notability Insignificant Just because BFDI has an article doesn't mean you can add fancruft about it Masking the lack of notability Make stubs Minimum coverage News coverage does not decrease notability No amount of editing can overcome a lack of notability No one cares about your garage band No one really cares Notability and tornadoes Notability cannot be purchased Notability comparison test Notability is not a level playing field Notability is not a matter of opinion Notability is not relevance or reliability Notability means impact Notabilitymandering Not all Vocaloid songs deserve their own article Not every single thing Donald Trump does deserves an article Obscurity ≠ Lack of notability Offline sources One sentence does not an article make Other stuff exists Overreliance upon Google Perennial websites Popularity ≠ Notability Read the source Red flags of non-notability Reducing consensus to an algorithm Run-of-the-mill Solutions are mixtures and nothing else Significance is not a formula Source content comes first! Sources must be out-of-universe Subjective importance Third-party sources Trivial mentions Video links Vanispamcruftisement What BLP1E is not What is and is not routine coverage What notability is not What to include Why was BFDI not on Wikipedia? Wikipedia is not Crunchbase Wikipedia is not here to tell the world about your noble cause Wikipedia is not the place to post your résumé Two prongs of merit Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Humorous essays Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists Adminitis Ain't no rules says a dog can't play basketball Akin's Laws of Article Writing Alternatives to edit warring ANI flu Anti-Wikipedian Anti-Wikipedianism Articlecountitis Asshole John rule Assume bad faith Assume faith Assume good wraith Assume stupidity Assume that everyone's assuming good faith, assuming that you are assuming good faith Avoid using the preview button Avoid using wikilinks Bad Jokes and Other Deleted Nonsense Barnstaritis Before they were notable Be the fun police BOLD, revert, revert, revert cycle Boston Tea Party Butterfly effect CaPiTaLiZaTiOn MuCh? Case against LLM-generated articles Complete bollocks Counting forks Counting juntas Crap Delete the main page Diffusing conflict Don't stuff beans up your nose Don't-give-a-fuckism Don't abbreviate "Wikipedia" as "Wiki"! Don't delete the main page Editcountitis Edits Per Day Editsummarisis Editing under the influence Embrace Stop Signs Emerson Fart Five Fs of Wikipedia Seven Ages of Editor, by Will E. Spear-Shake Go ahead, vandalize How many Wikipedians does it take to change a lightbulb? How to get away with UPE How to put up a straight pole by pushing it at an angle How to vandalize correctly How to win a citation war Ignore all essays Ignore all user warnings Ignore every single rule Is that even an essay? Keep beating the horse List of really, really, really stupid article ideas that you really, really, really should not create Mess with the templates My local pond Newcomers are delicious, so go ahead and bite them Legal vandalism List of jokes about Wikipedia LTTAUTMAOK No climbing the Reichstag dressed as Spider-Man No episcopal threats No one cares about your garage band No one really cares No, really No self attacks Notability is not eternal Oops Defense Play the game Please be a giant dick, so we can ban you Please bite the newbies Please do not murder the newcomers Pledge of Tranquility Project S.C.R.A.M. R-e-s-p-e-c-t Requests for medication Requirements for adminship Rouge admin Rouge editor Sarcasm is really helpful Sausages for tasting Spaling Muich? Template madness The Night Before Wikimas The first rule of Wikipedia The Five Pillars of Untruth Things that should not be surprising The WikiBible Watchlistitis We are deletionist! Why is BFDI on Wikipedia? Why you shouldn't write articles with ChatGPT, according to ChatGPT Wikipedia is an MMORPG WTF? OMG! TMD TLA. ARG! Yes, falsely Yes legal threats Yes personal attacks You don't have to be mad to work here, but You should not write meaningless lists About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About essays Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Essay guide Value of essays Difference between policies, guidelines and essays Don't cite essays as if they were policy Avoid writing redundant essays Finding an essay Quote your own essay Policies and guidelines About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard About policies and guidelines Policies Guidelines Policies Guidelines How to contribute to Wikipedia guidance Policy writing is hard Wikipedia essays about notability Wikipedia essays about building the encyclopedia This page was last edited on 8 January 2025, at 12:34 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_amount_of_editing_can_overcome_a_lack_of_notability
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Theodosia (Greek colony) 1.2 Kaffa (Genoese colony) 1.3 Kefe (Ottoman) 1.4 Feodosia (Russian Empire) 1.5 Soviet Union 1.5.1 WWII and Holocaust 1.6 Ukraine 1.6.1 Russian occupation 1.1 Theodosia (Greek colony) 1.2 Kaffa (Genoese colony) 1.3 Kefe (Ottoman) 1.4 Feodosia (Russian Empire) 1.5 Soviet Union 1.5.1 WWII and Holocaust 1.5.1 WWII and Holocaust 1.6 Ukraine 1.6.1 Russian occupation 1.6.1 Russian occupation 2 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 2.1 Climate 2.1 Climate 3 Modern Feodosia 4 Economy 5 Twin towns—sister cities 6 Notable people 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Feodosia Ænglisc العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ქართული Ladin Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски Malagasy Мокшень Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Tolışi Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Feodosia Ukrainian : Феодосія, Теодосія Russian : Феодосия Crimean Tatar : Kefe .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Lateef,LateefGR,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Arabic Typesetting",Amiri,"Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","SF Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Parastoo,Calibri,"Segoe UI","Microsoft Sans Serif","Droid Arabic Naskh",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} کفه Genoese fortress of Caffa .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Flag Coat of arms Interactive map of Feodosia .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Feodosia Location of Feodosia within Crimea Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 45°02′03″N 35°22′45″E / 45.03417°N 35.37917°E / 45.03417; 35.37917 Country .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} ( de facto ) Russia Federal Subject (Republic) ( de facto ) Crimea Municipality ( de facto ) Feodosia Country ( de jure ) Ukraine Autonomous republic ( de jure ) Crimea Raion ( de jure ) Feodosia Government • Head of administration Vladimir Kim [ ru ] (de-facto) Elevation 50 m (160 ft) Population (2015) • Total 69,145 Time zone UTC+3 ( MSK ) Postal codes 298100–298175 Area code +7-36562 Former names Kefe (until 1784), Caffa (until the 15th century) Climate Cfa Website feo .rk .gov .ru Feodosia ( Ukrainian : Феодосія, Теодосія , Feodosiia, Teodosiia ; Russian : Феодосия , tr. Feodosiya [ 1 ] ), also called in English Theodosia (from Greek : Θεοδοσία ), is a city on the Crimean coast of the Black Sea . Feodosia serves as the administrative center of Feodosia Municipality , one of the regions into which Crimea is divided. During much of its history, the city was a significant settlement known as Caffa ( Ligurian : Cafà ) or Kaffa ( Old Crimean Tatar / Ottoman Turkish : کفه ; Crimean Tatar / Turkish : Kefe ). According to the 2014 census , its population was 69,145. History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Feodosia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( February 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Theodosia (Greek colony) The city was founded as Theodosia (Θεοδοσία) by Greek colonists from Miletos in the 6th century BC. Noted for its rich agricultural lands, on which its trade depended, the city was destroyed by the Huns in the 4th century AD. Theodosia remained a minor village for much of the next nine hundred years. It was at times part of the sphere of influence of the Khazars (excavations have revealed Khazar artifacts dating back to the 9th century) and of the Byzantine Empire . Like the rest of Crimea , this place (village) fell under the domination of the Kipchaks and was conquered by the Mongols in the 1230s. A settlement named Kaphâs (alternate romanized spelling Cafâs , Greek : Καφᾶς ) existed surrounding Theodosia prior to the penetration of Genoese into the Black Sea. The archaeological evidence indicates that during the Middle Ages the population about Theodosia never decreased to zero; several medieval churches are found in the area dating from the times of Late Antiquity / Early Middle Ages . However, the population had become completely agrarian. A small local Greek population must have existed in situ and in the neighboring settlements. Likely, from the 9th century there were Cumans and Goths living alongside the Greeks, and by 1270s, perhaps some Tatars and Armenians as well. [ 2 ] Kaffa (Genoese colony) In the late 13th century, traders from the Republic of Genoa arrived and purchased the city from the ruling Golden Horde . [ 3 ] They established a flourishing trading settlement called Kaffa ( also recorded as Caffa) , which virtually monopolized trade in the Black Sea region and served as a major port and administrative center for the Genoese settlements around the Sea. The city thrived despite the tenuous politics of the region and Genoa's series of wars with the Mongol successor states. [ 4 ] It came to house one of Europe's biggest slave markets of the Black Sea slave trade , and served as a terminus for the Silk Road . The Great Soviet Encyclopedia also adds that the city of Caffa was established during the times when the area was ruled by the Khan of the Golden Horde Mengu-Timur . [ 5 ] Ibn Battuta visited the city, noting it was a "great city along the sea coast inhabited by Christians, most of them Genoese." He further stated, "We went down to its port, where we saw a wonderful harbor with about two hundred vessels in it, both ships of war and trading vessels, small and large, for it is one of the world's celebrated ports." [ 6 ] In early 1318, Pope John XXII established a Latin Church diocese of Kaffa, as a suffragan of Genoa . The papal bull of appointment of the first bishop attributed to him a vast territory: "a villa de Varna in Bulgaria usque Sarey inclusive in longitudinem et a mari Pontico usque ad terram Ruthenorum in latitudinem" ("from the city of Varna in Bulgaria to Sarey inclusive in longitude, and from the Black Sea to the land of the Ruthenians in latitude"). The first bishop was Fra' Gerolamo , who had already been consecrated seven years before as a missionary bishop ad partes Tartarorum . The diocese ended as a residential bishopric with the capture of the city by the Ottomans in 1475. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Accordingly, Kaffa is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . [ 10 ] The new diocese effectively broke up the diocese of Khanbaliq , which functioned as one diocese for all Mongol territory from the Balkans to China. [ 11 ] It is believed that the devastating pandemic of the Black Death entered Europe for the first time via Kaffa in 1347. After a protracted siege , the Mongol army under Jani Beg was reportedly withering from the disease and catapulted infected corpses over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants. This is considered one of the first cases of biological warfare . Fleeing inhabitants may have carried the disease back to Italy, causing its spread across Europe. However, the plague appears to have spread in a stepwise fashion, taking over a year to reach Europe from Crimea . Also, there were a number of Crimean ports under Mongol control, so it is unlikely that Kaffa was the only source of plague-infested ships heading to Europe. Additionally, there were overland caravan routes from the East that would have been carrying the disease into Europe as well. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Kaffa eventually recovered. The thriving, culturally diverse city and its thronged slave market have been described by the Spanish traveler Pedro Tafur , who was there in the 1430s. [ 14 ] The port was also visited by German traveler Johann Schiltberger in the 15th century. [ 4 ] In 1462, Caffa placed itself under the protection of King Casimir IV of Poland . [ 15 ] However, Poland did not offer significant help due to reinforcements sent being massacred in Bar fortress (modern day Ukraine) by Duke Czartoryski after a quarrel with locals. [ citation needed ] Kefe (Ottoman) Following the fall of Constantinople , Amasra , and lastly Trebizond , the position of Caffa had become untenable and attracted the attention of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II . He was at no loss for a pretext to extinguish this last Genoese colony on the Black Sea. In 1473, the tudun (or governor) of the Crimean Khanate died and a fight developed over the appointment of his successor. The Genoese involved themselves in the dispute, and the Tatar notables who favored the losing candidate finally asked Mehmed to settle the dispute. Mehmed dispatched a fleet under the Ottoman commander Gedik Ahmet Pasha , which left Constantinople 19 May 1475. It anchored before the walls of the city on 1 June, started the bombardment the next day, and on 6 June the inhabitants capitulated. Over the next few days the Ottomans proceeded to extract the wealth of the inhabitants, and abduct 1,500 youths for service in the Sultan's palace. [ unbalanced opinion? ] On 8 July, the final blow was struck when all inhabitants of Latin origin were ordered to relocate to Istanbul, where they founded a quarter ( Kefeli Mahalle ) which was named after the town they had been forced to leave. [ 16 ] Renamed Kefe , Caffa became one of the most important Turkish ports on the Black Sea. It was a major center of the Crimean slave trade until the late 18th-century, referred to by the Lithuanian Mikhalon Litvin as: "not a town, but an abyss into which our blood is pouring". [ 17 ] In 1616, Zaporozhian Cossacks under the leadership of Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny destroyed the Turkish fleet and captured Caffa. Having conquered the city, the Cossacks released the men, women and children who were slaves. Feodosia (Russian Empire) Ottoman control ceased when the expanding Russian Empire took over Crimea between 1774 and 1783. It was renamed Feodosia (Russian Ѳеодосія; reformed spelling Феодосия), after the traditional Russian reading of its ancient Greek name. In 1900, Zibold constructed the first air well (dew condenser) on mount Tepe-Oba near Feodosia. [ citation needed ] Soviet Union WWII and Holocaust The city was occupied by the forces of Nazi Germany during World War II , sustaining significant damage in the process. The Jewish population numbering 3,248 before the German occupation was murdered by SD- Einsatzgruppe D between November 16 and December 15, 1941. [ 18 ] A witness interviewed by the Soviet Extraordinary Commission in 1944 and quoted on the website of the French organization Yahad-In Unum described how the Jews were rounded-up in the city: [A]ll the Jews were gathered. The Germans told them they would be displaced somewhere in Ukraine. On December 4, 1941, in the morning, all the Jews, including my father, my mother and my sister were taken to an anti-tank trench where they were executed by German shooters. 1,500-1,700 people were shot that day. [ 19 ] [A]ll the Jews were gathered. The Germans told them they would be displaced somewhere in Ukraine. On December 4, 1941, in the morning, all the Jews, including my father, my mother and my sister were taken to an anti-tank trench where they were executed by German shooters. 1,500-1,700 people were shot that day. [ 19 ] A monument commemorating the Holocaust victims is situated at the crossroads of Kerchensky and Symferopolsky highways. On Passover eve, 7 April 2012, unknown persons desecrated the monument for the sixth time in what was allegedly an anti-Semitic act. [ 20 ] All native Tatar inhabitants were arrested by Soviet forces as several thousand Tatars had fought side-by-side with the Nazis against Soviet forces and had participated in the Jewish genocide. [ 21 ] Following Stalin's orders, all Tatars were sent to Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan and other Central Asian republics of the USSR . Ukraine Russian occupation During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the Russian warship Novocherkassk , a landing ship likely used to transport drones, was hit in the early morning hours of 26 December 2023 in the harbour of Feodosia. There was a large fire and explosion. Russia reported that two missiles that were fired from Sukhoi Su-24 jets were shot down. [ 22 ] On 6 October 2025 Feodosia's marine oil depot was attacked by drones causing a fire that burned for two days. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Geography Climate Feodosia has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa ), narrowly missing the boundary of a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa ), with hot summer months drier than cool mild winter months but not enough to qualify as Mediterranean. Climate data for Feodosia (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 19.1 (66.4) 18.6 (65.5) 27.2 (81.0) 27.5 (81.5) 31.9 (89.4) 35.0 (95.0) 38.8 (101.8) 38.9 (102.0) 33.3 (91.9) 29.0 (84.2) 26.9 (80.4) 21.8 (71.2) 38.9 (102.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.9 (40.8) 5.6 (42.1) 9.5 (49.1) 15.1 (59.2) 21.3 (70.3) 26.5 (79.7) 29.7 (85.5) 29.6 (85.3) 23.9 (75.0) 17.5 (63.5) 11.1 (52.0) 6.9 (44.4) 16.8 (62.2) Daily mean °C (°F) 2.0 (35.6) 2.4 (36.3) 5.8 (42.4) 10.9 (51.6) 16.7 (62.1) 21.9 (71.4) 24.8 (76.6) 24.6 (76.3) 19.3 (66.7) 13.5 (56.3) 7.9 (46.2) 4.1 (39.4) 12.8 (55.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.7 (30.7) −0.4 (31.3) 2.8 (37.0) 7.4 (45.3) 12.8 (55.0) 17.6 (63.7) 20.4 (68.7) 20.2 (68.4) 15.3 (59.5) 10.1 (50.2) 5.0 (41.0) 1.5 (34.7) 9.3 (48.7) Record low °C (°F) −25.0 (−13.0) −25.1 (−13.2) −14.0 (6.8) −5.5 (22.1) 1.1 (34.0) 5.0 (41.0) 9.1 (48.4) 9.4 (48.9) 1.4 (34.5) −11.2 (11.8) −14.9 (5.2) −18.6 (−1.5) −25.1 (−13.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 43 (1.7) 36 (1.4) 38 (1.5) 32 (1.3) 41 (1.6) 43 (1.7) 33 (1.3) 41 (1.6) 43 (1.7) 41 (1.6) 41 (1.6) 46 (1.8) 478 (18.8) Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 1 (0.4) 2 (0.8) 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (0.4) 2 (0.8) Average rainy days 12 8 10 11 9 7 7 6 9 8 12 12 111 Average snowy days 8 8 6 0.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 2 6 31 Average relative humidity (%) 80.5 78.1 75.5 72.6 70.8 67.5 63.0 63.1 79.6 76.0 80.0 81.0 73.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 63 72 129 182 252 283 308 287 246 166 85 51 2,124 Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [ 25 ] Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1991–2020, sun 1961−1990) [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Modern Feodosia Modern Feodosia is a resort city with a population of about 69,000 people. It has beaches, mineral springs, and mud baths, sanatoria, and rest homes. Apart from tourism, its economy rests on agriculture and fisheries. Local industries include fishing, brewing and canning. As with much of the Crimea, most of its population is ethnically Russian ; the Ukrainian language is infrequently used. In June 2006, Feodosia made the news with the 2006 anti-NATO protests . While most beaches in the Crimea are made of pebbles, in the Feodosia area there is a unique Golden Beach ( Zolotoy Plyazh ) made of small seashells which stretches for some 15 km. The city is sparsely populated during the winter months and most cafes and restaurants are closed. Business and tourism increase in mid-June and peak during July and August. As in the other resort towns of the Crimea, the tourists come mostly from the Commonwealth of Independent States countries of the former Soviet Union. Feodosia was the city where the seascape painter Ivan Aivazovsky lived and worked all his life, and where general Pyotr Kotlyarevsky and the writer Alexander Grin spent their declining years. Popular tourist locations include the Aivazovsky National Art Gallery and the Genoese fortress. View from Tepe-Oba Ancient Karaites cemetery Genoese castle Caffa Port and Tepe-Oba Lighthouse on Tepe-Oba Feodosia city centre Economy Sudokompozit – ship design R&D naval hardware Gidropribor FeOMMZ, torpedo manufacturing and ship yard (Ordzhonikidze) Russia Black Sea Fleet Navy Ship repair yards FOMZ Opto Mechanical Plant FKOZ Feodosia Economic Industrial Zone FPZ (west) Feodosia FMZ Engineering/Machine-building Plant Feodosia FPZ (Priborostroeni Priladobudivni) Instrument-making Plant PO More Shipyard ( Prymorskyi , Feodosia Municipality ) Twin towns—sister cities Armavir , Armenia Azov , Russia Kronstadt , Russia Stavropol , Russia Kołobrzeg , Poland and others Notable people Khachatur of Kaffa (died 1658), Armenian priest and chronicler Ivan Aivazovsky (1817–1900), Russian painter Yuriy Barashian (born 1979), Ukrainian boxer Serhiy Derevyanchenko (born 1985), Ukrainian boxer Roman Kapitonenko (born 1981), Ukrainian boxer Tetyana Kozyrenko (born 1996), Ukrainian football player Wolff Kostakowsky (1879–1944), American klezmer violinist Andrzej Liczik (born 1977), Ukrainian-Polish boxer In popular culture The late-medieval city of Caffa is the location of a section of the novel Caprice and Rondo by the Scottish novelist Dorothy Dunnett . An early 14th-century bishop of Caffa appears in Umberto Eco 's novel The Name of the Rose , making several sharp replies in a long, tempestuous debate within a group of monks and clerics; he is portrayed as aggressive and somewhat narrow-minded. See also List of traditional Greek place names References ^ Про впорядкування транслітерації українського алфавіту... | від 27.01.2010 № 55 ^ Khvalkov, Ievgen Alexandrovitch, The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation, European University Institute, Department of History and Civilization, Florence, vol. 1, pg. 83, September 2015, ^ Khvalkov, I.E., The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation,European University Institute , Department of History and Civilization,Florence, 8 September 2015 ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Slater, Eric (2006). "Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261-1475" . Review (Fernand Braudel Center) . 29 (3): 271– 283. ISSN 0147-9032 . JSTOR 40241665 . ^ Mengu-Timur (Менгу-Тимур) . Great Soviet Encyclopedia . Accessed 26 February 2024. ^ Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah . London: Picador. pp. 120– 121. ISBN 9780330418799 . ^ Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae , Leipzig 1931, pg. 432 ^ Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi , vol. 1 Archived 9 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine , pp. 154–155; vol. 2 Archived 2018-10-04 at the Wayback Machine , pp. XVIII e 117; vol. 3 Archived 21 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine , pg. 145; vol. 5 , p. 134 ^ Gasparo Luigi Oderico, Lettere ligustiche ossia Osservazioni critiche sullo stato geografico della Liguria fino ai Tempi di Ottone il Grande, con le Memorie storiche di Caffa ed altri luoghi della Crimea posseduti un tempo da' Genovesi , Bassano 1792 (especially p. 166 ff.) ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013; ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1 ), p. 855 ^ Khvalkov, Evgeny (2017). The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region : evolution and transformation . New York. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-351-62306-3 . OCLC 994262849 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) ^ Wheelis, Mark (September 2002). "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Kaffa" . Emerging Infectious Diseases . 8 (9): 971– 75. doi : 10.3201/eid0809.010536 . PMC 2732530 . PMID 12194776 . ^ Frankopan, Peter. The Silk Roads . p. 183. A Mongol army laying siege to the Genoese trading post of Caffa following a dispute about trade terms was annihilated by illness that killed 'thousands and thousands every day,' according to one commentator. Before withdrawing, however, 'they ordered corpses to be placed in catapults and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench would kill everyone inside.' Rather than being overwhelmed by the smell, it was the highly contagious disease that caught hold. Unknowingly, the Mongols had turned to biological warfare to defeat their enemy. The trading routes that connected Europe to the rest of the world now became lethal highways for the transmission of the Black Death. In 1347, the disease reached Constantinople and then Genoa, Venice and the Mediterranean, brought by traders and merchants fleeing home. ^ Tafur, Andanças e viajes ^ D. Kołodziejczyk, The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century) A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents , Leiden - Boston 2011, p. 62; ISSN 1380-6076 / ISBN 978 90 04 19190 7 ^ Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time (Princeton: University Press, 1978). ^ Davies, Brian (2014). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge; ISBN 978-1-134-55283-2. pp. 24-25 ^ Martin Gilbert, The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust , 2002, pp.64, 83 ^ "Execution of Jews in Feodosiya" . The Map of Holocaust by Bullets (interactive map) . Yahad-In Unum . Retrieved 7 January 2021 . ^ "ФЕОДОСИЯ. Осквернен памятник жертвам Холокоста" . Всеукраинский Еврейский Конгресс. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ "РУКОВОДСТВО ПАРТИЗАНСКИМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ КРЫМА В 1941—1942 ГОДАХ И "ТАТАРСКИЙ ВОПРОС" " . Retrieved 14 December 2019 . ^ Russisches Kriegsschiff vor Krim getroffen orf.at, 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023 (German). ^ LILIANA OLENIAK (October 6, 2025). "Ukraine's General Staff confirms strike on explosives factory in Russia and oil terminal in Crimea" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved October 6, 2025 . ^ "An Oil Depot Burns For The Second Day In Temporarily Occupied Feodosia" . Charter 97 . 2025-10-07 . Retrieved 2025-10-07 . ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Feodosia" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019 . Retrieved 8 November 2021 . ^ "Feodosiia Climate Normals 1991–2020" . World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2025 . Retrieved 20 April 2025 . ^ "Feodosija Climate Normals 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Further reading Annette M. B. Meakin (1906). "Theodosia" . Russia, Travels and Studies . London: Hurst and Blackett. OCLC 3664651 . OL 24181315M . Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). "Theodosia" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Гавриленко О. А., Сівальньов О. М., Цибулькін В. В. Генуезька спадщина на теренах України; етнодержавознавчий вимір. — Харків: Точка, 2017.— 260 с. — ISBN 978-617-669-209-6 Khvalkov E. The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region: evolution and transformation. L., New York : Routledge, 2017 [ 1 ] Khvalkov E. Evoluzione della struttura della migrazione dei liguri e dei corsi nelle colonie genovesi tra Trecento e Quattrocento. In: Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Nuova Serie'. 2017. Vol. 57 / 131 . -pp. 67–79. Khvalkov E. I piemontesi nelle colonie genovesi sul Mar Nero: popolazione del Piemonte a Caffa secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum del 1423 e del 1461. In: Studi Piemontesi. 2017. No. 2. pp. 623–628. Khvalkov E. Campania, Puglia e Basilicata nella colonizzazione genovese dell'Oltremare nei secoli XIV – XV: Caffa genovese secondo i dati dei libri contabili. In: Rassegna Storica Salernitana. 2016. Vol. 65. pp. 11–16. Khvalkov E. Italia settentrionale e centrale nel progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero: gente di Padania e Toscana a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum 1423 e 1461. In: Studi veneziani. Vol. LXXIII, 2016. - pp. 237–240. [ 2 ] Khvalkov E. Il progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero, la dinamica della migrazione latina a Caffa e la gente catalanoaragonese, siciliana e sarda nel Medio Evo. In: Archivio Storico Sardo. 2015. Vol. 50. No. 1. pp. 265–279. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Khvalkov E. Il Mezzogiorno italiano nella colonizzazione genovese del Mar Nero a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV (secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae) (pdf). In: Archivio Storico Messinese. 2015. Vol. 96 . - pp. 7–11. [ 5 ] External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Feodosia at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of feodosia at Wiktionary WorldStatesmen- Ukraine Ancient Theodosia and its Coinage Tourist Theodosius The murder of the Jews of Feodosia Archived 2015-05-19 at the Wayback Machine during World War II , at Yad Vashem website. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Feodosia Municipality v t e Administrative center : Feodosia Cities Feodosia Feodosia Coat of arms of Feodosia Municipality Rural settlements Koktebel Kurortne Ordzhonikidze Prymorskyi Shchebetovka Koktebel Kurortne Ordzhonikidze Prymorskyi Shchebetovka Villages Berehove Blyzhnie Krasnokamianka Nanikove Nasypne Pidhirne Pionerske Soniachne Stepove Vynohradne Yuzhne Berehove Blyzhnie Krasnokamianka Nanikove Nasypne Pidhirne Pionerske Soniachne Stepove Vynohradne Yuzhne v t e Administrative divisions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (before 2020) v t e Capital : Simferopol Raions Bakhchysarai Bilohirsk Chornomorske Dzhankoi Kirovske / Isliam Terek Krasnohvardiiske / Kurman Krasnoperekopsk / Perekop Lenine / Yedy-Kuiu Nyzhniohirskyi Pervomaiske Rozdolne Saky Simferopol Sovietskyi / Ichki Bakhchysarai Bilohirsk Chornomorske Dzhankoi Kirovske / Isliam Terek Krasnohvardiiske / Kurman Krasnoperekopsk / Perekop Lenine / Yedy-Kuiu Nyzhniohirskyi Pervomaiske Rozdolne Saky Simferopol Sovietskyi / Ichki Municipalities Alushta Armiansk Dzhankoi Feodosia Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Saky Simferopol Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria Alushta Armiansk Dzhankoi Feodosia Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Saky Simferopol Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria Cities Regional Alushta Armiansk Dzhankoi Feodosia Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Saky Simferopol Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria District Alupka Bakhchysarai Bilohirsk Shcholkine Staryi Krym Regional Alushta Armiansk Dzhankoi Feodosia Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Saky Simferopol Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria Alushta Armiansk Dzhankoi Feodosia Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Saky Simferopol Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria District Alupka Bakhchysarai Bilohirsk Shcholkine Staryi Krym Alupka Bakhchysarai Bilohirsk Shcholkine Staryi Krym Urban-type settlements Category:Crimea Urban-type settlements Category:Crimea v t e Administrative divisions of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 2020) v t e Capital : Simferopol Raions Bakhchysarai Bilohirsk Dzhankoi Yevpatoria Kerch Kurman Perekop Simferopol Feodosia Yalta Bakhchysarai Bilohirsk Dzhankoi Yevpatoria Kerch Kurman Perekop Simferopol Feodosia Yalta Cities and rural settlements under the hromadas Cities Alupka Alushta Armiansk Bilohirsk Bakhchysarai Dzhankoi Feodosia Inkerman Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Simferopol Saky Shcholkine Staryi Krym Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria Rural settlements Aeroflotskyi Ahrarne Azovske Baherove Berehove Chornomorske Foros Haspra Hurzuf Holuba Zatoka Hresivskyi Hvardiiske Katsiveli Kirovske / Isliam-Terek Koktebel Komsomolske / Bakachyk-Kyiat Koreiz Krasnohvardiiske / Kurman Krasnokamianka Kuibysheve / Albat Kurortne Kurpaty Lenine / Yedy-Kuiu Livadiia Masandra Molodizhne Mykolaivka Myrnyi Nauchnyi Nikita Novofedorivka Novoozerne Novoselivske Novyi Svit Nyzhnohirskyi Oktiabrske / Biiuk-Onlar Ordzhonikidze / Kaihador Oreanda Parkove Partenit Pervomaiske Ponyzivka Poshtove Prymorskyi Rozdolne Sanatorne Shchebetovka Simeiz Sokolyne Sovietske / Dolossy Sovietskyi / Ichki Vidradne Vilne Voskhod Vynohradne Zaozerne Zuia Cities Alupka Alushta Armiansk Bilohirsk Bakhchysarai Dzhankoi Feodosia Inkerman Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Simferopol Saky Shcholkine Staryi Krym Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria Alupka Alushta Armiansk Bilohirsk Bakhchysarai Dzhankoi Feodosia Inkerman Kerch Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu Simferopol Saky Shcholkine Staryi Krym Sudak Yalta Yevpatoria Rural settlements Aeroflotskyi Ahrarne Azovske Baherove Berehove Chornomorske Foros Haspra Hurzuf Holuba Zatoka Hresivskyi Hvardiiske Katsiveli Kirovske / Isliam-Terek Koktebel Komsomolske / Bakachyk-Kyiat Koreiz Krasnohvardiiske / Kurman Krasnokamianka Kuibysheve / Albat Kurortne Kurpaty Lenine / Yedy-Kuiu Livadiia Masandra Molodizhne Mykolaivka Myrnyi Nauchnyi Nikita Novofedorivka Novoozerne Novoselivske Novyi Svit Nyzhnohirskyi Oktiabrske / Biiuk-Onlar Ordzhonikidze / Kaihador Oreanda Parkove Partenit Pervomaiske Ponyzivka Poshtove Prymorskyi Rozdolne Sanatorne Shchebetovka Simeiz Sokolyne Sovietske / Dolossy Sovietskyi / Ichki Vidradne Vilne Voskhod Vynohradne Zaozerne Zuia Aeroflotskyi Ahrarne Azovske Baherove Berehove Chornomorske Foros Haspra Hurzuf Holuba Zatoka Hresivskyi Hvardiiske Katsiveli Kirovske / Isliam-Terek Koktebel Komsomolske / Bakachyk-Kyiat Koreiz Krasnohvardiiske / Kurman Krasnokamianka Kuibysheve / Albat Kurortne Kurpaty Lenine / Yedy-Kuiu Livadiia Masandra Molodizhne Mykolaivka Myrnyi Nauchnyi Nikita Novofedorivka Novoozerne Novoselivske Novyi Svit Nyzhnohirskyi Oktiabrske / Biiuk-Onlar Ordzhonikidze / Kaihador Oreanda Parkove Partenit Pervomaiske Ponyzivka Poshtove Prymorskyi Rozdolne Sanatorne Shchebetovka Simeiz Sokolyne Sovietske / Dolossy Sovietskyi / Ichki Vidradne Vilne Voskhod Vynohradne Zaozerne Zuia 1 Due to continued occupation , not yet implemented v t e Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization v t e Ovidiopol Odessa Mariupol Melitopol Simferopol Sevastopol Kherson Grigoriopol Tiraspol Olgopol Olviopol Nikopol Feodosia Yevpatoria Stavropol Ovidiopol Odessa Mariupol Melitopol Simferopol Sevastopol Kherson Grigoriopol Tiraspol Olgopol Olviopol Nikopol Feodosia Yevpatoria Stavropol v t e Ancient Greece v t e Timeline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean Greece Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Crete Cyrenaica Cyprus Doris Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Peloponnesus Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies History Geography History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean Greece Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Crete Cyrenaica Cyprus Doris Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Peloponnesus Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean Greece Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean Greece Greek Dark Ages Archaic Greece Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Crete Cyrenaica Cyprus Doris Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Peloponnesus Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies Aegean Sea Aeolis Crete Cyrenaica Cyprus Doris Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia Magna Graecia Peloponnesus Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Ephesus Miletus Pergamon Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Thebes Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Lissus (Crete) Kingdoms Bithynia Cappadocia Epirus Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Indo-Greek Kingdom Macedonia Pergamon Pontus Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Federations / Confederations Doric Hexapolis ( c. 1100 – c. 560 BC ) Italiote League ( c. 800 –389 BC) Ionian League (c. 650–404 BC) Peloponnesian League ( c. 550 –366 BC) Amphictyonic League ( c. 595 –279 BC) Acarnanian League (c. 500–31 BC) Hellenic League (499–449 BC) Delian League (478–404 BC) Chalcidian League (430–348 BC) Boeotian League (c. 424–c. 395 BC) Aetolian League (c. 400–188 BC) Second Athenian League (378–355 BC) Thessalian League (374–196 BC) Arcadian League (370–c. 230 BC) Epirote League (370–168 BC) League of Corinth (338–322 BC) Euboean League (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) Achaean League (280–146 BC) Politics Boule Free city Koinon Proxeny Stasis Tagus Tyrant Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Ekklesia Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Scythian archers Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Military of Mycenaean Greece Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Strategos Toxotai Xiphos Xyston City states Politics Military City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Ephesus Miletus Pergamon Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Thebes Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Lissus (Crete) Kingdoms Bithynia Cappadocia Epirus Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Indo-Greek Kingdom Macedonia Pergamon Pontus Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Federations / Confederations Doric Hexapolis ( c. 1100 – c. 560 BC ) Italiote League ( c. 800 –389 BC) Ionian League (c. 650–404 BC) Peloponnesian League ( c. 550 –366 BC) Amphictyonic League ( c. 595 –279 BC) Acarnanian League (c. 500–31 BC) Hellenic League (499–449 BC) Delian League (478–404 BC) Chalcidian League (430–348 BC) Boeotian League (c. 424–c. 395 BC) Aetolian League (c. 400–188 BC) Second Athenian League (378–355 BC) Thessalian League (374–196 BC) Arcadian League (370–c. 230 BC) Epirote League (370–168 BC) League of Corinth (338–322 BC) Euboean League (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) Achaean League (280–146 BC) Politics Boule Free city Koinon Proxeny Stasis Tagus Tyrant Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Ekklesia Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Scythian archers Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Military of Mycenaean Greece Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Strategos Toxotai Xiphos Xyston City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Ephesus Miletus Pergamon Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Thebes Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Lissus (Crete) Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Ephesus Miletus Pergamon Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Thebes Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Lissus (Crete) Kingdoms Bithynia Cappadocia Epirus Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Indo-Greek Kingdom Macedonia Pergamon Pontus Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Bithynia Cappadocia Epirus Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Indo-Greek Kingdom Macedonia Pergamon Pontus Ptolemaic Kingdom Seleucid Empire Federations / Confederations Doric Hexapolis ( c. 1100 – c. 560 BC ) Italiote League ( c. 800 –389 BC) Ionian League (c. 650–404 BC) Peloponnesian League ( c. 550 –366 BC) Amphictyonic League ( c. 595 –279 BC) Acarnanian League (c. 500–31 BC) Hellenic League (499–449 BC) Delian League (478–404 BC) Chalcidian League (430–348 BC) Boeotian League (c. 424–c. 395 BC) Aetolian League (c. 400–188 BC) Second Athenian League (378–355 BC) Thessalian League (374–196 BC) Arcadian League (370–c. 230 BC) Epirote League (370–168 BC) League of Corinth (338–322 BC) Euboean League (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) Achaean League (280–146 BC) Doric Hexapolis ( c. 1100 – c. 560 BC ) Italiote League ( c. 800 –389 BC) Ionian League (c. 650–404 BC) Peloponnesian League ( c. 550 –366 BC) Amphictyonic League ( c. 595 –279 BC) Acarnanian League (c. 500–31 BC) Hellenic League (499–449 BC) Delian League (478–404 BC) Chalcidian League (430–348 BC) Boeotian League (c. 424–c. 395 BC) Aetolian League (c. 400–188 BC) Second Athenian League (378–355 BC) Thessalian League (374–196 BC) Arcadian League (370–c. 230 BC) Epirote League (370–168 BC) League of Corinth (338–322 BC) Euboean League (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD) Achaean League (280–146 BC) Politics Boule Free city Koinon Proxeny Stasis Tagus Tyrant Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Ekklesia Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Boule Free city Koinon Proxeny Stasis Tagus Tyrant Boule Free city Koinon Proxeny Stasis Tagus Tyrant Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphe paranomon Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Ekklesia Ephor Gerousia Ekklesia Ephor Gerousia Macedon Synedrion Koinon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Scythian archers Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Military of Mycenaean Greece Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Strategos Toxotai Xiphos Xyston Wars Athenian military Scythian archers Scythian archers Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Military of Mycenaean Greece Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Strategos Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Ptolemaic dynasty Seleucid dynasty Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Artists & scholars Astronomers Geographers Historians Mathematicians Philosophers Playwrights Poets Seven Sages Writers Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristippus Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Diodorus Siculus Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Athenian statesmen Lawgivers Olympic victors Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Ptolemaic dynasty Seleucid dynasty Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Artists & scholars Astronomers Geographers Historians Mathematicians Philosophers Playwrights Poets Seven Sages Writers Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristippus Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Diodorus Siculus Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Athenian statesmen Lawgivers Olympic victors Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Ptolemaic dynasty Seleucid dynasty Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings of Pontus Ptolemaic dynasty Seleucid dynasty Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Artists & scholars Astronomers Geographers Historians Mathematicians Philosophers Playwrights Poets Seven Sages Writers Astronomers Geographers Historians Mathematicians Philosophers Playwrights Poets Seven Sages Writers Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristippus Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristippus Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Diodorus Siculus Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Diodorus Siculus Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Athenian statesmen Lawgivers Olympic victors Tyrants Athenian statesmen Lawgivers Olympic victors Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Emporium Euergetism Festivals Folklore Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology Deities Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dion Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera, Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus, Olympia Language Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Epirote Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Society Culture Society Culture Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Emporium Euergetism Festivals Folklore Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology Deities Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dion Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera, Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus, Olympia Language Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Epirote Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Emporium Euergetism Festivals Folklore Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Emporium Euergetism Festivals Folklore Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Architecture Greek Revival architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology Deities Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dion Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Funeral and burial practices Mythology Deities Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Funeral and burial practices Mythology Deities Deities Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dion Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Eleusis Delphi Delos Dion Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera, Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus, Olympia Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera, Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus, Olympia Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera, Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus, Olympia Language Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Epirote Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Proto-Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Epirote Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Epirote Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Greek colonisation Magna Graecia Mainland Italy Alision Ankṓn Brentesion Caulonia Chone Croton Cumae Elea Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Hydrus Krimisa Laüs Locri Medma Metauros Metapontion Neápolis Pandosia (Lucania) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Siris Sybaris Sybaris on the Traeis Taras Terina Thurii Sicily Akragas Akrai Akrillai Apollonia Calacte Casmenae Catana Gela Helorus Henna Heraclea Minoa Himera Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Kamarina Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Messana Naxos Segesta Selinous Syracuse Tauromenion Thermae Tyndaris Aeolian Islands Didyme Euonymos Ereikousa Hycesia Lipara/Meligounis Phoenicusa Strongyle Therassía Cyrenaica Balagrae Barca Berenice Cyrene ( Apollonia ) Ptolemais Iberian Peninsula Akra Leuke Alonis Emporion Helike Hemeroscopion Kalathousa Kypsela Mainake Menestheus's Limin Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus Rhode Salauris Zacynthos Illyria Aspalathos Apollonia Aulon Epidamnos Epidauros Issa Melaina Korkyra Nymphaion Orikon Pharos Tragurion Thronion Black Sea basin North coast Akra Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Gorgippia Hermonassa Kalos Limen Kepoi Kerkinitis Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Olbia Pantikapaion Phanagoria Pityus Tanais Theodosia Tyras Tyritake South coast Abonoteichos Amisos Anchialos Apollonia Athina Bathus Dionysopolis Cotyora Cytorus Eupatoria Heraclea Kerasous Mesambria Odessos Oinòe Phasis Polemonion Rhizos Salmydessus Sesamus Sinope Thèrmae Tium Trapezous Tripolis Zaliche Greek colonisation Greek colonisation Magna Graecia Mainland Italy Alision Ankṓn Brentesion Caulonia Chone Croton Cumae Elea Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Hydrus Krimisa Laüs Locri Medma Metauros Metapontion Neápolis Pandosia (Lucania) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Siris Sybaris Sybaris on the Traeis Taras Terina Thurii Sicily Akragas Akrai Akrillai Apollonia Calacte Casmenae Catana Gela Helorus Henna Heraclea Minoa Himera Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Kamarina Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Messana Naxos Segesta Selinous Syracuse Tauromenion Thermae Tyndaris Aeolian Islands Didyme Euonymos Ereikousa Hycesia Lipara/Meligounis Phoenicusa Strongyle Therassía Cyrenaica Balagrae Barca Berenice Cyrene ( Apollonia ) Ptolemais Iberian Peninsula Akra Leuke Alonis Emporion Helike Hemeroscopion Kalathousa Kypsela Mainake Menestheus's Limin Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus Rhode Salauris Zacynthos Illyria Aspalathos Apollonia Aulon Epidamnos Epidauros Issa Melaina Korkyra Nymphaion Orikon Pharos Tragurion Thronion Black Sea basin North coast Akra Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Gorgippia Hermonassa Kalos Limen Kepoi Kerkinitis Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Olbia Pantikapaion Phanagoria Pityus Tanais Theodosia Tyras Tyritake South coast Abonoteichos Amisos Anchialos Apollonia Athina Bathus Dionysopolis Cotyora Cytorus Eupatoria Heraclea Kerasous Mesambria Odessos Oinòe Phasis Polemonion Rhizos Salmydessus Sesamus Sinope Thèrmae Tium Trapezous Tripolis Zaliche Magna Graecia Mainland Italy Alision Ankṓn Brentesion Caulonia Chone Croton Cumae Elea Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Hydrus Krimisa Laüs Locri Medma Metauros Metapontion Neápolis Pandosia (Lucania) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Siris Sybaris Sybaris on the Traeis Taras Terina Thurii Sicily Akragas Akrai Akrillai Apollonia Calacte Casmenae Catana Gela Helorus Henna Heraclea Minoa Himera Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Kamarina Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Messana Naxos Segesta Selinous Syracuse Tauromenion Thermae Tyndaris Mainland Italy Alision Ankṓn Brentesion Caulonia Chone Croton Cumae Elea Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Hydrus Krimisa Laüs Locri Medma Metauros Metapontion Neápolis Pandosia (Lucania) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Siris Sybaris Sybaris on the Traeis Taras Terina Thurii Alision Ankṓn Brentesion Caulonia Chone Croton Cumae Elea Heraclea Lucania Hipponion Hydrus Krimisa Laüs Locri Medma Metauros Metapontion Neápolis Pandosia (Lucania) Poseidonia Pixous Rhegion Scylletium Siris Sybaris Sybaris on the Traeis Taras Terina Thurii Sicily Akragas Akrai Akrillai Apollonia Calacte Casmenae Catana Gela Helorus Henna Heraclea Minoa Himera Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Kamarina Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Messana Naxos Segesta Selinous Syracuse Tauromenion Thermae Tyndaris Akragas Akrai Akrillai Apollonia Calacte Casmenae Catana Gela Helorus Henna Heraclea Minoa Himera Hybla Gereatis Hybla Heraea Kamarina Leontinoi Megara Hyblaea Messana Naxos Segesta Selinous Syracuse Tauromenion Thermae Tyndaris Aeolian Islands Didyme Euonymos Ereikousa Hycesia Lipara/Meligounis Phoenicusa Strongyle Therassía Didyme Euonymos Ereikousa Hycesia Lipara/Meligounis Phoenicusa Strongyle Therassía Cyrenaica Balagrae Barca Berenice Cyrene ( Apollonia ) Ptolemais Balagrae Barca Berenice Cyrene ( Apollonia ) Ptolemais Iberian Peninsula Akra Leuke Alonis Emporion Helike Hemeroscopion Kalathousa Kypsela Mainake Menestheus's Limin Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus Rhode Salauris Zacynthos Akra Leuke Alonis Emporion Helike Hemeroscopion Kalathousa Kypsela Mainake Menestheus's Limin Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus Rhode Salauris Zacynthos Illyria Aspalathos Apollonia Aulon Epidamnos Epidauros Issa Melaina Korkyra Nymphaion Orikon Pharos Tragurion Thronion Aspalathos Apollonia Aulon Epidamnos Epidauros Issa Melaina Korkyra Nymphaion Orikon Pharos Tragurion Thronion Black Sea basin North coast Akra Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Gorgippia Hermonassa Kalos Limen Kepoi Kerkinitis Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Olbia Pantikapaion Phanagoria Pityus Tanais Theodosia Tyras Tyritake South coast Abonoteichos Amisos Anchialos Apollonia Athina Bathus Dionysopolis Cotyora Cytorus Eupatoria Heraclea Kerasous Mesambria Odessos Oinòe Phasis Polemonion Rhizos Salmydessus Sesamus Sinope Thèrmae Tium Trapezous Tripolis Zaliche North coast Akra Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Gorgippia Hermonassa Kalos Limen Kepoi Kerkinitis Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Olbia Pantikapaion Phanagoria Pityus Tanais Theodosia Tyras Tyritake Akra Borysthenes Charax Chersonesus Dioscurias Gorgippia Hermonassa Kalos Limen Kepoi Kerkinitis Kimmerikon Myrmekion Nikonion Nymphaion Olbia Pantikapaion Phanagoria Pityus Tanais Theodosia Tyras Tyritake South coast Abonoteichos Amisos Anchialos Apollonia Athina Bathus Dionysopolis Cotyora Cytorus Eupatoria Heraclea Kerasous Mesambria Odessos Oinòe Phasis Polemonion Rhizos Salmydessus Sesamus Sinope Thèrmae Tium Trapezous Tripolis Zaliche Abonoteichos Amisos Anchialos Apollonia Athina Bathus Dionysopolis Cotyora Cytorus Eupatoria Heraclea Kerasous Mesambria Odessos Oinòe Phasis Polemonion Rhizos Salmydessus Sesamus Sinope Thèrmae Tium Trapezous Tripolis Zaliche Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Cities in Epirus in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Category Portal Outline Category Portal Outline Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat VIAF 2 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel Geographic Pleiades Pleiades Other IdRef 2 İslâm Ansiklopedisi Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Yale LUX IdRef 2 2 İslâm Ansiklopedisi Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Yale LUX ^ Khvalkov, Evgeny (2017). The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation . Routledge Research in Medieval Studies. L, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. p. 444. ISBN 9781138081604 . LCCN 2017028228 . ^ Khvalkov, Evgeny (2019). "Italia settentrionale e centrale nel progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero: gente di Padania e Toscana a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum 1423 e 1461. In: Studi veneziani. 2016. Vol. 73. P. 237-240. Khvalkov E." SPb HSE (in Italian) . Retrieved 2019-10-19 . ^ Khvalkov, Evgeny A. (2015). "Il progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero, la dinamica della migrazione latina a Caffa e la gente catalanoaragonese, siciliana e sarda nel Medio Evo" (PDF) . Archivio Storico Sardo (in Italian). 50 (1). Deputazione di Storia Patria per la Sardegna. www.deputazionestoriapatriasardegna.it: 265– 279. ISSN 2037-5514 . ^ "KVK-Volltitel" . kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu . Retrieved 2019-10-16 . ^ "Società Messinese di Storia Patria. Archivio Storico Messinese, Volume 96" . www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it . 2015 . Retrieved 2019-10-21 . Feodosia Municipality Bosporan Kingdom Cities in Crimea Feodosiysky Uyezd Former populated places in Eastern Europe Greek colonies in Crimea Khazar towns Milesian colonies in Crimea Populated places established in the 6th century BC Seaside resorts in Russia Seaside resorts in Ukraine Territories of the Republic of Genoa Territories of the Republic of Venice Port cities and towns in Russia Port cities and towns in Ukraine Port cities and towns of the Black Sea Cities of regional significance in Ukraine Holocaust locations in Ukraine Fiefdoms of Poland Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Articles containing Russian-language text Articles containing Crimean Tatar-language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Greek-language text Articles containing Ligurian-language text Articles containing Turkish-language text Articles needing additional references from February 2024 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from April 2020 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Commons category link from Wikidata CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 11:33 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia
|
Main page Simple start Simple talk New changes Show any page Help Contact us About Wikipedia Special pages Give to Wikipedia Create account Log in Give to Wikipedia Create account Log in Contents Beginning 1 Family background 2 Childhood and early adulthood 3 World War I 4 Entry into politics 5 During the Weimar Republic 6 Mein Kampf 7 Rise to power 8 World War II 9 The Holocaust 10 Death 11 Hitler in history 12 Related pages 13 References 14 Other websites 15 More reading Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Page Talk Read Change Change source View history Read Change Change source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Make a book Download as PDF Page for printing Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}} "Hitler" redirects here. For other uses, see Hitler (name) . .mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:-3px}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}} Adolf Hitler Official portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg ( President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Deputy Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Hermann Göring (1941–1945) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 [ 1 ] – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin , Germany Cause of death Gunshot wound (suicide) Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austrian (1889–1925) Stateless (1925–1932) German (1932–1945) Political party Nazi Party (1921–1945) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–20) Spouse(s) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap} Eva Braun ( m. 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Occupation General of Nazi Germany Profession Artist Cabinet Hitler cabinet Civilian awards Iron Cross, First Class Iron Cross, Second Class Bavarian Military Merit Cross, Third Class with Swords Wound Badge in Black Signature Military service Nickname(s) Bohemian corporal Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Wehrmacht Service years 1914–1920 1939–1945 Rank Gefreiter Unit 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Military awards Iron Cross First Class Iron Cross Second Class Wound Badge .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler giving a speech at the Krupp Factory in Germany Recorded 1935 Adolf Hitler [ 2 ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945), was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler (Führer and Chancellor of the Reich) in 1934. His invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 marked the start of the Second World War . He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust : the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims. [ 3 ] Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and was raised near Linz . He lived in Vienna in the first decade of the 1900s before moving to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party . Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned with a sentence of five years. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). He led them to become the most powerful political party in Germany after the 1932 elections . He began running the government when he became the Chancellor of Germany in 1934. The Nazis banned all other political parties and turned Germany into a dictatorship (meaning that the government was ruled by one person). Hitler's dictatorship is known as Nazi Germany , also known as the "Third Reich" (meaning "Third Empire" or "Third Realm"). Hitler called himself the Führer (meaning "leader") after the year 1934. Hitler ordered the takeover of Poland in 1939, and this started World War II in Europe . Hitler made all the important decisions during the war. [ 4 ] At first, Nazi Germany did well in the war, but by 1945 they were losing. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime lover, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin . Less than two days later, Hitler and Braun killed themselves as the Soviet Army got to Berlin , because they did not want to be captured alive by the Soviet Union . Because of the Nazi government, at least 50 million people died. [ 5 ] About 28.7 million soldiers and people died in the fighting. The war also killed 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war . Nazi forces committed many war crimes and atrocities during the war. [ 6 ] They killed their enemies sometimes with mobile death squads or put them in concentration camps and death camps . Hitler and his men persecuted and killed Jews and other ethnic , religious , and political minorities . In what is called the Holocaust , the Nazis killed six million Jews, Roma people , homosexuals , Slavs , and many other groups of people . [ 7 ] Adolf Hitler Official portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg ( President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Deputy Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Hermann Göring (1941–1945) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 [ 1 ] – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin , Germany Cause of death Gunshot wound (suicide) Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austrian (1889–1925) Stateless (1925–1932) German (1932–1945) Austrian (1889–1925) Stateless (1925–1932) German (1932–1945) Political party Nazi Party (1921–1945) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–20) Spouse(s) .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap} Eva Braun ( m. 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Occupation General of Nazi Germany Profession Artist Cabinet Hitler cabinet Civilian awards Iron Cross, First Class Iron Cross, Second Class Bavarian Military Merit Cross, Third Class with Swords Wound Badge in Black Signature Military service Nickname(s) Bohemian corporal Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Wehrmacht Bavarian Army Service years 1914–1920 1939–1945 Rank Gefreiter Unit 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Military awards Iron Cross First Class Iron Cross Second Class Wound Badge Iron Cross First Class Iron Cross Second Class Wound Badge .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler giving a speech at the Krupp Factory in Germany Recorded 1935 Adolf Hitler [ 2 ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945), was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , becoming the chancellor in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler (Führer and Chancellor of the Reich) in 1934. His invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 marked the start of the Second World War . He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust : the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims. [ 3 ] Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and was raised near Linz . He lived in Vienna in the first decade of the 1900s before moving to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party . Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned with a sentence of five years. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ("My Struggle"). He led them to become the most powerful political party in Germany after the 1932 elections . He began running the government when he became the Chancellor of Germany in 1934. The Nazis banned all other political parties and turned Germany into a dictatorship (meaning that the government was ruled by one person). Hitler's dictatorship is known as Nazi Germany , also known as the "Third Reich" (meaning "Third Empire" or "Third Realm"). Hitler called himself the Führer (meaning "leader") after the year 1934. Hitler ordered the takeover of Poland in 1939, and this started World War II in Europe . Hitler made all the important decisions during the war. [ 4 ] At first, Nazi Germany did well in the war, but by 1945 they were losing. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime lover, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin . Less than two days later, Hitler and Braun killed themselves as the Soviet Army got to Berlin , because they did not want to be captured alive by the Soviet Union . Because of the Nazi government, at least 50 million people died. [ 5 ] About 28.7 million soldiers and people died in the fighting. The war also killed 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war . Nazi forces committed many war crimes and atrocities during the war. [ 6 ] They killed their enemies sometimes with mobile death squads or put them in concentration camps and death camps . Hitler and his men persecuted and killed Jews and other ethnic , religious , and political minorities . In what is called the Holocaust , the Nazis killed six million Jews, Roma people , homosexuals , Slavs , and many other groups of people . [ 7 ] Family background [ change | change source ] Hitler's family was born in Waldviertel , in Lower Austria . At the time, the name Hitler changed in this region several times between Hüttler , Hiedler , Hittler and Hitler . The name was commonly in the German -speaking area of Europe in the 19th century . [ 8 ] The literature says that this name is descended from the Czech name Hidlar or Hidlarcek . [ 9 ] Family background Hitler's family was born in Waldviertel , in Lower Austria . At the time, the name Hitler changed in this region several times between Hüttler , Hiedler , Hittler and Hitler . The name was commonly in the German -speaking area of Europe in the 19th century . [ 8 ] The literature says that this name is descended from the Czech name Hidlar or Hidlarcek . [ 9 ] Childhood and early adulthood [ change | change source ] Hitler's birthplace Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889, as the fourth child of six [ 10 ] in Braunau am Inn . This is a small town near Linz in the province of Upper Austria, close to the border with Germany . At the time, the town was in Austria-Hungary . His parents were Klara Pölzl and Alois Hitler . Because of his father's job , Hitler moved from Braunau to Passau , later to Lambach and finally to Leonding . He attended several Volksschule 's. Hitler's mother, Klara Pölzl, was his father's third wife and also his cousin . [ 11 ] Hitler's father died in 1903. Hitler was born with only one testicle. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Hitler failed high school exams in Linz twice. In 1905, he left school. He became interested in the anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish), Pan-German teachings of Professor Leopold Poetsch . In September 1907, he went to Vienna and took an entrance examination. On 1 and 2 October, he failed the second examination. Hitler went back to Linz at the end of October. In December 1907, Hitler's mother died and, because of that, he was depressed . [ 14 ] Hitler's mother was Catholic , but Hitler is not known to have been personally interested in Christianity . [ 15 ] In 1909, Hitler again went to Vienna to study art . He tried to become a student at the Academy of Arts, but failed the first entrance examination. [ 14 ] He made many paintings and sold them at low prices. Hitler said he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna. This city had a large Jewish community. [ 16 ] In 1913, Hitler was 24 years old. At that time, all young Austrian men had to join the army . Hitler did not like the Austrian army and the Austro-Hungarian Empire because of its many ethnic groups , so he left Austria for Germany. He lived in the German city of Munich . [ 14 ] Childhood and early adulthood Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889, as the fourth child of six [ 10 ] in Braunau am Inn . This is a small town near Linz in the province of Upper Austria, close to the border with Germany . At the time, the town was in Austria-Hungary . His parents were Klara Pölzl and Alois Hitler . Because of his father's job , Hitler moved from Braunau to Passau , later to Lambach and finally to Leonding . He attended several Volksschule 's. Hitler's mother, Klara Pölzl, was his father's third wife and also his cousin . [ 11 ] Hitler's father died in 1903. Hitler was born with only one testicle. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Hitler failed high school exams in Linz twice. In 1905, he left school. He became interested in the anti-Semitic (anti-Jewish), Pan-German teachings of Professor Leopold Poetsch . In September 1907, he went to Vienna and took an entrance examination. On 1 and 2 October, he failed the second examination. Hitler went back to Linz at the end of October. In December 1907, Hitler's mother died and, because of that, he was depressed . [ 14 ] Hitler's mother was Catholic , but Hitler is not known to have been personally interested in Christianity . [ 15 ] In 1909, Hitler again went to Vienna to study art . He tried to become a student at the Academy of Arts, but failed the first entrance examination. [ 14 ] He made many paintings and sold them at low prices. Hitler said he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna. This city had a large Jewish community. [ 16 ] In 1913, Hitler was 24 years old. At that time, all young Austrian men had to join the army . Hitler did not like the Austrian army and the Austro-Hungarian Empire because of its many ethnic groups , so he left Austria for Germany. He lived in the German city of Munich . [ 14 ] World War I [ change | change source ] Hitler with other German soldiers in World War I On 16 August 1914, Hitler joined the Bavarian army. He fought for the German Empire in World War I . Hitler served in Belgium and France in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment. He spent nearly the whole time on the Western Front . He was a runner, one of the most dangerous jobs on the Front. [ 17 ] That means he ran from one position to another, carrying messages. On 1 November 1914, Hitler became a Gefreiter (which was like being a private first class in the United States Army , or a lance corporal in the British Army ). The government awarded him the Iron Cross Second Class on 2 December 1914. On 5 October 1916, Hitler was hurt by a bullet shell . Between 9 October and 1 December, he was in the military hospital Belitz . [ 18 ] In March 1917, he went back to the front. There, he fought in a battle and was awarded with the Militärverdienstkreuz Third Class with swords . In March 1918, Hitler participated in the Spring Offensive . On 4 August 1918, Hitler was awarded the Iron Cross First Class by the Jewish Hugo Gutmann. After Germany surrendered , Hitler was shocked, because the German army still held enemy area in November 1918. [ 19 ] World War I On 16 August 1914, Hitler joined the Bavarian army. He fought for the German Empire in World War I . Hitler served in Belgium and France in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment. He spent nearly the whole time on the Western Front . He was a runner, one of the most dangerous jobs on the Front. [ 17 ] That means he ran from one position to another, carrying messages. On 1 November 1914, Hitler became a Gefreiter (which was like being a private first class in the United States Army , or a lance corporal in the British Army ). The government awarded him the Iron Cross Second Class on 2 December 1914. On 5 October 1916, Hitler was hurt by a bullet shell . Between 9 October and 1 December, he was in the military hospital Belitz . [ 18 ] In March 1917, he went back to the front. There, he fought in a battle and was awarded with the Militärverdienstkreuz Third Class with swords . In March 1918, Hitler participated in the Spring Offensive . On 4 August 1918, Hitler was awarded the Iron Cross First Class by the Jewish Hugo Gutmann. After Germany surrendered , Hitler was shocked, because the German army still held enemy area in November 1918. [ 19 ] Entry into politics [ change | change source ] Hitler's membership card in the German Workers Party, later called the Nazis After World War I, Hitler stayed in the army and returned to Munich. There he attended the funeral march of the Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner , who had been killed. [ 20 ] In 1919, he participated in a training programme for propaganda speakers from 5 to 12 June and 26 June to 5 July. Later that year, Hitler joined a small political party called the German Workers Party . He became member number 555. [ 21 ] He soon won the support of the party's members. Two years later, he became the party's leader. He renamed the party the National Socialist German Workers Party . It became known as the Nazi Party . Entry into politics After World War I, Hitler stayed in the army and returned to Munich. There he attended the funeral march of the Bavarian prime minister Kurt Eisner , who had been killed. [ 20 ] In 1919, he participated in a training programme for propaganda speakers from 5 to 12 June and 26 June to 5 July. Later that year, Hitler joined a small political party called the German Workers Party . He became member number 555. [ 21 ] He soon won the support of the party's members. Two years later, he became the party's leader. He renamed the party the National Socialist German Workers Party . It became known as the Nazi Party . During the Weimar Republic [ change | change source ] Hitler and Schwarz at the dedication of the renovation of the Palais Barlow on Brienner Straße to the Brown House In 1923, Hitler got together several hundred other members of the Nazi Party and tried to take over the Weimar Republic government (1918–34) in the Beer Hall Putsch . [ 22 ] The coup failed. The government killed 13 of his men [ 23 ] (the 13 dead men were later declared saints in Nazi ideology ). They also put Hitler in the Landsberg Prison . They said that he would stay in prison for five years, but they let him leave after nine months. During the Weimar Republic In 1923, Hitler got together several hundred other members of the Nazi Party and tried to take over the Weimar Republic government (1918–34) in the Beer Hall Putsch . [ 22 ] The coup failed. The government killed 13 of his men [ 23 ] (the 13 dead men were later declared saints in Nazi ideology ). They also put Hitler in the Landsberg Prison . They said that he would stay in prison for five years, but they let him leave after nine months. Mein Kampf [ change | change source ] Main article: Mein Kampf A picture of the book While Hitler was in prison, he wrote a book with the help of his close friend Rudolf Hess . At first, Hitler wanted to call the book Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice . In the end, he called the book " Mein Kampf " ("My Struggle"). [ 24 ] Mein Kampf brought together some of Hitler's different ideas and explained where they came from: [ 25 ] His idea that the " Aryan race " was superior came from Arthur de Gobineau 's book, The Inequality of the Human Races . His plans for an Empire in the East came from the way Germany had captured farming land in the First World War. His idea that democracy (rule by the people) should be replaced by dictatorship (rule by one person) His idea that Judaism and communism were connected came from the Nazi writer Alfred Rosenberg . His anger against the Jews. He suggests that they should be killed, though he is not clear about how this should be done. [ 26 ] Hitler may have also been influenced by Martin Luther 's On the Jews and their Lies . In Mein Kampf , Hitler says Martin Luther was "a great warrior , a true statesman and a great reformer ." [ 16 ] Mein Kampf While Hitler was in prison, he wrote a book with the help of his close friend Rudolf Hess . At first, Hitler wanted to call the book Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice . In the end, he called the book " Mein Kampf " ("My Struggle"). [ 24 ] Mein Kampf brought together some of Hitler's different ideas and explained where they came from: [ 25 ] His idea that the " Aryan race " was superior came from Arthur de Gobineau 's book, The Inequality of the Human Races . His plans for an Empire in the East came from the way Germany had captured farming land in the First World War. His idea that democracy (rule by the people) should be replaced by dictatorship (rule by one person) His idea that Judaism and communism were connected came from the Nazi writer Alfred Rosenberg . His anger against the Jews. He suggests that they should be killed, though he is not clear about how this should be done. [ 26 ] Hitler may have also been influenced by Martin Luther 's On the Jews and their Lies . In Mein Kampf , Hitler says Martin Luther was "a great warrior , a true statesman and a great reformer ." [ 16 ] Rise to power [ change | change source ] Hitler giving a speech during his inauguration as Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933 In January 1933, Hitler was elected into the German government and established a dictatorship in the following months. He ended freedom of speech , freedom of the press and punished his enemies by imprisoning or killing them. He banned every political party except for the Nazi Party by the summer of 1933 and Germany became a one-party state . [ 22 ] Hitler and his propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels , spread extreme nationalism within Germany. All media came under the control of the Nazi Party and they had to praise Hitler and the Nazis. Also, more people were born because Hitler wanted more people of the " master race " (those he called " Aryans "). After the death of Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler declared the office of President vacant and made himself Führer (both Head of State and Head of Government ) and became a full dictator with no checks and balances . He made Germany a totalitarian fascist dictatorship . [ 27 ] Hitler was also responsible for the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 . In the Night of the Long Knives of 1934 he had Ernst Röhm the head of the SA killed by Heinrich Himmler , Reinhard Heydrich and the SS . They were also involved in the Kristallnacht (1938). Rise to power In January 1933, Hitler was elected into the German government and established a dictatorship in the following months. He ended freedom of speech , freedom of the press and punished his enemies by imprisoning or killing them. He banned every political party except for the Nazi Party by the summer of 1933 and Germany became a one-party state . [ 22 ] Hitler and his propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels , spread extreme nationalism within Germany. All media came under the control of the Nazi Party and they had to praise Hitler and the Nazis. Also, more people were born because Hitler wanted more people of the " master race " (those he called " Aryans "). After the death of Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler declared the office of President vacant and made himself Führer (both Head of State and Head of Government ) and became a full dictator with no checks and balances . He made Germany a totalitarian fascist dictatorship . [ 27 ] Hitler was also responsible for the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 . In the Night of the Long Knives of 1934 he had Ernst Röhm the head of the SA killed by Heinrich Himmler , Reinhard Heydrich and the SS . They were also involved in the Kristallnacht (1938). World War II [ change | change source ] The swastika was the emblem and flag of Germany from 1935 to 1945 used by Hitler. Hitler is credited with starting World War II on September 1, 1939 by ordering the German Army to invade Poland . [ 28 ] His army took over western Poland, and later most of Europe , including France and a large part of the Soviet Union . World War II Hitler is credited with starting World War II on September 1, 1939 by ordering the German Army to invade Poland . [ 28 ] His army took over western Poland, and later most of Europe , including France and a large part of the Soviet Union . The Holocaust [ change | change source ] Deportation of Jews to Auschwitz in 1944 During the war, Hitler ordered the Nazis to kill many people, including women and children. The Nazis killed around six million Jews in the Holocaust . Other people that the Nazis killed were Roma (Gypsies), homosexuals , Slavs such as Russians and Poles , and his political opponents. [ 29 ] Hitler spared his Jewish teacher also. Finally, some of the other countries in the world worked together to defeat Germany. Hitler lost all of the lands that he had taken. Millions of Germans were killed in the war. At the end of World War II, Hitler gave all people in the Führerbunker permission to leave it. Many people did and moved to the region of Berchtesgaden . They used planes and truck convoys. Hitler, the Göbbels family, Martin Bormann , Eva Braun and some other staff remained in the bunker. [ 30 ] Hitler married Eva Braun on 29 April 1945. The Holocaust During the war, Hitler ordered the Nazis to kill many people, including women and children. The Nazis killed around six million Jews in the Holocaust . Other people that the Nazis killed were Roma (Gypsies), homosexuals , Slavs such as Russians and Poles , and his political opponents. [ 29 ] Hitler spared his Jewish teacher also. Finally, some of the other countries in the world worked together to defeat Germany. Hitler lost all of the lands that he had taken. Millions of Germans were killed in the war. At the end of World War II, Hitler gave all people in the Führerbunker permission to leave it. Many people did and moved to the region of Berchtesgaden . They used planes and truck convoys. Hitler, the Göbbels family, Martin Bormann , Eva Braun and some other staff remained in the bunker. [ 30 ] Hitler married Eva Braun on 29 April 1945. Death [ change | change source ] The Führerbunker , where Hitler spent the last months of his life The cover of the American newspaper The Stars and Stripes , on 2 May 1945 Forty hours after Hitler and Eva Braun got married in Berlin , Germany , both of them committed suicide : Eva Braun, by poisoning with cyanide ; Hitler also gave some to his German Shepherd. Then, Hitler committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with his gun . [ 30 ] Before this, Hitler ordered that their bodies be burned after they were dead. [ 31 ] This prevented him from being captured alive by soldiers of the Red Army , who were closing in on him. Despite this, there are theories that Hitler did not die in 1945, but that he instead escaped to Argentina . These theories are very unpopular, with most historians dismissing them. [ 32 ] Death Forty hours after Hitler and Eva Braun got married in Berlin , Germany , both of them committed suicide : Eva Braun, by poisoning with cyanide ; Hitler also gave some to his German Shepherd. Then, Hitler committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with his gun . [ 30 ] Before this, Hitler ordered that their bodies be burned after they were dead. [ 31 ] This prevented him from being captured alive by soldiers of the Red Army , who were closing in on him. Despite this, there are theories that Hitler did not die in 1945, but that he instead escaped to Argentina . These theories are very unpopular, with most historians dismissing them. [ 32 ] Hitler in history [ change | change source ] Ian Kershaw , a historian who wrote a biography (life story) of Hitler, describes him as a modern symbol of evil . "Never in history has such ruination ... been [linked] with the name of one man." [ 33 ] However, Kershaw and some other historians believe that it is more important to look at the wider problems in Germany at the time, rather than at Hitler himself, to explain why the war and the Holocaust happened. [ 34 ] Hitler in history Ian Kershaw , a historian who wrote a biography (life story) of Hitler, describes him as a modern symbol of evil . "Never in history has such ruination ... been [linked] with the name of one man." [ 33 ] However, Kershaw and some other historians believe that it is more important to look at the wider problems in Germany at the time, rather than at Hitler himself, to explain why the war and the Holocaust happened. [ 34 ] Related pages [ change | change source ] Nazism Nazi Party Fascism Racism World War II Mein Kampf Anti-Romani sentiment Related pages Nazism Nazi Party Fascism Racism World War II Mein Kampf Anti-Romani sentiment References [ change | change source ] .mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ↑ Evans 2003 , p. 180. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvans2003 ( help ) ↑ German pronunciation : adɔlf hɪtlɐ ↑ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Eberle, Henrik; Uhl, Matthias (2009-03-25). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hi . PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-0-7867-3491-7 . ↑ "BBC - History - World Wars: Hitler's Leadership Style" . bbc.co.uk . 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ↑ Both, Owen (1999). Der Zweite Weltkrieg (in German). Kaiser. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-7043-6046-5 . ↑ This applies mainly to the SS : the Schutzstaffel , which was the Nazi security and military organisation. The regular army, known as the Wehrmacht , was a separate organisation. ↑ "The Holocaust: an unbelievable tragedy" . Archived from the original on 18 October 2002 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . [ dead link ] ↑ Jetzinger, Franz (1956). Hitlers Jugend (in German). Europa-Verlag. pp. 11 f. ↑ Fest, Joachim (1999). Hitler. Eine Biographie. 2. edition (in German). Ullstein. p. 43. ↑ Bullock, Alan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ↑ Ian Kershaw (1998). Hitler 1889–1936 . DVA. p. 37. ↑ Guardian staff. "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian Nespaper . Retrieved 2023-10-15 . ↑ Frisk, Adam. "Adolf Hitler had 1 testicle and a really small penis, according to historians" . Global News . Retrieved 2023-10-15 . 1 2 3 Toland, John (1977). Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 (in German). Lübbe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8289-0540-5 . ↑ Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; HarperPerennial Edition 1991; p218 1 2 Hitler, Adolf (2001). Mein Kampf . Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . ↑ Bullock, Allan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ↑ Hitler, Adolf (2001). Mein Kampf . Mariner Books. pp. 50– 51. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . ↑ Bullock, Allan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . Penguin Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ↑ "Picture with Adolf Hitler during the march" (in German). Bibliothek der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 2009-04-24 . ↑ Toland, John (1977). Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 (in German). Lübbe Verlag. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-8289-0540-5 . 1 2 "Biography and facts about Adolf Hitler" . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . ↑ "The Beer Hall Putsch" . Chris Trueman . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . ↑ "Spartacus Schoolnet - Mein Kampf" . John Simkin. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . ↑ Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler ; Ebury Press 2012; pp. 61–62 ↑ Kershaw, 2008, pages, 148-50 ↑ "Nazi Fascism and the Modern Totalitarian State" . Gary Grobman . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . ↑ "The start of World War Two" . Steven Schoenherr. Archived from the original on 8 March 2002 . Retrieved 2009-07-15 . ↑ "Teachers guide - about the Holocaust" . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2009-07-15 . 1 2 "Historyplace - The death of Hitler" . The History Place . Retrieved 2009-07-15 . ↑ "Hitler, Adolf (1889 - 1945) - Credo Reference Topic" . credoreference.com . 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . ↑ "Did Hitler escape from his bunker and live in Argentina after WW2? The real history that debunks the conspiracy" . HistoryExtra . Archived from the original on 2023-05-08 . Retrieved 2023-05-08 . ↑ Kershaw, 2000, pages xvii and 841 ↑ Kershaw, 2008, xxxv–xxxvi References ↑ Evans 2003 , p. 180. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEvans2003 ( help ) ↑ German pronunciation : adɔlf hɪtlɐ ↑ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Eberle, Henrik; Uhl, Matthias (2009-03-25). The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hi . PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-0-7867-3491-7 . ↑ "BBC - History - World Wars: Hitler's Leadership Style" . bbc.co.uk . 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ↑ Both, Owen (1999). Der Zweite Weltkrieg (in German). Kaiser. p. 7. ISBN 978-3-7043-6046-5 . ↑ This applies mainly to the SS : the Schutzstaffel , which was the Nazi security and military organisation. The regular army, known as the Wehrmacht , was a separate organisation. ↑ "The Holocaust: an unbelievable tragedy" . Archived from the original on 18 October 2002 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . [ dead link ] ↑ Jetzinger, Franz (1956). Hitlers Jugend (in German). Europa-Verlag. pp. 11 f. ↑ Fest, Joachim (1999). Hitler. Eine Biographie. 2. edition (in German). Ullstein. p. 43. ↑ Bullock, Alan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ↑ Ian Kershaw (1998). Hitler 1889–1936 . DVA. p. 37. ↑ Guardian staff. "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian Nespaper . Retrieved 2023-10-15 . ↑ Frisk, Adam. "Adolf Hitler had 1 testicle and a really small penis, according to historians" . Global News . Retrieved 2023-10-15 . 1 2 3 Toland, John (1977). Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 (in German). Lübbe Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8289-0540-5 . ↑ Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; HarperPerennial Edition 1991; p218 1 2 Hitler, Adolf (2001). Mein Kampf . Mariner Books. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . ↑ Bullock, Allan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ↑ Hitler, Adolf (2001). Mein Kampf . Mariner Books. pp. 50– 51. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . ↑ Bullock, Allan (1962). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . Penguin Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-14-013564-0 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ↑ "Picture with Adolf Hitler during the march" (in German). Bibliothek der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 2009-04-24 . ↑ Toland, John (1977). Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 (in German). Lübbe Verlag. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-8289-0540-5 . 1 2 "Biography and facts about Adolf Hitler" . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . ↑ "The Beer Hall Putsch" . Chris Trueman . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . ↑ "Spartacus Schoolnet - Mein Kampf" . John Simkin. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . ↑ Laurence Rees; The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler ; Ebury Press 2012; pp. 61–62 ↑ Kershaw, 2008, pages, 148-50 ↑ "Nazi Fascism and the Modern Totalitarian State" . Gary Grobman . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . ↑ "The start of World War Two" . Steven Schoenherr. Archived from the original on 8 March 2002 . Retrieved 2009-07-15 . ↑ "Teachers guide - about the Holocaust" . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2009-07-15 . 1 2 "Historyplace - The death of Hitler" . The History Place . Retrieved 2009-07-15 . ↑ "Hitler, Adolf (1889 - 1945) - Credo Reference Topic" . credoreference.com . 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . ↑ "Did Hitler escape from his bunker and live in Argentina after WW2? The real history that debunks the conspiracy" . HistoryExtra . Archived from the original on 2023-05-08 . Retrieved 2023-05-08 . ↑ Kershaw, 2000, pages xvii and 841 ↑ Kershaw, 2008, xxxv–xxxvi Other websites [ change | change source ] A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler on the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at Internet Archive Other websites A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler on the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at Internet Archive More reading [ change | change source ] Alan Bullock (1991). Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-679-72994-5 . Alan Bullock (1991). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . ISBN 978-0-06-092020-3 . Michael FitzGerald (2006). Adolf Hitler: A Portrait . Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-322-1 . Joachim Fest (2002). Hitler . Harvest Books. ISBN 978-0-15-602754-0 . Ian Kershaw (1999). Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris . W W Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0 . Lothar Machtan (2001). The Hidden Hitler . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04308-8 . "Top 25 Adolph Hitler quotes" . AZ Quotes. .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Chancellors of Germany Reich Chancellor ( Reichskanzler ): 1871-1945 Federal Chancellor ( Bundeskanzler ): 1945- German Empire (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck · Leo von Caprivi · Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst · Bernhard von Bülow · Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg · Georg Michaelis · Georg von Hertling · Max of Baden Weimar Republic (1918–1933) Friedrich Ebert · Philipp Scheidemann · Gustav Bauer · Hermann Müller · Konstantin Fehrenbach · Joseph Wirth · Wilhelm Cuno · Gustav Stresemann · Wilhelm Marx · Hans Luther · Otto Geßler (acting) · Wilhelm Marx · Hermann Müller · Heinrich Brüning · Franz von Papen · Kurt von Schleicher Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler · Joseph Goebbels · Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Germany (since 1949) Konrad Adenauer · Ludwig Erhard · Kurt Georg Kiesinger · Willy Brandt · Walter Scheel (acting) · Helmut Schmidt · Helmut Kohl · Gerhard Schröder · Angela Merkel · Olaf Scholz · Friedrich Merz .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e The Hitler Cabinet (30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945) Adolf Hitler ( Chancellor and Führer ) Franz von Papen (ind) • Konstantin von Neurath • Joachim von Ribbentrop • Wilhelm Frick • Heinrich Himmler • Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (ind) • Alfred Hugenberg ( DNVP ) • Kurt Schmitt • Hjalmar Schacht (ind) • Hermann Göring • Walther Funk • Franz Seldte • Franz Gürtner ( DNVP ) • Franz Schlegelberger • Otto Georg Thierack • Werner von Blomberg (ind) • Wilhelm Keitel (ind) • Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach (ind) • Julius Dorpmüller • Wilhelm Ohnesorge • Richard Walther Darré • Herbert Backe • Joseph Goebbels • Bernhard Rust • Fritz Todt • Albert Speer • Alfred Rosenberg • Hanns Kerrl • Hermann Muhs • Otto Meißner (ind) • Arthur Seyß-Inquart • Hans Frank • Hans Lammers • Martin Bormann • Karl Hermann Frank • Rudolf Hess • Ernst Röhm All ministers were NSDAP members except where indicated ("ind" = nominally independent). Most of them later became NSDAP members, except Von Papen, Hugenberg and Von Eltz-Rübenach. v t e Presidents of Germany Reich President ( Reichspräsident ): 1919-1945 Federal President ( Bundespräsident ): 1945- Weimar Republic (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert · Kanzler Hans Luther (acting) · Judge Walter Simons (acting) · Paul von Hindenburg Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Paul von Hindenburg · Adolf Hitler (as Führer and Reichskanzler) · Karl Dönitz Germany (since 1949) Bundesratspräsident Karl Arnold (acting) · Theodor Heuss 1 · Heinrich Lübke · Gustav Heinemann · Walter Scheel · Karl Carstens · Richard von Weizsäcker 2 · Roman Herzog · Johannes Rau · Horst Köhler · Jens Böhrnsen (acting) · Christian Wulff · Joachim Gauck · Frank-Walter Steinmeier 1 President at the time of unification with the Saar 2 President at the time of unification with East Germany v t e Time Persons of the Year Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie I (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong May-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Complete roster 1927–1950 1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present More reading Alan Bullock (1991). Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-679-72994-5 . Alan Bullock (1991). Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . ISBN 978-0-06-092020-3 . Michael FitzGerald (2006). Adolf Hitler: A Portrait . Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-322-1 . Joachim Fest (2002). Hitler . Harvest Books. ISBN 978-0-15-602754-0 . Ian Kershaw (1999). Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris . W W Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-32035-0 . Lothar Machtan (2001). The Hidden Hitler . Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04308-8 . "Top 25 Adolph Hitler quotes" . AZ Quotes. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Chancellors of Germany Reich Chancellor ( Reichskanzler ): 1871-1945 Federal Chancellor ( Bundeskanzler ): 1945- v t e German Empire (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck · Leo von Caprivi · Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst · Bernhard von Bülow · Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg · Georg Michaelis · Georg von Hertling · Max of Baden Weimar Republic (1918–1933) Friedrich Ebert · Philipp Scheidemann · Gustav Bauer · Hermann Müller · Konstantin Fehrenbach · Joseph Wirth · Wilhelm Cuno · Gustav Stresemann · Wilhelm Marx · Hans Luther · Otto Geßler (acting) · Wilhelm Marx · Hermann Müller · Heinrich Brüning · Franz von Papen · Kurt von Schleicher Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler · Joseph Goebbels · Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Germany (since 1949) Konrad Adenauer · Ludwig Erhard · Kurt Georg Kiesinger · Willy Brandt · Walter Scheel (acting) · Helmut Schmidt · Helmut Kohl · Gerhard Schröder · Angela Merkel · Olaf Scholz · Friedrich Merz v t e The Hitler Cabinet (30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945) v t e Adolf Hitler ( Chancellor and Führer ) Franz von Papen (ind) • Konstantin von Neurath • Joachim von Ribbentrop • Wilhelm Frick • Heinrich Himmler • Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (ind) • Alfred Hugenberg ( DNVP ) • Kurt Schmitt • Hjalmar Schacht (ind) • Hermann Göring • Walther Funk • Franz Seldte • Franz Gürtner ( DNVP ) • Franz Schlegelberger • Otto Georg Thierack • Werner von Blomberg (ind) • Wilhelm Keitel (ind) • Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach (ind) • Julius Dorpmüller • Wilhelm Ohnesorge • Richard Walther Darré • Herbert Backe • Joseph Goebbels • Bernhard Rust • Fritz Todt • Albert Speer • Alfred Rosenberg • Hanns Kerrl • Hermann Muhs • Otto Meißner (ind) • Arthur Seyß-Inquart • Hans Frank • Hans Lammers • Martin Bormann • Karl Hermann Frank • Rudolf Hess • Ernst Röhm All ministers were NSDAP members except where indicated ("ind" = nominally independent). Most of them later became NSDAP members, except Von Papen, Hugenberg and Von Eltz-Rübenach. v t e Presidents of Germany Reich President ( Reichspräsident ): 1919-1945 Federal President ( Bundespräsident ): 1945- v t e Weimar Republic (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert · Kanzler Hans Luther (acting) · Judge Walter Simons (acting) · Paul von Hindenburg Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Paul von Hindenburg · Adolf Hitler (as Führer and Reichskanzler) · Karl Dönitz Germany (since 1949) Bundesratspräsident Karl Arnold (acting) · Theodor Heuss 1 · Heinrich Lübke · Gustav Heinemann · Walter Scheel · Karl Carstens · Richard von Weizsäcker 2 · Roman Herzog · Johannes Rau · Horst Köhler · Jens Böhrnsen (acting) · Christian Wulff · Joachim Gauck · Frank-Walter Steinmeier 1 President at the time of unification with the Saar 2 President at the time of unification with East Germany v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie I (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong May-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie I (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong May-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Complete roster 1927–1950 1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present Complete roster 1927–1950 1951–1975 1976–2000 2001–present 1889 births 1945 deaths Adolf Hitler Hitler family Nazi leaders Former dictators Austrian painters Austrian politicians German war criminals Former Roman Catholics Holocaust perpetrators Austrian war criminals Antisemitism in Europe Time People of the Year Antisemitism in Germany People from Upper Austria Presidents of Nazi Germany Nazis who committed suicide Chancellors of Nazi Germany 20th-century German painters Ministers-President of Prussia Suicides by firearm in Germany Politicians who committed suicide Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany) German military personnel of World War I German military personnel of World War II Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic) People with borderline personality disorder 20th-century rulers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-communists Harv and Sfn no-target errors Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 German-language sources (de) All articles with dead links to other websites Articles with dead links to other websites from February 2015 CS1 errors: ISBN date Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Former good articles This page was last changed on 15 January 2026, at 01:56. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License and the GFDL ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." [ 363 ] Citations ^ a b Shirer 1960 , pp. 226–227. ^ a b Overy 2005 , p. 63. ^ a b Kershaw 2000b , p. xvii. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 24. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 4. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 5, 14. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 15. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 5. ^ Jetzinger 1976 , p. 32. ^ Rosenbaum 1999 , p. 21. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 50. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 246–247. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 8–9. ^ a b Oltermann 2025 . ^ House of Responsibility . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 23. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 4. ^ Toland 1976 , p. 6. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 33. ^ Keller 2010 , p. 15. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 37. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 35. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 92. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 6. ^ Fromm 1977 , pp. 493–498. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Diver 2005 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 10–11. ^ Payne 1990 , p. 22. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 9. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 8. ^ Keller 2010 , pp. 33–34. ^ Fest 1977 , p. 32. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 8. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 10. ^ Evans 2003 , pp. 163–164. ^ Bendersky 2000 , p. 26. ^ Ryschka 2008 , p. 35. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 10. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 19. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 20. ^ a b Hitler 1999 , p. 20. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 30–31. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 31. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 30–33. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 157. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 41, 42. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 26. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 243–246. ^ Nicholls 2000 , pp. 236, 237, 274. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 250. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 341–345. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 233. ^ Britannica: Nazism . ^ Pinkus 2005 , p. 27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 60–67. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 25. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 58. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 52. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 45. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 55, 63. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 174. ^ Evans 2011 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 27. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 86. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 49. ^ a b c Kershaw 1999 , p. 90. ^ Weber 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 53. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 54. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 100. ^ a b c d Shirer 1960 , p. 30. ^ Pearson & Allen 1941 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 57. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 58. ^ Steiner 1976 , p. 392. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 59. ^ Weber 2010a . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 59, 60. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 97, 102. ^ Keegan 1987 , pp. 238–240. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61, 62. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61–63. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 96. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 80, 90, 92. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 61. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 82. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 170. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 75, 76. ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 67. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 125–126. ^ Fest 1970 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 94, 95, 100. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 87. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 88. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 93. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 81. ^ Reck-Malleczewen 2013 , p. 17. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 89. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 89–92. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 100, 101. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 102. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 103. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 83, 103. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. xv. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 376. ^ Frauenfeld 1937 . ^ Goebbels 1936 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 105–106. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 377. ^ Kressel 2002 , p. 121. ^ Heck 2001 , p. 23. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 275. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 203. ^ Bracher 1970 , pp. 115–116. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 126. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 128. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 73–74. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 132. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 131. ^ Munich Court, 1924 . ^ Evans 2003 , p. 196. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 239. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 121. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 147. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 148–150. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 80–81. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 237. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 238. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 158, 161, 162. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 162, 166. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 166, 167. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 136–137. ^ Kolb 2005 , pp. 224–225. ^ Kolb 1988 , p. 105. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 403 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–446 et. seq . ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 218. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 216. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , pp. 218–219. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 222. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 449 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–436, 471. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 130. ^ Hinrichs 2007 . ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 476. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 468–471. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 201. ^ Hoffman 1989 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 227. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 477–479. ^ Letter to Hindenburg, 1932 . ^ Fox News, 2003 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 184. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 307. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 262. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 192. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 262. ^ Hett 2014 , pp. 255–259. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 194, 274. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 194. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 265. ^ City of Potsdam . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 196–197. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 198. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 335. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 196. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 199. ^ Time , 1934 . ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 201. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 202. ^ a b Evans 2003 , pp. 350–374. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 309–314. ^ Tames 2008 , pp. 4–5. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 313–315. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 229. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 309. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 110. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 392, 393. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 312. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 393–397. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 308. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 318. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 318–319. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 397–398. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 274. ^ Read 2004 , p. 344. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 109–111. ^ McNab 2009 , p. 54. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 259–260. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 258. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 262. ^ McNab 2009 , pp. 54–57. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 118–119. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 570–572. ^ Weinberg 1970 , pp. 26–27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 490–491. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. ^ Carr 1972 , p. 23. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 297. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 283. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 601–602. ^ Martin 2008 . ^ Hildebrand 1973 , p. 39. ^ Roberts 1975 . ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 630–631. ^ a b Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999 . ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 56–57. ^ Goeschel 2018 , pp. 69–70. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 642. ^ Aigner 1985 , p. 264. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 636–637. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 73–78. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 638. ^ a b Bloch 1992 , pp. 178–179. ^ Plating 2011 , p. 21. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , p. 159. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 434. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 425. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 334–335. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 338–340. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 366. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 418–419. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 149–150. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 419. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 256–260. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 469. ^ Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999 , p. 207. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 202–203. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 462–463. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 672. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 671, 682–683. ^ Rothwell 2001 , pp. 90–91. ^ Time , January 1939 . ^ a b Murray 1984 , p. 268. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 682. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 268–269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 448. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 562. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 579–581. ^ a b Maiolo 1998 , p. 178. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 688–690. ^ a b Weinberg 1980 , pp. 537–539, 557–560. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 558. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 76–77. ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 36–37, 92. ^ Weinberg 2010 , p. 792. ^ Robertson 1985 , p. 212. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 228. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1989 , p. 56. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 497. ^ Robertson 1963 , pp. 181–187. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 693. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 252–253. ^ Weinberg 1995 , pp. 85–94. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 255–257. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 561–562, 583–584. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 260. ^ Hakim 1995 . ^ a b c Rees 1997 , pp. 141–145. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 527. ^ Welch 2001 , pp. 88–89. ^ Rees 1997 , pp. 148–149. ^ Winkler 2007 , p. 74. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 696–730. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 562. ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7–9. ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 731–737. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 774–782. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 563, 569, 570. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 580. ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 58–60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 604–605. ^ Kurowski 2005 , pp. 141–142. ^ Apter 2008 . ^ Porat 2015 . ^ Mineau 2004 , p. 1. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Koch 1988 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 162–163. ^ a b Stolfi 1982 . ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 202. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 210. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 900–901. ^ a b Bauer 2000 , p. 5. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 921. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 417. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 419–420. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1006. ^ a b BBC News, 1999 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 996–1000. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1036. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 513–514. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 816–818. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1048–1072. ^ Plesch 2017 , p. 158. ^ Weinberg 1964 . ^ a b Crandell 1987 . ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 778. ^ Rees & Kershaw 2012 . ^ Speer 1971 , p. 557. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , pp. 774–775. ^ Sereny 1996 , pp. 497–498. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 753, 763, 780–781. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256. ^ Le Tissier 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Dollinger 1995 , p. 231. ^ a b Jones 1989 . ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 92. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 787. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 787, 795. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , pp. 227–228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 791. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 792, 795. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 798. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799–800. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 217–220, 224–225. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1136. ^ Vinogradov 2005 , pp. 111, 333. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 163–164. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 1110. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Marrus 2000 , p. 37. ^ Gellately 1996 . ^ a b c Snyder 2010 , p. 416. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 683. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 965. ^ Naimark 2002 , p. 81. ^ Longerich 2005 , p. 116. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 146. ^ a b Longerich, Chapter 15 2003 . ^ Longerich, Chapter 17 2003 . ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 459–462. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 670–675. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 687. ^ Evans 2008 , map, p. 366. ^ a b c Rummel 1994 , p. 112. ^ a b Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 318. ^ Hancock 2004 , pp. 383–396. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 946. ^ a b Evans 2008 , p. 15. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 162–163, 416. ^ Dorland 2009 , p. 6. ^ Rummel 1994 , table, p. 112 . ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 184. ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45. ^ Goldhagen 1996 , p. 290. ^ Downing 2005 , p. 33. ^ Gellately 2001 , p. 216. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 567–568. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 252. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 170, 172, 181. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 281. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 377. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 333. ^ a b Overy 2005a , pp. 421–425. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 169–170. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 396–397. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 171–395. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 563. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 378. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 947–948. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 393–394. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 5. ^ Rißmann 2001 , pp. 94–96. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Speer 1971 , pp. 141–142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 143. ^ a b Conway 1968 , p. 3. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 385, 389. ^ Rißmann 2001 , p. 96. ^ Weir & Greenberg 2022 , p. 694. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 141. ^ Steigmann-Gall 2003 , pp. 27, 108. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 59. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 342. ^ Sharkey 2002 . ^ Bonney 2001 , pp. 2–3. ^ Phayer 2000 . ^ Bonney 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 219, 389. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 141, 171, 174. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 729. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 508. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 717. ^ Redlich 1993 . ^ Redlich 2000 , pp. 129–190. ^ The Guardian , 2015 . ^ Langer 1972 , p. 126. ^ Waite 1993 , p. 356. ^ Gunkel 2010 . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 388. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 256. ^ Wilson 1998 . ^ McGovern 1968 , pp. 32–33. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 38. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. 176, 22 January 1942. ^ Proctor 1999 , p. 219. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 741. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 125–142. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 11–20. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 782. ^ Ghaemi 2011 , pp. 190–191. ^ Porter 2013 . ^ Doyle 2005 , p. 8. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 156. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , p. 37. ^ Zialcita 2019 . ^ Fest 1974 , p. 753. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 617. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 348–350. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 892. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 841. ^ Fischer 1995 , p. 569. ^ Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003 , p. 83. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 554. ^ Welch 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bazyler 2006 , p. 1. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 6. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. xxxv. ^ Roberts 1996 , p. 501. ^ Lichtheim 1974 , p. 366. ^ Haffner 1979 , pp. 100–101. ^ Haffner 1979 , p. 100. ^ The Daily Telegraph , 2003 . Bibliography Printed .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?" . In Koch, H. W. (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 75– 82. doi : 10.1177/1478271520053501020 . PMID 15825245 . Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5 . Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop . New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3 . Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (PDF) . Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship . Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books. LCCN 63005065 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles . ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7 . Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3 . Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4 . Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 (3): 487– 501. JSTOR 27550441 . Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1 . Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2 . Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II . New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7 . Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France . Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-784-2 . Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps . World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8 . Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4 . Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History . London: Constable and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8 . Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0 . Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler ; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History . 29 (2): 270– 274. doi : 10.1017/S0008938900013170 . ISSN 0008-9389 . Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . Ghaemi, Nassir (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness . New York: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51759-8 . Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17883-8 . Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 . Haffner, Sebastian (1979). The Meaning of Hitler . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-55775-8 . Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz . A History of US . Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2 . Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5 . Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man . Trans. Thomas Thornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8 . Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of the Holocaust . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1 . Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore A Swastika . Phoenix, AZ: Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6 . Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs . New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7 . Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich . London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3 . Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf . Trans. Ralph Manheim . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2 . Hitler, Adolf (2000) [1941–1944]. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944 . London: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-05-6 . Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth . Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3 . Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1 . Keller, Gustav (2010). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [ The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage ] (in German). Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4 . Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2025. Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris . New York: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7 . Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 . Koch, H. W. (June 1988). "Operation Barbarossa – The Current State of the Debate". The Historical Journal . 31 (2): 377– 390. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 . S2CID 159848116 . Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8 . Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3 . Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide And Terror . Boulder: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1 . Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew . St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9 . Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5 . Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century . London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet . Intro. Roger Moorhouse . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Longerich, Peter (2005). The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution . History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3328-8 . Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War . London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3 . Manvell, Roger ; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo . London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9 . Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4 . Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History . Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1 . McGovern, James (1968). Martin Bormann . New York: William Morrow. OCLC 441132 . McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich . London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8 . Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6 . Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm (ed.). Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7 . Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1633-0 . Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1 . Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001) [2000]. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3 . Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Overy, Richard ; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" . In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II . London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler" . In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8 . Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . Overy, Richard (2005). "Hitler As War Leader". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3 . Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7 . Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (16 October 1941). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round: Ribbentrop Kept From Hitler Warning That U.S. Would Fight". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 15. Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler . McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4 . Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II . Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1 . Plesch, Daniel (2017). Human Rights After Hitler: The Lost History of Prosecuting Axis War Crimes . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62616-431-4 . Proctor, Robert (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-07051-3 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6416-5 . Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich (2013) [1947]. Diary of a Man in Despair . Translated by Rubens, Paul. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-586-6 . Redlich, Fritz R. (2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9 . Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning from History . New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6 . Rißmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators (in German). Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 . Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe . Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3 . Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6 . Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 . London: Longmans. OCLC 300011871 . Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers" . In H. W., Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3 . Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home . Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1 . Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5 . Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4 . Ryschka, Birgit (2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube . Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7 . Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth . New York; Toronto: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 . Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 . OCLC 83655937 . Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction . The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2 . Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)" (PDF) . The Journal of Modern History . 54 (1): 27– 46. doi : 10.1086/244076 . hdl : 10945/44218 . S2CID 143690841 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2020. Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship . Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6 . Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag . Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4 . Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler . New York; Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25899-1 . Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 . Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5 . Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1964). "Hitler's Image of the United States". The American Historical Review . 69 (4): 1006– 1021. doi : 10.2307/1842933 . JSTOR 1842933 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8 . Weinberg, Gerhard (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II . New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9 . Weir, Todd H.; Greenberg, Udi (2022). "Religious Cultures and Confessional Politics". In Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884577-5 . Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7 . Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3 . Wilt, Alan (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 . Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich . Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Vol. Battle Book No. 6. London: Ballantine Books . OCLC 23899 . Online Apter, Simon Maxwell (20 July 2008). " 'Hitler's Mufti,' Haj Amin al-Husseini" . SFGATE . Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "1933 – Day of Potsdam" . Landeshauptstadt Potsdam . December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Bazyler, Michael J. (25 December 2006). "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" (PDF) . Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . "Nazism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [ The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich ] (in German). 1924. Diver, Krysia (4 August 2005). "Journal reveals Hitler's dysfunctional family" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" . Fox News. Associated Press. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932" [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932]. Glasnost–Archiv (in German) . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber" . The Globe and Mail . Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" . German Propaganda Archive . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Germany: Second Revolution?" . Time . 2 July 1934. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Glantz, David (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay . Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Goebbels, Joseph (1936). The Führer as a Speaker . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health" . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung" [The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Hitler's Last Days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 Security Service . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Introduction to the Holocaust" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Jones, Bill (creator, director) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). England: BBC . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Kotanko, Florian. "House of Responsibility" . House of Responsibility – Braunau am Inn . HRB News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Leni Riefenstahl" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . "Man of the Year" . Time . 2 January 1939. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2019 . Martin, Jonathan (creator, writer) (2008). World War II in HD Colour (television documentary). US: World Media Rights. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . McMillan, Dan (October 2012). "Review of Fritz, Stephen G., Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East " . H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" . BBC News. 29 July 1999 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF) . The Churches and Nazi Persecution . Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Porat, Dina (21 October 2015). "Setting the Record Straight" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 11 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" . ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Porter, Tom (24 August 2013). "Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New Documents" . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis". Arch Intern Med . 153 (6): 693– 697. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410060005001 . PMID 8447705 . Rees, Laurence (writer, director) Kershaw, Ian (writer, consultant) (2012). The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). UK: BBC . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Staff (19 December 2015). "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . Weber, Thomas (2010a). "New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War Story" . BBC History Magazine . UK: Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" . New Statesman . UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Zialcita, Paolo (2019). "Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police Station" . NPR . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Spoken articles Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Articles with excerpts Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery2005252-385
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Relations with NATO and its member nations 2 Tensions in other European countries and relations with the former Soviet bloc 3 Relations with South and East Asia 4 Relations with Middle Eastern and North African countries 5 Relations with post-Soviet states Toggle Relations with post-Soviet states subsection 5.1 Intervention in Ukraine and annexation of Crimea 5.1.1 Military build-up around Ukraine 5.1.2 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5.1.2.1 2022 5.1.2.2 2023 5.1.2.3 2024 5.1.2.4 2025 5.1 Intervention in Ukraine and annexation of Crimea 5.1.1 Military build-up around Ukraine 5.1.2 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5.1.2.1 2022 5.1.2.2 2023 5.1.2.3 2024 5.1.2.4 2025 5.1.1 Military build-up around Ukraine 5.1.2 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 5.1.2.1 2022 5.1.2.2 2023 5.1.2.3 2024 5.1.2.4 2025 5.1.2.1 2022 5.1.2.2 2023 5.1.2.3 2024 5.1.2.4 2025 6 Tensions in other ex-Soviet countries Toggle Tensions in other ex-Soviet countries subsection 6.1 Georgia and the Caucasus 6.2 Moldova 6.3 Baltic states and Scandinavia 6.1 Georgia and the Caucasus 6.2 Moldova 6.3 Baltic states and Scandinavia 7 Relations with Australia, Latin America, and others 8 Energy policy 9 Notable foreign policy speeches by President Vladimir Putin 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Foreign policy of Vladimir Putin العربية Ελληνικά Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article is part of a series about Vladimir Putin This article is part of a series about Vladimir Putin Personal Family Meeting table Language Opinions Pets Intelligence career Political career Rise to power Prime Minister of Russia Premiership Cabinets first second International trips President of Russia Presidency Inaugurations 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th International trips Political groups Opposition Speeches Munich Crimea Valdai 2020 Federal Assembly Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 Moscow Summits Ljubljana Bratislava Helsinki Geneva Alaska Budapest Policies Domestic legislation and programs military reform constitutional reform national champions priority projects stabilization fund undesirable organizations law Foreign Annexation of Crimea War in Donbas Intervention in Syria Invasion of Ukraine 2022 annexation of four Ukrainian regions Putin's Plan Presidential campaigns 2000 election 2004 election 2012 election 2018 Gays for Putin! PutinTeam election 2024 election Legacy Alleged doubles Incapacity and death claims Grandpa in his bunker Honours Opposition in Russia Phone call to Putin Public image " Putin khuylo! " Putinism Putinisation Putinland Putler Family Meeting table Language Opinions Pets Intelligence career Political career Rise to power Premiership Cabinets first second first second International trips Presidency Inaugurations 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th International trips Political groups Opposition Speeches Munich Crimea Valdai 2020 Federal Assembly Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 Moscow Munich Crimea Valdai 2020 Federal Assembly Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 Moscow Summits Ljubljana Bratislava Helsinki Geneva Alaska Budapest Ljubljana Bratislava Helsinki Geneva Alaska Budapest Domestic legislation and programs military reform constitutional reform national champions priority projects stabilization fund legislation and programs military reform constitutional reform national champions priority projects stabilization fund undesirable organizations law Foreign Annexation of Crimea War in Donbas Intervention in Syria Invasion of Ukraine 2022 annexation of four Ukrainian regions Annexation of Crimea War in Donbas Intervention in Syria Invasion of Ukraine 2022 annexation of four Ukrainian regions Putin's Plan 2000 election election 2004 election election 2012 election election 2018 Gays for Putin! PutinTeam election Gays for Putin! PutinTeam election 2024 election election Alleged doubles Incapacity and death claims Grandpa in his bunker Honours Opposition in Russia Phone call to Putin Public image " Putin khuylo! " Putinism Putinisation Putinisation Putinland Putler .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The foreign policy of Vladimir Putin concerns the policies of the Russian president Vladimir Putin with respect to other nations. He has held the office of the President previously from 2000 to 2008, and reassumed power again in 2012 and has been President since. [ 1 ] As of late 2013, Russia–United States relations were at a low point. [ 2 ] The United States canceled a summit for the first time since 1960, after Putin gave asylum to Edward Snowden . Washington regarded Russia as obstructionist regarding Syria, Iran, Cuba and Venezuela. In turn, those nations look to Russia for support against the United States. [ 2 ] Some nations of Western Europe purchase Russian gas, but are concerned about interference in the affairs of Eastern Europe. Expansion of NATO and the EU into Eastern Europe much conflicts with Russian interests, which has pushed them to become more aggressive to attempt to influence and "Russianise" Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , and Central Asia . Beyond Russia's neighbours in foreign relations is India, who at one point, was a close ally of Russia and the Soviet Union, is now drifting towards the United States with stronger nuclear and commercial ties. Japan and Russia remain at odds over the ownership of the Kuril Islands ; this dispute has hindered much cooperation for numerous decades, originating back from the Soviet Union's annexation of them at the end of World War Two . [ 2 ] China has recently moved to become a close ally of Russia despite its falling out with the former Soviet Union. [ 2 ] In 2014, with NATO's decision to suspend practical co-operation with Russia and all major Western countries' decision to impose a host of sanctions against Russia, in response to the Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Russia's relationship with the West came to be characterised as assuming an adversarial nature, or the advent of Cold War II . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Relations with NATO and its member nations After the 11 September attacks , Putin supported the U.S. in the war on terror , thus creating an opportunity for deepening the relationship with the leading Western and NATO power. [ 6 ] On 13 December 2001, Bush gave Russia notice of the United States' unilateral withdrawal from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty . [ 7 ] From Russia's point of view, the US withdrawal from the agreement, which ensured strategic parity between the parties, destroyed hopes for a new partnership. [ 8 ] Russia opposed the expansion of NATO which happened at the 2002 Prague summit . [ 6 ] Since 2003, when Russia did not support the Iraq War and when Putin became ever more distant from the West in his internal and external policies, the relations remained strained. In an interview with Michael Stürmer , Putin was quoted saying that there were three questions which most concerned Russia and Eastern Europe; namely the status of Kosovo , the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe , and American plans to build missile defence sites in Poland and the Czech Republic , and suggested that all three were some way linked. [ 9 ] In Putin's view, concessions on one of these questions on the Western side might be met with concessions from Russia on another. [ 9 ] In February 2007, at the annual Munich Conference on Security Policy , Putin openly criticised what he called the United States' monopolistic dominance in global relations, and "almost uncontained hyper use of force in international relations". [ 10 ] In this speech, which became known as Munich Speech , Putin called for a "fair and democratic world order that would ensure security and prosperity not only for a select few, but for all". [ 10 ] His remarks however were met with criticism by some delegates [ 11 ] such as former NATO secretary Jaap de Hoop Scheffer who called his speech, "disappointing and not helpful." [ 12 ] The months following Putin's Munich speech [ 10 ] were marked by tension and a surge in rhetoric on both sides of the Atlantic. Both Russian and American officials, however, denied the idea of a new Cold War . [ 13 ] Then US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said on the Munich Conference: "We all face many common problems and challenges that must be addressed in partnership with other countries, including Russia. ... One Cold War was quite enough." [ 14 ] Vladimir Putin said prior to 33rd G8 Summit , on 4 June 2007: "we do not want confrontation; we want to engage in dialogue. However, we want a dialogue that acknowledges the equality of both parties' interests." [ 15 ] In June 2007, when answering a question about whether Russian nuclear forces might be focused on European targets in case "the United States continued building a strategic shield in Poland and the Czech Republic", Putin admitted: "if part of the United States' nuclear capability is situated in Europe and that our military experts consider that they represent a potential threat, then we will have to take appropriate retaliatory steps. What steps? Of course we must have new targets in Europe." [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Putin continued his public opposition of a U.S. missile shield in Europe , and presented President George W. Bush with a counterproposal on 7 June 2007 of sharing the use of the Soviet-era radar system in Azerbaijan rather than building a new system in the Czech Republic . Putin expressed readiness to modernise the Gabala Radar Station , which has been in operation since 1986. Putin proposed it would not be necessary to place interceptor missiles in Poland then, but interceptors could be placed in Iraq or NATO member Turkey . Putin suggested also equal involvement of interested European countries in the project. [ 17 ] In his annual address to the Federal Assembly on 26 April 2007, Putin announced plans to declare a moratorium on the observance of the CFE Treaty by Russia until all NATO members ratified it and started observing its provisions, as Russia had been doing on a unilateral basis. Putin argues that as new NATO members have not even signed the treaty so far, an imbalance in the presence of NATO and Russian armed forces in Europe creates a real threat and an unpredictable situation for Russia. [ 18 ] NATO members said they would refuse to ratify the treaty until Russia complied with its 1999 commitments made in Istanbul whereby Russia should remove troops and military equipment from Moldova and Georgia . Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was quoted as saying in response that "Russia has long since fulfilled all its Istanbul obligations relevant to CFE". [ 19 ] Russia suspended its participation in the CFE as of midnight Moscow time on 11 December 2007. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] On 12 December 2007, the United States officially said it "deeply regretted the Russian Federation's decision to 'suspend' implementation of its obligations under the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)." State Department spokesman Sean McCormack , in a written statement, added that "Russia's conventional forces are the largest on the European continent , and its unilateral action damages this successful arms control regime." [ 22 ] NATO's primary concern arising from Russia's suspension is that Moscow could now accelerate its military presence in the Northern Caucasus . [ 23 ] Putin strongly opposed the secession of Kosovo from Serbia . He called any support for this act "immoral" and "illegal". [ 24 ] He described the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence a "terrible precedent" that will come back to hit the West "in the face". [ 25 ] He stated that the Kosovo precedent will de facto destroy the whole system of international relations, developed over centuries. [ 26 ] Putin's relations with former British Prime Minister Tony Blair , former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder , former French Presidents Jacques Chirac , and Nicolas Sarkozy and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi were reported to be personally friendly. Putin's "cooler" and "more business-like" relationship with Germany's subsequent Chancellor, Angela Merkel is often attributed to Merkel's upbringing in the former DDR , where Putin was stationed when he was a KGB agent. [ 27 ] By mid-2000s (decade), the relations between Russia and the United Kingdom deteriorated when the United Kingdom granted political asylum to, oligarch Boris Berezovsky , in 2003. [ 28 ] Berezovsky, located in London, often criticised Putin. [ 28 ] The United Kingdom also granted asylum to the Chechen rebel leader Akhmed Zakayev and other notable persons who had fled Russia. In 2006, President Putin introduced a law which restricted non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from getting funding from foreign governments. This resulted in many NGOs closing. [ 29 ] The end of 2006 brought strained relations between Russia and Britain in the wake of the death of Alexander Litvinenko in London by poisoning with polonium-210 . On 20 July 2007, the Gordon Brown government expelled "four Russian envoys over Putin's refusal to extradite ex-KGB agent Andrei Lugovoi , wanted in the UK for the murder of fellow former spy Alexander Litvinenko in London." [ 28 ] The Russian government, among other things, said it would suspend issuing visas to UK officials and froze cooperation on counterterrorism in response to Britain suspending contacts with their Federal Security Service . [ 28 ] Alexander Shokhin , president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs warned that British investors in Russia will "face greater scrutiny from tax and regulatory authorities. [And] They could also lose out in government tenders". On 11 December 2007, Russia ordered the British Council to halt work at its regional offices in what was seen as the latest round of a dispute over the murder of Alexander Litvinenko; Britain said Russia's move was illegal. [ 30 ] On 1 April 2014, NATO decided to suspend practical co-operation with Russia, in response to the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation . [ 31 ] Putin has denounced the idea of " American exceptionalism ". [ 32 ] Putin has brought up police behavior in Ferguson in response to criticisms of democracy in Russia. [ 33 ] A report released in November 2014 highlighted the fact that close military encounters between Russia and the West (mainly NATO countries) had jumped to Cold War levels, with 40 dangerous or sensitive incidents recorded in the eight months alone, including a near-collision between a Russian reconnaissance plane and a Scandinavian Airlines passenger plane taking off from Denmark in March 2014 with 132 passengers on board. [ 34 ] The 2014 unprecedented increase [ 35 ] in Russian air force and naval activity in the Baltic region prompted NATO to step up its longstanding rotation of military jets in Lithuania. [ 36 ] Similar Russian Air Force activity in the Asia-Pacific region, relying on the resumed use of the previously abandoned Soviet military base at Cam Ranh Bay , Vietnam , in 2014, was officially acknowledged by Russia in January 2015. [ 37 ] In March 2015, Russia's defense minister Sergey Shoygu said that Russia's strategic bombers would continue patrolling various parts of the world and expand into other regions. [ 38 ] In July 2014, the U.S. formally accused Russia of having violated the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty by testing a prohibited medium-range ground-launched cruise missile (presumably R-500, [ 39 ] a modification of Iskander ) [ 40 ] and threatened to retaliate accordingly. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] In early June 2015, the U.S. State Department reported that Russia had failed to correct the violation of the I.N.F. Treaty; the U.S. government was said to have made no discernible headway in making Russia so much as acknowledge the compliance problem. [ 42 ] The US government's October 2014 report claimed that Russia had 1,643 nuclear warheads ready to launch (an increase from 1,537 in 2011) – one more than the US, thus overtaking the US for the first time since 2000; both countries' deployed capacity being in violation of the 2010 New START treaty that sets a cap of 1,550 nuclear warheads . [ 43 ] Likewise, even before 2014, the US had set about implementing a large-scale program, worth up to a trillion dollars, aimed at overall revitalization of its atomic energy industry , which includes plans for a new generation of weapon carriers and construction of such sites as the Chemistry and Metallurgy Research Replacement Facility in Los Alamos , New Mexico and the National Security Campus in south Kansas City . [ 44 ] [ 45 ] At the end of 2014, Putin approved a revised national military doctrine , which listed NATO's military buildup near the Russian borders as the top military threat. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] In late June 2015, while on a trip to Estonia, US Defence Secretary Ashton Carter said the U.S. would deploy heavy weapons, including tanks, armoured vehicles and artillery, in Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania. [ 48 ] The move was interpreted by Western commentators as marking the beginning of a reorientation of NATO's strategy. [ 49 ] It was called by a senior Russian Defence Ministry official ″the most aggressive act by Washington since the Cold War″ [ 50 ] and criticised by the Russian Foreign Ministry as "inadequate in military terms" and "an obvious return by the United States and its allies to the schemes of 'the Cold War'". [ 51 ] On its part, the U.S. expressed concern over Putin's announcement of plans to add over 40 new ballistic missiles to Russia's nuclear weapons arsenal in 2015. [ 50 ] American observers and analysts, such as Steven Pifer , noting that the U.S. had no reason for alarm about the new missiles, provided that Russia remained within the limits of the 2010 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty ( New START ), viewed the ratcheting-up of nuclear saber-rattling by Russia's leadership as mainly bluff and bluster designed to conceal Russia's weaknesses; [ 52 ] however, Pifer suggested that the most alarming motivation behind this rhetoric could be Putin seeing nuclear weapons not merely as tools of deterrence, but as tools of coercion. [ 53 ] Meanwhile, at the end of June 2015, it was reported that the production schedule for a new Russian MIRV -equipped, super-heavy thermonuclear intercontinental ballistic missile Sarmat , intended to replace the obsolete Soviet-era SS-18 Satan missiles, was slipping. [ 54 ] Also noted by commentators were the inevitable financial and technological constraints that would hamper any real arms race with the West, if such course were to be embarked on by Russia. [ 55 ] On 25 December 2022, in an interview for the national television he accused the West of trying to tear Russia apart and openly declared, that his goal—"to unite the Russian people." [ 56 ] On 28 July 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin threatens to deploy long-range missiles that could hit all of Europe, after the United States announced its intention to deploy long-range missiles in Germany from 2026. [ 57 ] Tensions in other European countries and relations with the former Soviet bloc The Russian leadership under Putin sees the fracturing of the political unity within the EU and especially the political unity between the EU and the US as among its main strategic goals. [ 58 ] Russia seeks to gain dominant influence in former Eastern Bloc states that are culturally and historically close to it, corrode and undermine Western institutions and values, manipulate public opinion and policy-making throughout Europe. [ 58 ] As the West supported Kosovo's independence, Russia later used the " Kosovo precedent " as justification for its annexation of Crimea and its support of breakaway states in Georgia and Moldova. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] In November 2014, the German government publicly voiced its concern about what it saw as efforts by Putin to spread Russia's 'sphere of influence' beyond former Soviet states in the Balkans in countries such as Serbia, Macedonia , Albania and Bosnia , which could impede those countries' progress towards membership in the European Union . [ 59 ] [ 61 ] A series of Europe's far-right and hard Eurosceptic political parties such as Bulgaria's Ataka , the Alternative for Germany , France's National Front , the Freedom Party of Austria , Italy's Northern League , the Independent Greeks and Hungary's Jobbik , have been reported to be courted or even funded by Russia. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Russia's ideological approach to this type of activity is opportunistic: it supports both far-left and far-right groups, the aim being to exacerbate divides in Western states and destabilise the EU through fringe political parties gaining more clout. [ 64 ] The success of these parties in the May 2014 European elections caused concern that a coherent pro-Russian block was forming in the European Parliament . [ 65 ] In early January 2015, public protests in Hungary broke out against Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán 's perceived move towards Russia. [ 66 ] Previously, his government had negotiated secret loans from the Russians, awarded a major nuclear power contract to Rosatom , and made the National Assembly give a green light to Russia's gas pipeline project in contravention to blocking orders from Brussels. [ 67 ] In early April 2015, the Polish border guard sources were cited as saying that Poland was preparing to build observation towers along its border with the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad ; [ 68 ] [ 69 ] the move was linked by the mass media to prior official vaguely-worded confirmation, [ 70 ] in December 2013, of Russia's putative deployment of its advanced modification of nuclear-capable Iskander theatre ballistic missiles in the exclave's territory, [ 71 ] as well as more recent, March 2015, unofficial reports of the same nature. [ 72 ] The prime minister of Montenegro Milo Đukanović went on record in October 2015 to claim that Russia was sponsoring the anti-government and anti-NATO protests in Podgorica . [ 73 ] Relations with South and East Asia During his first and second term in office, bilateral trade turnover between India and Russia was modest and stood at US$3 billion, of which Indian exports to Russia were valued at US$908 million. The major Indian exports to Russia are pharmaceuticals; tea, coffee and spices; apparel and clothing; edible preparations; and engineering goods. Main Indian imports from Russia are iron and steel; fertilisers; non-ferrous metals; paper products; coal, coke & briquettes; cereals; and rubber. Indo-Russian trade is expected to reach US$10 billion by 2010. Putin wrote in an article in The Hindu , "The Declaration on Strategic Partnership between India and Russia signed in October 2000 became a truly historic step". [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh also agreed with his counterpart by stating in a speech given during President Putin's 2012 visit to India, "President Putin is a valued friend of India and the original architect of the India-Russia strategic partnership". [ 76 ] Both countries closely collaborate on matters of shared national interest these include at the UN , BRICS , G20 and where India has observer status and has been asked by Russia to become a full member. [ 77 ] Russia also strongly supports India receiving a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council . In addition, Russia has vocally backed India joining the NSG [ 78 ] and APEC . [ 79 ] Moreover, it has also expressed interest in joining SAARC with observer status in which India is a founding member. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Russia currently is one of only two countries in the world (the other being Japan ) that has a mechanism for annual ministerial-level defence reviews with India. [ 82 ] The Indo-Russian Inter-Governmental Commission (IRIGC), which is one of the largest and comprehensive governmental mechanisms that India has had with any country internationally. Almost every department from the Government of India attends it. [ 82 ] Putin's Russia maintains strong and positive relations with other BRIC countries . The country has sought to strengthen ties especially with the People's Republic of China by signing the Treaty of Friendship as well as building the Trans-Siberian oil pipeline geared toward growing Chinese energy needs. [ 83 ] The mutual-security cooperation of the two countries and their central Asian neighbours is facilitated by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation which was founded in 2001 in Shanghai by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Russia, Tajikistan , and Uzbekistan . Following the Peace Mission 2007 military exercises jointly conducted by the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) member states, Putin announced on 17 August 2007 the resumption on a permanent basis of long-distance patrol flights of Russian Air Force Tu-95 and Tu-160 strategic bombers that had been suspended since 1992. [ 84 ] The announcement made during the SCO summit in the light of joint Russian-Chinese military exercises, first-ever in history to be held on Russian territory, [ 85 ] made some believe that Putin is inclined to set up an anti- NATO bloc or the Asian version of OPEC . [ 86 ] When presented with the suggestion that "Western observers are already likening the SCO to a military organisation that would stand in opposition to NATO", Putin answered that "this kind of comparison is inappropriate in both form and substance". [ 84 ] Russian Chief of the General Staff Yury Baluyevsky was quoted as saying that "there should be no talk of creating a military or political alliance or union of any kind, because this would contradict the founding principles of SCO". [ 85 ] The resumption of long-distance flights of Russia's strategic bombers was followed by the announcement by Russian Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov during his meeting with Putin on 5 December 2007, that 11 ships, including the aircraft carrier Kuznetsov , would take part in the first major Russian Navy sortie into the Mediterranean since Soviet times. [ 87 ] The sortie was to be backed up by 47 aircraft, including strategic bombers. [ 88 ] According to Serdyukov, this was an effort to resume regular Russian naval patrols on the world's oceans, the view that was also supported by Russian media. [ 89 ] The military analyst from Novaya Gazeta Pavel Felgenhauer said that the accident-prone Kuznetsov was scarcely seaworthy and was more of a menace to her crew than any putative enemy. [ 90 ] According to the Japan Times , Russia increased its economic support for North Korea in an attempt to balance against a potential US-led push to topple the Kim Jong-un regime. [ 91 ] In the event of regime collapse, Russia is worried about losing regional influence as well as the possibility of American troops being deployed to Russia's Eastern border . [ 91 ] TransTeleCom (TTK), one of Russia's largest telecommunications companies, is also thought to provide a new internet connection to the country at a time when the US has engaged in denial of service attacks against North Korean hackers thought to be affiliated with the Reconnaissance General Bureau . [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Relations with Middle Eastern and North African countries On 16 October 2007 Putin visited Iran to participate in the Second Caspian Summit in Tehran , [ 94 ] [ 95 ] where he met with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . [ 96 ] Other participants were leaders of Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan . [ 97 ] This was the first visit of a Soviet or Russian leader to Iran since Joseph Stalin 's participation in the Tehran Conference in 1943, and thus marked a significant event in Iran–Russia relations . [ 98 ] At a press conference after the summit Putin said that "all our ( Caspian ) states have the right to develop their peaceful nuclear programmes without any restrictions". [ 99 ] During the summit it was also agreed that its participants, under no circumstances, would let any third-party state use their territory as a base for aggression or military action against any other participant. [ 94 ] Subsequently, under Medvedev's presidency, Iran–Russia relations were uneven: Russia did not fulfill the contract of selling to Iran the S-300 , one of the most potent anti-aircraft missile systems currently existing. However, Russian specialists completed the construction of Iran and the Middle East 's first civilian nuclear power facility, the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant , and Russia has continuously opposed the imposition of economic sanctions on Iran by the U.S. and the EU , as well as warning against a military attack on Iran. Putin was quoted as describing Iran as a "partner", [ 9 ] though he expressed concerns over the Iranian nuclear programme . [ 9 ] In April 2008, Putin visited Libya where he met the leader Muammar Gaddafi , the country welcomed the idea of creating an OPEC-like group of gas-exporting countries, Putin became first Russian President who visited Libya , he remarked the visit as "We are satisfied about the way in which we resolved this problem. I am absolutely convinced that the solution we have found will help the Russian and Libyan economies." [ 100 ] Putin condemned the foreign military intervention in Libya , he called UNSC Resolution 1973 as "defective and flawed," and added "It allows everything. It resembles medieval calls for crusades.", [ 101 ] During the whole event, Putin condemned other steps taken by NATO . [ citation needed ] Upon the death of Muammar Gaddafi , Putin called it as "planned murder" by US , he asked "They showed to the whole world how he (Gaddafi) was killed," and "There was blood all over. Is that what they call a democracy?" [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Dmitri Trenin reports in The New York Times that from 2000 to 2010 Russia sold around $1.5 billion worth of arms to Syria , making Damascus Moscow's seventh-largest client. [ 104 ] During the Syrian civil war , Russia threatened to veto any sanctions against the Syrian government, [ 105 ] and continued to supply arms to the regime. Putin opposed any foreign intervention. On 1 June 2012, in Paris , he rejected the statement of French President Francois Hollande who called on Bashar al-Assad to step down. Putin echoed the argument of the Assad regime that anti-regime militants were responsible for much of the bloodshed, rather than the shelling by the Syrian Armed Forces and the civilian killings attributed by survivors and Western governments to regime supporters. He asked "But how many of peaceful people (sic) were killed by so-called militants? Did you count? There are also hundreds of victims." He also talked about previous NATO interventions and their results, and asked "What is happening in Libya, in Iraq? Did they become safer? Where are they heading? Nobody has an answer." [ 106 ] On 11 September 2013, an opinion , written by Putin, was published in The New York Times regarding international events related to the United States , Russia and Syria . [ 107 ] Relations with post-Soviet states A series of so-called color revolutions in the post-Soviet states , namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004 and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to frictions in the relations of those countries with Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticised the Rose and Orange Revolution, according to him: "If you have permanent revolutions you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict". [ 108 ] During the protests following the 2011 Russian elections (in December 2011) Putin named the Orange Revolution as a potential precedent of what was going to happen in Russia. [ 109 ] Apart from a clash of nationalist rhetorics [ clarification needed ] with the common historical legacies of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire [ citation needed ] , a number of economic disputes erupted between Russia and some neighbours, such as the 2006 Russian ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines . Moscow's policies under Putin towards these states were described as "efforts to bully democratic neighbors" by John McCain in 2007. [ 110 ] In some cases, such as the Russia–Ukraine gas disputes , the economic conflicts affected other European countries, for example when a January 2009 gas dispute with Ukraine led state-controlled Russian company Gazprom to halt its deliveries of natural gas to Ukraine, [ 111 ] which left a number of European states, to which Ukraine transits Russian gas, to have serious shortages of natural gas in January 2009. [ 111 ] In an interview with the German historian Michael Stürmer about the Russian shut-down of gas to Ukraine in early 2005, Putin linked the shut-down to the Orange revolution, saying: "This has a price [the Orange revolution]. In spite of so much frustration we have stabilised the situation. In old days we concluded agreements with Ukraine year after year, and then included transit fees. The West Europeans had no idea that their energy security was a cliffhanger. By now we have a five-year agreement for transit to the E.U. This is an important step in the direction of European energy security". [ 9 ] In 2009, the Russia–Ukraine dispute was resolved by a long-term agreement on price formula, agreed by Prime Ministers Vladimir Putin of Russia and Prime Minister of Ukraine Yulia Tymoshenko [ 111 ] [ 112 ] (later, when the rising global oil prices prompted the rising gas prizes [ 113 ] the agreement turned very unfavourable for Ukraine; in October 2011 Tymoshenko was found guilty of abuse of office when brokering the 2009 deal and was sentenced to seven years in prison). [ 114 ] The plans of Georgia and Ukraine to become members of NATO have caused some tensions between Russia and those states. In 2010, Ukraine did abandon these plans. [ 115 ] In public Putin has stated that Russia has no intention of annexing any country. [ 108 ] Putin, in his relations with Russo-centric neighbor and former Soviet Republic of Belarus , continued the general trend towards closer bi-lateral ties between the two countries, which has thus far stopped short of extending the depth of the Union of Russia and Belarus proposed and speculated by many media outlets both inside and outside Russia. [ 116 ] In April 2008, Russian President Putin announced that Russia strongly opposed Ukraine and Georgia 's NATO membership bids. [ 117 ] In August 2008, Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili attempted to restore control over the breakaway South Ossetia , claiming this action was in response to Ossetian border attacks on Georgians and to alleged buildups of Russian non-peacekeeping forces. Russian "peacekeepers" fought alongside the South Ossetians as Georgian troops pushed into the province and seized most of the capital of Tskhinvali . However, the Georgian military was soon defeated in the resulting 2008 South Ossetia War after regular Russian forces entered South Ossetia and then Georgia proper, and also opened a second front in the other Georgian breakaway province of Abkhazia together with Abkhazian forces. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] During this conflict, according to high level French diplomat Jean-David Levitte , Putin intended to depose the Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili and declared: "I am going to hang Saakashvili by the balls". [ 120 ] Putin blamed the 2008 war and the bad relations between Russia and Georgia as "the result of the policy that the Georgian authorities conducted back then and still attempt to conduct now"; he stated that Georgia is a "brotherly nation that hopefully will finally understand that Russia is not an enemy, but is a friend and the relations will be restored." [ citation needed ] Putin stated in 2009 Georgia could have kept Abkhazia and South Ossetia "within its territory" if it had treated the residents of Abkhazia and South Ossetia "with respect" (he claims they did "the opposite"). [ 121 ] During the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election , Putin twice visited Ukraine before the election to show his support for Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych , who was widely seen as a pro-Kremlin candidate, and he congratulated him on his anticipated victory before the official election returns had been in. Putin's personal support for Yanukovych was criticised as unwarranted interference in the affairs of a sovereign state ( See also The Orange revolution ). [ citation needed ] According to a document uncovered during the United States diplomatic cables leak Putin "implicitly challenged" the territorial integrity of Ukraine at the 4 April 2008, NATO-Russia Council Summit in Bucharest , Romania . [ 122 ] In a televised meeting with military bloggers on 13 June 2023 Putin stated that, the winner of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, Viktor Yushchenko had come to power with the help of a coup d'etat , which "at least took place in a relatively peaceful way." [ 123 ] The President of Ukraine elected during the Orange Revolution, Viktor Yushchenko , was succeeded in 2010 by Viktor Yanukovych , that led to improved relations with Russia. [ 124 ] Russia was able to expand the lease for the base for its Black Sea Fleet base in the Ukrainian city Sevastopol in exchange for lower gas prices for Ukraine (the 2010 Ukrainian–Russian Naval Base for Natural Gas treaty ). [ 125 ] The President of Kyrgyzstan since 2009 , Almazbek Atambayev , wants to guide Kyrgyzstan towards the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia and has stated his country has a "common future" with its neighbours and Russia. [ 126 ] Despite existing or past tensions between Russia and most of the post-Soviet states, Putin has followed the policy of Eurasian integration. The Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia has already brought partial economic unity between the three states, and the proposed Eurasian Union is said to be a continuation of this customs union . Putin endorsed the idea of a Eurasion Union in 2011, [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] (the concept was proposed by the President of Kazakhstan in 1994). [ 131 ] On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement, setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Union by 2015. [ 132 ] The agreement included the roadmap for the future integration and established the Eurasian Commission (modelled on the European Commission ) and the Eurasian Economic Space , which started work on 1 January 2012. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Intervention in Ukraine and annexation of Crimea During the 2008 Bucharest summit Vladimir Putin stated that Ukraine "in its current form" was an artificial creation because the USSR had gifted it from Russia eastern and southern Ukraine and that Crimea was given to Ukraine by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet . [ 134 ] Putin also claimed that one third of the population of Ukraine was ethnical Russian . [ 134 ] According to the October 2010 Springer Publishing publication Key Players and Regional Dynamics in Eurasia: The Return of the 'Great Game' Putin also said to U.S. President George W. Bush that if Ukraine would join Nato Russia would detach eastern Ukraine and Crimea from Russia and would graft it on to Russia. [ 135 ] In a televised meeting with military bloggers on 13 June 2023 Putin stated a Ukrainian entry in NATO as discussed in 2008 would mean that "historical territories with a Russian-speaking population are in NATO." [ 136 ] In a July 2013 visit to Kyiv , Putin stated that whatever Ukraine would decide about its future "we still meet again sometime and somewhere" "because we are one people." [ 134 ] On 27 February 2014, Russian troops [ 137 ] captured strategic sites across Crimea, [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Although Russia initially claimed their military was not involved in the events, [ 140 ] Putin later admitted that troops were deployed to "stand behind Crimea's self-defence forces". [ 141 ] The same day the pro-Russian Aksyonov government in Crimea was installed, they organised the Crimean status referendum and the declaration of Crimea's independence on 16 March 2014. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014. [ 144 ] [ 141 ] Russia was excluded one week later from the G8 group as a result of its annexation of Crimea . [ 145 ] On 18 March 2014 Putin made gave a historical speech about the situation in Crimea . [ 146 ] In this speech Putin stated that Russia will always defend the interests of Russian-speaking Ukrainians by using political, diplomatic and legal means. [ 147 ] In the speech Putin also insisted that Russia had no intention to invade or seize other regions of Ukraine. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] Putin also claimed in his speech that the new leaders in Ukraine included "neo-Nazis, Russophobes and anti-Semites" and said: "Don't believe those who try to frighten you with Russia and who scream that other regions will follow after Crimea", "we do not want a partition of Ukraine". [ 150 ] Russia's Permanent Representative to the United Nations Vitaly Churkin told the UN Security Council on 4 March 2014 that ousted Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych had asked Russia to send troops across the Russia–Ukraine border to protect civilians via a letter to President Putin on 1 March 2014. [ 151 ] On 4 March 2014 Putin answered questions of reporters about the situation in Crimea. [ 152 ] In this interview he claimed that his biggest concern was "the rampage of reactionary forces, nationalist and anti-Semitic forces going on in certain parts of Ukraine, including Kiev ." [ 152 ] According to Putin the ousting of Yanukovych had been illegal. [ 152 ] Putin also told journalists "if I do decide to use the Armed Forces, this will be a legitimate decision in full compliance with both general norms of international law, since we have the appeal of the legitimate President." [ 152 ] Earlier on 28 February 2014 BBC News reported Yanukovych as insisting that military action was "unacceptable" and as stating that he would not request Russian military intervention. [ 153 ] The annexation of Crimea took place during wider pro-Russian protests across southern and eastern Ukraine in which the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic , armed Russian-backed separatist groups in the Donbas region of Ukraine unilaterally declared themselves independent from Ukraine (in April 2014) leading to armed conflict with Ukrainian government forces . [ 154 ] The proclaimed republics remained unrecognised by any of the UN member states including Russia , although Russia did (since February 2017) recognises documents issued by it such as identity documents, diplomas, birth and marriage certificates and vehicle registration plates. [ 155 ] From 2019 to May 2021 Russia issued over 650,000 internal Russian passports among an unconfirmed overall population of the unrecognised republics. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Russia has been accused of aiding, including sending military troops to fight alongside separatists forces, the breakaway republics but has always denied this. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In a visit to Crimea in August 2015, Putin stated that Russians and Ukrainians are "practically one people ." [ 162 ] In the March 2015 documentary Crimea. The Way Home Putin claimed he told top security officials of his intent to annex Crimea on 24 February 2014. [ 163 ] In the documentary Putin stated his decision to deploy Russian troops in Crimea was necessary to protect the population of Crimea "from violence and repression by Ukrainian nationalists ." [ 163 ] In the Direct Line with Vladimir Putin of April 2015 Putin stated that he did "presume it's impossible" that a war between Russian and Ukraine would break out. [ 164 ] When in June 2017 the Ukrainian parliament enshrined in law Ukraine's priority of acceding to NATO membership Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov responded by saying that an eastern enlargement of NATO "threatens our security and the balance of forces in the Eurasian region. Naturally, the Russian side will take all measures needed to rebalance the situation and ensure our own security." [ 165 ] On 14 September 2020, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, "which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO." [ 166 ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Military build-up around Ukraine In March and April 2021, the Russian Armed Forces began massing thousands of personnel and military equipment near Russia's border with Ukraine and in Crimea, representing the largest mobilization since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] The troops were partially withdrawn by June 2021. [ 171 ] In the essay On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians published on 12 July 2021 on Kremlin.ru Putin argues that Russians and Ukrainians, along with Belarusians , are one people, belonging to what has historically been known as the triune Russian nation . [ 172 ] [ 173 ] Russia again build-up its army presence around Ukraine in October 2021, this time with more soldiers and with deployments on new fronts; by December over 100,000 Russian troops were massed around Ukraine on three sides, including Belarus from the north and Crimea from the south. [ 174 ] Despite the Russian military build-ups, Russian officials from November 2021 to 20 February 2022 repeatedly denied that Russia had plans to invade Ukraine. [ 175 ] [ 176 ] [ 177 ] [ 178 ] In the first weeks of February 2022 Russia was demanding that NATO would not expand further to the east, Ukraine should be precluded from ever joining NATO, and NATO should significantly scale back its presence and activities in Eastern Europe . [ 179 ] Press secretary Peskov stated that Putin showed his readiness to negotiate in his meetings with Western leaders. [ 179 ] On 21 February 2022, Russia officially recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic. [ 180 ] 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 On 24 February 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine . [ 181 ] In his televised address announcing the invasion , Putin used the false image of Ukraine as a neo-Nazi state. [ 182 ] Putin called the " denazification " of Ukraine one of the goals of the invasion and claimed that "neo-Nazis seized power in Ukraine". [ 183 ] Putin also mentioned (to stop eastern) NATO enlargement was one of the reasons for the invasion. [ 184 ] [ 185 ] Addressing the citizens of Ukraine, he linked Russia's actions with self-defense against the threats created for it and "an even greater disaster than the one that is happening today", saying: "No matter how hard it is, I ask you to understand this and call for interaction in order to turn this tragic page and move forward together." [ 186 ] Putin claimed there were no plans to occupy Ukrainian territory and that he supported the right of the peoples of Ukraine to self-determination [ nb 1 ] , saying: "Our plans do not include the occupation of Ukrainian territories. We are not going to impose anything on anyone by force. At the same time, we hear that recently in the West there is talk that the documents signed by the Soviet totalitarian regime, securing the outcome of World War II , should no longer be upheld." [ 186 ] [ 185 ] Putin claimed Russia was carrying out a special military operation in order to protect people in Donbas "who have been suffering from abuse and genocide by the Kiev regime for eight years." [ 187 ] According to Putin the objective of the invasion where the demilitarization and denazification of Ukraine. [ 187 ] Meanwhile the Russian Ministry of Defence assured that its troops were not targeting Ukrainian cities, but that its actions were limited to surgically striking and incapacitating Ukrainian military infrastructure. [ 187 ] The ministry claimed that there were no threats whatsoever to the civilian population. [ 187 ] At a meeting of the Security Council of Russia on 25 February, he called the Ukrainian authorities "a gang of drug addicts and neo-Nazis". [ 188 ] In March 2022, Belgian Prime Minister Bart De Wever said during a radio interview that Russian President Vladimir Putin will not end Russia's invasion of Ukraine , as he is a "psychopath" and a "madman", adding: "[Putin] said: ‘I will squash the Russians who are against me like mosquitoes’. When did I hear that before? I think here, 70 years ago." [ 189 ] De Wever had earlier assessed that Vladimir Putin and Adolf Hitler were similarly motivated: "Germany was humiliated after the First World War, Russia after the Cold War. In both countries, an autocratic leader emerged with a clear ambition: to undo the humiliation. In Germany, it was Hitler, in Russia, Putin." [ 190 ] De Wever went on to explain that this humiliation was taken personally by both men, who had each professionally represented their respective countries (Hitler as a soldier, and Putin as a KGB agent): "Both then unexpectedly resorted to irrational behavior. What the Sudetenland was to Hitler, Crimea was to Putin. There are many similarities." [ 191 ] In a televised meeting with military bloggers on 13 June 2023 Putin claimed that Russia and Ukraine had in March 2022 in Istanbul came to "a good agreement on how to resolve the current situation by peaceful means" but that the Ukrainians had "threw it away" after the withdrawal of Russian troops from Kyiv after the (failed) Russian 2022 offensive on Kyiv . [ 192 ] According to Putin Ukraine had agreed to curb Neo-Nazism in Ukraine through the "introducing appropriate restrictions in the law in Ukraine", but this had failed to happen intentionally. [ 192 ] On 14 June 2024 Putin claimed that "Russian troops were near Kyiv in March 2022", but "There was no political decision to storm the three-million-strong city; it was a coercive operation to establish peace." [ 193 ] On 17 June 2022 Putin stated at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum that Russian was not against Ukraine joining the EU , "because it is not a military organization, a military-political bloc, such as NATO." [ 194 ] On 21 September 2022, Putin announced a "partial" mobilization . [ 195 ] On 30 September 2022, amid the ongoing invasion of Ukraine, Russia unilaterally declared its annexation of areas in and around four Ukrainian regions — Luhansk , Donetsk , Zaporizhzhia and Kherson — despite only partially occupying the regions and gradually losing control as a result of successful Ukrainian counteroffensives in the south and east . [ 196 ] In his speech following the formal signing of the annexation Putin denounced the 1991 Belovezh Accords that formally ended the Soviet Union while also claiming "There is no Soviet Union, the past cannot be brought back. And Russia today does not need it any more. We are not striving for this." [ 197 ] [ 198 ] On 10 October 2022 at a meeting with the Security Council of Russia, on the first day of the months long Russian attack against Ukrainian infrastructure , Putin said the missile strikes were in retaliation for the alleged Ukrainian attack on the Crimean Bridge , which he called an act of "terrorism", [ 199 ] adding that if such attacks continued, the response would be "severe". [ 200 ] [ 201 ] On 21 December 2022 Putin stated a clash with "hostile forces" in Ukraine had been inevitable and "because it's inevitable, better today than tomorrow." [ 202 ] The following day Putin told reporters that Russia's goal was "to end this war, we are striving for this and will continue to strive." [ 203 ] In an interview on 25 December 2022 Putin stated that Russia since 2014 tried to resolve the situation in Ukraine peacefully, but that "what underlies everything is the policy of our geopolitical opponents that's aimed at breaking up Russia, the historical Russia." [ 204 ] Putin also stated that Russia was ready to "hold talks on the situation around Ukraine and is ready to engage with everyone involved." [ 205 ] In the interview Putin avowed that Russia couldn't treat Ukraine cynically, as allegedly " the West " did, because "We have a different philosophy, different approach to life, people." [ 206 ] On 28 December 2022 Putin's press secretary Dmitry Peskov stated that "no Ukrainian 'peace plan' is possible if it does not take into account the modern reality - with Russia's territory, with four new regions joining Russia." [ 207 ] 2023 In a phone conversation with President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on 5 January 2023 Putin repeated this demand stating he "reaffirmed Russia's openness to a serious dialogue, provided that the Kiev authorities fulfill the well–known and repeatedly voiced requirements and take into account the new territorial realities." [ 208 ] [ 209 ] In his 2023 new year speech Putin claimed that "Western elites" had hypocritically assured Russia of their peaceful intentions, including the settlement of the conflict in the Donbas , but Putin alleged that in reality they had "in every possible way encouraged the neo-Nazis. ... And today it is openly admitting this, no longer embarrassed. They are cynically using Ukraine and its people to weaken and split Russia." [ 210 ] Putin also stated that "Russian servicemen, militias, volunteers are now fighting for their native land, for truth and justice. For guarantees of peace and security for Russia to be reliably provided. All of them are our heroes, it is the hardest time for them now". [ 210 ] At a UN Security Council meeting of 14 January 2023 Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations Vasily Nebenzya stated that "only when the threat for Russia no longer emanates from the territory of Ukraine and when the discrimination against the Russian-speaking population of this country ends" it could stop its military actions. [ 211 ] Nebenzya continued that "Otherwise, Moscow will get what it wants militarily". [ 211 ] Nebenzya further claimed that Russia does not want "the destruction of Ukraine as a state, its de- Ukrainianisation and forced Russification ". [ 211 ] In an interview on broadcast on 15 January 2023 on Russia-1 TV channel Putin stated about the military invasion of Ukraine that "The dynamics are positive. Everything is developing within the plan of the Defense Ministry and the General Staff . And I hope that our fighters will please us more than once again with the results of their combat work." [ 212 ] In his 21 February 2023 address to the joint houses of the Russian parliament Putin stated that "We are not at war with the people of Ukraine. They've become hostages of their own regime and its Western masters." [ 213 ] In the speech Putin claimed that "The West began remaking Ukraine into an anti-Russia in order to tear away these historical lands from our country." [ 213 ] In the speech Putin alleged that there was a plan prepared by Kyiv and "the West" to launch a "punitive operation" in the Donbas just before Russia intervened. [ 213 ] Putin also remarked that the war was about Russia's right to exist. [ 214 ] During a meeting with Valery Zorkin , the chairman of the Constitutional Court of Russia , while discussing a mid-17th century French map stated about Ukraine: "These lands were simply part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , and then they were asked to become part of the Kingdom of Muscovy … And it was only later, after the October Revolution , that quasi-state formations began to form. The Soviet government created Soviet Ukraine . There was never any Ukraine in the history of humanity up to that point." [ 215 ] On 30 May 2023 Putin stated that Russia did strike the territory of Ukraine , but did so "with high-accuracy long-range weapons and targets precisely military infrastructure facilities, or warehouses with ammunition or fuel and lubricants used in combat operations." [ 216 ] The strikes in reality targeted civilian areas beyond the battlefield, particularly critical power infrastructure, [ 217 ] [ 218 ] which is considered a war crime . [ 219 ] [ 220 ] In a televised meeting with military bloggers on 13 June 2023 Putin stated that he did not believe that there was a need for further mobilisation in Russia since he ruled out a repeat of the (failed) Russian 2022 Kyiv offensive . [ 221 ] He also told the bloggers that "On the whole, there are no fundamental changes as of today regarding the objectives that we had outlined at the beginning of the operation. There are no changes." [ 222 ] Putin also claimed that conscript soldiers would not be sent "to the zone of the special military operation", including to the "new regions of Russia" (the annexed Ukrainian regions Luhansk, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson). [ 223 ] Putin also claimed that because Ukraine had denounced the 1922 Declaration of the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics "Ukraine should have left the Soviet Union (USSR) with what it came with" but in "But in 1645 or 1654 there was no Ukraine.” [ 224 ] According to Putin Vladimir Lenin had founded Ukraine in 1922. [ 225 ] Putin had concluded from studying archival documents "on the transfer of Donbass from Russia" and had concluded that it "was not based on discussions with the population, but was based only on Lenin's decision." [ 225 ] Putin also stated that Ukraine "whatever it is, it exists, and we must treat it with respect" but that it should not exist at the expense of Russia and that "If they want to live in our historical territories, then you need to influence on their political leadership in such a way as to build normal relations with Russia, so that no one from these territories threatens us." [ 226 ] Putin also told the bloggers "we can't just leave Crimea - we can't, it's impossible. This would be a betrayal on our part." [ 123 ] Putin also claimed that Russia would continue to "selectively strike targets in Ukraine", and not hit residential areas, "like these idiots." [ 227 ] At a plenary meeting of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum Putin stated on 13 June 2023 that "Russia has every right to consider the denazification of Ukraine one of the main goals." [ 228 ] According to Putin this had to be so because he believed "today's Ukrainian authorities" protected "as individuals and their ideology" Banderites (a faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists in World War II [ 229 ] ). [ 228 ] At the conference Putin also claimed that "many lifelong Jewish friends" had told him that Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy "isn’t Jewish but a disgrace to the Jewish people ." [ 230 ] Zelenskyy was born to Jewish parents. [ 231 ] In an interview aired 5 September 2023 (with Pavel Zarubin [ he ] ) Putin claimed, referring to Ukrainian President Zelenskyy, that "Western managers put an ethnic Jew in charge of Ukraine." [ 232 ] According to Putin "This makes for an extremely disgusting situation in which an ethnic Jew is covering up the glorification of Nazism and of those who led the Holocaust in Ukraine , which brought the destruction of 1.5 million of people." [ 232 ] [ nb 2 ] In a speech and a Q&A session on 5 October 2023 at the annual meeting of the Valdai Discussion Club Putin stated "We did not start the so-called war in Ukraine. On the contrary, we are trying to end it. We did not stage a coup in Kiev ." [ 234 ] Putin claimed the war was started by "the Kiev regime with the direct support of the West" and that "the special military operation is aimed at stopping it. [ 234 ] He went on to claim "The Ukrainian crisis is not a territorial conflict. Russia is the largest country in terms of territory in the world.” [ 234 ] According to him "the meaning of our actions in Ukraine" was that "civilization is not territory, but people." [ 234 ] Putin also stated that Odesa "of course" is "a Russian city, but it’s a bit Jewish . Just a tiny bit.” and that the city could "become both a bone of discord and a symbol of conflict resolution." [ 234 ] Putin also claimed that the standing ovations Yaroslav Hunka (although at the moment Zelenskyy was unaware of Hunka's past membership of the 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the Waffen-SS [ 235 ] ) received from President Zelenskyy (on 22 September 2023 in the) Canadian parliament ) was "a sign of the Nazification of Ukraine" and "This is precisely why it is necessary to denazify Ukraine. [ 234 ] Putin also assured the audience that "we have never been against" Ukrainian EU membership , but that Ukrainian NATO-membership "we have always been against it, since it threatens our security." [ 234 ] At a meeting with the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation on 3 November 2023 Putin stated that in the 16th century Ukraine had "consisted of three oblasts : the city of Kyiv and the oblasts of Kyiv , Zhytomyr and Chernihiv ." [ 236 ] According to Putin "The Soviet Union was formed and a vast Ukraine was formed, first and foremost, to a significant extent, at the expense of the southern Russian lands - the entire Black Sea region and so on - although all of these cities, as you know, were founded by Catherine the Great after a series of wars with Turkey , the Ottoman Empire ." Putin claimed that modern Russia had "come to terms with" the loss of Ukraine after the collapse of the USSR , but "when they started destroying everything of Russian origin there, that was obviously unacceptable! And they ended up declaring that Russians are not indigenous to these lands – well, this is complete nonsense. And at the same time, they began to exterminate Russians in Donbas ." [ 236 ] Putin stated that "If everything had been fine in Ukraine, if Russian people , the Russian language and Russian culture had been treated normally, and if there had not been those coups d'état " the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea and Russo-Ukrainian War would not have taken place but they had to take place "to protect people from this Nazi abomination". [ 236 ] In the December 2023 Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Putin stated "there will only be peace in Ukraine when we achieve our aims"; those "objectives do not change", he said, listing "denazification, demilitarisation and its neutral status". [ 237 ] He claimed that Ukrainian far-right leader of the radical militant wing of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (during World War II ) Stepan Bandera was Ukraine’s " national hero " and brought up again the 98-year-old SS veteran Hunka. [ 238 ] He stated there would be no reprise of the 2022 Russian mobilization stating "Why do we need a mobilization? There is no need.” [ 239 ] Putin claimed again that "Russians and Ukrainians are one people, and what’s happening right now is a tragedy" and reiterated that "All of southeastern Ukraine was in favor of Russia because these are historically Russian territories. What does Ukraine have to do with anything? Odesa is a Russian city — everybody knows that. They’ve made up a bunch of historical nonsense." [ 238 ] About the September 2022 Russian annexed territories of Ukraine Putin said that a budget allocated more than a trillion rubles ($11.15 billion) annually for the development of these (in his words) "new regions" and their "integration into the economic and social life" of Russia; he stated that "Of course, in Russia’s other regions, the situation is fundamentally better, because the authorities in Kyiv “did not give these regions the attention they were due.” [ 238 ] 2024 Talking to journalists in Tashkent ( Uzbekistan ) Putin claimed that since Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy ’s five-year term had come to an end and Ukraine had not hold presidential elections Zelenskyy’s presidential powers should have been transferred to the speaker of the parliament Ruslan Stefanchuk . [ 240 ] Putin referred to Art. 111 of the Constitution of Ukraine to back up his claim. [ 240 ] [ nb 3 ] Putin said that this was his "preliminary assessment" and that an "in-depth analysis is needed." [ 240 ] The same day Stefanchuk responded on social media "It’s great that the Constitution of Ukraine is now read in russia", and he recommended "that inquisitive readers refrain from selective reading of the text of our Constitution and pay attention to Art. 108.1 : ‘The President of Ukraine shall exercise his powers until the newly elected President of Ukraine takes office.’" [ 241 ] At a speech at the Russian Foreign Ministry on 14 June 2024 Putin put forward his "conditions for ending hostilities in Ukraine." [ 242 ] He stated that Ukraine had to "begin the actual withdrawal of troops from the territories of Donetsk , Luhansk , Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts within the administrative borders." [ 242 ] These borders had to be "as they existed at the time of their accession to Ukraine." [ 242 ] [ nb 4 ] Additionally, Ukraine had to "officially announces the abandonment of plans to join NATO ." After these conditions had been met "from our side, immediately, literally at that same moment, the order to cease fire and begin negotiations will be issued. I repeat, we will do this immediately." [ 242 ] He claimed that the essence of this Russian proposal "is not about a temporary truce. It is not about freezing the conflict but about its final resolution." [ 242 ] Putin listed Ukraine’s neutral and non-nuclear status and lifting sanctions against Russia as additional conditions for peaceful resolution. [ 242 ] Putin also declared that in future peace negotiations Russia would insist on the "demilitarization and denazification" of Ukraine whose according to Putin "parameters were generally agreed upon by everyone back during the Istanbul talks in 2022 . [ 243 ] Putin also mentioned "Of course, the rights and freedoms of Russian-speaking citizens in Ukraine must be fully ensured." [ 243 ] Putin stated that this plan was "another real concrete peace proposal", and if turned down by Ukraine and its allies , "then this is their problem, their political and moral responsibility for continuing the bloodshed". [ 242 ] Putin also stated in the speech that "We would like such decisions — regarding the withdrawal of troops, non-aligned status, and starting a dialogue with Russia, on which the future existence of Ukraine depends — to be made independently in Kyiv, guided by the genuine national interests of the Ukrainian people . Not at the behest of the West . Although there are significant doubts about this." [ 244 ] Later that day, President Zelenskyy told Sky TG24 television: "These messages are ultimatum messages. It's the same thing Hitler did, when he said ' give me a part of Czechoslovakia and it'll end here'." [ 242 ] 2025 In an interview aired 24 February 2025 (with All-Russia State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company journalist Pavel Zarubin [ he ] ) Putin claimed that Russia and the United States wanted to achieve peace in Ukraine as soon as possible. [ 245 ] In Putin's view Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy , whom he referred to as "the current head of the regime", stood in the way of peace. [ 245 ] He went on to claim that Zelenskyy was "a factor in the disintegration of Ukraine, [Donald] Trump realizes this and wants to revitalize the political environment there, to create conditions for the survival of the Ukrainian state." [ 245 ] In the interview Putin stated that Russia is not against the preservation of Ukrainian statehood , but he emphasized that the country should not be used as a "hostile bridgehead"; "So that it eventually becomes a friendly neighboring state." [ 245 ] Simultaneously in the interview Putin labelled Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine "the new territories" that he called " our historical territories , which have returned to the Russian Federation ." [ 246 ] Putin (went on to) claimed that President Zelenskyy was against peace negotiations because this would lead to the lifting of martial law in Ukraine after which Zelenskyy would lose the presidential election to Valerii Zaluzhnyi (whose rating Putin claimed were twice as high as that of Zelenskyy). [ 245 ] On 23 February President Zelenskyy had stated in an international news conference in Kyiv : "If to achieve peace you really need me to give up my post – I'm ready." [ 247 ] Zelenskyy also claimed "I am not going to be in power for decades." [ 247 ] President Zelenskyy also suggested in this news conference that Russian demands for elections in Ukraine, and the claim that he himself was "an illegitimate President", were part of "a sweeping" Russian disinformation campaign . [ 247 ] He went on to point out that elections in Ukraine are illegal under martial law and "that it would be impossible for soldiers standing in trenches to take part". [ 247 ] Speaking to widows and mothers of Russian soldiers on 6 March 2025 Putin told them "We must win such a version of peace which would suit us and which ensures calm for our country for a long historical perspective." [ 248 ] When an attending mother remarked that Russia "shouldn't give in to anyone", Putin said to her "We are not going to do that." [ 248 ] He also told the gathering "We don’t want anything that belongs to others, but we won’t give away anything that belongs to us." [ 248 ] Tensions in other ex-Soviet countries Besides Ukraine, several other ex-Soviet and ex-communist countries continue to be flashpoints in the tug-of-war between the West and Russia. [ 249 ] Frozen conflicts in Georgia and Moldova have been major areas of dispute, [ 249 ] [ 250 ] as both countries have breakaway regions that favor annexation by Russia. [ 251 ] The Baltic Sea and other areas have also caused tension between Russia and the West. [ 249 ] [ 252 ] The annexation of Crimea sparked new worries that Russia might try to further remake the borders of Eastern Europe . [ 253 ] Georgia and the Caucasus Since the mid-2000s, Georgia has sought closer relations with the West, while Russia has strongly opposed the expansion of Western institutions to its southern border. Georgia has a long connection with the Russian Federation, as it was a republic of the Soviet Union , and became part of the Russian Empire in 1801. In 2003, the Rose Revolution forced Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze to resign from office. Shevardnadze had been the leader of the Georgian Communist Party when Georgia was one of the republics of the Soviet Union , and Shevardnadze led Georgia for most of its first decade of independence. [ 254 ] Shevardnadze's successor, Mikheil Saakashvili , pursued closer relations with the West. [ 255 ] Under President George W. Bush , the United States sought to invite Ukraine and Georgia into NATO . However, Georgia's potential membership in NATO ran into opposition from other NATO members and Russia . [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Partly in response to the potential expansion of NATO, Russia initiated the 2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis by lifting CIS sanctions on Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Though considered to be part of Georgia by the United Nations , Abkhazia and South Ossetia have both sought to secede from Georgia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union , and both are strongly supported by Russia . [ 258 ] The Russo-Georgian War broke out in August 2008, as Georgia and Russia competed for influence in South Ossetia. Russia was strongly criticised by many Western countries for its part in the war, and the war heightened tensions between NATO and Russia. [ 256 ] The war ended with a unilateral Russian withdrawal of forces from parts of Georgia, but Russian forces continue to occupy parts of Georgia . In November 2014, a Russian-Abkhazian treaty was met with condemnation from Georgia and many Western countries, who feared that Russia might annex Abkhazia much like it annexed Crimea . [ 259 ] Georgia continues to pursue a policy of integration with the West. [ 260 ] Georgia holds a strategic position for the European Union, as it gives the EU access to oil in Azerbaijan and Central Asia without having to rely on Russian pipelines. [ 261 ] Besides Georgia, the other two Caucasus states, Armenia and Azerbaijan , have also been a part of the rivalry between Russia and the West. The two countries are long-time rivals , and have a long-running dispute regarding control of Nagorno-Karabakh . [ 262 ] Armenia has close ties with Russia, while Azerbaijan has close ties to the United States and Turkey , both of which are members of NATO . [ 262 ] However, NATO also ties to Armenia, and both Armenia and Azerbaijan have been speculated as potential future members of NATO. [ 263 ] Armenia negotiated an Association Agreement with the European Union but, similar to Ukraine, Armenia chose to reject the deal in 2013. [ 264 ] The next year, Armenia voted to join the Eurasian Economic Union , [ 265 ] the Russian-backed free trade zone that seeks to rival the European Union . [ 266 ] However, Armenian leaders have also worked towards a free trade agreement with the EU. [ 265 ] Moldova Much like Ukraine, Moldova has experienced internal debates between those favoring closer ties to the West (including joining the European Union ) and those favoring closer ties to Russia (including joining the Russian-backed Eurasian Union ). [ 249 ] Also like Ukraine, Moldova was a part of the Soviet Union ; though Moldova was a part of Romania prior to World War II , it was annexed into the Soviet Union in 1940. In May 2014, Moldova signed a major trade deal with the European Union, [ 261 ] causing Russia to apply pressure on the Moldovan economy, which relies heavily on remittances from Russia. [ 267 ] The 2014 Moldovan parliamentary elections saw a victory for an alliance of pro-Western integration parties. [ 249 ] Moldova is also home to a breakaway region, known as Transnistria , which forms the Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations along with Abkhazia , South Ossetia , and Nagorno-Karabakh . [ 249 ] In 2014, Transnistria held a referendum in which it voted to join the Eurasian Economic Union , [ 249 ] and Russia has strong influence over the region. [ 258 ] A build-up of Russian forces on the Ukrainian-Russian border caused NATO commander Philip Breedlove to speculate that the Russian Federation might attempt to attack Moldova and occupy Transnistria. [ 268 ] Baltic states and Scandinavia The Baltic states of Estonia , Lithuania , and Latvia —all three of which are members of NATO—have warily watched Russian military movements and actions. [ 249 ] [ 252 ] All three countries, within the Russian Empire prior to 1918, had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 as part of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , and Russian leaders were particularly distressed by their accession to NATO and the EU in 2004. [ 270 ] In 2014, the Baltic states reported several incursions into their air space by Russian military aircraft. [ 249 ] Tensions rose as Russian intelligence forces crossed the Estonian border and captured Estonian Internal Security Service officer Eston Kohver . [ 252 ] In October 2014, Sweden engaged in a hunt for a foreign submarine that had entered its waters; suspicions that the submarine was Russian have caused further alarm in the Baltic states. [ 271 ] However, the Swedish Armed Forces later admitted that the alleged sighting of a Russian sub was actually just a "workboat". [ 272 ] The tensions in the Baltic and other areas have led neighboring Sweden and Finland , both of which have long been neutral states , to openly discuss joining NATO . [ 270 ] Due to the Russian invasion, both Sweden and Finland began the process of negotiating to join NATO. In early April 2015, British press publications, with a reference to semi-official sources within the Russian military and intelligence establishment, suggested that Russia was ready to use any means—including nuclear weapons—to forestall NATO moving more forces into the Baltic states. [ 273 ] [ 274 ] Relations with Australia, Latin America, and others This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( May 2017 ) Putin and his successor Medvedev have enjoyed warm relations with Hugo Chávez of Venezuela . Much of this has been through the sale of military equipment; since 2005, Venezuela has purchased more than $4 billion worth of arms from Russia. [ 275 ] In September 2008, Russia sent Tupolev Tu-160 bombers to Venezuela to carry out training flights. [ 276 ] In December 2008, both countries held a joint naval exercise in the Caribbean Sea . [ 277 ] Earlier in 2000, Putin had re-established stronger ties with Fidel Castro 's Cuba . [ 278 ] Putin continued good relations with Venezuela under the successor of Chávez, Nicolas Maduro , supporting him after NATO and the European Union broke off ties with Venezuela due to claims of fraud in the 2018 presidential elections. [ 279 ] In December 2018, Russia and Venezuela once again conducted joint military exercises and in 2020, CNBC stated that Russia was Venezuela's primary geopolitical ally. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] In 2022, both Cuba and Venezuela expressed support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine . [ 282 ] [ 283 ] In September 2007, Putin visited Indonesia and in doing so became the first Russian leader to visit the country in more than 50 years. [ 284 ] In the same month, Putin also attended the APEC meeting held in Sydney , Australia where he met with Australian Prime Minister John Howard and signed a uranium trade deal. This was the first visit by a Russian president to Australia. Energy policy The Russian economy is heavily dependent on the export of natural resources such as oil and natural gas, and Russia has used these resources to its political advantage. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Meanwhile, the US and other Western countries have worked to lessen the dependency of Europe on Russia and its resources. [ 287 ] Starting in the mid-2000s, Russia and Ukraine had several disputes in which Russia threatened to cut off the supply of gas. As a great deal of Russia's gas is exported to Europe through the pipelines crossing Ukraine, those disputes affected several other European countries. Under Putin, special efforts were made to gain control over the European energy sector . [ 287 ] Russian influence played a major role in canceling the construction of the Nabucco pipeline , which would have supplied natural gas from Azerbaijan , in favor of South Stream (though South Stream itself was also later canceled). [ 63 ] Russia has also sought to create a Eurasian Economic Union consisting of itself and other post-Soviet countries. [ 288 ] Like many other countries, Russia's economy suffered during the Great Recession . Following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation , several countries (including most of NATO) imposed sanctions on Russia, hurting the Russian economy by cutting off access to capital. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] At the same time, the global price of oil declined. [ 291 ] The combination of international sanctions and the falling crude price in 2014 and thereafter resulted in the ongoing 2014–15 Russian financial crisis . [ 291 ] As a way to get around sanctions, Russia and China signed a 150 billion yuan central bank liquidity swap line agreement to get around American sanctions [ 292 ] and agreed to a US$400 billion deal which would supply natural gas to China over the next 30 years. Notable foreign policy speeches by President Vladimir Putin Munich speech of Vladimir Putin on 10 February 2007 Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin on 18 March 2014 Valdai speech of Vladimir Putin on 24 October 2014 Crimean speech on 4 December 2014 [ 293 ] U.N. General Assembly speech on 28 September 2015 [ 294 ] See also List of international presidential trips made by Vladimir Putin Second Cold War Foreign relations of Russia Foundations of Geopolitics International relations since 1989 Russia–United States relations China–Russia relations Brezhnev Doctrine Further reading Bellamy, Alex J. Warmonger: Vladimir Putin's Imperial Wars (Agenda Publishing, 2024). online review of this book Bukkvoll, Tor. "Why Putin Went To War: Ideology, Interests and Decision-making in the Russian Use of Force in Crimea and Donbas." Contemporary Politics (2016). 22#3 pp. 267–282. Cohen, Stephen F. War with Russia?: From Putin & Ukraine to Trump & Russiagate (Simon and Schuster, 2018), sympathetic to Putin. Kanet, Roger E. and Dina Moulioukova, eds. Russia and the World in the Putin Era: From Theory to Reality in Russian Global Strategy (Routledge, 2021) Kuzmarov, Jeremy. "'A New Battlefield for the United States': Russia Sanctions and the New Cold War." Socialism and Democracy 33.3 (2019): 34-66. online [ dead link ] Markedonov, Sergey M., and Maxim A. Suchkov. "Russia and the United States in the Caucasus: cooperation and competition." Caucasus Survey 8.2 (2020): 179-195. online Michael McFaul. 2020. " Putin, Putinism, and the Domestic Determinants of Russian Foreign Policy. " International Security . Nygren, Bertil. The Rebuilding of Greater Russia: Putin's Foreign Policy Towards the CIS Countries. (Routledge, 2007) Orlova, Victoria V. "US–Russia Relations in the Last 30 Years: From a Rapprochement to a Meltdown." in 30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall ( Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020) pp. 117–138. Parker, David. US Foreign Policy Towards Russia in the Post-Cold War Era: Ideational Legacies and Institutionalised Conflict and Co-operation (Routledge, 2019). Reif, Kingston, and Shannon Bugos. "Putin invites US to extend New START." Arms Control Today 50.1 (2020): 25-27. online Rosefielde, Steven. Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy (2021) Sakwa, Richard. "One Europe or none? Monism, involution and relations with Russia." Europe-Asia Studies 70.10 (2018): 1656–1667. EU and Russia online Shen, Zhihua, ed. A Short History of Sino-Soviet Relations, 1917–1991 (Springer Singapore;Palgrave Macmillan, 2020) Stent, Angela E. The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton UP, 2014) 355 pages; excerpt and text search Stent, Angela. Putin's World: Russia Against the West and with the Rest (2019) Thorun, Christian. Explaining Change in Russian Foreign Policy: The Role of Ideas in Post-Soviet Russia's Conduct towards the West (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009) Notes ^ In a televised meeting with military bloggers on 13 June 2023 Putin stated Russia respects those who in Ukraine "want to feel like a Ukrainian ." [ 136 ] ^ Contemporary estimates about the number of Jews killed in the whole Soviet Union (that included the Ukrainian SSR ) range from Timothy D. Snyder 's estimate that at least 1.7 million Jews killed to Yad Vashem 's estimate that between 1 and 1.1 million Jews were killed. [ 233 ] ^ It is likely that Putin meant to refer to Art. 112 of the Constitution of Ukraine that does mention "In the event of the pre-term termination of authority of the President of Ukraine... [his/her powers] shall be vested in the Chairperson of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine " (speaker of the parliament); Art. 111 does not mention the speaker of the parliament. [ 240 ] ^ On 14 June 2024 Russia was not holding all these territories Putin mentioned under its military control . [ 242 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shuster, Mike (2012-05-07). "For A Third Time, Putin Returns As Russia's President" . NPR . Retrieved 2025-12-27 . ^ a b c d Shuster, Simon. " [1] Archived 2022-02-27 at the Wayback Machine The World According to Putin ", Time 2013-09-16, pp. 30–35. Archived from the original . ^ Dmitri Trenin (2014-03-04). "Welcome to Cold War II" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 2014-12-26 . ^ Mauldin, John (2014-10-29). "The Colder War Has Begun" . Forbes . Retrieved 2014-12-26 . ^ Kendall, Bridget (2014-11-12). "Rhetoric hardens as fears mount of new Cold War" . BBC News . Retrieved 2014-12-26 . ^ a b America's Failed (Bi-Partisan) Russia Policy by Stephen F. Cohen , Huffington Post ^ "U.S. Withdrawal From the ABM Treaty: President Bush's Remarks and U.S. Diplomatic Notes | Arms Control Association" . www.armscontrol.org . ^ "Vladimir Poutine et son quart d'heure de gloire" . Le Temps . 2013-11-04 – via www.letemps.ch. ^ a b c d e Stuermer, Michael (2008). Putin and the Rise of Russia . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 55 , 57 & 192. ISBN 978-0-297-85510-1 . Retrieved 2012-06-11 . ^ a b c 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy . Putin's speech in English Archived 2008-05-04 at the Wayback Machine , 10 February 2007. ^ "Russia: Washington Reacts To Putin's Munich Speech" . RFERL . ^ Watson, Rob (2007-02-10). "Putin's speech: Back to cold war? Putin's speech: Back to cold war?" . BBC . ^ "United States Department of Defense" . www.defenselink.mil . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ "Munich Conference on Security Policy: As Delivered by Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, Munich, Germany, Sunday, February 11, 2007" . United States Department of Defense . 2007-02-11 . Retrieved 2010-08-02 . ^ a b "Interview with Newspaper Journalists from G8 Member Countries" . Presidential Administration of Russia . 2007-06-04. Archived from the original on 2008-05-04 . Retrieved 2010-08-02 . ^ Doug Sanders, "Putin threatens to target Europe with missiles" Archived 2008-12-31 at the Wayback Machine , The Globe and Mail , 2 June 2007 ^ Press Conference following the end of the G8 Summit Archived 2008-05-04 at the Wayback Machine , 8 June 2007 ^ Annual Address to the Federal Assembly Archived 2008-05-04 at the Wayback Machine , 26 April 2007, Kremlin, Moscow ^ Lavrov Announced Conditions of Resuming CFE Observance Archived 2008-04-05 at the Wayback Machine , 3 December 2007, Izvestia.ru ^ "Russia walks away from CFE arms treaty" . AFP via Yahoo! News . 2007-12-12 . Retrieved 2007-12-13 . [ dead link ] ^ "Russia Suspends Participation In CFE Treaty" . Radio Liberty . 2007-12-12 . Retrieved 2007-12-13 . ^ "US 'deeply regrets' Russia's 'wrong' decision on CFE" . AFP . 2007-12-12 . Retrieved 2007-12-13 . ^ "Putin poised to freeze arms pact as assertiveness grows" . Financial Times . 2007-12-12 . Retrieved 2007-12-13 . ^ "Putin: supports for Kosovo unilateral independence "immoral, illegal" " . Xinhua News Agency. 2008-02-14. Archived from the original on 2008-02-17 . Retrieved 2008-02-25 . ^ "Putin calls Kosovo independence 'terrible precedent' " . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2008-02-23 . Retrieved 2021-07-05 . ^ "EU's Solana rejects Putin's criticism over Kosovo's independence" . IRNA. 2008-02-23. Archived from the original on 2008-02-26 . Retrieved 2008-02-25 . ^ Simpson, Emma (2006-01-16). "Merkel cools Berlin Moscow ties" . BBC News . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ a b c d Gonzalo Vina and Sebastian Alison (2007-07-20). "Brown Defends Russian Expulsions, Decries Killings" . Bloomberg News. ^ "UK spied on Russia with fake rock" . BBC News . 2017-09-27 . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ "Russia suspends British Council regional offices" . Reuters . 2007-12-10 . Retrieved 2007-12-12 . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Nato suspends Russia co-operation" . BBC News . Russia. 2014-04-02 . Retrieved 2014-04-02 . ^ Putin, Vladimir V. (2013-09-11). "Opinion - What Putin Has to Say to Americans About Syria" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ Roth, Andrew (2015-09-28). "Live from New York: It's Putin Speech Bingo" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ Ewen MacAskill (2014-11-09). "Close military encounters between Russia and the west 'at cold war levels' " . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 2014-12-28 . ^ "Russia Baltic military actions 'unprecedented' - Poland" . BBC . UK. 2014-12-28 . Retrieved 2014-12-28 . ^ "Four RAF Typhoon jets head for Lithuania deployment" . BBC . UK. 2014-04-28 . Retrieved 2014-12-28 . ^ "U.S. asks Vietnam to stop helping Russian bomber flights" . Reuters . 2015-03-11 . Retrieved 2015-04-12 . ^ "Russian Strategic Bombers To Continue Patrolling Missions" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 2015-03-02 . Retrieved 2015-03-02 . ^ Schwartz, Paul N. (2014-10-16). "Russian INF Treaty Violations: Assessment and Response" . csis.org . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ a b Gordon, Michael R. (2014-07-28). "U.S. Says Russia Tested Cruise Missile, Violating Treaty" . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 2015-01-04 . ^ "US and Russia in danger of returning to era of nuclear rivalry" . The Guardian . UK. 2015-01-04 . Retrieved 2015-01-04 . ^ Gordon, Michael R. (2015-06-05). "U.S. Says Russia Failed to Correct Violation of Landmark 1987 Arms Control Deal" . The New York Times . US . Retrieved 2015-06-07 . ^ Matthew Bodner (2014-10-03). "Russia Overtakes U.S. in Nuclear Warhead Deployment" . The Moscow Times . Moscow . Retrieved 2014-12-28 . ^ The Trillion Dollar Nuclear Triad Archived 2016-01-23 at the Wayback Machine James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies : Monterey, CA. January 2014. ^ Broad, William J.; Sanger, David E. (2014-09-21). "U.S. Ramping Up Major Renewal in Nuclear Arms" . The New York Times . USA . Retrieved 2015-01-05 . ^ "Russia's New Military Doctrine Hypes NATO Threat" . www.worldpoliticsreview.com . 2014-12-30 . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ Putin signs new military doctrine naming NATO as Russia's top military threat National Post , 26 December 2014. ^ "US announces new tank and artillery deployment in Europe" . UK: BBC. 2015-06-23 . Retrieved 2015-06-24 . ^ "Nato shifts strategy in Europe to deal with Russia threat" . UK: FT. 2015-06-23 . Retrieved 2015-06-24 . ^ a b "Putin says Russia beefing up nuclear arsenal, NATO denounces 'saber-rattling' " . Reuters . 2015-06-16 . Retrieved 2015-06-27 . ^ Комментарий Департамента информации и печати МИД России по итогам встречи министров обороны стран-членов НАТО the RF Foreign Ministry, 26 June 2015. ^ Steven Pifer , Fiona Hill. "Putin's Risky Game of Chicken" , The New York Times , 15 June 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-18. ^ Steven Pifer. Putin's nuclear saber-rattling: What is he compensating for? 17 June 2015. ^ "Russian Program to Build World's Biggest Intercontinental Missile Delayed" . The Moscow Times . 2015-06-26 . Retrieved 2015-06-27 . ^ MacFarquhar, Neil , "As Vladimir Putin Talks More Missiles and Might, Cost Tells Another Story" , The New York Times , 16 June 2015. Retrieved 2015-06-17. ^ "Putin Says West Aiming to Tear Apart Russia" . Voice of America. 2022-12-25 . Retrieved 2022-12-29 . ^ "Putin warns the US of Cold War-style missile crisis" . 2024-07-28. ^ a b "Putin's war on the West" . Economist . 2015-02-14 . Retrieved 2015-04-30 . ^ a b Czuczka, Tony; Parkin, Brian (2014-11-21). "Merkel Bids to Stall Putin Influence at EU's Balkan Edge" . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ Kosovo precedent for 200 territories—Lavrov Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine , Tanjug / B92 , 23 January 2008 ^ "Putin's Reach: Merkel Concerned about Russian Influence in the Balkans" . Spiegel . 2014-11-17 . Retrieved 2015-01-06 . ^ "Far-Right Europe Has a Crush on Moscow" . Moscow Times . 2014-11-25 . Retrieved 2015-01-06 . ^ a b Yardley, Jim; Becker, Jo (2014-12-30). "How Putin Forged a Pipeline Deal That Derailed" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015-01-02 . ^ "From cold war to hot war" . Economist . 2015-02-14 . Retrieved 2015-04-30 . ^ "In the Kremlin's pocket" . Economist . 2015-02-14 . Retrieved 2015-04-30 . ^ "Hungarian protesters hit out at Orban's 'move towards Russia' " . Yahoo News. 2015-01-02 . Retrieved 2015-01-03 . ^ Traynor, Ian (2014-11-17). "European leaders fear growth of Russian influence abroad" . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015-01-06 . ^ "Poland to build Russia border towers at Kaliningrad" . BBC. 2015-04-06 . Retrieved 2015-04-14 . ^ "Poland border watchtowers 'planned' " . The Independent . 2015-04-06 . Retrieved 2015-04-14 . ^ "Kaliningrad: European fears over Russian missiles" . BBC. 2013-12-16 . Retrieved 2015-04-14 . ^ Roth, Andrew (2013-12-16). "Deployment of Missiles Is Confirmed by Russia" . New York Times . Retrieved 2015-04-14 . ^ "REFILE-Poland and U.S. Army hold joint air defence exercises near Warsaw" . Reuters . 2015-03-21 . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ "Prime Minister Đukanović: Protests in Podgorica supported by circles around Serbian Ortodox Church, and Russia" . www.gov.me . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ Vladimir Putin (2012-12-24). "For Russia, deepening friendship with India is a top foreign policy priority by President Vladimir Putin" . The Hindu . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ "India, Russia sign new defence deals: BBC News" . BBC. 2012-12-24 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ Rajeev Sharma, specially for RIR (2012-12-24). "13th Indo-Russian Summit reaffirms time-tested ties: Russia & India Report" . Indrus.in . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ "News Story #124347 | newkerala.com" . www.newkerala.com . Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. ^ "Russia supports India's membership in NSG" . Business Standard . 2012-06-21 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ "India and APEC: Centre of Mutual Gravitation: International Affairs" . Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. ^ "Russia keen to join SAARC as observer: Oneindia News" . News.oneindia.in. 2006-11-22 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ "SAARC The Changing Dimensions: UNU-CRIS Working Papers United Nations University - Comparative Regional Integration Studies" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-20 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ a b Rajeev Sharma, specially for RIR (2012-11-28). "Top Indian diplomat explains Russia's importance to India: Russia & India Report" . Indrus.in . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ Page, Jeremy (2010-09-26). "Russian Oil Route Will Open to China" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2010-09-28 . ^ a b "Press Statement and Responses to Media Questions following the Peace Mission 2007 Counterterrorism Exercises and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summit" . Presidential Administration of Russia . 2007-08-17. Archived from the original on 2008-05-31 . Retrieved 2010-08-02 . ^ a b SCO Scares NATO Archived 2012-02-10 at the Wayback Machine , 8 August 2007, KM.ru ^ Russia Over Three Oceans Archived 2012-02-08 at the Wayback Machine , 20 August 2007, "Chas", Latvia ^ Beginning of Meeting with Defense Minister Anatoliy Serdyukov Archived 8 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine , 5 December 2007, Kremlin.ru ^ Guy Faulconbridge. Russian navy to start sorties in Mediterranean Reuters 5 December 2007. ^ Russia's Navy Has Resumed Presence in World Ocean Vzglyad.ru ( Russian ) 5 December 2007. ^ Павел Фельгенгауэр. Семь честных слов под килем Archived 2008-05-20 at the Wayback Machine Novaya Gazeta № 95 13 December 2007. ^ a b Osborn, Andrew (2017-10-04). "Russia quietly throws North Korea lifeline in bid to stymie regime change" . The Japan Times Online . ISSN 0447-5763 . Retrieved 2017-10-05 . ^ "Russia Provides New Internet Connection to North Korea | 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea" . 38 North . 2017-10-01 . Retrieved 2017-10-05 . ^ DeYoung, Karen; Nakashima, Ellen; Rauhala, Emily (2017-09-30). "Trump signed presidential directive ordering actions to pressure North Korea" . Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2017-10-05 . ^ a b Putin: Iran Has Right to Develop Peaceful Nuclear Programme , 16 October 2007, Rbc.ru ^ "Putin's warning to the U.S." Reuters . 2007-10-16. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. ^ Putin Positive on Second Caspian Summit Results, Meets With Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad Archived 4 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine , 16 October 2007, Kremlin.ru ^ Visit to Iran. Second Caspian Summit Archived 2008-05-04 at the Wayback Machine , 15–16 October 2007, Kremlin.ru ^ Vladimir Putin defies assassination threats to make historic visit to Tehran , 16 October 2007, The Times . ^ Answer to a Question at the Joint Press Conference Following the Second Caspian Summit Archived 4 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine , 16 October 2007, Tehran, Kremlin.ru ^ "Putin's visit 'historic and strategic' " . gulfnews. 2008-04-18. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ Parks, Cara (2011-03-21). "Putin: Military Intervention In Libya Resembles 'Crusades' " . Huffington Post . ^ "Vladimir Putin Blames US Drones For Gaddafi Death, Slams John McCain" . Mediaite. 2011-12-15 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ Citizen, Ottawa (2011-12-16). "Putin claims U.S. planned murder of Gadhafi" . Canada.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ Trenin, Dmitri (2012-02-09). "Why Russia Supports Assad" . The New York Times . ^ Fred Weir (2012-01-19). "Why Russia is willing to sell arms to Syria" . CSMonitor.com . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ Viscusi, Gregory (2012-06-01). "Hollande Clashes With Putin Over Ouster of Syria's Assad" . Businessweek . Archived from the original on 2012-07-18 . Retrieved 2013-06-22 . ^ Putin, Vladimir V. (2013-09-11). "A Plea for Caution From Russia" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013-09-11 . ^ a b Polish head rejects Putin attack , BBC News (24 December 2004) ^ Putin calls 'color revolutions' an instrument of destabilization , Kyiv Post (15 December 2011) ^ McCain, John (November–December 2007). "An Enduring Peace Built on Freedom: Securing America's Future" . Foreign Affairs . Vol. 86, no. 6 . Retrieved 2008-02-06 . ^ a b c Q&A: Russia-Ukraine gas row , BBC News (20 January 2009). ^ Russia opens gas taps to Europe , BBC News (20 January 2009) ^ "Natural gas, Europe price chart" . Mongabay. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Ukraine ex-PM Yulia Tymoshenko jailed over gas deal , BBC News (11 October 2011) ^ Ukraine's parliament votes to abandon Nato ambitions , BBC News (3 June 2010) ^ "Putin eyes full merger with Belarus" , 10 December 2007. ^ "Departing Putin seeks to stop NATO gains - Yahoo! News" . Archived from the original on 2008-04-10 . Retrieved 2008-04-01 . ^ "Russia and Eurasia" . Heritage.org. Archived from the original on 2009-04-25 . Retrieved 2009-05-10 . ^ "Day-by-day: Georgia-Russia crisis" . BBC News . 2008-08-21 . Retrieved 2009-05-10 . ^ "Vladimir Putin threatened to hang Georgia leader 'by the balls' " . 2008-11-13. ^ Putin on Georgia's territorial integrity , RT via YouTube (8 Augustus 2009) ^ After Russian invasion of Georgia, Putin's words stir fears about Ukraine . Kyiv Post (30 November 2010) ^ a b "Putin said that the Russian Federation was not given a chance to build normal relations with the Ukrainian people" . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ "World Report 2011: Ukraine" . 2011-01-24. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30 . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ Russia, Ukraine agree on naval-base-for-gas deal , CNN (21 April 2010) ^ "Kyrgyzstan profile" . BBC News . 2014-07-30 . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ New Integration Project for Eurasia – A Future That Is Being Born Today , Izvestiya (3 October 2011) ^ "Главные и последние новости дня на iz.ru | Известия" . iz.ru . 2023-06-21. ^ Bryanski, Gleb (2011-10-03). "Russia's Putin says wants to build "Eurasian Union" " . Yahoo! News . Reuters . Archived from the original on 2011-10-06 . Retrieved 2011-10-04 . ^ Новый интеграционный проект для Евразии – будущее, которое рождается сегодня . Izvestia (in Russian). 2011-10-03 . Retrieved 2011-10-04 . ^ Kilner, James (2011-10-06). "Kazakhstan welcomes Putin's Eurasian Union concept" . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2011-10-08 . ^ a b "Russia sees union with Belarus and Kazakhstan by 2015" . BBC News . 2011-11-18 . Retrieved 2011-11-19 . ^ Евразийские комиссары получат статус федеральных министров (in Russian). Tut.By . 2011-11-17. Archived from the original on 2019-10-09 . Retrieved 2011-11-19 . ^ a b c Wilson, Andrew (2014). Ukraine Crisis: What it Means for the West . New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-300-21159-7 . ^ Key Players and Regional Dynamics in Eurasia: The Return of the 'Great Game' by M. Freire % R. Kanet, October 2010, Springer Publishing (page 35) ^ a b "Putin called attempts to draw Russian-speaking territories of Ukraine into NATO "outrageous" " . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ Weaver, Courtney (2015-03-15). "Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 2021-02-11 . Retrieved 2022-01-23 . ^ Simon Shuster (2014-03-10). "Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare" . Time . Archived from the original on 2022-03-28 . Retrieved 2015-03-08 . Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers. ^ De Carbonnel, Alissa (2014-03-13). "RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow" . Reuters . Retrieved 2015-03-08 . Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea ^ Baczynska, Gabriela; Toyer, Julien (2014-03-05). Gutterman, Steve (ed.). "Russia says cannot order Crimean 'self-defense' units back to base" . Reuters . ^ a b "Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot" . BBC News . 2015-03-09 . Retrieved 2015-03-09 . Soldatkin, Vladimir; Stamp, David (2014-03-09). "Putin says plan to take Crimea hatched before referendum" . Reuters . Retrieved 2015-03-10 . ^ Ilya Somin (2014-05-06). "Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results" . The Washington Post . ^ Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим [On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 2014-03-15. ^ "Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea" . Government.no . 2018-03-14 . Retrieved 2019-03-28 . ^ U.S., other powers kick Russia out of G8 , CNN ^ Putin, Vladimir. "Address by President of the Russian Federation" , Kremlin Web Site (18 March 2014). ^ The Duty of Care in International Relations: Protecting Citizens Beyond the Border by Nina Graeger and Halvard Leira , Routledge (July 2019) ^ Russia President Vladimir Putin signs treaty to annex Crimea after residents vote to leave Ukraine , CBS News (18 March 2014) ^ "Putin's annexation speech: more angry taxi driver than head of state" . The Guardian . 2022-09-30. Archived from the original on 2022-10-06 . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . ^ "Putin signs Crimea treaty as Ukraine serviceman dies in attack" . Reuters . 2014-03-18. ^ Ukraine's Yanukovych asked for troops, Russia tells UN , BBC News (4 March 2014) ^ a b c d "Vladimir Putin answered journalists' questions on the situation in Ukraine" . Kremlin.ru . 2014-03-04 . Retrieved 2022-12-21 . ^ Ukrainian ex-leader Viktor Yanukovych vows fightback , BBC News (28 February 2014) ^ Grytsenko, Oksana (2014-04-12). "Armed pro-Russian insurgents in Luhansk say they are ready for police raid" . Kyiv Post . Archived from the original on 2014-04-12. ^ Putin orders Russia to recognize documents issued in rebel-held east Ukraine , Reuters (18 February 2017) ^ "Kremlin defends Russian military buildup on Ukraine border" . The Guardian . 2021-04-09. ^ "Zelenskiy: Russian passports in Donbas are a step towards 'annexation' " . Reuters . 2021-05-20. ^ Monitor Says Ukraine Cease-Fire, Weapons Withdrawal Not Being Honored , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (22 February 2017) ^ "Latest from OSCE Special Monitoring Mission (SMM) to Ukraine based on information received as of 19:30 (Kyiv time), 2 August 2015" . OSCE. 2015-08-03. Archived from the original on 2022-02-23 . Retrieved 2015-08-04 . ^ "Минобороны РФ опровергает слова ОБСЕ о существовании 16-й бригады ВДВ" . Korrespondent.net . 2015-08-04. Archived from the original on 2015-08-06 . Retrieved 2015-08-04 . ^ "Kremlin Downplays OSCE Report Of Russian Troops In Eastern Ukraine" . REF/RL . 2015-08-05. Archived from the original on 2015-08-05 . Retrieved 2015-08-05 . ^ The Post-Soviet Conflicts: The Thirty Years' Crisis by Stefan Brooks , page 18, Lexington Books (7 October 2020) ^ a b Vladimir Putin's new faux documentary is trying to rewrite the history of his own aggression. , Slate (19 March 2015) From 'Not Us' To 'Why Hide It?': How Russia Denied Its Crimea Invasion, Then Admitted It , Radio Free Europe (26 February 2019) ^ Putin: war with Ukraine impossible , TASS news agency (16 April 2015) ^ Ukraine to start NATO talks: Russia angry, the West uncertain , France 24 (16 July 2017) ^ Duggal, Hanna (2022-01-25). "Infographic: Military capabilities of Russia and Ukraine" . aljazeera.com . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ "Relations with Ukraine" . NATO . NATO. 2020-01-11 . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . In September 2020, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy approved Ukraine's new National Security Strategy, which provides for the development of the distinctive partnership with NATO with the aim of membership in NATO. ^ Getmanchuk, Alyona (2020-09-30). "Russia as aggressor, NATO as objective: Ukraine's new National Security Strategy" . atlanticcouncil.org . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 2022-02-15 . ^ Holland, Steve; Shalal, Andrea; Landay, Jonathan (2021-04-08). Paul, Franklin; Dunham, Will (eds.). "Russian force on Ukraine border larger than any time since 2014, U.S. says" . Reuters . File photo by Kevin Lamarque. Washington D.C. : Thomson Corporation . Retrieved 2022-02-08 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (2021-04-09). "Russian Troop Movements and Talk of Intervention Cause Jitters in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Article updated 30 April 2021. Moscow . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-02-08 . Russia has amassed more troops on the Ukrainian border than at any time since 2014. ^ Bielieskov, Mykola (2021-09-21). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . csis.org . Photo by Dimitar Dilkoff. Center for Strategic and International Studies . Archived from the original on 2021-11-25 . Retrieved 2022-01-22 . Ukrainian estimates provided to the OSCE in June 2021 show that only 12,000 Russian forces were removed from the border, and the rest remain in place. ^ Wilson, Andrew (2021-12-23). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . RUSI. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24 . Retrieved 2022-01-25 . ^ "Article by Vladimir Putin "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians" " . President of Russia . 2021-07-12 . Retrieved 2022-10-16 . ^ Troianovski, Anton ; Sanger, David E. (2022-01-16). "Russia Issues Subtle Threats More Far-Reaching Than a Ukraine Invasion" . The New York Times . Photo by Associated Press . Vienna . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-01-27 . No one expected much progress from this past week's diplomatic marathon to defuse the security crisis Russia has ignited in Eastern Europe by surrounding Ukraine on three sides with 100,000 troops and then, by the White House's accounting, sending in saboteurs to create a pretext for invasion. ^ Kiely, Eugene; Farley, Robert (2022-02-24). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack Against Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Retrieved 2022-02-27 . ^ Taylor, Adam (2022-02-24). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2022-02-24 . Retrieved 2022-02-27 . ^ "Putin attacked Ukraine after insisting for months there was no plan to do so. Now he says there's no plan to take over" . CBS News . 2022-02-24 . Retrieved 2022-02-27 . ^ Talmazan, Yuliya (2022-02-26). "From buildup to battle: Why Putin stoked a Ukraine crisis — then launched an invasion" . NBC News . Retrieved 2022-02-27 . ^ a b U.S. and Russian officials clash over status of troops near Ukraine , Washington Post (16 February 2022) ^ James, Liam (2022-03-03). "Russia claims it has seized Kherson as mayor agrees to conditions to keep city running" . The Independent . Archived from the original on 2022-03-03 . Retrieved 2022-09-30 . ; "Berdyansk: Life Under Russian Occupation" . Institute for War and Peace Reporting . 2022-04-08. Archived from the original on 2022-09-30 . Retrieved 2022-09-30 . ^ "Russia launches massive invasion of Ukraine — live updates" . Deutsche Welle . 2022-02-24. ^ "Мемориалы жертвам Холокоста осудили действия Путина и его риторику" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 2022-03-02. Archived from the original on 2022-03-05 . Retrieved 2022-03-07 . ^ "Россия начала "военную операцию" на Украине" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 2022-02-24. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25 . Retrieved 2022-03-07 . ^ "Расшифровка речи Путина о начале военной операции" . Бумага (in Russian). 2022-02-24. Archived from the original on 2022-03-04 . Retrieved 2022-03-07 . ^ a b " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . 2022-02-24. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01 . Retrieved 2022-03-07 . ^ a b "Путин объявил о начале военной операции на Украине" . ТАСС (in Russian). 2022-02-24. Archived from the original on 2022-02-24 . Retrieved 2022-03-07 . ^ a b c d "Ukraine's boats attack ships evacuating Ukrainian troops who surrendered on Snake Island" . TASS news agency . 2022-02-28 . Retrieved 2022-12-25 . ^ "Военная операция на Украине. Главное" . РБК (in Russian). 2022-02-25. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25 . Retrieved 2022-03-07 . ^ " 'Putin is a psychopath': War in Ukraine will not end soon, De Wever warns" . The Brussels Times . 2022-03-17. Archived from the original on 2025-12-04 . Retrieved 2022-06-25 . ^ "Bart De Wever: "Poetin is een psychopaat. Het is een gek, die gaat niet stoppen" " (in Dutch). 2022-03-17. Archived from the original on 2022-11-05. ^ "N-VA-voorzitter Bart De Wever: "Poetin doet denken aan Hitler" " (in Dutch). 2022-03-13. Archived from the original on 2023-01-20. ^ a b "Putin called "not bad" the agreement reached in March 2022 between Russia and Ukraine" . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . "The President of the Russian Federation clarified that during the 2022 negotiations between the Russian and Ukrainian sides, Moscow regularly raised the issue that Kyiv supports the neo-Nazi movement" . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ "Putin claims he did not plan to storm Kyiv in 2022" . Ukrainska Pravda . 2024-06-14 . Retrieved 2024-06-14 . ^ "Russia's Foreign Ministry says conditions for peace include Ukraine recognizing 'new territorial realities' and Russian as state language" . Meduza . 2023-05-27 . Retrieved 2023-05-27 . "Russia is not against Ukraine's accession to the European Union, Putin said" . RIA Novosti (in Russian). 2022-06-17 . Retrieved 2023-05-27 . ^ "Putin orders partial Russian mobilisation, warns West over 'nuclear blackmail' " . Euractiv . 2022-09-21. ^ Dickson, Janice (2022-09-30). "Putin signs documents to illegally annex four Ukrainian regions, in drastic escalation of Russia's war" . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 2022-10-01 . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . Mr. Putin's claim to more than 15 per cent of Ukraine's territory is the largest annexation in Europe since the Second World War. ^ "Putin's speech on annexation: What exactly did he say?" . www.aljazeera.com . Archived from the original on 2022-10-18 . Retrieved 2022-10-01 . ^ "Document proclaiming death of Soviet Union missing" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 2013-02-07. ^ "Biden condemns Ukraine attack as Putin claims it's retaliation for terrorism" . Axios . 2022-10-10. Archived from the original on 2022-10-10 . Retrieved 2022-10-10 . ^ "Putin says response to more Ukrainian attacks will be 'severe' " . Al Jazeera . 2022-10-10. Archived from the original on 2022-10-10 . Retrieved 2022-10-10 . ^ " 'Sickening': World reacts as explosions rock Ukrainian cities" . Al Jazeera . 2022-10-10. Archived from the original on 2022-10-10 . Retrieved 2022-10-10 . ^ Putin says it was obvious that clash with hostile forces in Ukraine was inevitable , TASS news agency (21 December 2022) ^ "Putin announced Moscow's desire to end the conflict in Ukraine as soon as possible" . Interfax (in Russian). 2022-12-22 . Retrieved 2022-12-22 . "Putin: 'Our aim is to end this war' " . Meduza . 2022-12-22 . Retrieved 2022-12-22 . ^ "Putin says West's attempts to break up historical Russia underlie conflict in Ukraine" . TASS news agency . 2022-12-25 . Retrieved 2022-12-25 . ^ "Putin says Russia, unlike its opponents, doesn't refuse talks on Ukraine" . TASS news agency . 2022-12-25 . Retrieved 2022-12-25 . ^ "Putin says Russia couldn't treat Ukraine cynically, as West did" . TASS news agency . 2022-12-25 . Retrieved 2022-12-25 . ^ "Ukraine 'peace plan' must factor in Russia's four new regions, Kremlin emphasizes" . TASS news agency . 2022-12-28 . Retrieved 2022-12-28 . ^ "Putin tells Erdogan: Ukraine must accept loss of territories for there to be dialogue" . Reuters . 2023-01-05 . Retrieved 2023-01-05 . ^ "Erdogan Tells Putin a Cease-Fire Should Support Ukraine Peace Efforts" . Voice of America . 2023-01-05 . Retrieved 2023-01-05 . ^ a b "Putin's New Year address: Year of major steps and fight for Russia's future" . TASS . 2022-12-31 . Retrieved 2022-12-31 . ^ a b c "Russia reiterates its readiness to negotiate at UN, but with conditions" . Ukrainska Pravda . 2023-01-14 . Retrieved 2023-01-14 . ^ "Dynamics of special op are positive, everything is going according to plan — Putin" . TASS . 2023-01-15 . Retrieved 2023-01-15 . ^ a b c "Mr. Putin, the mic is yours For the first time in almost two years, Russia's president addressed both houses of Parliament in a major speech on the state of the Federation" . Meduza . 2023-02-21 . Retrieved 2023-02-21 . ^ "Biden and Putin both implicitly tie their futures to the outcome in Ukraine" . The Guardian . 2023-02-21 . Retrieved 2023-02-21 . ^ "Putin decides to show off his "knowledge of history" again with "map with no Ukraine" " . Ukrainska Pravda . 2023-05-23 . Retrieved 2023-05-23 . ^ "IN BRIEF: Kiev tries to scare Russians, trigger response — Putin about UAV attack" . TASS . 2023-05-30 . Retrieved 2023-05-30 . ^ Olearchyk, Roman; Srivastava, Mehul; Seddon, Max; Miller, Christopher (2022-10-10). "Vladimir Putin says Russia launched strikes on Ukraine over Crimea bridge explosion" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 2022-10-10 . Retrieved 2022-10-10 . ^ "Ukraine: Russian large-scale strikes are 'unacceptable escalation', says Guterres" . 2022-10-10. Archived from the original on 2022-10-10 . Retrieved 2022-10-11 . ^ "Zelenskiy asks G7 for monitoring of Ukraine's border with Belarus" . the Guardian . 2022-10-11. Archived from the original on 2022-10-21 . Retrieved 2022-12-06 . ^ "Ukraine: Russian attacks on critical energy infrastructure amount to war crimes" . Amnesty International. 2022-10-20. Archived from the original on 2022-12-16 . Retrieved 2022-12-17 . ^ "Putin denies Zelenskiy's claims of counteroffensive success for Ukraine" . The Guardian . 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ "Russia to accomplish all set objectives of special military operation — Putin" . TASS . 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ "The counteroffensive of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the "sanitary zone" in Ukraine and the goals of the NWO. What did Putin say to the military?" . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ "Putin agreed with Sobchak's words that Ukraine had to leave the USSR "with what it came" " . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ a b "Putin noted that "grateful descendants" in Ukraine are demolishing monuments to its founder Lenin" . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ "Putin: Ukraine should not exist at the expense of the Russian Federation and in the historical Russian territories" . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ "Putin assured that Russia will continue to selectively strike targets in Ukraine" . TASS (in Russian). 2023-06-13 . Retrieved 2023-06-13 . ^ a b "Putin speaks of "denazification" of Ukraine and calls Zelenskyy "a disgrace to Jewish people" " . Ukrainska Pravda . 2023-06-16 . Retrieved 2023-06-16 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J (2000). Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Vol. Two-Volume Set. Elsevier, Academic Press. p. 40. ISBN 0080545246 . With over one hundred contributors. On February 10, 1941, Bandera called a conference of radicals in Kraków , Poland. The conference refused to accept Melnyk as leader, and named Bandera head of the OUN. This led to the split of the OUN in the spring of 1941 into two groups: OUN-B (Banderites), who were more militant, younger and supported Bandera, and OUN-M (Melnykites), who were generally older, more ideological. ^ "Putin says Zelensky 'isn't Jewish but a disgrace to the Jewish people' " . Meduza . 2023-09-05 . Retrieved 2023-09-06 . ^ Higgins, Andrew (2019-04-24). "Ukraine's Newly Elected President Is Jewish. So Is Its Prime Minister. Not All Jews There Are Pleased" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 2019-04-25 . Retrieved 2019-04-25 . Liphshiz, Cnaan (2019-03-19). "Jewish comic who plays Ukraine president on TV leads Ukraine's presidential race" . The Times of Israel . OCLC 969749342 . Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. "ethnic Ukrainian father's farer's medal certificate" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2020-06-11 . Retrieved 2019-10-12 . Зеленский Владимир | Руководитель проекта "Квартал-95" [Zelensky Vladimir | Project manager "Kvartal-95"]. Ligamedia (in Russian). 2018-06-05 [28 October 2011]. Archived from the original on 2019-01-02 . Retrieved 2022-03-10 . ^ a b " 'Even the SS troops didn't consider it possible' Putin says 'local nationalists and anti-Semites' killed 1.5 million Jews in Ukraine during WWII" . Meduza . 2023-09-05 . Retrieved 2023-09-07 . "Ukraine war live: Nine hundred people killed or injured by Russian cluster bombs in Ukraine, says monitor; Zelenskiy visits Bakhmut – as it happened" . The Guardian . 2023-09-05 . Retrieved 2023-09-05 . "Putin says 'Western managers put an ethnic Jew in charge of Ukraine' to mask its 'anti-human nature' " . Meduza . 2023-09-05 . Retrieved 2023-09-05 . ^ Timothy Snyder (2009-07-16). "Holocaust: The Ignored Reality" . The New York Review of Books. Archived from the original (Internet Archive) on 2014-01-09 . Retrieved 2023-09-07 . "Questions and answers about the Holocaust (#4)" . Yad Vashem (in Hebrew) . Retrieved 2023-09-07 . ^ a b c d e f g "From the New World Order to coke and hand grenades Here's what Putin said at Russia's annual Valdai Discussion Club" . Meduza . 2023-10-06 . Retrieved 2023-10-06 . "Key points from Putin's speech at the Valdai Forum" (in Russian). RIA Novosti . 2023-10-05 . Retrieved 2023-10-05 . "Putin called Odesa a Russian city" (in Russian). RIA Novosti . 2023-10-05 . Retrieved 2023-10-05 . ^ Burke, Ashley (2023-09-30). "Family of man who fought in Nazi unit unaware Hunka would be honoured in Parliament, friend says" . CBC News . Archived from the original on 2023-09-30 . Retrieved 2023-09-30 . ^ a b c "Putin reiterates that Ukraine never existed and he was forced to start war" . Ukrainska Pravda . 2023-11-03 . Retrieved 2023-11-03 . ^ "Putin says no peace until Russia's goals in Ukraine achieved" . The Guardian . 2023-12-14 . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . "Russia-Ukraine war: Putin tells Russia his war objectives are unchanged" . BBC News . 2023-12-14 . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ a b c "Putin and the people The Kremlin stages its end-of-the-year marathon press conference, combined with a televised call-in show, to showcase Russia's presidency" . Meduza . 2023-12-14 . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ "Vladimir Putin exudes confidence that war in Ukraine is going his way" . The Japan Times . 2023-12-15 . Retrieved 2023-12-15 . ^ a b c d "Putin says Ukraine's parliamentary speaker is now de facto country leader" . Ukrainska Pravda . 2024-05-28 . Retrieved 2024-05-28 . ^ "Ukraine's parliamentary speaker Stefanchuk responds to Putin's claim that Stefanchuk now holds presidential power" . Ukrainska Pravda . 2024-05-28 . Retrieved 2024-05-28 . ^ a b c d e f g h i "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . 2024-06-14 . Retrieved 2024-06-14 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 2024-06-14 . Retrieved 2024-06-14 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 2024-06-14 . Retrieved 2024-06-14 . ^ a b "Russia makes another real peace proposal to Kiev — Putin" . TASS . 2024-06-14 . Retrieved 2024-06-15 . ^ "Putin names Russia's conditions for ceasefire in Ukraine" . Meduza . 2024-06-14 . Retrieved 2024-06-14 . ^ a b c d e "Ukraine, projects with US: Putin's statements after meeting on rare earths" . TASS . 2025-02-25 . Retrieved 2025-02-25 . " 'Trump says whatever he wants' Putin comments on rare earth metals, U.S.-Russia relations, and slashing defense spending in new interview" . Meduza . 2025-02-25 . Retrieved 2025-02-26 . ^ "Putin offers Russian and Ukrainian rare minerals to US" . BBC News . 2025-02-25 . Retrieved 2025-02-25 . "Putin offers to sell minerals to Trump, including from Russian-occupied Ukraine" . Politico Europe . 2025-02-25 . Retrieved 2025-02-25 . ^ a b c d "Zelensky willing to give up presidency in exchange for Nato membership" . BBC News . 2025-02-23 . Retrieved 2025-02-25 . "Zelenskyy says he would 'quit for peace' as he refuses US demand for Ukraine minerals" . The Guardian . 2025-02-23 . Retrieved 2025-02-25 . ^ a b c " 'We won't give away anything that belongs to us' - Putin" . BBC News . 2025-03-06 . Retrieved 2025-03-06 . ^ a b c d e f g h i Mackinnon, Mark (2014-12-01). "The new Cold War: Pro-Russian influence extends beyond Ukraine" . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ Oliphant, Roland (2014-11-18). "Merkel fears construction of Cold-War zones across Europe if Russia not given hard counter in Ukraine" . National Post . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ Toal, Gerard; O'Loughlin, John (2014-03-20). "How people in South Ossetia, Abkhazia and Transnistria feel about annexation by Russia" . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ a b c Higgins, Andrew (2014-10-05). "Tensions Surge in Estonia Amid a Russian Replay of Cold War Tactics" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ Penhaul, Karl (2014-04-11). "To Russia with love? Transnistria, a territory caught in a time warp" . CNN . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ Martin, Douglas (2014-07-07). "Eduard Shevardnadze, Foreign Minister Under Gorbachev, Dies at 86" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-12-20 . ^ de Waal, Thomas (2013-10-29). "So Long, Saakashvili" . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 2014-12-20 . ^ a b Peter, Laurence (2014-09-02). "Why Nato-Russia relations soured before Ukraine" . BBC . Retrieved 2014-12-19 . ^ "Bush urging Nato expansion east" . BBC News . 2008-04-02 . Retrieved 2014-12-20 . ^ a b Herszenhorn, David (2014-11-24). "Pact Tightens Russian Ties With Abkhazia" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-12-20 . ^ McLaughlin, Daniel (2014-11-25). "West backs Georgia as Russia stokes new annexation fears" . Irish Times . Retrieved 2014-12-20 . ^ Dreazen, Yochi (2014-02-26). "Look West, Young Man: Georgia's 31-Year-Old Prime Minister Turns To Europe, Not Russia" . Foreign Policy.com . Retrieved 2014-12-20 . ^ a b Peter, Laurence (2014-06-27). "Guide to the EU deals with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 2014-12-22 . ^ a b Khojoyan, Sarah (2014-08-04). "New War Risk on Russian Fringe Amid Armenia-Azeri Clashes" . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 2014-12-22 . ^ Paterson, Tony (2014-04-01). "Ukraine crisis: Nato 'to step up military cooperation with Russia's neighbours' " . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2014-12-22 . ^ Traynor, Ian (2013-11-21). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015-01-02 . ^ a b Herszenhorn, David (2014-12-10). "Armenia Wins Backing to Join Trade Bloc Championed by Putin" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014-12-22 . ^ "The Other EU" . The Economist . 2014-08-23 . Retrieved 2014-12-22 . ^ Ciochina, Simon (2014-12-21). "Moldovan migrants denied re-entry to Russia" . DeutscheWelle . Retrieved 2014-12-22 . ^ Morello, Carol; DeYoung, Karen (2014-03-24). "NATO general warns of further Russian aggression" . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ "UNIAN News. Latest news of Ukraine and world" . uatoday.tv . Retrieved 2017-09-27 . ^ a b Scrutton, Alistair; Johnson, Simon (2014-10-20). "Swedish 'Cold War' thriller exposes Baltic Sea nerves over Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ Ritter, Karl; Huuhtanen, Matti (2014-10-20). "Submarine hunt sends Cold War chill across Baltic" . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014-12-21 . ^ " 'Submarine' in Sweden was only civilian boat" . The Local Sweden . 2015-04-13 . Retrieved 2016-09-26 . ^ Johnston, Ian (2015-04-02). "Russia threatens to use 'nuclear force' over Crimea and the Baltic states" . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2015-04-02 . ^ "Putin threat of nuclear showdown over Baltics" . The Times . 2015-04-02 . Retrieved 2015-04-02 . ^ Russia forges nuclear links with Venezuela Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine france24.com ^ "Russian bombers land in Venezuela" . 2008-09-11 . Retrieved 2017-09-27 – via BBC News. ^ "Russia ends Venezuela naval drill" . BBC News . 2008-12-04 . Retrieved 2023-02-21 . ^ "Putin kicks off Latin America tour with Cuba stop" . 2014-07-27. Archived from the original on 2014-07-27 . Retrieved 2022-11-08 . ^ "Venezuela election: Fourteen ambassadors recalled after Maduro win" . BBC News . 2018-05-21 . Retrieved 2022-11-08 . ^ "In Venezuela, Russia pockets key energy assets in exchange for cash bailouts" . Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved 2022-11-08 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (2020-02-10). "From Africa to Azerbaijan, here's how far Russia's global influence stretches" . CNBC . Retrieved 2022-11-08 . ^ Luján, Raylí (2022-03-24). "Russia-Venezuela Relations Remain Deep Despite Global Isolation of Moscow" . Bloomberg Línea . Retrieved 2022-11-08 . ^ Sherwood, Dave (2022-02-19). "Cuba to deepen ties with Russia as Ukraine tensions mount" . Reuters . Retrieved 2022-11-08 . ^ "Russia Courts Indonesia" . 2007-10-12. Archived from the original on 2007-10-12 . Retrieved 2011-09-24 . ^ Finn, Peter (2007-11-03). "Russia's State-Controlled Gas Firm Announces Plan to Double Price for Georgia" . Washington Post . Retrieved 2014-12-25 . ^ Matthews, Owen (2014-09-24). "Putin's 'Last and Best Weapon' Against Europe: Gas" . Retrieved 2015-01-03 . ^ a b Klapper, Bradley (2015-02-03). "New Cold War: US, Russia fight over Europe's energy future" . Associated Press . Retrieved 2015-02-12 . ^ Neyfakh, Leon (2014-03-09). "Putin's long game? Meet the Eurasian Union" . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2015-01-21 . ^ Stewart, James (2014-03-07). "Why Russia Can't Afford Another Cold War" . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015-01-03 . ^ Chiara Albanese and Ben Edwards (2014-10-09). "Russian Companies Clamor for Dollars to Repay Debt" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2014-12-16 . ^ a b Chung, Frank (2014-12-18). "The Cold War is back, and colder" . News.au. Archived from the original on 2015-08-14 . Retrieved 2014-12-17 . ^ Smolchenko, Anna (2014-10-13). "China, Russia seek 'international justice', agree currency swap line" . Yahoo! News. AFP . Retrieved 2014-10-13 . ^ "Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly" . The Kremlin, Moscow, Russia. 2014-12-04 . Retrieved 2017-03-16 . ^ "70th Session of the United Nations General Assembly" . The Kremlin, Moscow, Russia. 2015-09-28 . Retrieved 2017-03-16 . Further reading Ambrosio, Thomas, and Geoffrey Vandrovec. "Mapping the Geopolitics of the Russian Federation: The Federal Assembly Addresses of Putin and Medvedev." Geopolitics (2013) 18#2 pp 435–466. Bechev, Dimitar, et al. eds. Russia Rising: Putin's Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa (I.B. Tauris, 2021) Bellamy, Alex J. Warmonger: Vladimir Putin's Imperial Wars (Agenda Publishing, 2024). online review of this book Gvosdev, Nikolas K., and Christopher Marsh. Russian Foreign Policy: Interests, Vectors, and Sectors (Washington: CQ Press, 2013) Kanet, Roger E. Russian foreign policy in the 21st century (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) Larson, Deborah Welch, and Alexei Shevchenko. "Status seekers: Chinese and Russian responses to US primacy." International Security (2010) 34#4 pp. 63–95. Legvold, Robert, ed. Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century and the Shadow of the Past (2007). Mankoff, Jeffrey. Russian Foreign Policy: The Return of Great Power Politics (2nd ed. 2011). Myers, Steven Lee. The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin (2015) Nation, R. Craig, and Dmitri Trenin. "Russian security strategy under Putin: US and Russian perspectives." (Army War College 2007). online Orlova, Victoria V. "US–Russia Relations in the Last 30 Years: From a Rapprochement to a Meltdown." in 30 Years since the Fall of the Berlin Wall (Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, 2020) pp. 117–138. Rosefielde, Steven. Putin's Russia: Economy, Defence and Foreign Policy (2021) Schoen, Douglas E. and Melik Kaylan. Return to Winter: Russia, China, and the New Cold War Against America (2015) Stent, Angela E. The Limits of Partnership: U.S. Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Princeton UP, 2014) 355 pages; excerpt and text search Tsygankov, Andrei P. "The Russia-NATO mistrust: Ethnophobia and the double expansion to contain "the Russian Bear"." Communist and Post-Communist Studies (2013). External links H. Ellyatt (2018-03-01). "Putin reveals new Russian missile that can 'reach any point in the world" . Moscow : CNBC .com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01 . Retrieved 2018-03-21 . Putin joked that the two new strategic nuclear weapons he described — the global cruise missile and the subsurface unmanned vehicle — did not have names yet,[...] and new system capable of destroying intercontinental targets with hypersonic speed and high-precision, able to maneuver both in terms of its course and altitude. "Putin and the Presidents" . FRONTLINE . Season 41. Episode 8. PBS . WGBH . Retrieved 2024-11-28 . v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category Foreign relations of Russia Vladimir Putin Political positions of Russian politicians History of Russia (1991–present) Foreign policy by government Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1: unfit URL CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1: long volume value CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from February 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from April 2022 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with dead external links from February 2025 This page was last edited on 27 December 2025, at 16:03 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Vladimir_Putin
|
Pagina principală Schimbări recente Cafenea Articol aleatoriu Facebook Cum încep pe Wikipedia Ajutor Portaluri tematice Articole cerute Pagini speciale Donații Creare cont Autentificare Donații Creare cont Autentificare Cuprins Început 1 Istorie Toggle Istorie subsection 1.1 Primul pas pentru formarea limbii engleze 1.2 Care sunt tipurile de limbi celtice? 1.3 Formarea Englezei Vechi (Old English) 1.1 Primul pas pentru formarea limbii engleze 1.2 Care sunt tipurile de limbi celtice? 1.3 Formarea Englezei Vechi (Old English) 2 Clasificare și limbi înrudite Toggle Clasificare și limbi înrudite subsection 2.1 Engleza ca limbă globală 2.1 Engleza ca limbă globală 3 Răspândire geografică 4 Dialecte și varietăți regionale 5 Fonologie Toggle Fonologie subsection 5.1 Vocale 5.2 Consoane 5.3 Reguli de pronunție 5.1 Vocale 5.2 Consoane 5.3 Reguli de pronunție 6 Gramatică 7 Ortografie 8 Numărul și originea cuvintelor 9 Note 10 Vezi și 11 Legături externe Limba engleză Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Rumantsch Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski தமிழ் ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Articol Discuție Lectură Modificare Modificare sursă Istoric Lectură Modificare Modificare sursă Istoric Ce trimite aici Schimbări corelate Trimite fișier Legătură permanentă Informații despre pagină Citează acest articol Obține URL scurtat Descărcați codul QR Creare carte Descărcare ca PDF Versiune de tipărit Wikimedia Commons Wikimanuale Wikifunctions Wikivoyage Element Wikidata Engleză English Pronunție [ / ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ l ɪ ʃ / ] Număr de vorbitori 360–400 de milioane (2006) [ 1 ] Vorbitori L2: 400 de milioane; ca limbă străină: 600–700 de milioane [ 1 ] ( locul 2 [ 2 ] ) Limbă-mamă Proto-germanică Sistem de scriere Alfabetul latin ( alfabetul englez ) Alfabetul Braille Tipologie lingvistică Limbă flexionară Clasificare Limbi indo-europene Germanice Germanice occidentale Anglo-frizone Anglice Engleză Germanice Germanice occidentale Anglo-frizone Anglice Engleză Germanice occidentale Anglo-frizone Anglice Engleză Anglo-frizone Anglice Engleză Anglice Engleză Engleză Statut oficial și codificare Limbă oficială în 67 de țări 27 de entități nesuverane Numeroase organizații Amnesty International ASEAN Comitetul Olimpic Internațional Comunitatea Națiunilor Consiliul Europei Curtea Penală Internațională GUAM NAFTA NATO OECD OPEC Organizația Cooperării Islamice Organizația Internațională de Standardizare Organizația Națiunilor Unite Organizația Statelor Americane Uniunea Europeană Organ de reglementare Nu există ISO 639 -1 en ISO 639 -2 eng ISO 639 -3 (cel mai răspândit dialect) eng Extras Declarația Universală a Drepturilor Omului - Articolul 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Răspândire în lume Țări unde limba engleză este limba nativă a majorității populației Țări unde limba engleză este oficială dar nu limba majoritară Țări unde limba engleză este limba nativă a majorității populației Țări unde limba engleză este oficială dar nu limba majoritară Această pagină poate conține caractere Unicode Modifică date / text Limba engleză (în engleză, English ) este o limbă vest germanică avându-și originile în Anglia , și care este în prezent limba maternă pentru majoritatea locuitorilor Australiei , Canadei , Commonwealth-ului Caraibean, Irlandei , Noii Zeelande , Regatului Unit și Statelor Unite ale Americii (cunoscute de asemenea drept „Anglosfera”). Este o limbă folosită intensiv ca limbă secundară sau ca limbă oficială de-a lungul lumii, în special în țări din Commonwealth precum India , Sri Lanka , Pakistan , sau Africa de Sud , precum și în multe organizații internaționale. Engleza modernă este denumită adeseori „ lingua franca ” globală. Engleza este limba dominantă pe plan internațional în domeniile comunicației, științei , afacerilor, aviației , divertismentului , radioului și diplomației . Influența Imperiului Britanic este motivul principal pentru răspândirea inițială a limbii mult dincolo de limitele Arhipelagului Britanic. În urma celui de- al Doilea Război Mondial , influența economică și culturală crescândă a Statelor Unite a accelerat profund răspândirea acestei limbi. Într-o zi obișnuită de școală , aproximativ un miliard de oameni învață, într-o formă sau alta, limba engleză. Cunoașterea limbii engleze este necesară pentru angajarea în anumite domenii, profesii sau ocupații. Rezultatul acestei necesități este că peste un miliard de oameni din întreaga lume vorbesc engleza măcar la un nivel de bază. Engleza este de asemenea una din cele șase limbi oficiale ale Națiunilor Unite . Istorie Tonul acestui articol sau al acestei secțiuni este nepotrivit pentru o enciclopedie . Puteți contribui la îmbunătățirea lui sau sugera modificările necesare în pagina de discuție . Primul pas pentru formarea limbii engleze În izvoarele istorice se găsesc referiri la o limbă străină, mult mai veche decât limba engleză, care circula în zona Insulei Britanice încă din Epoca Bronzului . Aceasta făcea parte din grupul de limbi proto-celtice (sau „ common celtic ”). Acest grup de limbi antice reprezintă un vechi strămoș al limbilor celtice (grup de limbi ce au circulat în zona de nord a Europei). Limbile proto-celtice erau vorbite în zona Insulei Britanice și făceau parte din pachetul de limbi proto-indo-europene. Ele au fost vorbite în această zonă până la sfârșitul secolului al VIII-lea î.Hr. și au fost reprezentative pentru Epoca Bronzului în zona Insulei Britanice. După sfârșitul secolului al VIII-lea î.Hr. s-a terminat Epoca Bronzului, iar acest grup de limbi a evoluat în grupul de limbi celtice. Semnele de punctuație au apărut în limba engleză abia în secolul al XV-lea. [ 3 ] Care sunt tipurile de limbi celtice? Limbile celtice fac parte din setul de limbi indo-europene. Acest pachet de limbi străine a circulat pe o perioadă de 5 secole în toată Europa. Ele au fost vorbite în epoca fierului și au apărut la începutul secolului VI î.Hr. În zona Insulei Britanice, a apărut și s-a dezvoltat celtica insulară. Astfel, acest grup de limbi conținea următoarele pachete de limbi vorbite: grupul de limbi Goidelic cu limbile: Irish, Manx și Scottish Gaelic grupul de limbi Brittonic cu limbile: Breton, Cornish și Welsh Datele istorice evidențiază faptul că înainte de limba engleză, pe Insula Britanică era vorbită limba celtică . Grupul de limbi celtice a avut în istorie extrem de multe forme. Acest grup de limbi străine a circulat aproape în toată Europa. Cu toate că limbile celtice insulare se aseamănau extrem de mult între ele, ceea ce știm din izvoarele istorice, este o diferență extrem de mare din punct de vedere al lexicului și vocabularului față de limbile celtice continentale. Limbile celtice insulare au apărut în secolul VI î.Hr. și au primit diverse influențe de-a lungul timpului. Aceste influențe s-au menținut până în ziua de astăzi, dar s-au modificat odată cu interacțiunea cu alte popoare și alte limbi străine. Formarea Englezei Vechi (Old English) Engleza este o limbă anglo-frizonă. Popoare vorbitoare de limbi germanice din nord-vestul Germaniei ( angli și saxoni ) și din Iutlanda ( iuți ) au invadat ceea ce astăzi este partea de est a Angliei , în jurul secolului al V-lea d.Hr. Încă se dezbate dacă engleza veche s-a răspândit prin dispersarea vechii populații sau dacă celții nativi au adoptat gradual limba și cultura clasei dominante, nefiind exclusă nicio combinație a acestor două procese. Indiferent de origini, aceste dialecte germanice s-au unit până la un punct (încă mai rămăseseră variațiuni geografice) și au format ceea ce astăzi se numește engleza veche. Engleza veche se aseamănă cu unele dialecte de pe coasta de nord-vest a Germaniei și a Țărilor de Jos de astăzi. De-a lungul istoriei scrise a vechii engleze, aceasta și-a păstrat o structură sintetică mai degrabă apropiată de cea a limbii proto-indo-europene, adoptând convențiile saxonei de vest, în timp ce engleza orală a devenit din ce în ce mai analitică în natura sa, pierzând sistemul complex al cazurilor și bazându-se mai mult pe prepoziții și ordine fixă a cuvintelor pentru a transmite sensurile. Acest fenomen devine evident de-a lungul perioadei „englezei de mijloc”, când literatura era până la un punct redactată cu variațiunile dialectale orale aproape intacte, după ce vechea engleză și-a pierdut statutul de limbă literară a nobilimii. Se afirmă că dezvoltarea timpurie a limbii a fost influențată de substratul celt. Mai târziu, a fost influențată de limba nord-germanică înrudită cu nordica veche, vorbită de vikingii care s-au stabilit în principal pe coasta de nord și est, ajungând până la Londra , în regiunea cunoscută ca „ Danelaw ”. Cucerirea Angliei de către normanzi , în 1066 , a influențat profund evoluția limbii. Timp de aproximativ 300 de ani după cucerire, normanzii au vorbit anglo-normanda , o limbă apropiată de franceza veche, ca limbă oficială la Curte, în drept și administrație. Un număr foarte mare de cuvinte normande s-au strecurat în engleza veche, în special în domeniile legale și administrative, dar și în cuvinte din vocabularul de bază, precum mutton (carne de miel) sau beef (carne de vită). Mai târziu, multe cuvinte au fost împrumutate direct din latină sau greacă , lăsând un vocabular paralel care a ajuns până în zilele noastre. Influența normandă a dat naștere la ceea ce azi se cheamă „engleza de mijloc”. De-a lungul secolului al XV-lea , engleza de mijloc a fost transformată de „marea rocadă a vocalelor”, de răspândirea prestigiosului dialect sud-estic la Curte, în administrație și în viața academică, și de efectul uniformizator al imprimării. În anul 1476 , William Caxton a introdus tiparul în Anglia, iar până în anul 1640 erau 20.000 de scrieri tipărite în limba engleză. Aceast lucru a avut o mare importanță în răspândirea unei engleze standardizate, uniformizate, pe tot teritoriul Angliei. Renașterea , Shakespeare , creșterea Angliei ca forță la nivel mondial și epoca de aur a coloniilor engleze în lume, dezvoltarea modalităților de transport (tren, vapor etc.) și de acces la informație (ziare, literatură etc.) au avut influențe puternice asupra limbii engleze și au contribuit la formarea și transformarea ei în ceea ce cunoaștem azi. Clasificare și limbi înrudite Limba engleză aparține sub-ramurii vestice a ramurii germanice aparținând familiei de limbi indo-europene . Întrebarea privind care este limba cea mai înrudită cu engleza nu are un răspuns sigur. Aparte de limbile „creole”, cu împrumuturi din engleză, precum tok pisin , scots (vorbită în special în Scoția și părți din Irlanda de Nord ), nu este o limbă galică, ci face parte din familia de limbi anglice: atât scots, cât și engleza modernă provin din engleza veche, cunoscută și ca „anglo-saxonă”. Ruda cea mai apropiată a englezei, după scots, este frizona, vorbită în nordul Țărilor de Jos și nord-vestul Germaniei. Alte limbi vest-germanice mai puțin înrudite sunt: germana , saxona joasă, neerlandeza și afrikaans . Limbile nord-germanice din Scandinavia sunt mai puțin apropiate de engleză decât cele vest germanice. Multe cuvinte franceze sunt inteligibile pentru un vorbitor de engleză (deși pronunția poate fi diferită), deoarece engleza a absorbit un număr mare de cuvinte din normandă și franceză , datorită cuceririi normande și apoi unor împrumuturi din franceză în secole mai târzii. Drept urmare, o parte importantă din vocabularul englez este derivată din franceză, cu diferențe minore de ortografie (terminații, folosirea ortografiei din franceza veche etc.), precum și diferențe ocazionale de semantică – așa-numiții faux amis , sau „prieteni falși”. Peste 380 de milioane de oameni vorbesc engleza ca limbă maternă. Engleza este astăzi, probabil, a treia limbă ca număr de vorbitori nativi, după chineza mandarină și spaniolă . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Cu toate acestea, combinând vorbitorii nativi cu cei non-nativi, este probabil cea mai vorbită limbă din lume, deși pe locul doi dacă luăm în considerație combinația limbilor chineze, depinzând dacă variantele de chineză sunt considerate dialecte sau limbi de sine stătătoare. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Estimările care includ engleza ca limbă străină variază de la 470 de milioane la peste un miliard, depinzând de standardele folosite pentru a stabili nivelul și gradul de alfabetizare atins în limba respectivă. [ 8 ] Conform unor surse, numărul celor care vorbesc engleza ca limbă străină este de trei ori mai mare decât cel al vorbitorilor nativi. [ 9 ] Țările cu cele mai mari populații de vorbitori nativi de engleză sunt, în ordine descendentă: Statele Unite (225 milioane), [ 10 ] Marea Britanie (56,6 milioane), [ 11 ] Canada (19,4 milioane), [ 12 ] Australia (16,5 milioane), [ 13 ] Africa de Sud (4,89 milioane), [ 14 ] Irlanda (4,27 milioane) [ 15 ] și Noua Zeelandă (3,82 milioane). [ 16 ] Țări precum Jamaica și Nigeria au de asemenea milioane de vorbitori nativi ale unor dialecte care variază de la o creolă bazată pe engleză la o versiune aproape standard a englezei. Dintre acele țări unde engleza este vorbită ca limbă secundară, India are cei mai mulți vorbitori, iar profesorul de lingvistică David Crystal susține că, dacă se adună vorbitorii nativi și cei non-nativi, India are cel mai mare număr de oameni care vorbesc sau înțeleg engleza. [ 17 ] După India se află Republica Populară Chineză . [ 18 ] Engleza nu este limbă oficială nici în Statele Unite, [ 19 ] [ 20 ] nici în Regatul Unit. [ 21 ] Deși guvernul federal american nu are limbi oficiale, engleza are statut oficial în guvernele a 31 din cele 50 de state constituente. [ 22 ] Engleza ca limbă globală Competență foarte mare Competență mare Competență moderată Competență scăzută Competență foarte scăzută Deoarece engleza este atât de răspândită, a fost numită deseori „limbă globală” sau „ lingua franca ” a epocii moderne. [ 23 ] Cu toate că engleza nu este limbă oficială în multe țări, este în prezent limba cea mai studiată ca limbă secundară din lume. Unii lingviști consideră că nu mai este semnul cultural exclusiv al „vorbitorilor nativi de engleză”, ci mai degrabă o limbă care absoarbe aspecte ale unor culturi din întreaga lume, pe măsură ce influența ei se extinde. Este, prin tratat internațional, limba oficială pentru comunicațiile aeriene și maritime, precum și una din limbile oficiale ale Uniunii Europene , ale Națiunilor Unite și a majorității organizațiilor atletice internaționale, incluzând aici Comitetul Olimpic Internațional . Engleza este limba cea mai studiată ca limbă străină în Uniunea Europeană (de către 89% dintre elevi), [ 24 ] urmată fiind de franceză (32%), germană (18%) și spaniolă (8%). În Uniunea Europeană, o mare parte din populație pretinde că poate conversa la un anumit nivel în engleză. Dintre țările non-anglofone, un procentaj important din populație a afirmat că poate conversa în engleză, în următoarele țări: Țările de Jos (87%), Suedia (85%), Danemarca (83%), Luxemburg (66%), Finlanda (60%), Slovenia (56%), Austria (53%), Belgia (52%) și Germania (51%). Norvegia și Islanda prezintă, de asemenea, o majoritate de vorbitori competenți ai englezei. Cărți, reviste și ziare scrise în engleză se pot găsi în multe țări de pe Glob. Engleza este de asemenea cea mai folosită limbă în științe. [ 23 ] În 1997, Indexul de Citare a Științelor a informat că 95% din articolele sale erau scrise în engleză, [ 25 ] cu toate că numai jumătate aparțineau unor autori din țări anglofone. Răspândire geografică Teritoriu Vorbitori L1 [ 26 ] Vorbitori L2 [ 26 ] Africa de Sud 4.890.000 11.000.000 Anguilla 950 Antigua și Barbuda 66.000 Aruba 9.000 35.000 Australia 16.500.000 3.500.000 Bahamas 260.000 28.000 Bahrain 10.500 Barbados 262.000 13.000 Belize 184.000 56.000 Bermuda 63.000 Bonaire 300 Botswana 34.400 630.000 Brunei 10.000 134.000 Camerun 7.700.000 Canada 19.400.000 7.000.000 Curaçao 4.100 Dominica 10.000 60.000 Emiratele Arabe Unite 100 Estonia 880 647.000 Etiopia 1.870 170.000 Fiji 6.000 170.000 Filipine 20.000 40.000.000 Gambia 1.000 40.000 Ghana 1.400.000 Gibraltar 28.000 2.000 Grenada 750 Guam 63.200 100.000 Guernsey 62.500 Guyana 650.000 30.000 Honduras 31.500 Hong Kong 238.000 2.200.000 India 350.000 200.000.000 Insula Man 85.000 Insula Norfolk 1.680 Insulele Cayman 50.000 Insulele Cook 680 17.000 Insulele Mariane de Nord 6.820 65.000 Insulele Marshall 23.200 60.000 Insulele Solomon 10.000 165.000 Insulele Turks și Caicos 920 Insulele Virgine Americane 98.000 15.000 Insulele Virgine Britanice 20.000 Irlanda 4.270.000 275.000 Israel 103.000 Jersey 59.500 Kenya 2.700.000 Kiribati 490 23.000 Lesotho 500.000 Liban 5.170 Liberia 74.000 2.500.000 Malaezia 380.000 7.000.000 Malawi 16.000 540.000 Malta 16.200 360.000 Marea Britanie 56.600.000 1.500.000 Mauritius 5.900 200.000 Montserrat 100 Namibia 129.000 300.000 Nauru 710 10.700 Nepal 2.030 7.000.000 Nigeria 60.000.000 Niue 160 510 Noua Zeelandă 3.820.000 150.000 Pakistan 12.500 17.000.000 Palau 2.870 18.000 Papua Noua Guinee 150.000 3.000.000 Puerto Rico 100.000 1.840.000 Republica Dominicană 8.000 Rwanda 20.000 Saba 1.190 Saint-Barthélemy 100 Saint-Martin 5.000 Saint Pierre și Miquelon 190 Samoa 200 93.000 Samoa Americană 2.000 65.000 Seychelles 3.000 30.000 Sfânta Lucia 1.600 40.000 Sfântul Cristofor și Nevis 200 Sfântul Vicențiu și Grenadinele 400 Sierra Leone 500.000 4.400.000 Singapore 1.100.000 2.000.000 Sint Eustatius 1.900 Sint Maarten 5.000 Sri Lanka 10.000 1.900.000 Statele Federate ale Microneziei 4.000 60.000 Statele Unite ale Americii 225.000.000 25.600.000 Swaziland 7.500 50.000 Tanzania 4.000.000 Tokelau 670 Tonga 1.020 30.000 Trinidad și Tobago 1.300.000 Tuvalu 800 Țările de Jos 15.000.000 Uganda 2.500.000 Vanuatu 1.900 120.000 Zambia 110.000 1.800.000 Zimbabwe 250.000 5.300.000 Total 339.370.920 603.163.010 Dialecte și varietăți regionale Expansiunea Imperiului Britanic și – de la al Doilea Război Mondial – dominația Statelor Unite au avut drept rezultat răspândirea englezei pe Glob. Datorită acestei răspândiri globale, s-au dezvoltat diverse dialecte ale englezei, precum și limbi creole bazate pe engleză. Varietățile majore ale englezei includ, în cele mai multe cazuri, mai multe subvarietăți, precum argoul Cockney în cadrul englezei britanice ; engleza Newfoundland în cadrul englezei canadiene; și engleza vernaculară afro-americană, precum și engleza sud-americană, în cadrul englezei americane . Engleza este o limbă pluricentrică, lipsită de o autoritate lingvistică centrală, cum de exemplu pentru Franța este Académie française ; și, cu toate că nici o varietate nu este considerată cea standard, există unele accente care au mai mult prestigiu, cum ar fi RP – Received Pronunciation – în engleza britanică. Scots s-a dezvoltat – în mare parte independent – pornind de la aceleași origini, dar în urma Actelor de Uniune din 1707 a început un proces de atrițiune, în care generațiile succesive au început să adopte tot mai multe caracteristici din engleză, cauzând o dialectalizare. Dacă este o limbă separată sau un dialect al englezei („engleza scoțiană”) se dezbate în prezent. Pronunția, gramatica și lexicul formelor tradiționale sunt distincte, uneori fundamental, de alte varietăți ale englezei. Așa cum engleza a împrumutat cuvinte din multe limbi de-a lungul istoriei sale, împrumuturi din engleză există acum în multe dintre limbile lumii, indicând influența tehnologică și culturală a vorbitorilor ei. Mai multe limbi creole s-au format având engleza ca bază, precum jamaicana patois, pidginul nigerian sau tok pisin . Există cuvinte în engleză pentru a descrie diversele forme pe care le adoptă limbile non-engleze care conțin cuvinte englezești într-o proporție semnificativă. Franglais , de exemplu, este folosit pentru a descrie limba franceză vorbită cu multe cuvinte englezești; se găsește în Insulele Canalului . Altă variantă, vorbită în regiunile bilingve ale Québecului , este numită Frenglish . Fonologie Vocale monoftongi RP GA cuvânt [iː] [i] n ee d [ɪ] b i d [e] [ɛ] b e d [æ] b a ck RP GA cuvânt [iː] [i] n ee d [ɪ] b i d [e] [ɛ] b e d [æ] b a ck monoftongi RP GA cuvânt ( [ɪ] ) [ɨ] ros e s [ə] comm a [ɜː] [ɜr] b ir d [ʌ] b u t RP GA cuvânt ( [ɪ] ) [ɨ] ros e s [ə] comm a [ɜː] [ɜr] b ir d [ʌ] b u t monoftongi RP GA cuvânt [uː] [u] f oo d [ʊ] g oo d [ɔː] [ɔ] p aw [ɒ] cl o th [ɑ] b o x [ɑː] br a RP GA cuvânt [uː] [u] f oo d [ʊ] g oo d [ɔː] [ɔ] p aw [ɒ] cl o th [ɑ] b o x [ɑː] br a diftongi RP GA cuvânt [eɪ] b ay [əʊ] [oʊ] r oa d [aɪ] cr y [aʊ] c ow [ɔɪ] b oy RP GA cuvânt [eɪ] b ay [əʊ] [oʊ] r oa d [aɪ] cr y [aʊ] c ow [ɔɪ] b oy Consoane bilabială labio-dentală dentală alveolară postalveolară palatală velară glotală labio-velară explosivă [p b] [t d] [k ɡ] nazală [m] [n] [ŋ] fricativă [f v] [θ ð] [s z] [ʃ ʒ] [x] [h] africată [tʃ dʒ] sonantă [ɹ] [j] [w] aproximantă laterală [l] Reguli de pronunție Gramatică Învățarea eficientă a limbii engleze nu va funcționa fără cunoștințe de gramatică. Aceasta este regula pe care se bazează limba engleză. Fără aceste cunoștințe, este imposibil să fie înțelese textele, precum și să fie construite propoziții. [ 27 ] Ortografie În comparație cu alte limbi în care reprezentarea în scris a unui sunet este regulat, în limba engleză un anumit sunet poate fi scris în mai multe variante. Această neregularitate se datorează atât istoriei complexe a limbii engleze, dar și faptului că de-a lungul timpului nu a fost implementată nicio reformă de ortografie sistematică. [ 28 ] Pe lângă aceste aspecte, sunt anumite diferențe în ortografia cuvintelor depinzând de regiuni și țări, și anume (în termeni generali) între ortografia în cadrul englezei americane și englezei britanice . În Statele Unite , Canada și în alte țări care au fost puternic influențate de Statele Unite se vorbește (și se scrie) engleza americană; în timp ce în Marea Britanie și restul de peste 50 de țări care fac parte din așa-numita „British Commonwealth” (precum Australia , Noua Zeelandă , Africa de Sud și așa mai departe) se vorbește și scrie engleza britanică. Diferențele există fiindcă engleza britanică a menținut modul de scriere a cuvintelor preluate din alte limbi (precum limba franceză ), în timp ce engleza americană a adaptat ortografia pentru a reflecta pronunția acestora. Deși populației din România îi este foarte cunoscut accentul american, datorită filmelor hollywoodiene, de obicei în cadrul cursurilor de limba engleză (atât în cadrul învățământului de stat cât și particular) se predă engleza britanică și implicit ortografia aferentă. Diferențele se pot observa în cinci cazuri: [ 29 ] terminația „-our” (engleza britanică) se transformă în „-or” (engleza americană): colour – color (culoare); terminația „-ise” sau „-isation” (engleza britanică) se transformă în „-ize”, respectiv „-ization” (engleza americană): organisation – organization (organizație); terminația „-re” (engleza britanică) este transformată în „-er” (engleza americană): centre – center (centru, miez); în cazul unor cuvinte care au terminația „-ed” ori „-ing”, litera „l” se dublează în engleza britanică, în timp ce în cea americană nu: travelling – traveling (călătorie) și travelled – traveled (a călători); în cazul unor cuvinte care conțin diftongul „-ae” în engleza britanică, acestea rămân numai cu „-e” în cea americană: archaeology – archeology (arheologie). Numărul și originea cuvintelor Cea de-a doua ediție a Oxford English Dictionary (1933) cuprinde 600.000 de definiții, în timp ce Webster's Third New International Dictionary cuprinde 475.000 de cuvinte. În decembrie 2010, un studiu în care au colaborat Google și Harvard a arătat că limba conține 1.022.000 de cuvinte și crește la un ritm de 8.500 de cuvinte pe an. [ 30 ] Cele mai folosite cuvinte sunt în majoritate de origine germanică. Un studiu computerizat de 80.000 de cuvinte luate din vechiul Shorter Oxford Dictionary (a treia ediție), publicat în Ordered Profusion de Thomas Finkenstaedt și Dieter Wolff (1973), arată originea cuvintelor ca fiind următoarea: limbi oïl , incluzând franceza și normanda veche – 28,3%; latină , incluzând latina modernă științifică și tehnică – 28,24% limbi germanice (incluzând cuvinte moștenite direct din engleza veche, dar neincluzând cuvinte germanice provenind din elemente germanice ale francezei, latinei sau altei limbi latine) – 25%; greacă – 5,32%; fără etimologie precisă – 4,03%; derivate din nume proprii – 3,28%; toate celelalte limbi – mai puțin de 1%. Cuvintele de origine neerlandeză sunt în principal cele despre nave, cele provenind din limba nordică veche sunt în principal moștenite din anii 800–1000 d.Hr., când vikingii cuceriseră estul și nordul Angliei, în timp ce majoritatea celor de origine franceză sunt din perioada cuceririi normande (multe altele, însă, au fost adoptate în secolele XVII–XIX, când franceza era limba occidentală a politicii internaționale și a comerțului). Note ^ a b en Richard Hogg, David Denison, ed. (septembrie 2012). „English worldwide”. A History of the English Language . Cambridge University Press. pp. 420–439. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511791154 . ISBN 9780511791154 . .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em} ^ en „Interesting facts about languages” . BBC . ^ „Limba engleză” . greenforest.com.ua. ^ en „Top 100 Languages by Population” . Ethnologue . februarie 1999. ^ en „Languages” . CIA World Factbook . Arhivat din original la 7 martie 2014 . Accesat în 16 octombrie 2007 . ^ en „The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages” . Saint Ignatius High School . Arhivat din original la 27 septembrie 2011 . Accesat în 16 octombrie 2007 . ^ en Victor H. Mair, ed. (septembrie 1991). „What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms” (PDF) . Sino-Platonic Papers . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania (29). ^ en „English language” . The Free Dictionary by Farlex . ^ en „Not the Queen's English” . Newsweek . 6 martie 2005 . ^ en Camille Ryan. „Language Use in the United States: 2011” (PDF) . American Community Survey Reports . U.S. Census Bureau. p. 3. ^ en Simon Rogers ( 31 ianuarie 2013 ). „Census 2011: the language data visualised” . The Guardian . ^ en „Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories” . Statistics Canada . ^ en „Demographic Yearbook 2012” . United Nations Statistics Division . ^ en „Publications” . UNSD . ^ en „Europeans and their Languages” (PDF) . European Commission . iunie 2012. ^ en „2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity” . Statistics New Zealand . 15 aprilie 2014 . Arhivat din original la 2 iunie 2023 . Accesat în 30 septembrie 2016 . ^ en „Subcontinent raises its voice” . The Guardian . 19 noiembrie 2004 . ^ en Yong Zhao, Keith P. Campbell ( 1995 ). „English in China”. World Englishes . 14 (3): 377–390. ^ en Jake Flanagin ( 4 august 2015 ). „Declaring an official language in the United States is unnecessary—and un-American” . Quartz . ^ en Amy H. Liu, Anand Edward Sokhey ( 18 iunie 2014 ). „When and why do U.S. states make English their official language?” . The Washington Post . ^ en „Languages of United Kingdom” . An Ethnologue Country Report . ^ en „U.S. States with Official English Laws” . U.S. English . ^ a b en Keira Ives-Keeler ( 13 iunie 2014 ). „What's the future of English?” . British Council . Arhivat din original la 2 octombrie 2016 . Accesat în 30 septembrie 2016 . ^ en Steve Doughty ( 27 septembrie 2013 ). „English is the lingua franca of Europeans as two thirds speak the language which has squeezed out all its rivals” . Daily Mail . ^ en John Edwards ( 2011 ). Challenges in the Social Life of Language . Springer. p. 177. doi : 10.1057/9780230302204 . ISBN 978-1-349-35246-3 . (...) of the 925,000 scientific articles published in 1997, 95% were in English. ^ a b en „English” . Ethnologue . ^ „Invatand engleza” . yappicorp.com.ua. ^ en „English orthography” . Princeton University . ^ „Diferențele între țările vorbitoare de limba engleză” . Absolute School . 24 martie 2014 . Arhivat din original la 3 iulie 2014 . Accesat în 11 iunie 2014 . ^ en Richard Alleyne ( 16 decembrie 2010 ). „English language has doubled in size in the last century” . The Telegraph . Vezi și Listă de limbi Legături externe Dan Mateescu: "English Phonetics and Phonological Theory" Cum a aparut si s-a format limba engleza Dictionar englez–român online cu forum de specialitate Julian Chitta ( 21 septembrie 2010 ). „Dosarele istoriei: Latinismul britanic” . Ziare.com . Lista verbe neregulate engleză cu pronunție v d m Limbi indo-europene v d m Limbi indo-iraniene assameză • avestică • bactriană • beluciană • bengaleză • kașmiriană • dari • hindi • gujarati • kuci • kurdă • maithili • malvi • marathi • nepaleză • oriană • osețiană • pali • pamiriană • paștună • persană • punjabă • romani • saka • sanscrită • sarmată • scițiană • sindhi • singaleză • șumaști • tadjică • urdu • zazaki Limbi italice aragoneză • araneză • aromână (macedoromână) • asturiană • catalană ( valenciană ) • corsicană (galureză) • dalmată • fala • faliscă • franceză • friulană • galiciană • istroromână • italiană • ladină • ladino (iudeo-spaniolă) • latină • meglenoromână • mirandeză • neapolitană • occitană • oscă • piemonteză • portugheză • retoromană • română • sardă (campidaneză, logudoreză) • sasareză • siciliană • spaniolă • umbriană • valonă • venetă Limbi slave belarusă • bosniacă • bulgară • cașubiană • cehă • cnaanică • croată • interslavă • macedoneană • muntenegreană • polabă • poloneză • pomeraniană • rusă • sârbă • sileziană • slavă veche • slavonă • slovacă • slovenă ( limba prekmură , limba resiană ) • slovinciană • sorabă de jos • sorabă de sus • ucraineană Limbi baltice curoniană • jatviană • seloniană • zemgaliană • letonă • lituaniană • prusacă veche Limbi celtice bretonă • celtiberică • cornică • cumbrică • galațiană • galeză • galică • irlandeză • lepontină • manx • norică • pictică • scoțiană Limbi germanice afrikaans • burgundă • daneză • engleză • engleză veche (anglosaxonă) • feroeză • frizonă • gepidă • germană • luxemburgheză • gotă • gotă crimeană • idiș • islandeză • longobardă • nordică veche • norvegiană ( nynorsk , bokmål ) • neerlandeză • saxonă veche • suedeză • vandalică Limbi anatoliene cariană • hitită • liciană • lidiană • luviană • miliană • palaică • pisidiană • sidetică Altele albaneză • armeană • greacă nouă • greacă veche • limbile toharice Categorisire incertă dacă • frigiană • iliră • macedoneană veche • tracă Cu text cursiv sunt marcate limbile dispărute. v d m Limbile oficiale ale Uniunii Europene v d m bulgară • cehă • croată • daneză • engleză • estonă • finlandeză • franceză • germană • greacă • irlandeză • italiană • letonă • lituaniană • maghiară • malteză • neerlandeză • poloneză • portugheză • română • slovacă • slovenă • spaniolă • suedeză Control de autoritate BNE : XX528236 BNF : cb119308987 (data) GND : 4014777-0 HDS : 011198 LCCN : sh85043413 LNB : 000048547 NDL : 00561788 NKC : ph114056 SUDOC : 027219232 BNE : XX528236 BNF : cb119308987 (data) GND : 4014777-0 HDS : 011198 LCCN : sh85043413 LNB : 000048547 NDL : 00561788 NKC : ph114056 SUDOC : 027219232 Limba engleză Articole scrise într-un ton nepotrivit Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNE Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori BNF Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori GND Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori HDS Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LCCN Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori LNB Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NDL Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori NKC Articole Wikipedia cu identificatori SUDOC Articole Wikipedia cu control de autoritate Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 16 august 2025, ora 00:17. Acest text este disponibil sub licența Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice ; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. Vedeți detalii la Termenii de utilizare . Politica de confidențialitate Despre Wikipedia Termeni Cod de conduită Dezvoltatori Statistici Declarație cookie Versiune mobilă
|
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders" . Kyiv: CNN . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus" . CNN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?" . BBC . 26 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus" . BBC News . 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование "Медузы" и "Медиазоны" о потерях" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ... ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies . p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8 . OCLC 1292198893 . OL 32226712M . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ " Ukraine ", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 19 January 2023 ^ "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft" . BBC News . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal (ed.). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2 . On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. i, 98. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0 . OCLC 1350843759 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025" . Russia Matters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine internal displacement report: General population Survey" (PDF) . Global Crisis Response Platform . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ Asadzade, Ulviyya; Sachalko, Borys (December 2025). "Ukraine Faces Labor Shortage as Russia's War Empties Factories and Farms" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ a b Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine" . Revue Canadienne des Slavistes . 64 ( 2– 3): 207– 219. doi : 10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 . ISSN 0008-5006 . ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 18 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ Al Jazeera Staff. " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine war: President Putin speech fact-checked" . BBC News . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2025 . ^ a b Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 ( 3– 4). Taylor & Francis : 1– 19. doi : 10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911 . S2CID 249527690 . ^ a b McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe" . n-tv.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ a b Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis" . Moscow Times . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ a b Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy" . Kyiv Post . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' " . The Day . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ "Istanbul Document 1999" . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ "Interview with French Television Company France 3" . President of Russia . 7 May 2005. ^ Interfax-Ukraine (22 February 2013). "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" . Kyiv Post . ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. ^ Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. ^ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych" . BBC News . 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2025 . ^ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea" . BBC News . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2025 . ^ Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6 . ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... ^ Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea" . International Comparative Jurisprudence . 3 (1): 25– 36. doi : 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003 . ISSN 2351-6674 . ^ Gouré, Daniel (3 March 2014). "Putin's Anschluss" . Lexington Institute . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Umland, Andreas (1 November 2016). "The Glazyev Tapes: Getting to the root of the conflict in Ukraine" . European Council on Foreign Relations . ^ "Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine" . The Moscow Times . 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138– 140. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 November 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement" . Reuters . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF) . International Criminal Court . 14 November 2016. pp. 33– 38. ^ "Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF) . European Court of Human Rights . 25 January 2023. ^ "Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region" . Al Jazeera . 18 January 2018. ^ Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism" . Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor . ^ Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability . Oxford University Press . p. 129. ^ "Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?" . BBC News . 28 July 2014. ^ O'Loughlin, John (2017). "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine" . Post-Soviet Affairs . 33 (2): 124– 144. doi : 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452 . ^ "Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot" . Ukrainska Pravda . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 15 July 2024 . ^ a b Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO" . Interfax-Ukraine . 29 March 2014. ^ "New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. ^ "Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 23 December 2014. ^ "How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality" . openDemocracy . ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . ibidem. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ Hall, Stephen (18 January 2024). "Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion" . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (17 July 2024). "How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ a b c Kirby, Jason (25 February 2022). "In taking Ukraine, Putin would gain a strategic commodities powerhouse" . The Globe and Mail . ^ a b c Brewster, Murray (27 May 2022). "Natural gas, rare earth minerals: What's at stake for Ukraine in the territory Russia is trying to conquer" . CBC News . ^ a b c Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis" . Wilson Center . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . ^ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka ( Associated Press ). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' " [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] ^ "Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine" (PDF) . United States Mission to the OSCE . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "2021 trends and observations" (PDF) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood" . LSE Public Policy Review . 3 (1) 4. doi : 10.31389/lseppr.86 . ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' " . The Kremlin . Government of Russia . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022 . ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine" . Thinking about... (newsletter) . Substack . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 25 January 2021 . fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. ^ Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). "History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine" . ^ a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . Columbia University Press . pp. 17, 57. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8 . ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' " . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" " . Axios . 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight" . NATO . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). "Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?" . Brookings Institution . ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say" . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most" . Journal of Democracy . 33 (2): 18– 27. doi : 10.1353/jod.2022.0015 . ISSN 1045-5736 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine" . Associated Press . 26 January 2022. ^ a b "US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine" . El País . 2 February 2022. ^ "Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands" . Axios . 1 February 2022. ^ "U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount" . The New York Times . 26 January 2022. ^ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). "France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis" . Reuters . ^ "Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons" . Deutsche Welle . 21 August 2022. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace" . Chatham House . doi : 10.55317/9781784135782 . ^ "West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky" . France 24 . 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says" . BBC News . 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2025. ^ a b c d Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (18 February 2022). "Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. ^ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (30 November 2022). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF) . Royal United Services Institute . pp. 1– 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2025. ^ "Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" " . Kyiv Post . 2 December 2022. ^ "Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders" . Sky News . 1 December 2022. ^ "Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine" . Bloomberg News . 20 March 2022. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (26 February 2022). "Putin's miscalculation" . Politico . Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ AFP (8 March 2022). "Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance" . France 24 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ "Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine" . www.ft.com . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions" . BBC News . 22 February 2022. ^ "Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation" . Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation . Federation Council of Russia . 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine" . Meduza . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Putin declares war on Ukraine" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" . The Spectator . 24 February 2022. ^ a b "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration" . BBC News . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood" . Time . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ "Missiles rain down around Ukraine" . Reuters . 25 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. ^ Dietrich, Marc (2023). A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas . Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . CriticalThreats . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (27 February 2022). "Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol" . USNI News . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Putin" . University of Hull . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization" . Interfax-Ukraine . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . ^ a b c Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . Center for Strategic & International Studies . Retrieved 25 November 2021 . ^ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (26 February 2022). "Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ "Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages" . Associated Press News . 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . ^ a b Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region" . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (26 April 2022). "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' " . Stars and Stripes . Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (10 May 2022). "The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (31 May 2022). "Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia" . The Guardian . ^ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (28 May 2022). "Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War" . Bloomberg . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (30 May 2022). "War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' " . 19fortyfive.com . ^ "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). " 'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says" . Politico . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital" . Financial Times . 26 February 2022. ISSN 0307-1766 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv" . AP News . 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). " 'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb" . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical" . Ukrinform . 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). " "Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender" . CNN . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show" . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' " . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv" . BBC News . 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region" . BBC News . Retrieved 2 April 2022 . ^ Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ Schwirtz, Michael and Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts" . Ukrinform . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" . National Post . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk" . CNN . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). "Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday" . CNN . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Boffey, Daniel and Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' " . The Hill . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails" . UN News . 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Bennett, Dalton (7 April 2022). "In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Nick; Wilson, Jamie; Harding, Luke (18 July 2023). "Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark, ed. (25 March 2022). "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass" . London: Yahoo! Finance . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . ^ "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa" . The Straits Times . SPH Media Trust . Reuters . 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster" . NPR . 11 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end" . Radio New Zealand News . 17 April 2022. ^ a b Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "US official briefs on Russia's war effort" . BBC . 2 May 2022. ^ "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine" . CBS News Videos via Yahoo News . 6 June 2022. ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (29 June 2022). "Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ Rainford, Sarah (5 July 2022). "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture" . BBC News . ^ Cherkasov, Alexander (26 June 2022). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (in Ukrainian). Novaya Gazeta . ^ "Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South" . The New York Times . 20 July 2022. ^ "Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence" . Ukrainska Pravda . 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Axe, David (15 September 2022). "The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine" . Forbes . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Schreck, Adam (21 April 2022). "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts" . Associated Press News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. ^ Prentice, Alessandra (28 April 2022). "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' " . Reuters . Kyiv. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (1 May 2022). "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Yahoo News . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2024 . ^ "Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped" . Reuters . 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (5 May 2022). "Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ " 'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol" . NPR . 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Koshiw, Isobel (8 May 2022). " 'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. ^ Petrenko, Roman (8 May 2022). "Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city" . Yahoo News . Ukrayinska Pravda . Archived from the original on 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (8 May 2022). "Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan; and Santora, Marc (16 May 2022). "Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ Harrison, Virginia and agencies (17 May 2022). "Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands" . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ "Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender" . Reuters . Mariupol. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ a b "Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . Reuters . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2025 . ^ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). " 'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates" . USA Today . Retrieved 8 April 2022 . ^ "Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol" . NBC News . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; and Tebor, Celina (10 April 2022). "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region" . Axios . ^ "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east" . Reuters . 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Murphy, Matt (23 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies" . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ "Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader" . The Australian . 25 May 2022. ISSN 1038-8761 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say" . The Guardian . 26 May 2022. ^ Markic, Igor. "Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk" [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. Rivista Italiana Difesa (in Italian). Coop Giornalistica La Riviera . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk" . Yahoo News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas" . NBC News . 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Suliman, Adela; Pietsch, Bryan; Pannett, Rachel (2 June 2022). "Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 4 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk" . BBC News . 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (12 June 2022). "Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (13 June 2022). "Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59, 453 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. ^ Hughes, Clyde (20 June 2022). "Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle" . UPI . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (24 June 2022). "Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on" . CNN . ^ "Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine" . CBS News . 3 July 2022. ^ Jones, Sam (4 July 2022). "Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk" . The Guardian . ^ "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro" . Al Jazeera . 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2 May 2022). "Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions" . Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Lewis, Simon (28 June 2022). "Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18" . Reuters . ^ "Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine" . France 24 . 7 July 2022 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Francois (20 July 2023). "Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy" . Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP" . Charter 97 . 20 August 2022. ^ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 20 August 2022 . ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 September 2022). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Troianovski, Anton (12 September 2022). "Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. ^ "Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" . France 24 . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" " [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (21 September 2022). "Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization" . CNBC . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ " 'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities" . Financial Times . 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" . BBC News . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Lister, Tim (30 September 2022). "Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law" . CNN . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway" . NBC News . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ Asami, Terajima (4 September 2022). "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . ^ Dammers, Tobias (10 September 2022). "Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" " [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. Tagesschau (in German) . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (4 October 2022). "Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ "Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive" . Reuters . 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (9 November 2022). "Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (11 November 2022). "Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (7 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (8 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (9 September 2022). "Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Osterman, Cynthia (9 September 2022). "Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (9 September 2022). "Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance" . CNN . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media" . Euromaidan Press . 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (10 September 2022). "Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says" . Reuters . 15 September 2022. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (1 October 2022). "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ a b c "Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains" . The Moscow Times . AFP . 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 March 2023). "Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (6 April 2023). "How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Galeotti, Mark (24 May 2023). "Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?" . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (6 February 2023). "Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ "The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war" . The Independent . 13 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Grove, Thomas (24 January 2023). "Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal . p. A6. ^ "Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut" . Bloomberg.com . 22 January 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ Santora, Marc (16 February 2023). "Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 March 2023). "How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 March 2023). "Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ Axe, David (18 January 2024). " 'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down" . Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ "Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar" . The Kyiv Independent . 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar" . news360.es . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ "Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut" . The New York Times . 1 February 2023. Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . ^ "Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor" . BBC News . 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 May 2023). "The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; and Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (27 June 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown" . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (8 June 2023). "Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia" . NBC News . ^ Dettmer, Jamie (9 June 2023). "Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance" . Politico . ^ Balmforth, Tom (12 June 2023). "Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive" . Reuters . ^ "Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin" . Associated Press . 25 June 2023. ^ "Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia" . BBC News . 1 July 2023. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack" . Reuters . 13 September 2023. ^ "As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants". CBS News . 21 September 2023. ^ "Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report". Al Jazeera . ^ Stern, David L. (22 September 2023). "Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol". The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . ^ Kilner, James (23 September 2023). "Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . ^ a b Page, Lewis (12 November 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Mazurenko, Alona (30 November 2023). "Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas" . Ukrainska Pravda . ^ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (11 December 2023). "U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (4 December 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). "Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army" . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ "Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka" . France 24 . 29 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians" . The New York Times . 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Axe, David (8 March 2024). "Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day" . Forbes . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ Watling, Jack (19 February 2024). "The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage" . Time . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Kullab, Samya and Morton, Elise (25 May 2024). "Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue" . AP News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Mayer, Daryna and Talmazan, Yuliya (17 May 2024). "Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea" . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Dress, Brad (7 June 2024). "US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over' " . The Hill . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Barnes, Joe (24 April 2024). "Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned" . The Telegraph . ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ Santora, Marc (14 May 2024). "How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians" . The New York Times . ^ "Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks" . Euromaidan Press . 7 April 2024. ^ "Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances" . Al Jazeera . 4 July 2024. ^ "Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting" . Reuters . 4 July 2024. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Struck, Julia (7 July 2024). "Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches" . Kyiv Post . ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ "The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front" . Meduza . 26 July 2024. ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Méheut, Constant (7 August 2024). "Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. ^ Farrell, Francis (8 August 2024). "Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil" . Kyiv Independent . ^ Méheut, Constant (15 August 2024). "Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says" . The New York Times . ^ "Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities" . Associated Press . 16 August 2024. ^ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (17 August 2024). "How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia" . CNN . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (31 August 2024). "Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault" . The Washington Post . ^ Evans, Angelica (6 February 2025). "Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (21 January 2025). "Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk" . Hudson Institute . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ O'Grady, Siobhán; Ebel, Francesca; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Morgunov, Serhiy; Korolchuk, Serhii (11 August 2025). "Ukraine invaded Russia, seizing land it hoped to trade. It couldn't hold on" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Johnson, Lizzie; Korolchuk, Serhii; Galouchka, Anastacia; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Ram, Ed; Chen, Yutao; Ledur, Júlia; Sand, Bishop (8 September 2025). "Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. ^ a b Miller, Christopher (30 August 2024). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences" . FT . Archived from the original on 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2024 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (22 August 2024). "Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east" . The Washington Post . ^ "The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town" . The Economist . 22 August 2024. ^ "Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine" . Associated Press . 22 August 2024. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2024 . Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (18 September 2024). "Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2024 . Retrieved 18 September 2024 . ^ "Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say" . Reuters . 24 September 2024. ^ Kilner, James (1 October 2024). "Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Harding, Luke (2 October 2024). "Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2024 . ^ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (30 October 2024). "Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2024 . ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (1 November 2024). "As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. ^ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (29 November 2024). "Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia" . AP News . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (3 January 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 3, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Eckel, Mike (3 January 2025). "Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says" . Reuters . 15 February 2025. ^ "Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine" . AP News . 26 January 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 2, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 2 February 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2025. ^ Basmat, Dmytro (18 February 2025). "Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ Jones, Seth G.; McCabe, Riley (11 August 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "UN warns of record civilian casualties in Ukraine" . UN News . 10 July 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 28 August 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (2 September 2025). "Putin's failed summer offensive shatters the myth of inevitable Russian victory" . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russia's summer offensive in Ukraine underwhelms – but Kyiv won't be celebrating" . CNN . 29 June 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Nov. 12, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia deploys 170,000 troops for push in Ukraine's Donetsk region, Zelenskyy says" . AP News . 31 October 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia in Review, Nov. 7–14, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Landale, James (1 November 2025). "Key town faces 'multi-thousand' Russian force, top Ukraine commander admits" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Osborn, Andrew (2 December 2025). "Russia says before talks with US it has fully captured city of Pokrovsk, Ukraine denies it" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 December 2025). "Ukrainians raise flag to show BBC the fight goes on in city claimed by Russia" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T (12 December 2025). "Russian forces 'completely cut off' from Kupiansk, says Ukrainian commander" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Dysa, Yuliia (12 December 2025). "Zelenskiy visits Kupiansk as Ukraine retakes parts of frontline town" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Noonan, Fiona (16 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 15, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ a b c Lough, John (10 November 2025). "Ukraine's best defence against Putin's energy war is more attacks on Russia's oil refining sector" . www.chathamhouse.org . London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved 20 November 2025 . ^ UK Parliament Library, Ukraine Update, October 2025. ^ Christou, William (8 November 2025). "Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian energy facilities kill at least seven" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Kirichenko, David (1 October 2025). "Russia's Fuel Crisis Deepens As Kremlin Warns Gas Station Owners" . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 May 2022). "Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Shuster, Simon (26 September 2022). "Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War" . Time . Retrieved 10 September 2023 . ^ a b "Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects" . Congressional Research Service. 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Hodge, Nathan (11 April 2022). "Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?" . CNN . ^ Ryan, Mick (10 September 2023). "The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?" . ABC . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Deliso, Meredith (8 May 2022). "Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ "Вооруженные силы Украины атаковали Миллерово «Точкой-У»" [Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U]. Rostov Gazeta (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Insinna, Valerie (19 September 2022). "It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals" . Breaking Defense . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (22 October 2022). "Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure" . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10" . The Kyiv Independent . 25 November 2022 . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ Boffey, Daniel (6 June 2025). " 'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bego, Katja (5 June 2025). "Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention" . Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (5 June 2025). "Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Gozzi, Laura (2 June 2025). "How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bondar, Kateryna (3 June 2025). "How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare" . CSIS . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?" . NBC News . 7 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2 June 2025). "Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 31 July 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ Cheetham, Joshua (11 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ Sands, Leo (7 September 2022). "Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Kirby, Paul (16 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts" . BBC News . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 August 2022). "Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (11 October 2022) [8 October 2022]. "Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3" . The New York Times . eISSN 1553-8095 . ISSN 0362-4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (16 July 2023). "Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia" . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ Goldsmith, Adam (3 June 2025). "Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine" . Associated Press News . 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ Impelli, Matthew (6 October 2022). "Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ "Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine" . Al-Arabiya . 8 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (16 October 2022). "Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say" . The Washington Post . ^ "Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions" . BBC News . 18 October 2022. ^ a b Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (16 October 2022). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . ^ "European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 5 November 2022 . ^ Atwood, Kylie (1 November 2022). "Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say" . CNN . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far" . Al Jazeera . 17 November 2022. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 March 2023). "Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks". The New York Times . ^ "UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective" . The Kyiv Independent . 1 December 2022. ^ Cranny-Evans, Sam (24 June 2024). "Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack" . Bellingcat . 9 July 2024. ^ Arhirova, Hanna (11 July 2024). "Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer" . AP . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (8 July 2024). "Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43" . CNN . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (8 July 2024). "Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital" . CBC News . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (8 July 2024). "Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey" . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (25 February 2022). "Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities" . Jane's Defence Weekly . ^ "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island" . The Maritime Executive . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news" . CNN . Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. ^ Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in" . The Times . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Saul, Jonathan (12 March 2022). "UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ Pedrozo, Raul (12 April 2022). "Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts" . West Point . United States Military Academy . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO . International Maritime Organization . 28 March 2022. Circular Letter No.4543 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live" . The Guardian . 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 April 2022 . ^ "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship" . The Free Press Journal . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Forgey, Quint (14 April 2022). "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship" . Politico . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media" . BBC News . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv" . Reuters . ^ "US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva" . ABC News . 6 May 2022. ^ "Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports" . Yahoo! News . Ukrainska Pravda . 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ "Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul" . Le Monde . 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage," , 26 December 2023, Reuters ; video and transcript on YouTube ; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 26 December 2023, Fox News , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate," , 26 December 2023, The Wall Street Journal , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike" . The Telegraph . 1 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Greenall, Robert (1 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' " . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Goryashko, Sergey (14 February 2024). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast" . Politico . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance" . Vox . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Doubek, James (1 March 2022). "Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military" . NPR . ^ Bella, Timothy (26 February 2022). "Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia" . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force" . YES! Magazine . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Voitovych, Olga (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest" . CNN International . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere" . The Economist . 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Judah, Tim (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders" . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now" . The Kyiv Independent . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (18 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ "What is the Real Cost and Benefit of Ukrainian Attacks on Russian Refining?" . Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Komuves, Anita; Dvorakova, Vera (22 August 2025). "Ukrainian attack suspends Russian oil flows to Hungary, Slovakia" . Reuters . Kyiv/Budapest: Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "Scholz zu Russland-Sanktionen: Deutschland stoppt Nord Stream 2" [Scholz on Russia sanctions: Germany stops Nord Stream 2]. ZDFheute (in German). Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (21 August 2025). "(S+) Nord Stream: Mutmaßlicher Angreifer auf Ostseepipelines gefasst" . Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349 . Retrieved 21 August 2025 . ^ "EU adopts 18th package of sanctions against Russia" . ec.europa.eu . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "EU imposes new sanctions on Russia's oil and banks after Robert Fico lifts his veto" . euronews.com . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "Russia says Ukraine 'virtually destroys' gas infrastructure in Sudzha" . Reuters . Moscow: Thomson Reuters. 28 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "More than 100,000 Ukrainian homes lose power after Russia targets energy sites" . France 24 . 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia says it put out fire at large oil refinery after latest Ukrainian drone attack" . Reuters . 25 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 August 2025). "Frustrated Russians grapple with fuel crisis as Ukraine attacks oil refineries" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia's oil and fuel export revenue fell in August, IEA says" . reuters.com . 11 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ Tan, Huileng (11 September 2025). "Putin's energy fix for drone-hit Russia: Dig up more coal" . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ "Drones strike Russia's major export-oriented oil refinery" . Bloomberg . 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 14 September 2025 – via Business Line . ^ a b Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . NATO . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (20 March 2024). "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts" . CNN . ^ a b Wolf, Zachary (21 September 2023). "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone" . CNN . ^ a b c "How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?" . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 September 2024. ^ Mills, Claire (12 May 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" . House of Commons Library . ^ "How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works" . Lawfare . 16 July 2024. ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War" . The New York Times . 22 June 2023. ^ Brunnstrom, David (19 September 2024). "Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit" . The Guardian . 26 April 2022. ^ Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2024). "Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines" . Atlantic Council . ^ "Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops" . Al Jazeera English . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Stezhensky, Alex (3 May 2025). "Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate" . New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Brown, Larisa (2 May 2025). "Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win" . www.thetimes.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2025 . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Najibullah, Farangis; Dobrynin, Sergei (8 March 2025). "How Important Is US Intelligence For Ukraine's War Effort?" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Murauskaite, Egle E. "U.S. Assistance to Ukraine in the Information Space: Intelligence, Cyber, and Signaling" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Vincent, Elise; Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 March 2025). " "Pause" of US intelligence sharing with Ukraine poses unprecedented challenges for allies" . Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Hudson, John; Dixon, Robyn (11 March 2025). "U.S. lifts pause on Ukraine aid as Kyiv agrees to ceasefire proposal" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "U.S.-Ukraine Intelligence Sharing: A Conversation with Calder Walton" . Belfer Center . 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Pancevski, Bojan; Ward, Alexander; Seligman, Lara (1 October 2025). "U.S. to Provide Ukraine With Intelligence for Missile Strikes Deep Inside Russia" . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Holland, Steve; Slattery, Gram (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia, say reports" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Balmforth, Tom (22 November 2025). "Exclusive: US threatens to cut intel, weapons to press Ukraine into peace deal, sources say" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Dariia, Mykailenko (15 January 2026). "France Supplies Majority of Intelligence Ukraine Uses in War With Russia, Macron Says" . UNITED24 Media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Macron: Coalition of the Willing provides 100% military support to Ukraine" . www.ukrinform.net . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia" . AP News . 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 23 July 2024 . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . ^ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine . Vol. 6. Instytut Europy Środkowej. hdl : 1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3 . ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2 . ^ "Putin's Strategic Failure" . IISS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. "Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" . SSRN 4048994 . ^ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (10 May 2024). Personalism and Personalist Regimes . Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6 . ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). Armed Conflict Survey 2023 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5 . ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... ^ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (12 December 2024). The Armed Conflict Survey 2024 . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5 . ^ "White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine" . Sun Sentinel . 9 June 2023 . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ "Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles" . Reuters . 21 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 14 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Axe, David. "Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases" . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ "Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says" . Politico . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). "North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ "US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia" . Reuters . 15 October 2024 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). "North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). "Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials" . Evening Standard . ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . CNA . 22 October 2024. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . TRT World . 23 October 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). "North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors' " . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). "US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . ^ "Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says" . The Guardian . 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 October 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (28 October 2024). "No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia" . Al Jazeera . 28 October 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk" . Kyiv Post . 7 November 2024 . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ Kang, Taejun (13 November 2024). "US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine" . Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces" . Reuters . 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 November 2024). "Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Vergun, David (18 November 2024). "North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting" . U.S. Department of Defence . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ Zimko, Oleksandra (24 November 2024). "DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ "Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive" . RBC-Ukraine . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ "2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel" . Kyiv Post . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . ^ "North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says" . Reuters . ^ "A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces" . AP News . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea" . BBC News . 19 December 2024 . Retrieved 21 December 2024 . ^ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (10 December 2024). "Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict" . Articles of War . Lieber Institute . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ "Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy" . Radio Free Asia . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front" . Reuters . 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T. (27 January 2025). "North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 January 2025). "Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs" . Politico . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Harding, Luke (18 January 2025). "Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 January 2025 . Retrieved 19 January 2025 . ^ Harvey, Lex (27 March 2025). "North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Munster, Ben (26 April 2025). "Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance" . Politico . Retrieved 26 April 2025 . ^ "North Korea to send military construction workers, deminers to rebuild Russia's Kursk region" . AFP . 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Mackenzie, Jean (12 August 2025). "North Koreans tell BBC they are being sent to work 'like slaves' in Russia" . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Shidore, Sarang (31 August 2023). "The Return of the Global South" . Foreign Affairs . ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). " 'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia" . Politico . ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources" . Kyodo News . 18 March 2023. ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate" . EU Observer . ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say" . Reuters . 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 July 2025). "Adversary Entente Task Force Update, July 16" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Walsh, Nick Paton and Davey-Attlee, Florence (19 February 2024). "The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2024 . ^ "Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee" . FP News . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (4 September 2024). "Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal" . Financial Times . ^ Slattery, Gram (24 July 2025). "Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "Slovakia and Hungary reject EU plan to phase out Russian gas by end-2027" . Reuters . 7 May 2025. ^ "How the West is helping Russia to fund its war on Ukraine" . 29 May 2025. ^ "The EU's continued trade with Russia undermines its support for Ukraine – EUROPP" . 9 October 2024. ^ Cook, Chris; Sheppard, David (24 September 2023). "Russia dodges G7 price cap sanctions on most of its oil exports" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . ^ Saul, Jonathan; Verma, Nidhi; Verma, Nidhi (26 May 2023). "Exclusive: Lloyd's Register drops ships of top Indian carrier of Russian oil" . Reuters . ^ "How Dubai became 'the new Geneva' for Russian oil trade" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China" . pravda.com.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Creel, Katherine; Yano, Shoji. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar ^ "Three years into war, US and Europe keep billions in trade with Russia" . Reuters . 6 August 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ Hamourtziadou, Lily (1 February 2023). "Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed" . The Conversation . ^ Kirby, Paul (13 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll" . BBC News . ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?" . Fortune . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 8 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends" . Ukrinform . 29 March 2022. ^ " 'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb" . BBC News . 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. ^ "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL" . Meduza . 12 October 2022. ^ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2022 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (25 June 2024). "Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements" . The Times . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer" . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies" . Ukrinform . 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (11 April 2022). "Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says" . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ " 'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers" . The Japan Times . 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. ^ "At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" . C.D. Howe Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2023 . ^ "The Cost of War to Ukraine" . The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies . Retrieved 8 October 2023 . ^ "Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death" . AP News . 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead" . Agence France-Presse republished in France 24 . 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ " "Our City Was Gone": Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine" . Human Rights Watch . 8 February 2024. p. 147 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks. ^ "Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 24 September 2023" . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 25 September 2023. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (11 December 2023). "Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Latypova, Leyla (17 May 2024). "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Petkova, Mariya (25 October 2022). " 'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Bessonov, Ania (4 October 2022). "Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine" . CBC . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine" . France 24 . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground" . BBC News . 4 July 2024. ^ Porter, Tom (6 December 2024). "Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them" . Business Insider . ^ "Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate" . Newsweek . 12 November 2024. ^ "120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing" . Meduza . 5 July 2024. Wikidata Q127245770 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. ^ Ivshina, Olga (30 December 2025). "Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal" . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Butt, Maira (31 December 2025). "Russian losses in Ukraine rising faster than ever, finds new analysis" . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine" . The New York Times . 24 April 2024. ^ "Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ "Country Comparisons — Death rate" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 13 September 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. ^ Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken" . Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft . ^ a b Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. August 2025 update" (PDF) . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict October 2025 update" (PDF) . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Список жертв войны в российских регионах" . 7x7 . 1 August 2023. ^ "Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024" . dw.com (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine's losses in the war" . UALosses . 21 May 2025. ^ a b c "Разрыв между городом и деревней: что известно о потерях России в Украине к декабрю" . BBC. 30 November 2025. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. "Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" . Mediazona . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 24 October 2025 . ^ "Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails" . Sky News . 16 May 2025. ^ "Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . ^ "Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit" . 17 June 2024. ^ "Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman" . 16 December 2024. ^ "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022" . Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic . 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 March 2023 . ^ "Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 28 December 2023. ^ "Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims" . The Moscow Times . 19 May 2025. ^ The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?" . The Economist . 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини . The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ "Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known" . France 24 . 17 February 2025. ^ "Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year" . USNEWS . 13 February 2025. ^ "Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories" . The New York Times . 30 October 2024. ^ Allison, George (6 November 2025). "Russian casualties exceed 1.1m since invasion says Britain" . UK Defence Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,404" . Ukrainska Pravda . 28 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers" . Moscow Times . 4 February 2025. ^ "N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul" . Yahoo News . ^ "Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine" . Euronews . 11 October 2024. ^ "About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says" . Euronews . 30 April 2025. Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect" . Associated Press . ^ "First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine" . The Guardian . 16 December 2024. "30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims" . The Kyiv Independent . 16 December 2024. ^ "Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?" . BBC News . 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF) . Ukraine . 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council . ^ "Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons" . The Guardian . 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF) . Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. ^ "Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, – Kyrylo Budanov" . Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine . 23 November 2024. ^ "UPDATE: Russian airstrike on Zaporizhzhia industrial site kills 13, injures 122" . Kyiv Independent . 8 January 2025. ^ "Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. ^ "Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says" . Reuters . 8 January 2025. ^ "UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder" . OHCHR . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians" . Forbes . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ a b "Russian authorities committed crimes against humanity targeting civilian population through drone attacks as well as war crimes of forcible transfer and deportation of civilians" . OHCHR . 28 October 2025. ^ a b "UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine" . UN News . 20 March 2024. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Stepanenko, Vasilisa; Kullab, Samya; Hanna, Arhipova (15 March 2024). "Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine" . Associated Press . ^ Hambling, David (29 December 2023). "What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Field, Matt (15 March 2024). "Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Rushton, James (6 April 2024). "Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ "2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find" . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Davies, Maia (13 January 2026). "Ukraine war: Last year was deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says" . BBC Home . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention" . Yale School of Medicine . 25 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Waterhouse, James (16 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ "On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace" . OHCHR . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ "Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading" . AP News . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (27 March 2024). "Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says" . Politico . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ "Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war" . EEAS . 16 October 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . ^ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR . 29 June 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2022 . ^ Shull, Abbie. "Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports" . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (6 July 2024). "In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2025 . ^ "Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 29 February 2024)" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . OHCHR . pp. 14– 15 . Retrieved 13 March 2025 . ^ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (12 June 2024). "FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites" . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ "US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says" . Reuters . 12 June 2024 . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina (24 March 2025). "Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 23 October 2025 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (7 August 2025). "Russia launches 'catalog' of Ukrainian children for adoption, sorted by eye and hair color" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ Vakulina, Sasha (8 August 2025). "Russia creates 'catalogue' of Ukrainian children for adoption" . euronews . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ "Russian occupation authorities publish database of Ukrainian children for adoption, sortable by hair and eye color" . Meduza . 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Cookman, Liz (8 August 2025). "Russia 'running slave catalogue of Ukrainian children to adopt' " . The Times and The Sunday Times . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (3 March 2022). "ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest" . Reuters . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. ^ "10: "World nuclear forces" ". Military Spending and Armaments, 2019 (PDF) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ Bufacchi, Vittorio (26 July 2022). "War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?" . Journal of Political Power . 16 (1): 6. doi : 10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495 . hdl : 10468/13459 . S2CID 251124184 . ^ Warburton, Moira (15 March 2022). "U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal" . Reuters . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 September 2023). "War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (28 March 2023). "Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes" . Violence . 3 (2): 281– 300. doi : 10.1177/26330024231167184 . S2CID 257852247 . ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov" . International Criminal Court . International Criminal Court . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ Roth, Andrew (25 June 2024). "ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say" . ABC . 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR" . www.unrefugees.org . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Farge, Emma (25 September 2023). "Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (16 March 2023). "UN inquiry finds" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war" . www.who.int . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System" . PHR . 7 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime" . EPP Group in the European Parliament . 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ "Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat" . Euronews . 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ a b "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 July 2022). "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (20 May 2022). "Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles" . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Ukraine" . IDMC . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight" . ABC News . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters . DW News . 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube. "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine" . Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic) . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK" . gov.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out" . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city" . BBC News . 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri" Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia]. РБК (in Russian). 6 September 2021. ^ Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. ^ Stone, Lyman (22 March 2023). "The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia" . IFStudies . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (30 March 2023). "The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population". Population, Space and Place . 29 (4) e2656. doi : 10.1002/psp.2656 . hdl : 10023/27301 . S2CID 257876682 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ a b Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023). "Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction" . WIIW . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die" . The Telegraph . 26 February 2023. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . 2022. ^ "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse" . The Economist . 4 March 2023. ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (28 February 2023). "Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia" . The RAND Blog . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" . NPR . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ "Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" . BBC News . 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Wachs, Johannes (15 May 2023). "Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . EPJ Data Science . 12 (1) 14. doi : 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 . PMC 10184088 . PMID 37215283 . ^ "The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile" . Financial Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ Sharma, Shweta (30 November 2023). "Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ Loh, Matthew (25 July 2024). "Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief" . Business Insider . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage" e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ " 'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine" . commondreams.org . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine" PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (13 June 2023). "Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine" . International Relations Review . 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Yermak, Andriy ; Wallström, Margot (16 August 2023). "Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (8 April 2024). "Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests" . Yahoo News . Retrieved 12 April 2024 . ^ Singha, Sutandra (17 December 2024). "Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change" . Chintan India foundation blog . India Foundation . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ^ "Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine" . Euroactive . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ^ de Guzman, Chad (19 May 2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave" . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2023 . ^ Tan, Huileng (22 May 2023). "Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it" . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ Chin, Yongchang (21 May 2023). "Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ "Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects" . The Guardian . The Guardian. 5 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). "US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ Harvey, Fiona (26 September 2023). " 'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (11 August 2024). "Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert" . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ O'Neil, Tyler (27 April 2022). "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' " . Fox News . ^ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says" . CNN . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Gill, Victoria (25 February 2022). "Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ " 'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" . aljazeera.com . 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" . NBC News . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ Horowitz, Julia (5 January 2022). "Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022" . CNN (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (14 March 2022). "Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says" . Reuters . ^ Porter, Richard (31 March 2022). "EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown" . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . ^ "Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says" . Reuters (Digital). 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2 March 2022). "Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ "How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?" . BBC (Digital). 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 March 2022. ^ "Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected" . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Garver, Rob (8 February 2024). "Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions" . Voice of America (Digital) . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Sonne, Paul (27 April 2024). "Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills" . New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ a b c Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (Report). Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). April 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "SITE's Torbjörn Becker briefs EU on Russia's economy and effects of sanctions" . Stockholm School of Economics . Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). 16 May 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "Китай принял первый груз санкционного российского СПГ перед визитом Путина к Си Цзиньпину" . Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). 30 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ a b Meredith, Sam (3 February 2023). "Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (8 March 2022). "EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?" . Associated Press (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Goldman, David (24 March 2022). "Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real" . CTV News . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Gavin, Gabriel (6 October 2023). "Politico" (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie (28 February 2022). "Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] ^ "Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions" . The Moscow Times . 5 January 2023. ^ Astier, Henri (14 June 2024). "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ a b "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine" . Chatham House . 3 October 2023. ^ "Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War" . Council of Councils . Council on Foreign Relations . 21 February 2024. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . ^ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (24 January 2024). "What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ Landale, James (25 February 2025). "US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine" . BBC Home . Retrieved 9 July 2025 . ^ Brennan, David (16 December 2025). "Trump-Putin Alaska summit looms large in Kremlin's Ukraine negotiating strategy" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Menon, Rajan (24 November 2025). "Trump's 'peace plan' was a pro-Kremlin abomination whose failure is a glimmer of hope for Ukraine" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Grozev, Christo; Weiss, Michael (26 November 2025). "Made in Moscow: The "U.S. peace plan" for Ukraine was substantially formulated months ago by Kremlin operative Kirill Dmitriev" . The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Bellinger, John B. III (28 February 2022). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary" . BBC News . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 February 2023 . ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts 18th package of economic and individual measures" . Council of the EU . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). "The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" . Energy Research & Social Science . 102 103150. Bibcode : 2023ERSS..10203150O . doi : 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 . ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). "Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine" . Nature Energy . 8 (4): 413– 421. Bibcode : 2023NatEn...8..413S . doi : 10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 . hdl : 11250/3106595 . ^ "Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' " . Reuters . 15 June 2023. ^ "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" . Europa (web portal). ^ "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU" . Europa (web portal). ^ Tambur, Silver (26 February 2022). "Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . Estonian world. ^ Brooks, Hannah (2 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . ^ Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). "Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion" . Financial Times . ^ Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). "Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)#cite_ref-RO_242-1
|
Portada Portal de la comunidad Actualidad Cambios recientes Páginas nuevas Página aleatoria Ayuda Notificar un error Páginas especiales Donaciones Crear una cuenta Acceder Donaciones Crear una cuenta Acceder Contenidos Inicio 1 Etimología 2 Aspectos históricos, sociales y culturales Alternar subsección Aspectos históricos, sociales y culturales 2.1 Historia 2.1.1 Orígenes 2.1.2 Inglés antiguo 2.1.3 Inglés medio 2.1.4 Inglés moderno temprano 2.2 Distribución geográfica 2.2.1 Países de habla inglesa en orden de hablantes totales 2.2.2 Países donde la mayoría de la población habla inglés 2.2.3 Inglés como lengua global 2.1 Historia 2.1.1 Orígenes 2.1.2 Inglés antiguo 2.1.3 Inglés medio 2.1.4 Inglés moderno temprano 2.1.1 Orígenes 2.1.2 Inglés antiguo 2.1.3 Inglés medio 2.1.4 Inglés moderno temprano 2.2 Distribución geográfica 2.2.1 Países de habla inglesa en orden de hablantes totales 2.2.2 Países donde la mayoría de la población habla inglés 2.2.3 Inglés como lengua global 2.2.1 Países de habla inglesa en orden de hablantes totales 2.2.2 Países donde la mayoría de la población habla inglés 2.2.3 Inglés como lengua global 3 Descripción lingüística Alternar subsección Descripción lingüística 3.1 Clasificación 3.2 Fonología 3.3 Ortografía 3.4 Gramática 3.5 Léxico 3.6 Sistema de escritura 3.1 Clasificación 3.2 Fonología 3.3 Ortografía 3.4 Gramática 3.5 Léxico 3.6 Sistema de escritura 4 Otros aspectos Alternar subsección Otros aspectos 4.1 Estatus del idioma 4.2 Los tipos de inglés más hablados en el mundo 4.3 Niveles del Inglés 4.1 Estatus del idioma 4.2 Los tipos de inglés más hablados en el mundo 4.3 Niveles del Inglés 5 Véase también 6 Referencias 7 Enlaces externos Idioma inglés Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi Rumantsch Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski தமிழ் ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Artículo Discusión Leer Editar Ver historial Leer Editar Ver historial Lo que enlaza aquí Cambios en enlazadas Subir archivo Enlace permanente Información de la página Citar esta página Obtener URL acortado Descargar código QR Crear un libro Descargar como PDF Versión para imprimir Wikimedia Commons Wikilibros Wikifunciones Wikiquote Wikiviajes Elemento de Wikidata Inglés English Hablado en Ver lista Antigua y Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belice Botsuana Camerún Canadá Dominica Estados Unidos Filipinas Fiyi Guyana India Irlanda Jamaica Jordania Kenia Kiribati Liberia Malta Nauru Nigeria Nueva Zelanda Pakistán Papúa Nueva Guinea Reino Unido Seychelles Singapur Sudáfrica Sudán Tonga Trinidad y Tobago Australia Bahamas Barbados Belice Botsuana Camerún Canadá Dominica Estados Unidos Filipinas Fiyi Guyana India Irlanda Jamaica Jordania Kenia Kiribati Liberia Malta Nauru Nigeria Nueva Zelanda Pakistán Papúa Nueva Guinea Reino Unido Seychelles Singapur Sudáfrica Sudán Tonga Hablantes 1 379 682 200 [ 1 ] Nativos 380,684,200 [ 1 ] Otros 1,500,000,000 [ 1 ] Puesto 3.º ( Ethnologue , 2013) Familia Indoeuropeo Germánico Occidental Anglo-frisón Ánglico Inglés Indoeuropeo Germánico Occidental Anglo-frisón Ánglico Escritura Alfabeto inglés ( latino ) Estatus oficial Oficial en 57 países 25 entidades no soberanas ONU Unión Europea Unión Africana Mancomunidad de Naciones Consejo de Europa OTAN TLCAN OEA Organización para la Cooperación Islámica Foro de las Islas del Pacífico UKUSA OCDE FIFA UEFA COI Códigos ISO 639-1 en ISO 639-2 eng ISO 639-3 eng Linguasphere 52-ABA Glottolog stan1293 color #346699 Países donde el inglés es el idioma nacional o el idioma nativo de la mayoría. color #99ccff Países donde el inglés es un idioma oficial u administrativo, pero no la lengua de la mayoría. [ editar datos en Wikidata ] El idioma inglés ( English ⓘ ) es una lengua germánica occidental perteneciente a la familia de lenguas indoeuropeas , que surgió en los reinos anglosajones de Inglaterra . El inglés es el idioma más hablado en el mundo [ 2 ] así como el tercer idioma con más hablantes nativos, después del chino mandarín y el español . Asimismo, el inglés es el único idioma que es oficial en los cinco continentes. Además, es el idioma principal de la angloesfera (el conjunto de naciones industrializadas de habla inglesa), y también se habla ampliamente en áreas del Caribe , África , Asia del Sur , Sudeste Asiático y Oceanía . [ 1 ] Es la lengua oficial de muchos países de la Mancomunidad de Naciones y una de las lenguas oficiales en 59 Estados soberanos. [ 3 ] Es uno de los idiomas oficiales de la Unión Europea y de las Naciones Unidas . También ha llegado a ser la lengua de facto de la diplomacia , ciencia , comercio internacional , turismo , aviación , entretenimiento y del internet . Históricamente, el inglés moderno se originó a partir de la evolución de diversos dialectos germánicos, ahora llamados de manera colectiva anglosajón , que fueron llevados a la costa oriental de Gran Bretaña por colonizadores germánicos, los anglosajones , hacia el siglo V d. C. La palabra inglés deriva del término ænglisc aplicado a los anglos . [ 4 ] El idioma inglés recibió después las influencias del nórdico antiguo debido a las invasiones vikingas en Gran Bretaña en los siglos VIII y IX . En cambio la mayoría de las palabras del inglés derivan de raíces latinas , pues esta fue la lengua franca del cristianismo y de la vida intelectual europea durante siglos. [ 5 ] Además, la conquista normanda de Inglaterra en el siglo XI dio lugar a importantes préstamos lingüísticos del idioma normando (de raíz latina), y las convenciones de vocabulario y ortografía comenzaron a darle una apariencia superficial de proximidad con las lenguas romances , [ 6 ] [ 7 ] a lo que para entonces se había convertido en el inglés medio . El gran desplazamiento vocálico que comenzó en el sur de Inglaterra en el siglo XV es uno de los hechos históricos que caracterizan la emergencia del inglés moderno a partir del inglés medio. Debido a la importante incorporación de palabras de varias lenguas europeas a lo largo de la historia, el inglés moderno contiene un vocabulario muy amplio. El Oxford English Dictionary contiene más de 250 000 palabras distintas, sin incluir muchos términos técnicos, científicos y de jergas . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Asimismo, a fecha de 2023, es considerada la lengua franca . [ 10 ] Etimología La palabra inglés deriva de los anglos , o angleis en francés antiguo , una de las tribus germánicas , originaria del área de Jutlandia , en las actuales Dinamarca y norte de Alemania, [ 11 ] que invadieron Inglaterra tras la caída del Imperio romano en el siglo V . [ 12 ] Aspectos históricos, sociales y culturales Historia El inglés es el idioma más hablado por número total de hablantes . Sin embargo, el inglés es el tercer idioma del mundo en número de hablantes que lo tienen como lengua materna (entre 300 y 400 millones de personas). [ 13 ] Pese a la existencia de otras lenguas internacionales y de idiomas internacionales planificados, como el esperanto o interlingua , que son lenguas francas neutrales aunque con menos hablantes, el inglés constituye hoy en día el principal idioma de comunicación internacional. Esto se debe al predominio de la civilización dominante, que por lo general no adopta otro idioma, sino que, por el contrario, impone el suyo con los privilegios que suponen frente al 96 % de la población mundial en la actualidad. Por una razón similar en muchos de los países europeos se hablan lenguas derivadas del latín , que fue el idioma oficial del Imperio romano . Y por estas tendencias, sobre todo las élites intelectuales pasaron del latín al francés , luego al inglés tras el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en septiembre de 1945 y se prevé que el inglés disminuya en las siguientes décadas frente a otros idiomas como el español, el árabe o el chino mandarín, entre otros. [ 14 ] Actualmente existen millones de personas que también utilizan como alternativa una lengua auxiliar neutral, sencillas por diseño y no condicionadas a cambios en las potencias mundiales. Sin embargo, según el Informe Grin , que concluye que el uso del esperanto sería la mejor solución a medio y largo plazo para la Unión Europea y sus ciudadanos, es cierto que a corto plazo supondría una inversión o gasto en campañas informativas y en los cambios del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. [ 15 ] Orígenes El inglés desciende del idioma que hablaban las tribus germánicas que migraron desde las costas del mar del Norte , en lo que actualmente son los Países Bajos , el norte de Alemania y parte de Dinamarca , hacia las islas británicas —un territorio de la misma extensión del que acabaría por ser denominado Inglaterra ( Englaland 'tierra de los anglos')—. Entre las tribus que migraron, había contingentes de anglos , frisones , jutos y sajones . Su lengua se denomina anglosajón antiguo . Según la Crónica anglosajona , alrededor del año 449, Vortigern , rey de las islas británicas, extendió una invitación a unos anglos dirigidos por Hengest y Horsa para que le ayudaran contra los pictos . A cambio, a los anglosajones se les concederían tierras en el sureste. Se buscó más ayuda, y en respuesta acudieron anglos, sajones y jutos. La crónica documenta la subsiguiente llegada de «colonos», que finalmente formaron siete reinos: Northumbria , Mercia , Anglia Oriental , Kent , Essex , Sussex y Wessex . Sin embargo, a juicio de la mayoría de los estudiosos modernos, esta historia anglosajona es legendaria y de motivación política. Inglés antiguo Estos invasores germánicos dominaron a los habitantes nativos de habla celta britónica y latina. Las lenguas que hablaban estos invasores germánicos formaron lo que se habría de llamar inglés antiguo , que era un idioma emparentado con el frisón antiguo . El inglés antiguo (también denominado anglosajón ) tuvo una fuerte influencia de otro dialecto germánico, el nórdico antiguo , hablado por los vikingos que se asentaron principalmente en el noreste de Gran Bretaña . Las palabras inglesas English (inglés) y England (Inglaterra) se derivan de palabras que se referían a los anglos : englisc y England . Sin embargo, el inglés antiguo no era un idioma unificado común a toda la isla, sino que se distinguían principalmente cuatro dialectos: mercio , northumbrio , kéntico y sajón occidental . Desde un punto de vista gramatical, el inglés antiguo presenta muchas similitudes tipológicas con las lenguas indoeuropeas antiguas, como el latín o el griego , y también el alemán moderno. Entre dichas similitudes están la presencia de caso morfológico en el nombre y la diferencia de género gramatical. El sistema verbal era de carácter sintético a diferencia del inglés moderno, que usa más la perífrasis verbal y los verbos auxiliares. Inglés medio El inglés medio de los siglos XIV y XV presenta importantes cambios tipológicos respecto al inglés antiguo. El inglés medio tipológicamente está más cercano al inglés moderno y las lenguas romances que el inglés antiguo. La principal diferencia entre el inglés medio y el inglés moderno es la pronunciación. En particular, el gran desplazamiento vocálico modificó ampliamente el inventario de vocales, produciendo diptongos a partir de numerosas vocales largas y cambiando el grado de abertura de muchos monoptongos. La influencia de la nobleza normanda francoparlante , llegada a la isla en torno a esta época, dejó también efectos en el léxico del inglés medio, que se conservan aún hoy en día. Esto da origen, por ejemplo, a la distinción entre pig (cerdo) y pork (carne de cerdo), siendo la primera de origen germano y la segunda de origen francés (las clases bajas criaban pigs que se convertían en pork para las clases altas). A partir del siglo XVIII la pronunciación del inglés ya era muy similar a la del inglés moderno. Y a partir de esa época se empezaron a producir la mayor parte de los cambios fonéticos que hoy día son la base de los dialectos modernos . Inglés moderno temprano El inglés moderno temprano ( Early Modern English ) es la forma antigua del inglés actual, como una variante del idioma anglosajón y del inglés medio en particular que se practicaba hasta ese entonces. Se trata del inglés que se hablaba principalmente durante el Renacimiento , y más comúnmente asociado al lenguaje literario de William Shakespeare . [ 16 ] Cronológicamente se sitúa entre los siglos XVI y XVIII (entre 1450 y 1700 aproximadamente) en las áreas pobladas por los anglonormandos. Se consolidó en gran medida debido al auge de las letras británicas en dicho período histórico y a los aportes de lenguas extranjeras. Se considera la fase más evolutiva y cercana al inglés de la actualidad. Distribución geográfica Aproximadamente, 375 000 000 (trescientos setenta y cinco millones) de personas hablan inglés como primer idioma . El inglés hoy en día es, probablemente, la tercera lengua más grande por número de hablantes nativos, tras el chino mandarín y español . Sin embargo, cuando se combinan los hablantes nativos y los no nativos, seguramente sea el idioma más hablado en el mundo, aunque posiblemente en segundo lugar, contando una combinación de los diversos idiomas chinos (dependiendo de si las distinciones en este último se clasifican como "lenguas" o "dialectos"). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] El inglés es una lengua pluricéntrica, lo que significa que ninguna autoridad nacional establece el estándar para el uso de la lengua. El inglés hablado, por ejemplo, el inglés utilizado en la radiodifusión, por lo general sigue los estándares de pronunciación nacionales que se establecen por costumbre y no por reglamento. Los locutores internacionales generalmente se identifican como provenientes de un país en lugar de otro a través de sus acentos, pero los guiones de los lectores de noticias también se componen principalmente en inglés escrito estándar internacional. Las normas del inglés escrito estándar se mantienen únicamente por consenso de los angloparlantes educados de todo el mundo, sin supervisión de ningún gobierno u organización internacional. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Países de habla inglesa en orden de hablantes totales País Total Porcentaje de la población Primera lengua Como una lengua adicional Población Comentario Estados Unidos 310 444 149 95 % 295 505 953 41 938 196 332 950 438 Fuente: American Community Survey: Language Use in the United States: 2007 , cuadro 1. Figura para los hablantes de segunda lengua son los encuestados que informaron que no hablan inglés en casa, pero lo saben «muy bien o bien». Las cifras corresponden a la población de 5 años de edad y mayores. No es oficial en el país, (no existe idioma oficial en él) de iure pero lo es de facto. Reino Unido 59 600 000 98 % 58 100 000 1 500 000 60 000 000 Fuente: Crystal (2005), p. 109. Canadá 35 246 220 85 % 17 694 830 7 551 390 37 639 030 Fuente: censo de 2001, Knowledge of Official Languages Archivado el 16 de octubre de 2018 en Wayback Machine . y Mother Tongue Archivado el 16 de octubre de 2018 en Wayback Machine .. La cifra de hablantes nativos comprende 122 660 personas con francés e inglés como lengua materna, además de 17 572 170 personas con inglés y no el francés como lengua materna. Australia 21 172 989 92 % 20 581 329 2 591 660 26 855 288 Fuente: censo de 2006. [ 21 ] La cifra que aparece en la primera columna del idioma que hablan inglés es en realidad el número de residentes en Australia que solo hablan inglés en casa. La columna de texto adicional muestra el número de otros residentes que dicen hablar Inglés "bien" o "muy bien". Otro 5 % de los residentes no declaró su idioma materno o de dominio del inglés. Nueva Zelanda 3 673 626 91 % 3 008 058 665 568 4 027 947 Fuente: censo de 2006. [ 22 ] Las cifras se refieren a las personas que pueden hablar inglés con fluidez suficiente para mantener una conversación cotidiana. La cifra que se muestra en la columna de la primera lengua indicando el número de personas que lo hablan como tal es en realidad el número de residentes de Nueva Zelanda que informaron de que hablaban Inglés solamente, mientras que la columna de idioma adicional muestra el número de residentes de Nueva Zelanda que informaron de que hablaban inglés como uno de dos o más idiomas. Países donde la mayoría de la población habla inglés El inglés es el idioma principal en Anguila , Antigua y Barbuda , Australia , las Bahamas , Barbados , Belice , Bermudas , Territorio Británico del Océano Índico , las Islas Vírgenes Británicas , Canadá , Islas Caimán , Dominica , las Islas Malvinas , Gibraltar , Granada , Guam , Guernsey , Guyana , Irlanda , Isla de Man , Jamaica , Jersey , Montserrat , Nauru , Nueva Zelanda , Islas Pitcairn , Santa Helena, Ascensión y Tristán da Cunha, San Cristóbal y Nieves , San Vicente y las Granadinas , Santa Lucía , Singapur , Islas Georgias del Sur y Sandwich del Sur , Trinidad y Tobago , las Islas Turcas y Caicos , el Reino Unido y los Estados Unidos . Entre los países donde el inglés no es la lengua más hablada, pero es una lengua oficial , figuran Botsuana , Camerún , los Estados Federados de Micronesia , Fiyi , Gambia , Ghana , Hong Kong , India , Kenia , Kiribati , Lesoto , Liberia , Malta , Islas Marshall , Mauricio , Namibia , Nigeria , Pakistán , Palaos , Papúa Nueva Guinea , Filipinas , Ruanda , Samoa , Seychelles , Sierra Leona , Islas Salomón , Sri Lanka , Sudán , Sudán del Sur , Suazilandia , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia y Zimbabue . También hay países en los que en alguna parte de su territorio el inglés se convirtió en una lengua cooficial, por ejemplo, Islas de la Bahía de Honduras , la Costa de Mosquitos de Honduras y Nicaragua , San Andrés y Providencia de Colombia , como resultado de la influencia de la colonización británica en la zona. El inglés es una de las doce lenguas oficiales que tienen el mismo estatus en Sudáfrica . También es el idioma oficial en los territorios dependientes actuales de Australia (la Isla Norfolk , Isla de Navidad y la Isla de Cocos ) y de los Estados Unidos ( Samoa Americana , Guam , Islas Marianas del Norte , Puerto Rico (en Puerto Rico, el inglés es cooficial con el español), y las Islas Vírgenes de los Estados Unidos ), [ 23 ] y la excolonia británica de Hong Kong . Aunque el gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos no tiene lenguas oficiales, el inglés tiene el estatus oficial de 30 de los 50 gobiernos estatales. [ 24 ] Con un estatus inferior al oficial, el inglés es también una lengua importante en varias excolonias y protectorados del Reino Unido, por ejemplo, Baréin , Bangladés , Brunéi , Chipre , Malasia y los Emiratos Árabes Unidos . Inglés como lengua global Como el inglés es ampliamente hablado, a menudo se le ha denominado «idioma del mundo», la lengua franca de la era moderna. Si bien no es un idioma oficial en la mayoría de los países, es actualmente la lengua que se enseña con más frecuencia como lengua extranjera . Por un tratado internacional, es el idioma oficial de comunicación aeronáutica, [ 25 ] y marítima. [ 26 ] El inglés es uno de los cinco idiomas oficiales de Naciones Unidas y muchas otras organizaciones internacionales, incluido el Comité Olímpico Internacional . El inglés es el idioma más estudiado en el mundo. En la Unión Europea , el grado de conocimiento es variable y según la percepción de la utilidad de las lenguas extranjeras entre los europeos el inglés está con el 67 % por delante del alemán del 17 % y el 16 % para el francés (a partir de 2012). Entre algunos de los países de habla no inglesa de la UE, los siguientes porcentajes de la población adulta afirmaban ser capaces de conversar en inglés en 2012: el 90 % en los Países Bajos, el 89 % en Malta, el 86 % en Suecia y Dinamarca, el 73 % en Chipre y Austria, el 70 % en Finlandia, y más del 50 % en Grecia, Luxemburgo, Eslovenia y Alemania. En 2012, exceptuando de los hablantes nativos, el 38 % de los europeos considera que podían hablar inglés, [ 27 ] pero solo el 3 % de los japoneses lo hablaban. [ 28 ] En muchos países de todo el mundo están disponibles libros, revistas y periódicos escritos en inglés, y el inglés es el idioma más utilizado en las ciencias. El Science Citation Index registró que ya en 1997 el 95 % de sus artículos fueron escritos en inglés, a pesar de que solo la mitad de ellos procedía de autores de los países de habla inglesa. La literatura en inglés predomina considerablemente con el 28 % de todos los volúmenes publicados en el mundo [Leclerc 2011] y el 30 % del contenido de la web en el año 2011 (del 50 % en 2000). [ 28 ] Este creciente uso del idioma inglés a nivel mundial ha tenido un gran impacto en muchos otros idiomas, lo que lleva a la sustitución de alguna lengua e incluso la muerte de las lenguas, [ 29 ] y se han producido reclamaciones de imperialismo lingüístico . [ 30 ] El inglés se muestra como uno de los idiomas más abiertos al cambio, con múltiples variedades regionales que retroalimentan a la lengua en su conjunto. [ 30 ] Descripción lingüística Las variedades del inglés son muy similares en cuanto a su pronunciación en las consonantes; la mayor parte de las variaciones se refieren a las vocales. Clasificación El inglés es una lengua indoeuropea del grupo germánico occidental . Aunque debido a la sociolingüística de las islas británicas a partir de las invasiones vikingas y la posterior invasión normanda , ha recibido importantes préstamos de las lenguas germánicas septentrionales y del francés, y gran parte de su léxico ha sido reelaborado con cultismos latinos. Las dos últimas influencias hacen que el inglés sea probablemente una de las lenguas germánicas más atípicas tanto en vocabulario como en gramática. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] El pariente lingüístico vivo más similar al inglés sin duda es el frisón , un idioma hablado por aproximadamente medio millón de personas en la provincia neerlandesa de Frisia , cercana a Alemania , y en unas cuantas islas en el mar del Norte . La similitud entre el frisón y el inglés es más clara cuando se compara el frisón antiguo con el inglés antiguo, ya que la reestructuración del inglés por las influencias extranjeras ha hecho del inglés moderno una lengua notablemente menos similar al frisón de lo que era en épocas antiguas. Fonología Inglés hablado Inglés estadounidense Inglés hablado Inglés británico Inglés hablado Inglés estadounidense Inglés hablado Inglés británico ¿Problemas al reproducir estos archivos? El inventario de consonantes del inglés consta de 25 elementos (algunas variedades de Escocia y Norteamérica llegan a las 27 al incluir 2 fricativas sordas adicionales): Labial Dental Interdental Alveolar Alv.-pal. Alv.vel. Velar Labiovelar Glotal Oclusivas / Africadas /p/ p it /tʲ/ t in /tʃ/ ch eap /k/ c ut /b/ b it /dʲ/ d in /dʒ/ j eep /ɡ/ g ut Fricativas /f/ f at /θ/ th in /s/ s ap /ʃ/ sh e /x/ * lo ch /ʍ/ * wh ich /h/ h am /v/ v at /ð/ th en /z/ z ap /ʒ/ mea s ure Nasales /m/ m ap /n/ n ap /ŋ/ ba ng Aproximantes /lʲ/ l eft /ɹ/ r un /j/ y es /ɫ/ mi l k, ca ll mi l k, ca ll /w/ w e Los fonemas con asterisco (*) solo están presentes en algunas variedades de inglés (especialmente el Inglés de Escocia y algunas variedades de Estados Unidos y Canadá), el resto son universales y aparecen en todas las variedades. Cada uno de estos fonemas puede presentar variaciones alofónicas según el contexto fonético. Por ejemplo: las oclusivas sordas suenan fuertemente aspiradas a principio de palabra y menos aspiradas precedidas de s- . Compárense pin [ pʰɪn ] / spin [ spɪn ], Kate [ kʰeɪtʲ ]/ skate [ skeɪtʲ ], tone [ tʰoʊn ] / stone [ stoʊn ] la aproximante lateral / l ʲ/ tiene un sonido "claro" (no-velarizado) en la posición de ataque silábico ( l eft [ lʲeftʲ ], b l ow [ blʲow ]) y un sonido "oscuro" (velarizado) en posición de coda silábica ( mi l k [ mɪɫk ]). Ortografía La ortografía del inglés se fijó aproximadamente hacia el siglo XV . [ 33 ] Aunque desde entonces la lengua ha sufrido importantes cambios fonéticos , especialmente en las vocales, lo cual hace que la ortografía no sea una guía segura para la pronunciación. A modo de ejemplo podemos considerar la secuencia -ea- , que tiene hasta ocho pronunciaciones [ 34 ] diferentes solo parcialmente predecibles a partir del contexto fonético. El símbolo ɚ indica el sonido /ɹ/ al final de sílaba o palabra. Por su parte, el símbolo ɝ es parecido al anterior, pero con un sonido vocal pronunciado no tan claramente. (véase Acento rótico y no rótico ). Sonido Ortografía transcripción AFI Significado [e], [ɛ] h ea d, h ea lth [ hedʲ ]/[ hɛdʲ ], [ heɫθ ]/[ hɛɫθ ] 'cabeza', 'salud' [iː] h ea p, h ea t [hiːp], [hiːtʲ] 'montón', 'calor' [ɜː], [ɝ] h ear d, h ear se [hɜːdʲ]/[hɝdʲ], [hɜːs]/[hɝs] 'oído' (de oír), 'coche fúnebre' [ɑː], [ɑɹ] h ear t, h ear ken [hɑːtʲ]/[hɑɹtʲ], [hɑːk ə n]/[hɑɹk ə n] 'corazón', 'escuchar' [ɛə], [ɛɚ] b ea r [bɛə]/[bɛɚ] 'aguantar', 'soportar'; 'oso' [ɪə], [ɪɚ] b ea rd , h ea r [bɪədʲ]/[bɪɚdʲ]; [hɪə]/[hɪɚ] 'barba', 'oír' [eɪ] br ea k, gr ea t, st ea k [bɹeɪk], [gɹeɪtʲ], [steɪk] 'romper', 'grandioso', 'bistec' [iˈeɪ] cr ea te [kɹiˈeɪtʲ] 'crear' Las palabras en inglés no se acentúan, también los signos de interrogación y exclamación solo se colocan al final de cada frase. Gramática El inglés presenta muchos de los rasgos típicos de las lenguas europeas . El nombre presenta diferencia entre singular y plural . En inglés moderno, a diferencia de su antecesor el inglés antiguo , el nombre no hace distinciones de género o caso . Las diferencias de caso se restringen en inglés moderno al pronombre, tal como sucede por ejemplo en las lenguas romances . En el sistema verbal el inglés, al igual que el alemán y las lenguas romances, ha sufrido una evolución similar. Se han creado «formas compuestas de perfecto» para expresar el aspecto perfecto y «formas perifrásticas» con el verbo ser para expresar el aspecto progresivo o continuo. Otra similitud es el desarrollo de formas de futuro a partir de verbos auxiliares . Una diferencia importante entre el inglés y otras lenguas germánicas y romances es el debilitamiento del modo subjuntivo . Igualmente el inglés, al igual que el alemán, el neerlandés o las lenguas románicas, ha creado artículos definidos genuinos a partir de formas demostrativas . Léxico El léxico del inglés actual está formado por un núcleo de palabras patrimoniales directamente heredadas del inglés antiguo , entre las cuales se encuentran la mayor parte de las palabras puramente gramaticales, así como la mayor parte de las palabras más frecuentes. Sin embargo, entre las formas léxicas de frecuencia media o pequeña predominan los préstamos del latín y del francés, que suelen ser cultismos, aunque también tienen penetración en el léxico habitual. En efecto entre las diez mil palabras más frecuentes, poco más de una tercera parte son palabras de origen germánico, mientras que más del 60 % son palabras de origen latino o romance. [ 35 ] La siguiente tabla muestra la preponderancia de las diferentes procedencias del léxico en términos de frecuencia. Frecuencia Inglés antiguo Francés Latín Germánico Otras Nórdico Otras 1-1000 [ 36 ] 83 % 11 % 2 % 2 % 2 % 1001-2000 [ 36 ] 34 % 46 % 11 % 2 % 7 % 2001-3000 [ 36 ] 29 % 46 % 11 % 1 % 10 % 1- 10000 [ 37 ] 32 % 45 % 17 % 4 % 2 % Las palabras derivadas del inglés antiguo, popularmente llamadas «germánicas», connotan seriedad y dedicación, algo como palabras castizas en castellano. [ cita requerida ] Cuando Winston Churchill dijo, en su primer discurso como primer ministro del Reino Unido (1940), que lo único que podría ofrecer a su pueblo en guerra fue « blood, toil, tears, and sweat» (‘sangre, esfuerzo, lágrimas y sudor’) , la toma en serio de la situación está demostrada en su empleo de palabras exclusivamente germánicas. En cambio, un uso abundante de palabras románicas, en general derivadas del francés, indica trivialidad o burocracia. En documentos legales del pasado era frecuente el uso de pares de palabras sinónimas, uno de origen anglosajón y otro románico, como last will and testament (‘último testamento’), para evitar malentendidos. La ascendencia de las palabras en inglés puede facilitar conclusiones antropológicas: los animales sheep , pig y cow (oveja, cerdo, vaca) son germánicas, mientras los nombres de las carnes derivadas de estos animales son románicas: mutton (no usado en Estados Unidos), pork , beef . Lo cual indica la clase social que cuidaba los animales —los conquistados anglosajones— y quienes disfrutaban de sus carnes: los conquistadores normandos (franceses). Sistema de escritura El inglés usa el alfabeto latino sin ninguna adición, salvo en las palabras tomadas directamente de otros idiomas con abecedarios diferentes. Sin embargo, históricamente el inglés antiguo había usado signos especiales para algunos de sus sonidos: < Ā, Æ, Ǣ, Ǽ, Ċ, Ð, Ē, Ġ, Ī, Ō, Ū, Ƿ, Ȳ. Þ, Ȝ > y las correspondientes minúsculas < ā, æ, ǣ, ǽ, ċ, ð, ē, ġ, ī, ō, ū, ƿ, ȳ, þ, ȝ >. Otra característica de la ortografía moderna del inglés es la existencia de una gran cantidad de contracciones: Cabe decir que estas contracciones suelen utilizarse mayoritariamente en el habla coloquial y en menor medida en la formal. Otros aspectos Estatus del idioma Idioma oficial de facto : Reino Unido , Estados Unidos y Australia . Idioma oficial de iure en : Fiyi , Belice , Botsuana , dependencias de los Estados Unidos, dependencias del Reino Unido, Ghana , Gambia , Guyana , Hong Kong ( China ), Islas Salomón , Jamaica , Lesoto , Liberia , Malaui , Mauricio , Nauru , Nigeria , Papúa Nueva Guinea , Samoa Americana , Sierra Leona , Suazilandia , Sudán del Sur , Uganda , Zambia y Zimbabue . Idioma cooficial : Camerún , Canadá , Filipinas , Irlanda , Kenia , Kiribati , Islas Marshall , India , Malasia , Malta , Namibia , Nueva Zelanda , Pakistán , Puerto Rico ( EE. UU. ), Seychelles , Singapur , Sudáfrica , Sudán , Tanzania , Tokelau y Tonga . Minorías en : Antillas Neerlandesas , Samoa , Tuvalu , Tailandia , etc. Los tipos de inglés más hablados en el mundo Inglés estadounidense Inglés británico Niveles del Inglés Los niveles de dominio del idioma inglés (como los de todas las lenguas) se basan en lo definido por El Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas (MCER), que es el sistema que define y explica los diferentes niveles de expresión y comprensión oral y escrita que tiene una persona respecto de una lengua que no es su lengua materna. Este estándar se utiliza principalmente en Europa , aunque hay varios países que lo utilizan como referencia. En el caso de estudiantes o de personas que necesitan certificar su nivel de inglés para estudiar, trabajar o solicitar una beca en el extranjero, el MCER les permite comparar la puntuación o nivel obtenidos en exámenes como Cambridge, IELTS o Aptis con el que les exigirán en instituciones de enseñanza o empresas internacionales. El Marco común europeo de referencia establece una escala de seis niveles comunes de referencia para la organización del aprendizaje de lenguas y homologación de los distintos títulos emitidos por las entidades certificadas. Véase también Traditional Spelling Revised Inglés como segunda lengua Engrish Mancomunidad de Naciones Idioma anglosajón Inglés medio Fonología del inglés Slang Idioma inglés en España Verbo preposicional (inglés) Anglofonía British Council Diferencias entre el inglés estadounidense y el inglés británico Referencias ↑ a b c d Ethnologue. «English language - Ethnologue Essentials 2023» . ↑ «Idiomas más hablados en el mundo» . ↑ . «Los idiomas hacen sombra al inglés» . Consultado el 11 de octubre de 2018 . ↑ Merriam-webster.com, ed. (25 de abril de 2007). «English, definición del Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary» . Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2011 . ↑ Spiritus-temporis.com (ed.). «Old English language - Latin influence» . Archivado desde el original el 31 de agosto de 2011 . Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2011 . ↑ «Words on the brain: from 1 million years ago?» . History of language . Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2011 . ↑ Albert C. Baugh & Thomas Cable (1978). «Latin Influences on Old English» . An excerpt from Foreign Influences on Old English . Archivado desde el original el 27 de noviembre de 2010 . Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2011 . ↑ «How many words are there in the English Language?» . Oxforddictionaries.com. Archivado desde el original el 30 de noviembre de 2011 . Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2011 . ↑ Vistawide.com (ed.). «Vista Worldwide Language Statistics» . Consultado el 26 de agosto de 2011 . ↑ ¿Es el inglés la lingua franca del mundo actual? ↑ Harper, Douglas. «english» . Online Etymology Dictionary (en inglés) . Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2014 . ↑ Valentín Anders. «Etimología de INGLÉS» . Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2014 . ↑ Luke Mastin. «English Today» . (en inglés) . Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2017 . ↑ Neil Kinnock. «Prólogo.» En Graddol, David, English Next . British Council, 2006. Archivado el 12 de febrero de 2015 en Wayback Machine . British Council. Consultado el 10 de noviembre de 2016. ↑ «Chapitre 7: Quelles stratégies ?» (en francés) . ↑ Para la pronunciación del período, ver Fausto Cercignani , Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation , Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1981. ↑ Languages of the World (Charts) Archivado el 27 de septiembre de 2011 en Wayback Machine ., Comrie (1998), Weber (1997), and the Summer Institute for Linguistics (SIL) 1999 Ethnologue Survey. Available at The World's Most Widely Spoken Languages Archivado el 27 de septiembre de 2011 en Wayback Machine . ↑ Mair, Victor H. (1991). «What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms» (PDF) . Sino-Platonic Papers . Archivado desde el original el 10 de mayo de 2018 . Consultado el 1 de mayo de 2014 . ↑ Crystal, David (2004-11-19) Subcontinent Raises Its Voice , Guardian Weekly . ↑ Zhao, Yong and Campbell, Keith P. (1995). «English in China» . World Englishes 14 (3): 377-390. ISSN 0883-2919 . doi : 10.1111/j.1467-971X.1995.tb00080.x . «Hong Kong contributes an additional 2.5 million speakers (1996 by-census)». ↑ « Australian Bureau of Statistics » (en inglés) . Censusdata.abs.gov.au . Consultado el 21 de abril de 2010 . ↑ « 2006 Census Data - QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Tables » . Statistics New Zealand. Archivado desde el original el 24 de septiembre de 2015 . Consultado el 14 de agosto de 2012 . ↑ Nancy Morris (1995). Puerto Rico: Culture, Politics, and Identity . Praeger/Greenwood. p. 62. ISBN 0-275-95228-2 . ↑ «U.S. English, Inc» . Us-english.org. Archivado desde el original el 6 de enero de 2010 . Consultado el 21 de abril de 2010 . ↑ «ICAO Promotes Aviation Safety by Endorsing English Language Testing» . International Civil Aviation Organization. 13 de octubre de 2011. ↑ «IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases» . International Maritime Organization. Archivado desde el original el 27 de diciembre de 2003. ↑ «Europeans and languages» (PDF) . pp. 21, 69. Archivado desde el original el 28 de enero de 2007 . Consultado el 21 de abril de 2010 . ↑ a b «Net.lang: towards the multilingual cyberspace» . Net-lang.net. Archivado desde el original el 12 de mayo de 2013 . Consultado el 10 de julio de 2013 . ↑ Crystal, David (2000) Language Death, Preface; viii, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ↑ a b Jambor, Paul Z. (abril de 2007). «English Language Imperialism: Points of View» . Journal of English as an International Language 2 : 103-123. ↑ «La influencia del francés en el inglés - FYNE FORMACION» . FYNE Formación . 26 de noviembre de 2015 . Consultado el 14 de agosto de 2023 . ↑ Skjalden (21 de febrero de 2023). «Influencia vikinga en la lengua inglesa - Cultura nórdica» . Nordic Culture . Consultado el 14 de agosto de 2023 . ↑ León L., Diego (31 de marzo de 2018). «El origen de la ortografía inglesa» . Consultado el 31 de marzo de 2018 . ↑ Ann Baker, 2006, Ship or Sheep?: An intermediate pronuntiation course , Cambridge University Press. ↑ Willams,, Joseph M. (1975). Origins of the English Language . The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-934470-0 . ↑ a b c Williams, 1975, p. 67 ↑ Robets, 1965. Enlaces externos Wikimedia Commons alberga una galería multimedia sobre Idioma inglés . Esta lengua tiene su propia Wikipedia . Puedes visitarla y contribuir en Wikipedia en idioma inglés . Wikilibros alberga un libro o manual sobre Inglés . Wikcionario tiene un sobre índice de entradas en inglés . Gramática del inglés; definición en castellano. Traductor automático español-inglés, del Instituto Cervantes. La influencia hispana en el inglés americano. Diccionario Inglés de Oxford Los sonidos del inglés estadounidense. Universidad de Iowa. Sound Comparisons: escuche y compare cómo se pronuncian las mismas palabras en los diversos acentos regionales e internacionales del inglés (página de la Universidad de Edimburgo). Guía de verbos irregulares en inglés Palabras similares en español e inglés Control de autoridades Proyectos Wikimedia Datos: Q1860 Multimedia: English language / Q1860 Guía turística: Guía de inglés Libros y manuales: Inglés Citas célebres: Idioma inglés Identificadores BNE : XX528236 BNF : 119308987 (data) GND : 4014777-0 LCCN : sh85043413 NDL : 00561788 NKC : ph114056 NLI : 987007545879205171 SUDOC : 027219232 AAT : 300388277 Diccionarios y enciclopedias DHS : 011198 Britannica : url Proyectos Wikimedia Datos: Q1860 Multimedia: English language / Q1860 Guía turística: Guía de inglés Libros y manuales: Inglés Citas célebres: Idioma inglés Identificadores BNE : XX528236 BNF : 119308987 (data) GND : 4014777-0 LCCN : sh85043413 NDL : 00561788 NKC : ph114056 NLI : 987007545879205171 SUDOC : 027219232 AAT : 300388277 Diccionarios y enciclopedias DHS : 011198 Britannica : url Datos: Q1860 Multimedia: English language / Q1860 Guía turística: Guía de inglés Libros y manuales: Inglés Citas célebres: Idioma inglés Idioma inglés Wikipedia:Páginas que usan Phonos Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en alemánico Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en inglés Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en suajili Wikipedia:Artículos buenos en la Wikipedia en finés Wikipedia:Artículos destacados en la Wikipedia en macedonio Wikipedia:Artículos con texto en inglés Wikipedia:Artículos con pasajes que requieren referencias Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNE Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores BNF Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores GND Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores LCCN Wikipedia:Artículos con identificadores AAT Wikipedia:Control de autoridades con 16 elementos Esta página se editó por última vez el 11 ene 2026 a las 23:36. El texto está disponible bajo la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 ; pueden aplicarse cláusulas adicionales. Al usar este sitio aceptas nuestros términos de uso y nuestra política de privacidad . Wikipedia® es una marca registrada de la Fundación Wikimedia , una organización sin ánimo de lucro. Política de privacidad Acerca de Wikipedia Limitación de responsabilidad Contacto legal y de seguridad Código de conducta Desarrolladores Estadísticas Declaración de cookies Versión para móviles
|
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_ingl%C3%A9s
|
Home Reviews News Features Podcast What's on Listings Venues BTG Tickets Listings Venues BTG Tickets Regions North West North East Yorkshire Midlands London South East South West Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Non-UK North West North East Yorkshire Midlands London South East South West Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Non-UK Festivals Edinburgh MIF Brighton Buxton Fringe Latitude GM Fringe Vault Edinburgh MIF Brighton Buxton Fringe Latitude GM Fringe Vault Special Dance Opera Musicals Panto Children/YPT Circus Touring Online Writing Coronavirus Dance Opera Musicals Panto Children/YPT Circus Touring Online Writing Coronavirus Contact Rough Crossings Simon Schama, adapted for the stage by Caryl Philips Headlong Theatre West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds (2007) Share: Publicity image Rough Crossings covers an epic story. It begins in American's Deep South with the slaves who fought for the British in the American War of Independence in exchange for their freedom. When the British retreat, they take the survivors to the cold and inhospitable Nova Scotia where they try to establish a home. Their sufferings lead them to send a supplicant, Thomas Peters (Patrick Robinson) to ask Granville Sharp for help. The British White liberalist Sharp, had become famous for fighting for black freedom under British law, and in his idealist enthusiasm he sets up the Sierra Leone Company which ships the black supplicants back to Africa to try to establish a new egalitarian society in Freetown. Philips' adaptation certainly packs in a lot and the first half, jumping from sea story to different continents, requires concentration. In the second half the story narrows to the power struggles and ideals of the new community in Freetown with some lovely vignettes for the characters (such as the story of Anna Maria Falconbridge) allowing the plot to establish more depth to the protagonists. One of the primary impacts of the show is the fantastic staging by designer Laura Hopkins, who uses a central tilting stage to bisect our view, from which we see the action above and below decks. Director Rupert Goold uses this to lovely effect with the opening physical theatre of slaves being pushed from the decks to drown in the water below. Special mention must also go to the striking lighting by Paul Pyant, which drowns us in the water and burns us in the sunlight. Complimenting this further are the projections which are stretched across the background canvas to move us through the different settings as well as the legal battles. This is indeed 'worthy' drama and, just like the legal battles that were required to fight the case for freedom, manages to get caught in the intricacies of the detail in the first half. However the second half is mesmerising, not least with the superb performances of Patrick Robinson and Ed Hughes (playing John Clarkson) who perfectly contrast and clash in the fight for independence against the security of structure. Amongst all this is the soprano singing of Miranda Colchester and the stunning gospel voice of Dawn Hope whose soul lifting singing could inspire anyone to fight for freedom from the depths of despair. This is by no means a light evening at the theatre but it is phenomenally rewarding from the force of the sufferings endured to the theatrical poise of the setting. This is one to watch, not only for Goold's talent as a fearless director but for the account of a journey to freedom and equality which is still relevant today. Philip Fisher reviewed this production at the Lyric, Hammersmith Reviewer: Cecily Boys Rough Crossings Simon Schama, adapted for the stage by Caryl Philips Headlong Theatre West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds (2007) Rough Crossings covers an epic story. It begins in American's Deep South with the slaves who fought for the British in the American War of Independence in exchange for their freedom. When the British retreat, they take the survivors to the cold and inhospitable Nova Scotia where they try to establish a home. Their sufferings lead them to send a supplicant, Thomas Peters (Patrick Robinson) to ask Granville Sharp for help. The British White liberalist Sharp, had become famous for fighting for black freedom under British law, and in his idealist enthusiasm he sets up the Sierra Leone Company which ships the black supplicants back to Africa to try to establish a new egalitarian society in Freetown. Philips' adaptation certainly packs in a lot and the first half, jumping from sea story to different continents, requires concentration. In the second half the story narrows to the power struggles and ideals of the new community in Freetown with some lovely vignettes for the characters (such as the story of Anna Maria Falconbridge) allowing the plot to establish more depth to the protagonists. One of the primary impacts of the show is the fantastic staging by designer Laura Hopkins, who uses a central tilting stage to bisect our view, from which we see the action above and below decks. Director Rupert Goold uses this to lovely effect with the opening physical theatre of slaves being pushed from the decks to drown in the water below. Special mention must also go to the striking lighting by Paul Pyant, which drowns us in the water and burns us in the sunlight. Complimenting this further are the projections which are stretched across the background canvas to move us through the different settings as well as the legal battles. This is indeed 'worthy' drama and, just like the legal battles that were required to fight the case for freedom, manages to get caught in the intricacies of the detail in the first half. However the second half is mesmerising, not least with the superb performances of Patrick Robinson and Ed Hughes (playing John Clarkson) who perfectly contrast and clash in the fight for independence against the security of structure. Amongst all this is the soprano singing of Miranda Colchester and the stunning gospel voice of Dawn Hope whose soul lifting singing could inspire anyone to fight for freedom from the depths of despair. This is by no means a light evening at the theatre but it is phenomenally rewarding from the force of the sufferings endured to the theatrical poise of the setting. This is one to watch, not only for Goold's talent as a fearless director but for the account of a journey to freedom and equality which is still relevant today. Philip Fisher reviewed this production at the Lyric, Hammersmith Reviewer: Cecily Boys * Some links, including Amazon , Stageplays.com , Bookshop.org , Waterstones , ATG Tickets , LOVEtheatre , BTG Tickets , Ticketmaster , LW Theatres and QuayTickets , Eventim , London Theatre Direct , are affiliate links for which BTG may earn a small fee at no extra cost to the purchaser. Are you sure?
|
https://web.archive.org/web/20250520221813/https://www.britishtheatreguide.info/reviews/roughcrossingsWYP-rev
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Modern research 3 See also 4 References Syllabus العربية Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Português Русский Shqip سنڌي Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A syllabus ( / ˈ s ɪ l ə b ə s / ; pl. : syllabuses [ 1 ] or syllabi [ 2 ] ) [ 3 ] is a document that communicates information about an academic course or class and defines expectations and responsibilities. It is generally an overview or summary of the curriculum . A syllabus may be set out by an examination board or prepared by the tutor or instructor who teaches or controls the course. The syllabus is usually handed out and reviewed in the first class; it can also be available online or electronically transmitted as an e-syllabus. [ 4 ] The word is also used more generally for an abstract or programme of knowledge, and is best known in this sense as referring to two catalogues published by the Catholic Church in 1864 and 1907 condemning certain doctrinal positions. [ 5 ] Etymology According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word syllabus derives from modern Latin syllabus 'list', in turn from a misreading of the Greek σίττυβος sittybos (the leather parchment label that gave the title and contents of a document), which first occurred in a 15th-century print of Cicero 's letters to Atticus. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] Earlier Latin dictionaries such as Lewis and Short contain the word syllabus , [ 7 ] relating it to the non-existent Greek word σύλλαβος , which appears to be a mistaken reading of syllaba 'syllable'; the newer Oxford Latin Dictionary does not contain this word. [ 8 ] [ self-published source? ] The apparent change from sitty- to sylla- is explained as a hypercorrection by analogy to συλλαμβάνω ( syllambano 'bring together, gather'). [ 8 ] Chambers Dictionary agrees that it derives from the Greek for a book label, but claims that the original Greek was a feminine noun, sittybā , σίττυβα , borrowed by Latin, the misreading coming from an accusative plural Latin sittybas . [ 9 ] Modern research In a 2002 study, Parks and Harris suggest "a syllabus can serve students as a model of professional thinking and writing". [ 10 ] In 2005, Slattery & Carlson describe the syllabus as a "contract between faculty members and their students , designed to answer student's questions about a course, as well as inform them about what will happen should they fail to meet course expectations". They promote using action verbs (identify, analyze, evaluate) as opposed to passive verbs (learn, recognize, understand) when creating course goals. [ 11 ] Habanek stresses the importance of the syllabus as a "vehicle for expressing accountability and commitment." [ 12 ] See also Bibliography Guide to information sources Lesson plan Syllabus of Errors Lamentabili sane exitu Education References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "syllabus" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary < > ^ "syllabus" . Cambridge Dictionary . ^ Gifford, Jack (2003). The Syllabus / E-Syllabus for the 21st Century . Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. p. 4. ISBN 0761824995 . ^ Chambers Dictionary , 1998, p. 1674. ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary - Syllabus" . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . ^ syllabus . Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project . ^ a b "The Curious and Quibbling History of "Syllabus" (part 2)" . Epekteinomene . 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . ^ Chambers Dictionary , 1998, p. 1674. ^ Parks, J.; Harris, M.B. (2002). "The purpose of a syllabus". College Teaching . 50 (2): 55– 61. doi : 10.1080/87567550209595875 . S2CID 143065377 . ^ Slattery, J.M.; Carlson, J.F. (2005). "Preparing an effective syllabus: current best practices". College Teaching . 54 (4): 159– 164. doi : 10.3200/CTCH.53.4.159-164 . S2CID 144466211 . ^ Habanek, D.V. (2005). "An examination of the integrity of the syllabus". College Teaching . 53 (2): 62– 64. doi : 10.3200/ctch.53.2.62-64 . S2CID 143816313 . Curricula Educational materials School pedagogy Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with self-published sources Articles with self-published sources from September 2018 This page was last edited on 10 January 2026, at 16:36 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabus
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Current usage 3 Characteristics Toggle Characteristics subsection 3.1 Phonology 3.2 Vocabulary 3.1 Phonology 3.2 Vocabulary 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Smoggie Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Smoggie Teesside English Native to England Region Teesside Ethnicity English Language family Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian English Northern English Northumbrian dialect Smoggie Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian English Northern English Northumbrian dialect Smoggie West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian English Northern English Northumbrian dialect Smoggie North Sea Germanic Anglo-Frisian English Northern English Northumbrian dialect Smoggie Anglo-Frisian English Northern English Northumbrian dialect Smoggie English Northern English Northumbrian dialect Smoggie Northern English Northumbrian dialect Smoggie Northumbrian dialect Smoggie Smoggie Early forms Old English Middle English Middle English Language codes ISO 639-3 – Smoggie is a colloquial term used to refer to people from the Teesside area of North East England . The term is also used to describe the local accent and dialect spoken in the area. The term relates to the area's notoriety for its high levels of pollution from local industry, which resulted in a thick smog that often blanketed the region. Despite popular belief that the term originates from the 1960s, its earliest recorded use is in the 1990s, as visiting football supporters from other areas of the country began to refer to the locals as "smog monsters", which was later shortened to "smoggies". [ 1 ] Despite its origins as a term of derision, "Smoggie" has since been adopted as a term of pride by many residents of Teesside. [ 1 ] History Originally, this was a term of abuse for supporters of Middlesbrough F.C. coined by their Sunderland A.F.C. counterparts. The name was meant to refer to the heavy air pollution once produced by the local petrochemical industry, [ 1 ] [ 2 ] and from Dorman Long . [ 3 ] Though, at first, Smoggie was used as a pejorative term, it has become an example of reappropriation with many people now proudly calling themselves 'Smoggies'. [ 1 ] Current usage Primarily directed at people from Teesside, 'Smoggies' is often used to describe the areas of Teesside with a noticeable amount of industry. [ 4 ] The term was referred to by Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland MP, Tom Blenkinsop , in the House of Commons, and was recorded in Hansard , in July 2011. [ 5 ] [ 1 ] Smoggies has occasional use as a nickname for Middlesbrough F.C. [ 6 ] [ 5 ] [ 7 ] In 2013 the Cleveland Art Society organised a major exhibition of the works of local artists entitled Smoggies Allowed in an Art Gallery . [ 8 ] Characteristics Due to the rapid growth of Teesside in the 19th century, Smoggie represents an example of new dialect formation and was influenced by Northumbrian , Yorkshire and Hiberno-English . [ 9 ] Despite its mixed origins, it is considered part of the urban North East dialect area, forming the 'Southern Urban North-Eastern English' dialect region including Hartlepool and Darlington. [ 10 ] Phonology Like most North East dialects, the definite article is always full and never reduced to t' as in the Yorkshire dialect. Final unstressed /i/ is a tense [i] rather than a lax [ɪ]. This mirrors other North Eastern dialects and contrasts with Yorkshire English. H-dropping is common in informal speech. This is considered unusual among most North East dialects but is shared with Mackem . /l/ is typically more velarised than in other North East dialects. [ 10 ] Square–nurse merger : the vowel in word , heard , nurse , etc. is pronounced in the same way as in square, dare for many speakers. This is [ɛː] . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The phoneme /aɪ/ (as in prize ) may become a monophthong [ɑː] before a voiced consonant. For example, five becomes [fɑːv] (fahve), prize becomes [pʰɹɑːz] (prahze). This does not occur before voiceless consonants, so "price" is [pʰɹaɪs] . [ 13 ] The FACE vowel is typically [eː], or sometimes more rarely [ɪə] or [ɜː]. The GOOSE vowel is typically [ɪʉ] or [ʉː]. The START vowel is typically more fronted than in upper North East varieties, thus park is typically pronounced [paːk]. In conservative forms of the dialect make and take are pronounced mek and tek ( [ˈmɛk] and [ˈtɛk] ). These contrast with the Sunderland and Durham variants mak and tak but are counterintuitively shared with broad Geordie. [ 10 ] Vocabulary Smoggie is characterised by a relative lack of Northumbrianisms in comparison to Geordie , Mackem , and Pitmatic (upper North East dialects). Markedly North-Eastern forms such as divvent or dinnet for "don't" and gan for "go" are not found on Teesside. [ 9 ] However, a limited number of Northumbrian words are still found in the dialect, such as bairn and canny . However, a limited number of Northumbrian words are still found in the dialect, such as bairn and canny . The emphatic interjection well aye corresponds to the upper North East whey aye or Scots och aye . [ 14 ] ’oway or ’owee corresponds to Geordie howay or Mackem haway . On Teesside the h is always dropped. See also Mackem Monkey hanger References ^ a b c d e .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Pearce, Michael (2014). " 'Not quite a Geordie': the folk-ethnonyms of north-east England" (PDF) . Nomina . 37 : 22– 24. ^ Harley, Shaun (16 October 2007). " 'I was made in Middlesbrough' " . BBC News . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . ^ "Dictionary of Middlesbrough and Teesside Accent Dialect and Slang" . Love Middlesbrough - Middlesbrough Borough Council. 2012–2014. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ "Geordie: A regional dialect of English" . British Library . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . ^ a b "Teesside MP uses the word "smoggie" in Parliament speech" . Evening Gazette (Teesside) . 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . ^ Hancox, Dan (10 September 2009). "How is Britain coping with the recession? - Middlesbrough - Smoggies steel themselves" . New Statesman . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . ^ "Maximo Park fear for footy teams" . BBC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . ^ "Exhibition showcases work of Teesside artists" . Middlesbrough Borough Council . 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . ^ a b Kerswill, Paul (23 July 2018). "Dialect formation and dialect change in the Industrial Revolution: British vernacular English in the nineteenth century". In Wright, Laura (ed.). Southern English Varieties Then and Now . De Gruyter. pp. 8– 38. ISBN 9783110577549 . ^ a b c Beal, Joan C. (2012). Urban North-eastern English: Tyneside to Teesside (Dialects of English) . Edinburgh University Press. ^ Williams & Kerswill (1999) , pp. 143, 146. ^ Handbook of Varieties of English , p. 125, Walter de Gruyter, 2004 ^ Williams & Kerswill (1999) , pp. 146, 156–159. ^ "TeesSpeak: Dialect of the Lower Tees Valley" . Lower Tees Dialect Group . Archived from the original on 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 July 2021 . Bibliography Williams, Ann; Kerswill, Paul (1999). "Dialect levelling: change and continuity in Milton Keynes, Reading and Hull" (PDF) . In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.). Urban voices. Accent studies in the British Isles . London: Arnold. pp. 141– 162. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2012. External links Lower Tees Dialect Society .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent v t e Europe Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Americas North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Midland New England Boston East Maine West Boston East Maine West New York City accent accent North Inland North North-Central Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands Bermuda Falkland Islands Oceania Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West variation accent accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Fiji New Zealand accent accent Palau Solomon Islands Africa Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Asia East Asia Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand East Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh India regional and occupational regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Related English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard English language in England British regional nicknames Middlesbrough Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2021 Use British English from July 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Language articles without speaker estimate Language articles without language codes Language articles missing Glottolog code Pages with plain IPA This page was last edited on 25 November 2025, at 13:38 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoggie
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Draft 2 Referee changes 3 Major rule changes 4 2003 deaths Toggle 2003 deaths subsection 4.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 4.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 5 Final regular season standings Toggle Final regular season standings subsection 5.1 Conference standings 5.1 Conference standings 6 Playoffs 7 Bracket 8 Milestones 9 Statistical leaders Toggle Statistical leaders subsection 9.1 Team 9.2 Individual 9.1 Team 9.2 Individual 10 Awards 11 Head coach/front office changes 12 Stadium changes 13 New uniforms 14 Television 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links 2003 NFL season Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar مصرى 日本語 Português Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Regular season Duration September 4 – December 28, 2003 Playoffs Start date January 3, 2004 AFC Champions New England Patriots NFC Champions Carolina Panthers Super Bowl XXXVIII Date February 1, 2004 Site Reliant Stadium , Houston, Texas Champions New England Patriots Pro Bowl Date February 8, 2004 Site Aloha Stadium .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} ← 2002 NFL seasons 2004 → ← 2002 NFL seasons 2004 → The 2003 NFL season was the 84th regular season of the National Football League (NFL). Regular-season play was held from September 4, 2003, to December 28, 2003. Due to damage caused by the Cedar Fire , Qualcomm Stadium was used as an emergency shelter, and thus the Miami Dolphins – San Diego Chargers regular-season game on October 27 was instead played at Sun Devil Stadium , the home field of the Arizona Cardinals . This was the first season in NFL history where every team won at least 4 games. The playoffs began on January 3, 2004. The NFL title was won by the New England Patriots when they defeated the Carolina Panthers 32–29 in Super Bowl XXXVIII at Reliant Stadium in Houston, Texas , on February 1. Draft The 2003 NFL draft was held from April 26 to 27, 2003, at New York City 's Theater at Madison Square Garden . With the first pick, the Cincinnati Bengals selected quarterback Carson Palmer from the University of Southern California . Referee changes Dick Hantak and Bob McElwee retired in the 2003 off-season. Hantak joined the league as a back judge (the position title was changed to field judge in 1998) in 1978, and was assigned Super Bowl XVII in that position. He was promoted to referee in 1986, working Super Bowl XXVII . McElwee joined the NFL in 1976 as a line judge, and became a referee in 1980. He was the referee for three Super Bowls : XXII , XXVIII , and XXXIV . Walt Anderson and Pete Morelli were promoted to referee to replace Hantak and McElwee. Major rule changes If an onside kick inside the final five minutes of the game does not go 10 yards, goes out of bounds, or is touched illegally, the receiving team will have the option of accepting the penalty and getting the ball immediately. Previously, the kicking team was penalized, but had another chance to kick again from five yards back. League officials encouraged networks to immediately cut to a commercial break if an instant replay challenge review was initiated. Previously networks were generally not permitted to utilize those game stoppages for their prescribed commercial periods. [ 1 ] 2003 deaths John Butler : A former General Manager with the Buffalo Bills , whose team qualified for Super Bowl XXVIII and the San Diego Chargers , [ 2 ] he died of lymphoma on April 11, 2003. David Woodley : Having played for the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl XVII , Woodley died from complications due to kidney and liver failure on May 4, 2003. [ 3 ] Twenty years after Super Bowl XVII, he became the youngest Super Bowl starting quarterback to die, until the death of Super Bowl XXXIV starter Steve McNair at age 36 in 2009. Woodley was buried at St. Joseph Cemetery in Shreveport, alongside his parents. Pro Football Hall of Fame Sid Gillman : A former head coach and general manager with the San Diego Chargers, Gillman died in his sleep on January 3, 2003, at the age of 91. [ 4 ] He was interred in the Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery in Culver City, California . Final regular season standings .mw-parser-output .defaultleft,.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12left td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13left td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14left td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15left td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16left td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17left td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18left td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19left td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20left td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21left td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22left td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23left td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24left td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25left td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26left td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27left td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28left td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29left td:nth-child(29),.mw-parser-output .col-1left td:nth-last-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col-2left td:nth-last-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col-3left td:nth-last-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col-4left td:nth-last-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col-5left td:nth-last-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col-6left td:nth-last-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col-7left td:nth-last-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col-8left td:nth-last-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col-9left td:nth-last-child(9){text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter,.mw-parser-output .col1center td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2center td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3center td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4center td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5center td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6center td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7center td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8center td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9center td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10center td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11center td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12center td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13center td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14center td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15center td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16center td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17center td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18center td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19center td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20center td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21center td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22center td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29),.mw-parser-output .col-1center td:nth-last-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col-2center td:nth-last-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col-3center td:nth-last-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col-4center td:nth-last-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col-5center td:nth-last-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col-6center td:nth-last-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col-7center td:nth-last-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col-8center td:nth-last-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col-9center td:nth-last-child(9){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright,.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29),.mw-parser-output .col-1right td:nth-last-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col-2right td:nth-last-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col-3right td:nth-last-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col-4right td:nth-last-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col-5right td:nth-last-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col-6right td:nth-last-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col-7right td:nth-last-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col-8right td:nth-last-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col-9right td:nth-last-child(9){text-align:right} AFC East .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (1) New England Patriots 14 2 0 .875 5–1 11–1 348 238 W12 Miami Dolphins 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 311 261 W2 Buffalo Bills 6 10 0 .375 2–4 4–8 243 279 L3 New York Jets 6 10 0 .375 1–5 6–6 283 299 L2 AFC North view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (4) Baltimore Ravens 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 391 281 W2 Cincinnati Bengals 8 8 0 .500 3–3 6–6 346 384 L2 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 10 0 .375 3–3 5–7 300 327 L1 Cleveland Browns 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 254 322 W1 AFC South view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (3) Indianapolis Colts 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 447 336 W1 (5) Tennessee Titans 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 435 324 W3 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 276 331 L1 Houston Texans 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 255 380 L4 AFC West view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (2) Kansas City Chiefs 13 3 0 .813 5–1 10–2 484 332 W1 (6) Denver Broncos 10 6 0 .625 5–1 9–3 381 301 L1 Oakland Raiders 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 270 379 L2 San Diego Chargers 4 12 0 .250 1–5 2–10 313 441 W1 AFC East .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (1) New England Patriots 14 2 0 .875 5–1 11–1 348 238 W12 Miami Dolphins 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 311 261 W2 Buffalo Bills 6 10 0 .375 2–4 4–8 243 279 L3 New York Jets 6 10 0 .375 1–5 6–6 283 299 L2 AFC North view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (4) Baltimore Ravens 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 391 281 W2 Cincinnati Bengals 8 8 0 .500 3–3 6–6 346 384 L2 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 10 0 .375 3–3 5–7 300 327 L1 Cleveland Browns 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 254 322 W1 AFC South view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (3) Indianapolis Colts 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 447 336 W1 (5) Tennessee Titans 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 435 324 W3 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 276 331 L1 Houston Texans 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 255 380 L4 AFC West view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (2) Kansas City Chiefs 13 3 0 .813 5–1 10–2 484 332 W1 (6) Denver Broncos 10 6 0 .625 5–1 9–3 381 301 L1 Oakland Raiders 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 270 379 L2 San Diego Chargers 4 12 0 .250 1–5 2–10 313 441 W1 NFC East view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (1) Philadelphia Eagles 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 374 287 W1 (6) Dallas Cowboys 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 289 260 L1 Washington Redskins 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 287 372 L3 New York Giants 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 243 387 L8 NFC North view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (4) Green Bay Packers 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 442 307 W4 Minnesota Vikings 9 7 0 .563 4–2 7–5 416 353 L1 Chicago Bears 7 9 0 .438 2–4 4–8 283 346 L1 Detroit Lions 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 270 379 W1 NFC South view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (3) Carolina Panthers 11 5 0 .688 5–1 9–3 325 304 W3 New Orleans Saints 8 8 0 .500 3–3 7–5 340 326 W1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 301 264 L2 Atlanta Falcons 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 299 422 W2 NFC West view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (2) St. Louis Rams 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 447 328 L1 (5) Seattle Seahawks 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 404 327 W2 San Francisco 49ers 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 384 337 L1 Arizona Cardinals 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 225 452 W1 NFC East view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (1) Philadelphia Eagles 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 374 287 W1 (6) Dallas Cowboys 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 289 260 L1 Washington Redskins 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 287 372 L3 New York Giants 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 243 387 L8 NFC North view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (4) Green Bay Packers 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 442 307 W4 Minnesota Vikings 9 7 0 .563 4–2 7–5 416 353 L1 Chicago Bears 7 9 0 .438 2–4 4–8 283 346 L1 Detroit Lions 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 270 379 W1 NFC South view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (3) Carolina Panthers 11 5 0 .688 5–1 9–3 325 304 W3 New Orleans Saints 8 8 0 .500 3–3 7–5 340 326 W1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 301 264 L2 Atlanta Falcons 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 299 422 W2 NFC West view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK (2) St. Louis Rams 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 447 328 L1 (5) Seattle Seahawks 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 404 327 W2 San Francisco 49ers 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 384 337 L1 Arizona Cardinals 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 225 452 W1 Conference standings .mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px} AFC [ 5 ] view talk edit # Team Division W L T PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders 1 New England Patriots East 14 2 0 .875 5–1 11–1 .484 .492 W12 2 Kansas City Chiefs West 13 3 0 .813 5–1 10–2 .418 .385 W1 3 [ a ] Indianapolis Colts South 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 .492 .448 W1 4 Baltimore Ravens North 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 .457 .400 W2 Wild cards 5 [ a ] Tennessee Titans South 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 .473 .401 W3 6 [ b ] Denver Broncos West 10 6 0 .625 5–1 9–3 .500 .406 L1 Did not qualify for the postseason 7 [ b ] Miami Dolphins East 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 .512 .388 W2 8 Cincinnati Bengals North 8 8 0 .500 3–3 6–6 .457 .469 L2 9 [ c ] Pittsburgh Steelers North 6 10 0 .375 3–3 5–7 .500 .365 L1 10 [ c ] [ d ] Buffalo Bills East 6 10 0 .375 2–4 4–8 .570 .438 L3 11 [ d ] New York Jets East 6 10 0 .375 1–5 6–6 .527 .396 L2 12 [ e ] [ f ] Jacksonville Jaguars South 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 .543 .453 L1 13 [ e ] [ g ] Cleveland Browns North 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 .539 .363 W1 14 [ f ] [ g ] Houston Texans South 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 .570 .463 L4 15 [ h ] Oakland Raiders West 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 .516 .484 L2 16 San Diego Chargers West 4 12 0 .250 1–5 2–10 .504 .359 W1 Tiebreakers [ i ] .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ a b Indianapolis finished ahead of Tennessee based upon head-to-head sweep. ^ a b Denver finished as the second Wild Card instead of Miami based upon better conference record. ^ a b Pittsburgh finished ahead of Buffalo based upon conference win percentage. Division tiebreak was initially used to eliminate New York Jets. ^ a b Buffalo finished ahead of New York Jets based upon better division record. ^ a b Jacksonville finished ahead of Cleveland based upon better record against common opponents (Jacksonville was 2–3 against Cleveland’s 0–5 versus New England, Indianapolis, Baltimore and San Diego). Division tiebreaker was initially used to eliminate Houston. ^ a b Jacksonville finished ahead of Houston based upon better conference record. ^ a b Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based upon better record against common opponents (Cleveland was 1–4 against Houston‘s 0–5 versus New England, Kansas City, Indianapolis and Cincinnati.) ^ Oakland finished ahead of San Diego based upon conference record ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest-ranked remaining team from each division. .mw-parser-output .navbar-header{text-align:center;position:relative;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbar-header .navbar{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;margin:0 5px} AFC [ 5 ] view talk edit view talk edit # Team Division W L T PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders 1 New England Patriots East 14 2 0 .875 5–1 11–1 .484 .492 W12 2 Kansas City Chiefs West 13 3 0 .813 5–1 10–2 .418 .385 W1 3 [ a ] Indianapolis Colts South 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 .492 .448 W1 4 Baltimore Ravens North 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 .457 .400 W2 Wild cards 5 [ a ] Tennessee Titans South 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 .473 .401 W3 6 [ b ] Denver Broncos West 10 6 0 .625 5–1 9–3 .500 .406 L1 Did not qualify for the postseason 7 [ b ] Miami Dolphins East 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 .512 .388 W2 8 Cincinnati Bengals North 8 8 0 .500 3–3 6–6 .457 .469 L2 9 [ c ] Pittsburgh Steelers North 6 10 0 .375 3–3 5–7 .500 .365 L1 10 [ c ] [ d ] Buffalo Bills East 6 10 0 .375 2–4 4–8 .570 .438 L3 11 [ d ] New York Jets East 6 10 0 .375 1–5 6–6 .527 .396 L2 12 [ e ] [ f ] Jacksonville Jaguars South 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 .543 .453 L1 13 [ e ] [ g ] Cleveland Browns North 5 11 0 .313 2–4 3–9 .539 .363 W1 14 [ f ] [ g ] Houston Texans South 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 .570 .463 L4 15 [ h ] Oakland Raiders West 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 .516 .484 L2 16 San Diego Chargers West 4 12 0 .250 1–5 2–10 .504 .359 W1 Tiebreakers [ i ] .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ a b Indianapolis finished ahead of Tennessee based upon head-to-head sweep. ^ a b Denver finished as the second Wild Card instead of Miami based upon better conference record. ^ a b Pittsburgh finished ahead of Buffalo based upon conference win percentage. Division tiebreak was initially used to eliminate New York Jets. ^ a b Buffalo finished ahead of New York Jets based upon better division record. ^ a b Jacksonville finished ahead of Cleveland based upon better record against common opponents (Jacksonville was 2–3 against Cleveland’s 0–5 versus New England, Indianapolis, Baltimore and San Diego). Division tiebreaker was initially used to eliminate Houston. ^ a b Jacksonville finished ahead of Houston based upon better conference record. ^ a b Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based upon better record against common opponents (Cleveland was 1–4 against Houston‘s 0–5 versus New England, Kansas City, Indianapolis and Cincinnati.) ^ Oakland finished ahead of San Diego based upon conference record ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest-ranked remaining team from each division. ^ a b Indianapolis finished ahead of Tennessee based upon head-to-head sweep. ^ a b Denver finished as the second Wild Card instead of Miami based upon better conference record. ^ a b Pittsburgh finished ahead of Buffalo based upon conference win percentage. Division tiebreak was initially used to eliminate New York Jets. ^ a b Buffalo finished ahead of New York Jets based upon better division record. ^ a b Jacksonville finished ahead of Cleveland based upon better record against common opponents (Jacksonville was 2–3 against Cleveland’s 0–5 versus New England, Indianapolis, Baltimore and San Diego). Division tiebreaker was initially used to eliminate Houston. ^ a b Jacksonville finished ahead of Houston based upon better conference record. ^ a b Cleveland finished ahead of Houston based upon better record against common opponents (Cleveland was 1–4 against Houston‘s 0–5 versus New England, Kansas City, Indianapolis and Cincinnati.) ^ Oakland finished ahead of San Diego based upon conference record ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest-ranked remaining team from each division. NFC [ 6 ] view talk edit # Team Division W L T PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders 1 [ a ] Philadelphia Eagles East 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 .477 .438 W1 2 [ a ] St. Louis Rams West 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 .434 .443 L1 3 Carolina Panthers South 11 5 0 .688 5–1 9–3 .445 .398 W3 4 Green Bay Packers North 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 .488 .438 W4 Wild cards 5 [ b ] Seattle Seahawks West 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 .465 .406 W2 6 [ b ] Dallas Cowboys East 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 .461 .388 L1 Did not qualify for the postseason 7 Minnesota Vikings North 9 7 0 .563 4–2 7–5 .457 .500 L1 8 New Orleans Saints South 8 8 0 .500 3–3 7–5 .500 .375 W1 9 [ c ] [ d ] San Francisco 49ers West 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 .512 .473 L1 10 [ c ] [ d ] Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 .508 .438 L2 11 [ d ] Chicago Bears North 7 9 0 .438 2–4 4–8 .488 .366 L1 12 [ e ] [ f ] Atlanta Falcons South 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 .539 .463 W2 13 [ e ] [ f ] Detroit Lions North 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 .535 .463 W1 14 [ f ] Washington Redskins East 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 .531 .488 L3 15 [ g ] New York Giants East 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 .555 .500 L8 16 [ g ] Arizona Cardinals West 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 .543 .531 W1 Tiebreakers [ h ] ^ a b Philadelphia was #1 NFC seed ahead of St. Louis based upon better conference record. ^ a b Seattle was #5 NFC seed ahead of Dallas based upon strength of victory. ^ a b San Francisco finished ahead of Tampa Bay based upon head-to-head victory. Conference record tiebreak was used to eliminate Chicago. ^ a b c San Francisco and Tampa Bay finished ahead of Chicago by virtue of better conference record. ^ a b Atlanta finished ahead of Detroit based upon better win percentage against common opponents (Atlanta were 2–3 against Detroit’s 1–4 versus St. Louis, Carolina, Dallas and Minnesota). Conference record tiebreak was used to eliminate Washington. ^ a b c Atlanta and Detroit finished ahead of Washington by virtue of better conference record. ^ a b New York Giants finished ahead of Arizona based upon better win percentage against common opponents (New York Giants were 2–3 against Arizona’s 1–4 versus St. Louis, Carolina, Dallas and Minnesota). ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest-ranked remaining team from each division. NFC [ 6 ] view talk edit view talk edit # Team Division W L T PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders 1 [ a ] Philadelphia Eagles East 12 4 0 .750 5–1 9–3 .477 .438 W1 2 [ a ] St. Louis Rams West 12 4 0 .750 4–2 8–4 .434 .443 L1 3 Carolina Panthers South 11 5 0 .688 5–1 9–3 .445 .398 W3 4 Green Bay Packers North 10 6 0 .625 4–2 7–5 .488 .438 W4 Wild cards 5 [ b ] Seattle Seahawks West 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 .465 .406 W2 6 [ b ] Dallas Cowboys East 10 6 0 .625 5–1 8–4 .461 .388 L1 Did not qualify for the postseason 7 Minnesota Vikings North 9 7 0 .563 4–2 7–5 .457 .500 L1 8 New Orleans Saints South 8 8 0 .500 3–3 7–5 .500 .375 W1 9 [ c ] [ d ] San Francisco 49ers West 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 .512 .473 L1 10 [ c ] [ d ] Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 7 9 0 .438 2–4 6–6 .508 .438 L2 11 [ d ] Chicago Bears North 7 9 0 .438 2–4 4–8 .488 .366 L1 12 [ e ] [ f ] Atlanta Falcons South 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 .539 .463 W2 13 [ e ] [ f ] Detroit Lions North 5 11 0 .313 2–4 4–8 .535 .463 W1 14 [ f ] Washington Redskins East 5 11 0 .313 1–5 3–9 .531 .488 L3 15 [ g ] New York Giants East 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 .555 .500 L8 16 [ g ] Arizona Cardinals West 4 12 0 .250 1–5 3–9 .543 .531 W1 Tiebreakers [ h ] ^ a b Philadelphia was #1 NFC seed ahead of St. Louis based upon better conference record. ^ a b Seattle was #5 NFC seed ahead of Dallas based upon strength of victory. ^ a b San Francisco finished ahead of Tampa Bay based upon head-to-head victory. Conference record tiebreak was used to eliminate Chicago. ^ a b c San Francisco and Tampa Bay finished ahead of Chicago by virtue of better conference record. ^ a b Atlanta finished ahead of Detroit based upon better win percentage against common opponents (Atlanta were 2–3 against Detroit’s 1–4 versus St. Louis, Carolina, Dallas and Minnesota). Conference record tiebreak was used to eliminate Washington. ^ a b c Atlanta and Detroit finished ahead of Washington by virtue of better conference record. ^ a b New York Giants finished ahead of Arizona based upon better win percentage against common opponents (New York Giants were 2–3 against Arizona’s 1–4 versus St. Louis, Carolina, Dallas and Minnesota). ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest-ranked remaining team from each division. ^ a b Philadelphia was #1 NFC seed ahead of St. Louis based upon better conference record. ^ a b Seattle was #5 NFC seed ahead of Dallas based upon strength of victory. ^ a b San Francisco finished ahead of Tampa Bay based upon head-to-head victory. Conference record tiebreak was used to eliminate Chicago. ^ a b c San Francisco and Tampa Bay finished ahead of Chicago by virtue of better conference record. ^ a b Atlanta finished ahead of Detroit based upon better win percentage against common opponents (Atlanta were 2–3 against Detroit’s 1–4 versus St. Louis, Carolina, Dallas and Minnesota). Conference record tiebreak was used to eliminate Washington. ^ a b c Atlanta and Detroit finished ahead of Washington by virtue of better conference record. ^ a b New York Giants finished ahead of Arizona based upon better win percentage against common opponents (New York Giants were 2–3 against Arizona’s 1–4 versus St. Louis, Carolina, Dallas and Minnesota). ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL's rules, they are first broken within divisions, then comparing only the highest-ranked remaining team from each division. Playoffs Within each conference, the four division winners and the top two non-division winners with the best overall regular season records) qualified for the playoffs. The four division winners are seeded 1–4 based on their overall won-lost-tied record, and the wild card teams are seeded 5–6. The NFL does not use a fixed bracket playoff system, and there are no restrictions regarding teams from the same division matching up in any round. In the first round, dubbed the wild-card playoffs or wild-card weekend , the third-seeded division winner hosts the sixth-seed wild card, and the fourth seed hosts the fifth. The 1 and 2 seeds from each conference received a first-round bye . In the second round, the divisional playoffs , the number 1 seed hosts the worst-surviving seed from the first round (seed 4, 5, or 6), while the number 2 seed will play the other team (seed 3, 4, or 5). The two surviving teams from each conference's divisional playoff games met in the respective AFC and NFC Conference Championship games, hosted by the higher seed. Although the Super Bowl , the championship round of the playoffs, is played at a neutral site, the designated home team is based on an annual rotation by conference. [ 7 ] Seed AFC NFC 1 New England Patriots ( East winner) Philadelphia Eagles ( East winner) 2 Kansas City Chiefs ( West winner) St. Louis Rams ( West winner) 3 Indianapolis Colts ( South winner) Carolina Panthers ( South winner) 4 Baltimore Ravens ( North winner) Green Bay Packers ( North winner) 5 Tennessee Titans ( wild card ) Seattle Seahawks (wild card) 6 Denver Broncos (wild card) Dallas Cowboys (wild card) Bracket Jan 3 – Bank of America Stadium Jan 10 – Edward Jones Dome 6 Dallas 10 3 Carolina 29** 3 Carolina 29 Jan 18 – Lincoln Financial Field 2 St. Louis 23 NFC Jan 4 – Lambeau Field 3 Carolina 14 Jan 11 – Lincoln Financial Field 1 Philadelphia 3 5 Seattle 27 NFC Championship 4 Green Bay 17 4 Green Bay 33* Feb 1 – Reliant Stadium 1 Philadelphia 20* Wild Card playoffs Divisional playoffs Jan 4 – RCA Dome N3 Carolina 29 Jan 11 – Arrowhead Stadium A1 New England 32 6 Denver 10 Super Bowl XXXVIII 3 Indianapolis 38 3 Indianapolis 41 Jan 18 – Gillette Stadium 2 Kansas City 31 AFC Jan 3 – M&T Bank Stadium 3 Indianapolis 14 Jan 10 – Gillette Stadium 1 New England 24 5 Tennessee 20 AFC Championship 5 Tennessee 14 4 Baltimore 17 1 New England 17 view talk edit Milestones The following teams and players set all-time NFL records during the season: Record Player or team Date/opponent Previous record holder [ 8 ] Most touchdowns, season Priest Holmes , Kansas City (27) December 28, vs. Chicago Marshall Faulk , St. Louis, 2000 (26) Most rushing yards gained, game Jamal Lewis , Baltimore (295) September 14, vs. Cleveland Corey Dillon , Cincinnati vs. Denver, October 22, 2000 (278) Most consecutive field goals Mike Vanderjagt , Indianapolis December 28, at Houston Gary Anderson , 1997–98 (40) Most consecutive road games lost Detroit Lions December 21, vs. Carolina Houston Oilers , 1981–84 (23) Most consecutive games with a sack Tampa Bay Buccaneers (69) November 9, 2003 Dallas Cowboys (68) Statistical leaders Team Points scored Kansas City Chiefs (484) Total yards gained Minnesota Vikings (6,294) Yards rushing Baltimore Ravens (2,674) Yards passing Indianapolis Colts (4,179) Fewest points allowed New England Patriots (238) Fewest total yards allowed Dallas Cowboys (4,056) Fewest rushing yards allowed Tennessee Titans (1,295) Fewest passing yards allowed Dallas Cowboys (2,631) Individual Scoring Jeff Wilkins , St. Louis (163 points) Touchdowns Priest Holmes , Kansas City (27 TDs) Most field goals made Jeff Wilkins, St. Louis (39 FGs) Rushing Jamal Lewis , Baltimore (2,066 yards) Passing Peyton Manning , Indianapolis (4,267 yards) Passing touchdowns Brett Favre , Green Bay (32 TDs) Pass receiving Torry Holt , St. Louis (117 catches) Pass receiving yards Torry Holt, St. Louis (1,696) Pass receiving touchdowns Randy Moss , Minnesota (17 touchdowns) Punt returns Dante Hall , Kansas City (16.3 average yards) Kickoff returns Jerry Azumah , Chicago (29.0 average yards) Interceptions Brian Russell , Minnesota and Tony Parrish , San Francisco (9) Punting Shane Lechler , Oakland (46.9 average yards) Sacks Michael Strahan , New York Giants (18.5) Awards Most Valuable Player Peyton Manning , quarterback , Indianapolis and Steve McNair , quarterback, Tennessee Titans (as of 2025, this is the most recent season without a consensus MVP) Coach of the Year Bill Belichick , New England Offensive Player of the Year Jamal Lewis, running back , Baltimore Defensive Player of the Year Ray Lewis, linebacker , Baltimore Offensive Rookie of the Year Anquan Boldin , wide receiver , Arizona Defensive Rookie of the Year Terrell Suggs , linebacker , Baltimore NFL Comeback Player of the Year Jon Kitna , quarterback, Cincinnati Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Will Shields , guard, Kansas City Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Tom Brady , quarterback, New England Head coach/front office changes Cincinnati Bengals – Marvin Lewis replaced Dick LeBeau who was fired following the 2002 season . Dallas Cowboys – Bill Parcells replaced Dave Campo who was fired following the 2002 season . Detroit Lions – Steve Mariucci replaced Marty Mornhinweg who was fired following the 2002 season . Jacksonville Jaguars – Jack Del Rio replaced Tom Coughlin who was fired following the 2002 season . San Francisco 49ers – Dennis Erickson replaced Steve Mariucci who was fired following the 2002 season . Arizona Cardinals – Rod Graves replaced Bob Ferguson , who was fired following the 2002 season . Jacksonville Jaguars – James "Shack" Harris replaced former head coach Tom Coughlin , who was fired following the 2002 season . Seattle Seahawks – Bob Ferguson replaced head coach Mike Holmgren , who agreed to step down as general manager to focus on coaching the team. San Diego Chargers – A. J. Smith replaced John Butler , who died of lymphoma on April 11, 2003. Stadium changes Baltimore Ravens : Ravens Stadium was renamed M&T Bank Stadium after M&T Bank acquired the naming rights Chicago Bears : The Bears moved back to a newly renovated Soldier Field after temporarily playing in 2002 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois Philadelphia Eagles : The Eagles moved from Veterans Stadium to Lincoln Financial Field , with Lincoln Financial Group acquiring the naming rights San Francisco 49ers : After the naming rights deal with 3Com expired, the stadium was officially renamed San Francisco Stadium at Candlestick Point instead of its original Candlestick Park name In addition, new turf was installed for the following teams: Atlanta Falcons : New FieldTurf surface Buffalo Bills : New AstroPlay home turf New Orleans Saints : New AstroPlay home turf by mid-season New York Giants , New York Jets : New FieldTurf surface replacing natural grass. New uniforms The Atlanta Falcons unveiled a new uniform design featuring red trim down the sides of both the jerseys and pants. The pants were switched from gray to white, and black pants were also introduced for selected games. Black remained the primary jersey color while a red alternate jersey was also introduced. The falcons helmet logo was redesigned to be more aggressive and closely resemble a capital "F". The Cincinnati Bengals added new alternate black pants with their black jerseys for select home games. The Cleveland Browns added new alternate orange pants last worn during the 1970s-early 1980s Kardiac Kids era of coach Sam Rutigliano . The Denver Broncos introduced blue pants with orange streaks to match with their blue jerseys. The Detroit Lions introduced a new design that added black trim to their logo and jerseys, and changed their face masks from blue to black. The Houston Texans added red third alternate uniforms. The Miami Dolphins added orange third alternate uniforms. The New England Patriots added silver third alternate uniforms. The New Orleans Saints wore gold pants full time, discontinuing using black pants with their white jerseys. The Philadelphia Eagles added silver trim to the jersey numbers on uniforms, and black third alternate uniforms. The St. Louis Rams added alternate blue pants to their road uniforms. The San Diego Chargers wore white pants instead of blue with their white jerseys. They wore blue pants with their blue jerseys for the game vs. the Dolphins which had to be moved from San Diego to Arizona due to wildfires in southern California. The Tennessee Titans added powder blue third alternate uniforms. Television This was the sixth year under the league's eight-year broadcast contracts with ABC , CBS , Fox , and ESPN to televise Monday Night Football , the AFC package, the NFC package, and Sunday Night Football , respectively. At Fox, Tony Siragusa joined Dick Stockton and Daryl Johnston on the network's #2 broadcast team in a sideline analyst role instead of the traditional sideline reporter. At CBS it was Greg Gumbel ’s final season as lead play by play commentator with Phil Simms , and Armen Keteyian . It would be Beasley Reece ’s last season as color commentator for the first time since 1999, after serving as a sideline reporter from 2000-2002. This would also be The SEC football on CBS’s Tim Brando and Spencer Tillman ’s last season with the NFL on CBS after week 2 as they were no longer needed being replaced by Bill Macatee . Also on The NFL today studio it was Jim Nantz ’s final season as studio host as he and Greg Gumbel would trade places the following year. Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Gaughan, Mark (March 27, 2003). "Execs Plan Only Minor Procedures" . The Buffalo News . Retrieved March 24, 2017 . ^ "John Butler (1946-2003)" . Archived from the original on December 18, 2019 . Retrieved February 1, 2021 . ^ Bikoff, Ken (May 7, 2003). "Woodley's death sad but powerful" . Pro Football Weekly. Archived from the original on July 2, 2005 . Retrieved September 1, 2007 . ^ Martin, Susan (January 4, 2003). "Legendary Gillman dies at 91" . Buffalo News . Retrieved January 15, 2021 . ^ "2003 Conference Standings" . NFL.com . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "2003 Conference Standings" . National Football League . Archived from the original on April 9, 2024 . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "NFL Playoff Procedures and Tiebreakers" . Yahoo! Sports. December 31, 2006. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. ^ "Records". 2005 NFL Record and Fact Book . NFL. 2005. ISBN 978-1-932994-36-0 . References NFL Record and Fact Book ( ISBN 1-932994-36-X ) NFL History 2001– (Last accessed October 17, 2005) Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ( ISBN 0-06-270174-6 ) External links Football Outsiders 2003 Team Efficiency Ratings Pro Football Reference.com – 2003 v t e 2003 NFL season v t e AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle 2003 NFL draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXVIII 2003 NFL draft NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl XXXVIII v t e NFL seasons v t e Early era (1920–1969) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AAFC seasons (1946–1949) 1946 1947 1948 1949 AFL seasons (1960–1969) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AAFC seasons (1946–1949) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1946 1947 1948 1949 AFL seasons (1960–1969) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Modern era (1970–present) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Italics indicate future seasons NFL seasons 2003 NFL season 2003 in American football Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2013 This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 06:09 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_NFL_season
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Classification 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Proto-Germanic to Old English 2.2 Influence of Old Norse 2.3 Middle English 2.4 Early Modern English 2.5 Spread of Modern English 2.1 Proto-Germanic to Old English 2.2 Influence of Old Norse 2.3 Middle English 2.4 Early Modern English 2.5 Spread of Modern English 3 Geographical distribution Toggle Geographical distribution subsection 3.1 Three circles model 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 3.1 Three circles model 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 4 Phonology Toggle Phonology subsection 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress, rhythm, and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress, rhythm, and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 5 Grammar Toggle Grammar subsection 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 6 Vocabulary Toggle Vocabulary subsection 6.1 Word-formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loans in other languages 6.1 Word-formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loans in other languages 7 Orthography 8 Dialects, accents, and varieties Toggle Dialects, accents, and varieties subsection 8.1 Britain and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Southeast Asia 8.5 Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 8.6 Non-native varieties 8.1 Britain and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Southeast Asia 8.5 Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 8.6 Non-native varieties 9 See also 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Bibliography 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links English language Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Li Niha Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan Pangcah پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seediq Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Toba Betawi Batak Mandailing Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Moore IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikifunctions Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item English Pronunciation / ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ l ɪ ʃ / ING-lish [ 1 ] Native to The English-speaking world , including the United Kingdom , United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , Commonwealth Caribbean , South Africa and others Speakers L1 : 380 million (2021) [ 2 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} L2 : 1.077 billion (2021) [ 3 ] Total : 1.457 billion L2 : 1.077 billion (2021) [ 3 ] Total : 1.457 billion Language family Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English North Sea Germanic Anglic English Anglic English English Early forms Proto-English Old English Middle English Early Modern English Old English Middle English Early Modern English Middle English Early Modern English Early Modern English Dialects .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} British English North American Caribbean Australian New Zealand South African Hiberno-English ( full list ) British English North American Caribbean Australian New Zealand South African Hiberno-English Writing system Latin ( English alphabet ) Anglo-Saxon runes (historical) English Braille , Unified English Braille Latin ( English alphabet ) Anglo-Saxon runes (historical) English Braille , Unified English Braille Signed forms Manually coded English (multiple systems) Official status Official language in 57 countries and 30 dependent territories Organisations including the UN , EU , Commonwealth , ICC , IMF , IOC , ISO , NATO , WTO , ASEAN , OAS and OECD 57 countries and 30 dependent territories Organisations including the UN , EU , Commonwealth , ICC , IMF , IOC , ISO , NATO , WTO , ASEAN , OAS and OECD Language codes ISO 639-1 en ISO 639-2 eng ISO 639-3 eng Glottolog stan1293 Linguasphere 52-ABA .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Regions where English is the native language of the majority Regions where English is an official or widely spoken language, but not a majority native language This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . English is a West Germanic language that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The namesake of the language is the Angles , one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Britain after the end of Roman rule . English is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations ) and the United States . It is the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish . [ 3 ] English is either the official language, or one of the official languages, in 57 sovereign states and 30 dependent territories , making it the most geographically widespread language in the world. In the United Kingdom , the United States, Australia , and New Zealand , it is the dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law. [ 7 ] It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union , and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science , technology, international trade, logistics , tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the Internet . [ 8 ] Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.4 billion speakers worldwide as of 2021 [update] . [ 3 ] Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons . Early inscriptions were written with runes before a Latin-based alphabet was adopted for longer texts. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse , a North Germanic language . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] An evolution of the Latin alphabet, the English alphabet , fully supplanted the runic alphabet by the High Middle Ages , coinciding with the emergence of Middle English in England under Norman control . Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects , which are the source of approximately 28 per cent of Modern English words , and from Latin , which is the source of an additional 28 per cent . [ 12 ] While Latin and the Romance languages are thus the source for a majority of its lexicon taken as a whole, English's grammar and phonology remain Germanic, as does most of its basic everyday vocabulary. Finally, Middle English transformed, in part through the Great Vowel Shift , into Modern English , which exists on a dialect continuum with Scots ; it is next-most closely related to Low Saxon and Frisian . Classification English is a member of the Indo-European language family , belonging to the West Germanic branch of Germanic languages . [ 13 ] Owing to their descent from a shared ancestor language known as Proto-Germanic , English and other Germanic languages – which include Dutch , German , and Swedish [ 14 ] – have characteristic features in common, including a division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbs , and sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants known as Grimm's and Verner's laws . [ 15 ] Old English was one of several Ingvaeonic languages , which emerged from a dialect continuum spoken by West Germanic peoples during the 5th century in Frisia , on the coast of the North Sea . Old English emerged among the Ingvaeonic speakers on the British Isles following their migration there, while the other Ingvaeonic languages ( Frisian and Old Low German ) developed in parallel on the continent. [ 16 ] Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English. [ 17 ] Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into other Anglic languages , including Scots [ 18 ] and the extinct Fingallian and Yola dialects of Ireland. [ 19 ] English was isolated from other Germanic languages on the continent and diverged considerably in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology as a result. It is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language – though some, such as Dutch and Frisian, show strong affinities with it, especially in its earlier stages. [ 20 ] [ page needed ] English and Frisian were traditionally considered more closely related to one another than they were to other West Germanic languages, but most modern scholarship does not recognise a particular affinity between them. [ 21 ] Though they exhibited similar sound changes not otherwise found around the North Sea at that time, the specific changes appeared in English and Frisian at different times – a pattern uncharacteristic for languages sharing a unique phylogenetic ancestor. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] History Proto-Germanic to Old English Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon ) was the earliest form of the English language, spoken from c. 450 to c. 1150 . Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, sometimes identified as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic , that were originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . [ 25 ] From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain as the Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the 7th century, Old English had become dominant in Britain – replacing the Common Brittonic and British Latin previously spoken during the Roman occupation , [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] which ultimately left little influence on English. England and English (originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are both named after the Angles. [ 29 ] Old English was divided into two Anglian dialects ( Mercian and Northumbrian ) and two Saxon dialects ( Kentish and West Saxon ). [ 30 ] Through the influence exerted by the kingdom of Wessex , and the educational reforms instated by King Alfred during the 9th century, the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . [ 31 ] The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Cædmon's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian. [ 32 ] Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. During the earliest period of Old English, a few short inscriptions were made using a runic alphabet . [ 33 ] By the 7th century, a Latin alphabet had been adopted. Written with half-uncial letterforms , it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Old English is markedly different from Modern English, such that 21st-century English speakers are entirely unable to understand Old English without special training. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and has a few verb inflections ( speak , speaks , speaking , spoke , spoken ), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Influence of Old Norse Between the 8th and 11th centuries, the English spoken in some regions underwent significant changes due to contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Several waves of Norsemen colonising the northern British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English speakers in constant contact with Old Norse. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the Danelaw surrounding York; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . The centre of Norse influence was Lindsey , located in the Midlands . After Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity in 920, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with th- ( they , them , their ) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- ( hie, him, hera ). [ 38 ] Other Norse loanwords include give , get , sky , skirt , egg , and cake , typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones. [ 39 ] Middle English Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. [Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.] Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. [Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.] The Middle English period is often defined as beginning with the Norman Conquest in 1066. During the centuries that followed, English was heavily influenced by the form of Old French spoken by the new Norman ruling class that had migrated to England (known as Old Norman ). Over the following decades of contact, members of the middle and upper classes, whether native English or Norman, became increasingly bilingual. By 1150 at the latest, bilingual speakers represented a majority of the English aristocracy, and monolingual French speakers were nearly non-existent. [ 41 ] The French spoken by the Norman elite in England eventually developed into the Anglo-Norman language . [ 42 ] The division between Old to Middle English can also be placed during the composition of the Ormulum ( c. late 12th century ), a work by the Augustinian canon Orrm which highlights blending of Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in the language for the first time. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] As the lower classes, who represented the vast majority of the population, remained monolingual English speakers, a primary influence of Norman was as a lexical superstratum, introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. [ 11 ] For instance, the French word trône appears for the first time, from which the English word throne is derived. [ 45 ] Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, [ 46 ] and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. [ 47 ] Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales ( c. 1400 ), and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur (1485). In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. [ 48 ] In the first translation of the entire Bible into English by John Wycliffe (1382), Matthew 8:20 reads: "Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis." [ 49 ] Here the plural suffix -n on the verb have is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. Early Modern English The period of Early Modern English , lasting between 1500 and 1700, was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example, the word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of Henry V . Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. [ 52 ] Literature in Early Modern English includes the works of William Shakespeare and the 1611 King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English. [ 53 ] Matthew 8:20 in the KJV reads: "The Foxes have holes and the birds of the ayre have nests." [ 54 ] This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird , originally meaning 'nestling', which had replaced Old English fugol ). [ 54 ] Spread of Modern English By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. [ 55 ] [ 4 ] English was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC [ 59 ] and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. [ 62 ] As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language , which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes. [ 63 ] In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now found only in pronouns, such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ), and subject–verb–object word order is mostly fixed. [ 63 ] Some changes, such as the use of do -support , have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word do as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. [ 64 ] Now, do -support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in -ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as "had been being built" are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. more polite instead of politer ). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Geographical distribution As of 2016 [update] , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a second language. [ 69 ] English is the largest language by number of speakers , spoken by communities on every continent. [ 70 ] Estimates of second language and foreign-language speakers vary greatly depending on how proficiency is defined, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. [ 7 ] In 2003, David Crystal estimated that non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of three-to-one. [ 71 ] Three circles model Braj Kachru has categorised countries into the Three Circles of English model, according to how the language historically spread in each country, how it is acquired by the populace, and the range of uses it has there – with a country's classification able to change over time. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] "Inner-circle" countries have large communities of native English speakers; these include the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English – and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), [ 74 ] the United Kingdom (60 million), [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] Canada (19 million), [ 78 ] Australia (at least 17 million), [ 79 ] South Africa (4.8 million), [ 80 ] Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). [ 81 ] In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. [ 82 ] Inner-circle countries are the base from which English spreads to other regions of the world. [ 72 ] "Outer-circle" countries – such as the Philippines, [ 83 ] Jamaica, [ 84 ] India, Pakistan, Singapore, [ 85 ] Malaysia, and Nigeria [ 86 ] [ 87 ] – have much smaller proportions of native English speakers, but use of English as a second language in education, government, or domestic business is significant, and its use for instruction in schools and official government operations is routine. [ 88 ] These countries have millions of native speakers on dialect continua, which range from English-based creole languages to standard varieties of English used in inner-circle countries. They have many more speakers who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and exposure to English-language broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the language of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners – with most including words rarely used by native speakers in inner-circle countries, as well as grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties. [ 82 ] "Expanding-circle" countries are where English is taught as a foreign language [ 89 ] – though the character of English as a first, second, or foreign language in a given country is often debatable, and may change over time. [ 88 ] For example, in countries like the Netherlands, an overwhelming majority of the population can speak English, [ 90 ] and it is often used in higher education and to communicate with foreigners. [ 91 ] Pluricentric English English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , [ 96 ] but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. [ 97 ] American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world . [ 98 ] Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers. [ 99 ] The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koiné forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. [ 100 ] The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers. [ 74 ] [ 101 ] Australia has no official languages at the federal or state level. [ 102 ] In Canada, English and French share an official status at the federal level. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French. [ 105 ] English is the official second language of Ireland, while Irish is the first. [ 106 ] While New Zealand is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are Māori [ 107 ] and New Zealand Sign Language . [ 108 ] The United Kingdom does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside Welsh [ 109 ] and Irish [ 110 ] respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language. In the United States, English was designated the official language of the country by Executive Order 14224 in 2025. [ 111 ] English has additional official or co-official status at the state level in 32 states, and all 5 territories; [ 112 ] 18 states and the District of Columbia have no official language. English as a global language Modern English is sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , [ 60 ] [ 115 ] or as the first world language . [ 116 ] [ 117 ] English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. [ 117 ] Parity with French as a language of diplomacy had been achieved by Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919. [ 118 ] By the time the United Nations was founded at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent; [ 119 ] it is one of six official languages of the United Nations. [ 120 ] and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. [ 121 ] Many other worldwide international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations, such as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), [ 61 ] and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) use English as their sole working language, despite most members not being countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the EU allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. [ 122 ] English serves as the basis for the required controlled natural languages [ 123 ] Seaspeak and Airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring [ 124 ] and aviation. [ 125 ] English is the most frequently taught foreign language in the world. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Most people learning English do so for practical reasons, as opposed to ideological reasons. [ 126 ] In EU countries, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in 19 of the 25 member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and Malta ). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 per cent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 per cent of respondents. [ 127 ] The global influence of English has led to concerns about language death , [ 128 ] and to claims of linguistic imperialism , [ 129 ] and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however, the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think English provides them with better employment opportunities and increased quality of life. [ 130 ] Working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine [ 131 ] and computing. Though it formerly had parity with French and German in scientific research, English now dominates the field. [ 132 ] Its importance in scientific publishing is such that over 80 per cent of scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 per cent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996, and 82 per cent of articles in humanities publications by 1995. [ 133 ] As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 134 ] For example, English is one of the official languages of India. Many Indians have shifted from associating the language with colonialism to associating it with economic progress. [ 135 ] English is widely used in media and literature, with India being the third-largest publisher of English-language books in the world, after the US and UK. [ 136 ] However, less than 5 per cent of the population speak English fluently, with the country's native English speakers numbering in the low hundreds of thousands. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In 2004, David Crystal claimed India had the largest population of people able to speak or understand English in the world, [ 139 ] though most scholars estimate the US remains home to a larger English-speaking population. [ 140 ] Many English speakers in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. [ 141 ] Regarding its future development, it is considered most likely that English will continue to function as a koiné language, with a standard form that unifies speakers around the world. [ 142 ] Phonology English phonology and phonetics differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of phonemes (speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. [ 143 ] This overview mainly describes Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA), the standard varieties of the United Kingdom and the United States respectively. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Consonants Most English dialects share the same 24 consonant phonemes (or 26, if marginal /x/ and glottal stop /ʔ/ are included). The consonant inventory shown below is valid for California English , [ 147 ] and for RP. [ 148 ] Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive p b t d k ɡ ( ʔ ) Affricate tʃ dʒ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ( x ) h Approximant Median ɹ j w Lateral l For pairs of obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives) such as /p b/ , /tʃ dʒ/ , and /s z/ , the first is fortis (strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as /p tʃ s/ are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as /b dʒ z/ , and are always voiceless . Lenis consonants are partly voiced at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as /p/ have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are aspirated [pʰ] when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often unreleased [p̚] or pre-glottalised [ʔp] at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: e.g. nip has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, not phonemically) than nib [nɪˑb̥] ( see below ). [ 149 ] Lenis stops: bin [b̥ɪˑn] , about [əˈbaʊt] , nib [nɪˑb̥] Fortis stops: pin [pʰɪn] ; spin [spɪn] ; happy [ˈhæpi] ; nip [nɪp̚] or [nɪʔp] In RP, the lateral approximant /l/ has two main allophones (pronunciation variants): the clear or plain [l] , as in light , and the dark or velarised [ɫ] , as in full . [ 150 ] GA has dark l in most cases. [ 151 ] Clear l : RP light [laɪt] Dark l : RP and GA full [fʊɫ] , GA light [ɫaɪt] All sonorants (liquids /l, r/ and nasals /m, n, ŋ/ ) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word. [ 152 ] Voiceless sonorants: clay [kl̥eɪ̯] ; snow RP [sn̥əʊ̯] , GA [sn̥oʊ̯] Syllabic sonorants: paddle [ˈpad.l̩] , button [ˈbʌt.n̩] Vowels RP GA Word eɪ b ay əʊ oʊ r oa d aɪ cr y aʊ c ow ɔɪ b oy RP GA Word ɪə ɪɹ p eer eə ɛɹ p air ʊə ʊɹ p oor RP GA Word iː i n ee d ɪ b i d e ɛ b e d æ b a ck ɑː ɑ br a ɒ b o x ɔ , ɑ cl o th ɔː p aw uː u f oo d ʊ g oo d ʌ b u t ɜː ɜɹ b ir d ə comm a The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The accompanying table below lists the vowel phonemes in RP and GA, with example words from lexical sets . The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet ; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications. [ 153 ] In RP, vowel length is phonemic; long vowels are marked with a triangular colon ⟨ ː ⟩ in the table above, such as the vowel of need [niːd] as opposed to bid [bɪd] . [ 154 ] In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive. [ 155 ] In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically shortened before fortis consonants in the same syllable , like /t tʃ f/ , but not before lenis consonants like /d dʒ v/ or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of rich [rɪtʃ] , neat [nit] , and safe [seɪ̯f] are noticeably shorter than the vowels of ridge [rɪˑdʒ] , need [niˑd] , and save [seˑɪ̯v] , and the vowel of light [laɪ̯t] is shorter than that of lie [laˑɪ̯] . Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis. [ 156 ] The vowel /ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Some dialects do not contrast /ɪ/ and /ə/ in unstressed positions, such that rabbit and abbot rhyme and Lenin and Lennon are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the weak vowel merger . [ 159 ] GA /ɜr/ and /ər/ are realised as an r -coloured vowel [ɚ] , as in further [ˈfɚðɚ] (phonemically /ˈfɜrðər/ ), which in RP is realised as [ˈfəːðə] (phonemically /ˈfɜːðə/ ). [ 160 ] Phonotactics An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in sprint /sprɪnt/ , and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects) angsts /aŋksts/ . This gives an English syllable a structure of (CCC)V(CCCCC) – where C represents a consonant and V a vowel. The word strengths /strɛŋθs/ is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in play ; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in fly or sly ; s and a voiceless stop, as in stay ; and s , a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in string . [ 161 ] Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions: /h/ can only occur in syllable-initial position, and /ŋ/ only in syllable-final position. [ 162 ] Stress, rhythm, and intonation Stress plays an important role in English. Certain syllables are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently reduced while vowels in stressed syllables are not. [ 163 ] Stress in English is phonemic . For instance, the word contract is stressed on the first syllable ( / ˈ k ɒ n t r æ k t / KON -trakt ) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable ( / k ə n ˈ t r æ k t / kən- TRAKT ) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Here stress is connected to vowel reduction : in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel /ɒ/ , but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to /ə/ . Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g. "a burnout" ( / ˈ b ɜːr n aʊ t / ) versus "to burn out" ( / ˈ b ɜːr n ˈ aʊ t / ), and "a hotdog" ( / ˈ h ɒ t d ɒ ɡ / ) versus "a hot dog" ( / ˈ h ɒ t ˈ d ɒ ɡ / ). [ 167 ] In terms of rhythm , English is generally described as a stress-timed language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal. [ 168 ] Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in vowel quality : vowel reduction . [ 169 ] Regional variation United States Canada Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland England Wales South Africa Australia New Zealand father – bother merger Yes Yes /ɒ/ is unrounded Yes Yes Yes /ɜr/ is pronounced [ɚ] Yes Yes Yes Yes cot – caught merger Possibly Yes Possibly Yes Yes fool – full merger Yes Yes /t, d/ flapping Yes Yes Possibly Often Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Yes Often trap – bath split Possibly Possibly Often Yes Yes Often Yes non-rhoticity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes close vowels for /æ, ɛ/ Yes Yes Yes /l/ can always be pronounced [ɫ] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes /ɑː/ is fronted before /r/ Possibly Possibly Yes Yes Lexical set RP GA CanE Sound change .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} THOUGHT /ɔː/ /ɔ/ or /ɑ/ /ɑ/ cot – caught merger CLOTH /ɒ/ lot – cloth split LOT /ɑ/ father – bother merger PALM /ɑː/ BATH /æ/ /æ/ trap – bath split TRAP /æ/ Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and South Africa have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally. [ 170 ] English has undergone many historical sound changes , some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the Great Vowel Shift , which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the Northern Cities Vowel Shift and Canadian Shift have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents. [ 171 ] Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and phones than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a voiceless [ ʍ ] sound in whine that contrasts with the voiced [w] in wine , but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced [w] , a dialect feature called wine – whine merger . The voiceless velar fricative sound /x/ is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes loch /lɔx/ from lock /lɔk/ . Accents like Cockney with " h -dropping " lack the glottal fricative /h/ , and dialects with th -stopping and th -fronting like African-American Vernacular and Estuary English do not have the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ , but replace them with dental or alveolar stops /t, d/ or labiodental fricatives /f, v/ . [ 172 ] [ 173 ] Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as yod -dropping , yod -coalescence , and reduction of consonant clusters. [ 174 ] [ page needed ] GA and RP vary in their pronunciation of historical /r/ after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the syllable coda ). GA is a rhotic dialect , meaning that it pronounces /r/ at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses /r/ in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide /r/ like RP or keep it like GA. [ 175 ] There is complex dialectal variation in words with the open front and open back vowels /æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/ . These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three /æ ɑ ɔ/ , [ 176 ] and in Canadian English, they merge to two /æ ɑ/ . [ 177 ] Grammar Typical for an Indo-European language, English grammar follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment . Unlike other Indo-European languages, English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system in favour of analytic constructions. Only the personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class . English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into subordinators and coordinators , and add the class of interjections. [ 178 ] English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs , such as have and do , expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by do -support , wh -movement (fronting of question words beginning with wh -) and word order inversion with some verbs. [ 179 ] Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected strong stems inflected through ablaut (i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs speak / spoke and foot / feet ) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as love / loved , hand / hands ). [ 180 ] Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( he / him , who / whom ); similarly, traces of more complex verb conjugation are seen in the inflection of the copula verb to be . [ 180 ] The seven word classes are exemplified in this sample sentence: [ 181 ] The chairman of the committee and the loquacious politician clashed violently when the meeting started . Det. Noun Prep. Det. Noun Conj. Det. Adj. Noun Verb Advb. Conj. Det. Noun Verb Nouns and noun phrases English nouns are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into proper nouns (names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into count nouns and mass nouns . [ 182 ] Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural suffix - s , but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g. "one loaf of bread", "two loaves of bread". [ 183 ] Regular plural formation: Singular: cat , dog Plural: cats , dogs Irregular plural formation: Singular: man , woman , foot , fish , ox , knife , mouse Plural: men , women , feet , fish , oxen , knives , mice Possession can be expressed either by the possessive enclitic - s (also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition of . Historically the - s possessive has been used for animate nouns , whereas the of possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use - s also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive - s is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with - s the apostrophe follows the - s . [ 179 ] Possessive constructions: With - s : "The woman's husband's child" With of : "The child of the husband of the woman" Nouns can form noun phrases (NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives. [ 184 ] Noun phrases can be short, such as the man , composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g. red , tall , all ) and specifiers such as determiners (e.g. the , that ). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as and , or prepositions such as with , e.g. "the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles" (this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit. [ 179 ] For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in "The President of India's wife", where the enclitic follows India and not President . The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of definiteness , where the marks a definite noun and a or an an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include one , many , some and all , are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g. one man (sg.) but all men (pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase. [ 185 ] Adjectives English adjectives are words such as good , big , interesting , and Canadian that most typically modify nouns, denoting characteristics of their referents (e.g. "a red car"). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners. [ 186 ] English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g. "the child is happy "). [ 187 ] In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to agree in form with the noun they modify, as in most other Indo-European languages. For example, in the phrases "the slender boy", and "many slender girls", the adjective slender does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun. [ 188 ] Some adjectives are inflected for degree of comparison , with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix - er marking the comparative, and - est marking the superlative: "a small boy", "the boy is smaller than the girl", "that boy is the smallest". Some adjectives have irregular suppletive comparative and superlative forms, such as good , better , and best . Other adjectives have comparatives formed by periphrastic constructions , with the adverb more marking the comparative, and most marking the superlative: happier or more happy , the happiest or most happy . [ 189 ] There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form. [ 190 ] Determiners English determiners are words such as the , each , many , some , and which , occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as definite or indefinite. [ 191 ] They often agree with the noun in number . They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison. Pronouns, case, and person English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons ( I / me , he / him , she / her , we / us , they / them ) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing it from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between feminine she / her , epicene they / them , and masculine he / him . [ 192 ] [ 193 ] The subjective case corresponds to the Old English nominative case , and the objective case is used in the sense both of the previous accusative case (for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or indirect object of a transitive verb). [ 194 ] [ 195 ] The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. [ 196 ] While grammarians such as Henry Sweet [ 197 ] and Otto Jespersen [ 198 ] noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, including The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language , retain traditional nominative and accusative labels for the cases. [ 199 ] Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in my chair ), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g. "the chair is mine"). [ 200 ] Grammatical person in English no longer distinguishes between formal and informal pronouns of address, with the second person singular familiar pronoun thou that previously existed in the language having fallen almost entirely out of use by the 18th century. [ 201 ] Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular: Plural and singular are always identical ( you , your , yours ) in the second person (except in the reflexive form: yourself / yourselves ) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as y'all (found in Southern American English and African-American Vernacular English ), youse (found in Australian English ), or ye (in Hiberno-English ). In the third person, the they / them series of pronouns ( they , them , their , theirs , themselves ) are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural. In the singular, the they / them series (sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form themself ) serve as a gender-neutral set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted, especially as part of the LGBTQ culture . [ 192 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Person Subjective case Objective case Dependent possessive Independent possessive Reflexive 1st, singular I me my mine myself 2nd, singular you you your yours yourself 3rd, singular he/she/it/ they him/her/it/them his/her/its/their his/hers/its/theirs himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves 1st, plural we us our ours ourselves 2nd, plural you you your yours yourselves 3rd, plural they them their theirs themselves Pronouns are used to refer to entities deictically or anaphorically . A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation – for example, the pronoun I identifies the speaker, and the pronoun you , the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as that refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence "I already told you that". The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact"). [ 204 ] Prepositions Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g. "with the dog", "for my friend", "to school", "in England". [ 205 ] English prepositions have a wide range of uses – including describing movement, place, and other relations between entities, as well as functions that are syntactic in nature, like introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs. [ 205 ] For example, in the phrase "I gave it to him", the preposition to marks the indirect object of the verb to give . Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases. [ 206 ] Verbs and verb phrases English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with a third person present singular subject. Only the copula verb to be is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects. [ 189 ] Auxiliary verbs such as have and be are paired with verbs in the infinitive , past, or progressive forms. They form complex tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence. [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle. [ 209 ] The verb to be – which among other uses in English functions as the primary auxiliary verb indicating the imperfective aspect (e.g. "I am going"), as well as the copula [ 210 ] – is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first person present form is am , the third person singular form is is , and the form are is used in the second person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is been and its gerund-participle is being . [ 211 ] Inflection Strong Regular Plain present take love 3rd person sg. present takes loves Preterite took loved Plain (infinitive) take love Gerund–participle taking loving Past participle taken loved Tense, aspect, and mood English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix -ed , and for the strong verbs either the suffix -t or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix -s . [ 207 ] Present Preterite First person I run I ran Second person You run You ran Third person John runs John ran English does not have future verb forms. [ 212 ] The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs will or shall . [ 213 ] Many varieties also use a near future constructed with the phrasal verb "be going to" ( going-to future ). [ 214 ] Future First person "I will run" Second person "You will run" Third person "John will run" Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily have and be , which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ("I have run" vs. "I was running"), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ("I had been running") and present perfect ("I have been running"). [ 215 ] For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as can , may , will , shall and the past tense forms could , might , would , should . There are also subjunctive and imperative moods , both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular -s ), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive: "It is important that he run every day"; imperative Run! ). [ 213 ] An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition to , is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause. [ 216 ] For example, "he has to go" where only the auxiliary verb have is inflected for time and the main verb to go is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as "I saw him leave", where the main verb is see , which is in a preterite form, and leave is in the infinitive. Phrasal verbs English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called phrasal verbs , verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are "to get up", "to ask out", "to get together", and "to put up with". The phrasal verb frequently has a highly idiomatic meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g. lay off meaning terminate someone's employment ). [ 217 ] Some grammarians do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, e.g. "he woke up in the morning" and "he ran up in the mountains" are syntactically equivalent. [ 218 ] Adverbs The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs. [ 179 ] Many English adverbs are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix -ly . For example, in the phrase "the woman walked quickly", the adverb quickly is derived from the adjective quick . Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as good , which has the adverbial form well . [ 219 ] Syntax Modern English syntax is moderately analytic . [ 220 ] It has developed features such as modal verbs and word order as resources for conveying meaning. Auxiliary verbs mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the passive voice and progressive aspect . [ 221 ] Basic constituent order English has moved from the Germanic verb-second (V2) word order to being almost exclusively subject–verb–object (SVO). [ 222 ] The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as "he had been hoping to try opening it". [ 223 ] In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order. [ 224 ] The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb: The dog bites the man S V O The man bites the dog S V O An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective case form. [ 225 ] The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun: He hit him S V O Indirect objects (IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as "I gave Jane the book" or in a prepositional phrase, such as "I gave the book to Jane ". [ 226 ] Clause syntax English sentences may be composed of one or more clauses, that may in turn be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any noun or prepositional phrases. Within a sentence, there is always at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase "I think (that) you are lying", the main clause is headed by the verb think , the subject is I , but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause "(that) you are lying". The subordinating conjunction that shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted. [ 227 ] Relative clauses are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence "I saw the letter that you received today", the relative clause "that you received today" specifies the meaning of the word letter , the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns who , whose , whom , and which as well as by that (which can also be omitted). [ 228 ] In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses. [ 229 ] Auxiliary verb constructions English auxiliary verbs are relied upon for many functions, including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence "the dog did not find its bone", the clause "find its bone" is the complement of the negated verb did not . Subject–auxiliary inversion is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions. [ 230 ] The verb do can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I did shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present. Modern English does not allow the addition of the negating adverb not to an ordinary finite lexical verb, as in *"I know not" – it can only be added to an auxiliary (or copular ) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary do is used, to produce a form like "I do not (don't) know." The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions – inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say *"Know you him?"; grammatical rules require "Do you know him?" [ 231 ] Negation is done with the adverb not , which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not - n't can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb to be . Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do -support, thus in Modern English "I don't know him" is the correct answer to the question "Do you know him?", but not *"I know him not", although this construction may be found in older English. [ 232 ] Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb to be or to get , although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with get . For example, putting the sentence "she sees him" into the passive becomes "he is seen (by her)", or "he gets seen (by her)". [ 233 ] Questions Both yes/no questions and wh -questions in English are mostly formed using subject–auxiliary inversion ("Am I going tomorrow?", "Where can we eat?"), which may require do -support ("Do you like her?", "Where did he go?"). In most cases, interrogative words (or wh -words ) – which include who , what , when , where , why , and how – appear in a fronted position . For example, in the question "What did you see?", the word what appears as the first constituent despite being the grammatical object of the sentence. When the wh -word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs (e.g. "Who saw the cat?"). Prepositional phrases can also be fronted when they are the questions theme (e.g. "To whose house did you go last night?"). The personal interrogative pronoun who is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant whom serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts. [ 234 ] Discourse level syntax While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a topic–comment structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction, "the girl was stung by the bee". Another way is through a cleft sentence where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a dummy subject such as it or there , e.g. "it was the girl that the bee stung", "there was a girl who was stung by a bee". [ 235 ] Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g. "it is raining") or in existential clauses ("there are many cars on the street"). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic–comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax. [ 236 ] Focus constructions emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example, "the girl was stung by a bee " (emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or " the girl was stung by a bee" (contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy). [ 237 ] Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example, "That girl over there, she was stung by a bee", emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition, "she was stung by a bee, that girl over there", where reference to the girl is established as an afterthought. [ 238 ] Cohesion between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as anaphora (e.g. "that is exactly what I mean" where that refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or then used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event). [ 239 ] Discourse markers such as oh , so , or well , also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for stance taking in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example, "no way is that true!" (the idiomatic marker "no way!" expressing disbelief), or "boy! I'm hungry" (the marker boy expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers. [ 240 ] Vocabulary The English lexicon consists of around 170,000 words (or 220,000, if counting obsolete words ), according to an estimate based on the 1989 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary . [ 241 ] Over one-half are nouns, one-quarter are adjectives, and one-seventh are verbs. Another estimate – which includes scientific jargon , prefixed and suffixed words, loanwords of extremely limited use, technical acronyms , etc. – counts around 1 million total English words. [ 242 ] English borrows vocabulary quickly from many languages and other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by lexicographers (scholars who study vocabulary and compile dictionaries) were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from high-quality linguistic corpora [ 243 ] (collections of actual written texts and spoken passages). Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available. [ 244 ] [ 245 ] Word-formation processes English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion, [ 246 ] using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive word-formation process is nominal compounding, [ 242 ] [ 245 ] producing compound words such as babysitter or ice cream or homesick . [ 246 ] Formation of new words, called neologisms , based on Greek or Latin roots (for example television or optometry ) is a highly productive process in modern European languages like English, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer Philip Gove attributed many such words to the " international scientific vocabulary " (ISV) when compiling Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961). Another active word-formation process in English is that of acronyms , which result from pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g. NATO , laser , scuba . [ 247 ] Word origins French, including Anglo-Norman (28.3%) Latin, including scientific and technical loans (28.2%) Germanic (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) (25.0%) Greek (5.32%) None given (4.03%) Derived from proper names (3.28%) Other (5.83%) Throughout its history, English has been a particularly frequent borrower of loanwords from other languages. [ 249 ] West Germanic words in use since the Anglo-Saxon period still comprise most of the language's core vocabulary, as well as most of its most frequently used words. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 242 ] Many sentences can be constructed without loanwords, but not without core Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. [ 252 ] English has formal and informal speech registers ; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of Anglo-Saxon vocabulary, while Latinate vocabulary appears more frequently in legal, scientific, and academic writing. [ 253 ] [ 254 ] Prolonged and intense contact with French has resulted in English having a very high proportion of Latinate words – with French loanwords borrowed during different stages of the language's history comprising 28 per cent of the English lexicon. [ 255 ] In all periods of its history, English has also borrowed words from Latin directly, [ 245 ] [ 242 ] representing another 28 per cent of the lexicon. [ 256 ] In turn, many of these words had originally entered Latin from Greek. Greek and Latin stems remain highly productive sources for new literary, technical, and scientific vocabulary in English. [ 257 ] Loanwords from Old Norse primarily entered English between the 8th and 11th centuries, during the Norse colonisation of eastern and northern England, and typically displaced an Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Many represent core vocabulary – including give , get , sky , skirt , egg , and cake . [ 258 ] [ 39 ] English loans in other languages English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. [ 255 ] [ 259 ] The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world lingua franca, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages. [ 260 ] That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages. [ 261 ] Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as calques , while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. [ 262 ] Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe. [ 262 ] Orthography Since the 9th century, English has been written using the English alphabet , which uses the Latin script . Anglo-Saxon runes were previously used to write Old English, but only in short inscriptions; the overwhelming majority of attested writings in Old English are in the Old English Latin alphabet . [ 33 ] English orthography is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. [ 263 ] Further complications have arisen through sound changes with which the orthography has not kept pace. [ 50 ] Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a word is pronounced. [ 264 ] There are also systematic spelling differences between British and American English . These situations have prompted proposals for spelling reform in English . [ 265 ] Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words. [ 266 ] Moreover, standard English spelling shows etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling – for example, the words photograph , photography , and photographic , [ 266 ] or the words electricity and electrical . While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal", [ 263 ] there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. [ 267 ] The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world. [ 268 ] Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word. [ 269 ] Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or digraphs used to spell consonant sounds. The letters b , d , f , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , w , y , z represent, respectively, the phonemes /b, d, f, h, dʒ, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, j, z/ . The letters c and g normally represent /k/ and /ɡ/ , but there is also a soft c pronounced /s/ , and a soft g pronounced /dʒ/ . The differences in the pronunciations of the letters c and g are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include ch for /tʃ/ , sh for /ʃ/ , th for /θ/ or /ð/ , ng for /ŋ/ , qu for /kw/ , and ph for /f/ in Greek-derived words. The single letter x is generally pronounced as /z/ in word-initial position and as /ks/ otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin [ 266 ] or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words of Germanic origin. [ 270 ] For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters ( a , e , i , o , u , y , and very rarely w ). As a result, some " long vowels " are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the oa in boat , the ow in how , and the ay in stay ), or the historically based silent e (as in note and cake ). [ 267 ] The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German. [ 271 ] Nonetheless, there is an advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words. [ 266 ] Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English. [ 274 ] English writing also includes a system of punctuation marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud. [ 275 ] Dialects, accents, and varieties Dialectologists identify many English dialects , which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate regional accents . The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of British English (BrE) and North American English (NAE). [ 276 ] Britain and Ireland .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Speech example An example of a man with a contemporary Received Pronunciation accent ( Alain de Botton ). Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a man with a Cockney accent ( Danny Baker ). Speech example An example of an Essex man with a working-class Estuary English accent ( Russell Brand ). Speech example An example of a man with a ( West ) Yorkshire accent ( Damien Hirst ). Speech example An example of a man with a contemporary Liverpool accent ( John Bishop ). Speech example An example of a man with a ( South ) Wales accent ( Rob Brydon ). Speech example An example of a man with one of the many accents of Scotland ( Alex Salmond ). Speech example An example of a man with a Northern Irish accent ( George Best ). Speech example An example of a woman with one of the many accents of the Republic of Ireland ( Mary Robinson ). The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects. [ 277 ] Within the United Kingdom, Received Pronunciation (RP), an educated accent associated originally with South East England , has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950–61 Survey of English Dialects , grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear. [ 278 ] Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. Only 3% of the English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence. [ 279 ] There is also variability within RP, particularly along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life. [ 280 ] Within Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is h -dropping , which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society. [ 281 ] English in England can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as West Country English ), Midlands English and Northern English . Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the Yorkshire dialects , the Geordie dialect (spoken around Newcastle , in Northumbria ) and the Lancashire dialects, which include the urban subdialects of Manchester ( Mancunian ) and Liverpool ( Scouse ). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties. [ 282 ] In the West Midlands , dialects such as Black Country ( Yam Yam ), and by less extent Birmingham ( Brummie ), preserve archaic features from Early Modern and Middle English, retaining Germanic elements such as specific grammatical structures and vocabulary. [ 283 ] Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the Cockney dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been influencing neighbouring regions throughout history. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of intrusive R ( drawing is pronounced "drawring" /ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/ ), t -glottalisation ( Potter is pronounced with a glottal stop as Po'er /ˈpɒʔə/ ) and th -fronting , or the pronunciation of th- as /f/ ( thanks pronounced "fanks") or /v/ ( bother pronounced "bover"). [ 287 ] Scots is today considered a separate language from English, but it has its origins in early Northern Middle English [ 288 ] and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly Scottish Gaelic and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots, Scottish English comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots. [ 289 ] In Ireland , various forms of English have been spoken following the Norman invasion of the island during the 11th century. In County Wexford and in the area surrounding Dublin , two extinct dialects known as Forth and Bargy and Fingallian developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern Irish English , however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into Ulster English , the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of the Republic of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the rhoticity which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP. [ 19 ] [ 290 ] North America Speech example An example of a Midwestern American man with a General American accent ( Emery Emery ). Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An Alabama woman with a contemporary Southern American accent ( Martha Roby ). Speech example A man with a New York City accent ( Chuck Zito ). Speech example A man with a Boston accent ( Marty Walsh ). Speech example An example of two men with AAVE accents , the interviewer from Georgia ( D. J. Shockley ) and the interviewee from Louisiana ( Russell Gage ). Speech example An Ontario woman with a Standard Canadian accent ( Margaret Atwood ). Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéisation that occurred during the colonial period, North American English has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as African-American English , Chicano English , Cajun English , or Newfoundland English . [ 291 ] American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level, [ 292 ] though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents, [ 293 ] known collectively as General American English (GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including Midland and Western American English . [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] Canadian English varieties, excepting those from Atlantic Canada and possibly Quebec , are generally considered to belong to the GA continuum, although they often show raising of the vowels / aɪ / and / aʊ / before voiceless consonants and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well. [ 297 ] Atlantic Canadian English , notably distinct from Standard Canadian English , [ 298 ] comprises Maritime English and Newfoundland English . It was influenced mostly by British and Irish English, as well as Irish , Scottish Gaelic , and Acadian French . [ 299 ] In most American and Canadian English dialects, rhoticity (or r -fullness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or r -dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of World War II . This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard. [ 300 ] Varieties beyond GA which have developed distinct sound systems include the Southern American English , New York City English , Eastern New England English , and African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) groups – all of which are historically non-rhotic, save a few varieties of Southern American. In Southern American English, the most populous grouping outside GA, [ 301 ] rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's historical non-rhotic prestige . [ 302 ] [ 303 ] [ 304 ] Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang", [ 305 ] being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by glide-deleting in the /aɪ/ vowel (e.g. pronouncing spy almost like spa ), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word press almost like "pray-us"), [ 306 ] the pin–pen merger , and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later. [ 307 ] Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class African Americans, African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is largely non-rhotic, and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-standard older Southern dialects . A minority of linguists, [ 308 ] contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a pidgin or English-based creole to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins. [ 309 ] AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or "uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Australia and New Zealand Speech example An example of a man with a general Australian accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a South Australian woman with a broad Australian accent ( Julia Gillard ). Speech example An example of a Queensland man with a cultivated Australian accent ( Geoffrey Rush ). Speech example An example of a woman with a New Zealand accent ( Eleanor Catton ). Speech example An example of a man with a New Zealand accent ( John Key ). Since 1788, English has been spoken in Oceania , and Australian English has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being General Australian . The English of neighbouring New Zealand has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. [ 312 ] Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by South African English and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the South Island of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb, e.g. "the government is" (rather than are ). [ 313 ] [ 314 ] New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] [ 317 ] Southeast Asia Speech example An example of a male teenager with a Singaporean accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech examples Examples of a man and woman with Filipino accents . English is an official language of the Philippines . Its use is ubiquitous in the country, and appears in areas including on street signs , marquees, and government documents, and in courtrooms, public media, the entertainment industry, and the business sector. It became an important and widely spoken language in the country during the period of American rule between 1898 and 1946. [ 318 ] Taglish is a prominent form of code-switching between Tagalog and English. [ 319 ] Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia Speech example An example of a man with a South African accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a woman with an educated Nigerian accent ( Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ). Speech example An example of a woman and man with Jamaican accents . Speech example An example of a woman with an Indian accent ( Arundhati Roy ). English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In South Africa , English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with Afrikaans and various African languages such as the Khoe and Bantu languages . Today, about nine per cent of the South African population speaks South African English (SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack intrusive R . The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers. [ 320 ] Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels. [ 321 ] Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce /p, t, t͡ʃ, k/ without aspiration (e.g. pin pronounced [pɪn] rather than as [pʰɪn] as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap [ɾ] instead of as the more common fricative. [ 322 ] Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in Nigeria ; over 150 million Nigerians speak some form of the language. [ 323 ] Though traditionally based on British English, increasing United States influence during the latter 20th century has resulted in American English vocabulary entering Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g. senior wife ). [ 324 ] Varieties of English are spoken throughout the former British colonial possessions in the Caribbean, including Jamaica, the Leeward and Windward Islands , Trinidad and Tobago , Barbados , the Cayman Islands , and Belize . Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole . In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. [ 325 ] Residents are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and frequently code-switch between them. The relationship between different varieties can be conceptualised as a continuum, in which more creole-like or RP-like forms function as more formal and informal registers of the language respectively. [ 326 ] Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are monophthongs [eː] and [oː] or even the reverse diphthongs [ie] and [uo] (e.g. bay and boat pronounced [bʲeː] and [bʷoːt] ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced [t͡ʃail] and "wind" [win] . [ 327 ] [ 328 ] [ 329 ] Indian English historically tends towards RP as an ideal, with the proximity of speakers to RP generally reflective of class distinctions. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as /t/ and /d/ (often pronounced with retroflex articulation as [ʈ] and [ɖ] ) and the replacement of /θ/ and /ð/ with dentals [t̪] and [d̪] . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent ⟨h⟩ found in words such as ghost is pronounced as an Indian voiced aspirated stop [ɡʱ] . [ 330 ] Non-native varieties Speech example An example of a Hispanophone man speaking English. Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a Japanese man speaking English ( Shinzo Abe ). Speech example An example of a German man speaking English ( Werner Herzog ). Non-native English speakers may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered English pronunciation. This can happen either because they apply the speech rules of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in first language acquisition . They may create novel pronunciations for English sounds not found in their first language. [ 331 ] See also English in the Commonwealth of Nations English-only movement – Political movement in the U.S. References ^ Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 , Entry: English – Pronunciation . ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?" . Ethnologue . 2023. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023 . Retrieved 3 October 2023 . ^ a b c d English at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) ^ a b The Routes of English . ^ Crystal 2003a , p. 6. ^ Wardhaugh 2010 , p. 55. ^ a b Crystal 2003b , pp. 108–109. ^ Chua, Amy (18 January 2022). "How the English Language Conquered the World" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ a b Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon . C. Winter. ISBN 978-3-533-02253-4 . ^ Bammesberger 1992 , p. 30. ^ a b Svartvik & Leech 2006 , p. 39. ^ Burnley, David (1992). "Lexis and Semantics". In Blake, Norman (ed.). The Cambridge History of the English Language . pp. 409– 499. doi : 10.1017/chol9780521264754.006 . ISBN 978-1-139-05553-6 . Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973) ^ Bammesberger 1992 , pp. 29–30. ^ Durrell 2006 . ^ König & van der Auwera 1994 . ^ Bazelmans 2009 , pp. 325–326. ^ Robinson 1992 . ^ Romaine 1982 , pp. 56–65. ^ a b Barry 1982 , pp. 86–87. ^ Harbert 2006 . ^ Bazelmans 2009 , p. 326, "According to most researchers, this means that there cannot have been an 'original' Anglo-Frisian entity ..." Stiles 2018 , p. 31, "... It is not possible to construct the exclusive common relative chronology that is necessary in order to be able to establish a node on a family tree. The term and concept of 'Anglo-Frisian' should be banished to the historiography of the subject." Bazelmans 2009 , p. 326, "According to most researchers, this means that there cannot have been an 'original' Anglo-Frisian entity ..." Stiles 2018 , p. 31, "... It is not possible to construct the exclusive common relative chronology that is necessary in order to be able to establish a node on a family tree. The term and concept of 'Anglo-Frisian' should be banished to the historiography of the subject." ^ Versloot 2017 , pp. 341–342. ^ Stiles 2018 , pp. 5–6. ^ Beowulf . Translated by Liuzza, Roy M. (2nd ed.). Broadview. 2012 [1999]. ISBN 978-1-554811137 . ^ Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130 ^ Collingwood & Myres 1936 . ^ Graddol, Leith & Swann et al. 2007 . ^ Blench & Spriggs 1999 . ^ Bosworth & Toller 1921 . ^ Campbell 1959 , p. 4. ^ Toon 1992 , Chapter: Old English Dialects. ^ Donoghue 2008 . ^ a b c Gneuss 2013 , p. 23. ^ Hogg & Denison 2006a , pp. 30–31. ^ Hogg 1992a . ^ Smith 2009 . ^ Trask 2010 . ^ Thomason & Kaufman 1988 , pp. 284–290. ^ a b Kastovsky 1992 , pp. 320, 332. ^ Hogg 2006 , pp. 360–361. ^ Townend 2012 , pp. 81–82. ^ Short, Ian (2002). "Language and Literature". A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World . Boydell and Brewer. pp. 191– 214. doi : 10.1017/9781846150463.011 . ISBN 978-1-84615-046-3 . ^ Townend 2012 , pp. 99–100. ^ Johannesson, Nils-Lennart; Cooper, Andrew (2023). Ormulum . Early English text society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-289043-6 . ^ Baker, Curt (Spring 2016). "Effects of the Norman Conquest on the English Language" . Tenor Times . 5 . Retrieved 17 July 2025 . ^ Lass 1992 , pp. 103–123. ^ Fischer & van der Wurff 2006 , pp. 111–113. ^ Horobin, Simon. "Chaucer's Middle English" . The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales . Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2019 . The only appearances of their and them in Chaucer's works are in the Reeve's Tale, where they form part of the Northern dialect spoken by the two Cambridge students, Aleyn and John, demonstrating that at this time they were still perceived to be Northernisms ^ Wycliffe, John. "Bible" (PDF) . Wesley NNU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . ^ a b Lass 2000a . ^ Görlach 1991 , pp. 66–70. ^ Nevalainen & Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2006 , pp. 274–279. ^ Cercignani 1981 . ^ a b Lass 2006 , pp. 46–47. ^ How English evolved into a global language 2010 . ^ Romaine 2006 , p. 586. ^ a b Mufwene 2006 , p. 614. ^ a b Northrup 2013 , pp. 81–86. ^ Baker, Colin (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education . Multilingual Matters. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-85359-362-8 . ^ a b c Graddol 2006 . ^ a b c Crystal 2003a . ^ McCrum, MacNeil & Cran 2003 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Romaine 1999a . ^ Romaine 1999a , p. 2, "Other changes such as the spread and regularisation of do support began in the thirteenth century and were more or less complete in the nineteenth. Although do coexisted with the simple verb forms in negative statements from the early ninth century, obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth. The increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of SVO word order. Not surprisingly, do is first widely used in interrogatives, where the word order is disrupted, and then later spread to negatives.". ^ Leech et al. 2009 , pp. 18–19. ^ Mair & Leech 2006 . ^ Mair 2006 . ^ "EF English Proficiency Index 2019" (PDF) . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . (pp. 6–7). ^ Breene, Keith (15 November 2019). "Which countries are best at English as a second language?" . World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . ^ Crystal 2003b , p. 106. ^ Crystal 2003a , p. 69. ^ a b Kachru 2006 , p. 196. ^ Svartvik & Leech 2006 , p. 2. ^ a b Ryan 2013 , Table 1. ^ Office for National Statistics 2013 , Key Points. ^ National Records of Scotland 2013 . ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012 , Table KS207NI: Main Language. ^ Statistics Canada 2014 . ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013 . ^ Statistics South Africa 2012 , Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). ^ Statistics New Zealand 2014 . ^ a b Bao 2006 , p. 377. ^ Rubino 2006 . ^ Patrick 2006a . ^ Lim & Ansaldo 2006 . ^ Connell 2006 . ^ Schneider 2007 . ^ a b Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 5. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 4. ^ European Commission 2012 . ^ Kachru 2006 , p. 197. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 2. ^ Romaine 1999 . ^ Baugh & Cable 2002 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , pp. 8–9. ^ Trudgill 2006 . ^ Ammon 2008 , pp. 1537–1539. ^ Svartvik & Leech 2006 , p. 122. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , pp. 5–6. ^ Deumert 2006 , p. 130. ^ Deumert 2006 , p. 131. ^ Ward, Rowena (2019). " 'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific" . Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies . 16 (1/2): 83– 84. doi : 10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 . The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official language. ^ "40 Years of the Official Languages Act" . Department of Justice Canada. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . ^ "Official Languages Act – 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)" . Act current to July 11th, 2010 . Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ "Charter of the French language" . Légis Québec . Québec Official Publisher. 26 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status. ^ "Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland" . Irish Statute Book . January 2020 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . 1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language. ^ "Maori Language Act 1987" . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . ^ "Recognition for sign language" . Television New Zealand . 6 April 2006 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . ^ Huws, Catrin Fflur (June 2006). "The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success?". Language Policy . 5 (2): 141– 160. doi : 10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 . ^ "Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament" . BBC News . 26 October 2022 . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Ho, Vivian; Pannett, Rachel (1 March 2025). "A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean?" . The Washington Post . ^ "United States" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. 29 May 2024 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska. ^ "Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject" . The University of Winnipeg. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 . Retrieved 30 October 2022 . ^ "CIA World Factbook" . Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. ^ Meierkord 2006 , p. 165. ^ Brutt-Griffler 2006 , pp. 690–691. ^ a b Northrup 2013 . ^ Phillipson 2004 , p. 47. ^ Conrad & Rubal-Lopez 1996 , p. 261. ^ United Nations 2010 . ^ Richter 2012 , p. 29. ^ Ammon 2006 , p. 321. ^ Wojcik 2006 , p. 139. ^ International Maritime Organization 2011 . ^ International Civil Aviation Organization 2011 . ^ Kachru 2006 , p. 195. ^ European Commission 2012 , pp. 21, 19. ^ Crystal 2000 . ^ Jambor 2007 . ^ Svartvik & Leech 2006 , Chapter 12: English into the Future. ^ Alcaraz Ariza & Navarro 2006 . ^ Gordin 2015 . ^ Brutt-Griffler 2006 , pp. 694–695. ^ Mesthrie 2010 , p. 594. ^ Annamalai 2006 . ^ Sailaja 2009 , pp. 2–9. ^ "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language" . The Times of India . 14 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Desai, Sonalde B.; Dubey, Amaresh; Joshi, Brij Lal; Sen, Mitali; Shariff, Abusaleh; Vanneman, Reeve (2005). Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition (PDF) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-806512-8 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Crystal 2004 . ^ Graddol 2010 . ^ Mazrui & Mazrui 1998 . ^ Crystal 2006 . ^ Wolfram 2006 , pp. 334–335. ^ Carr & Honeybone 2007 . ^ Bermúdez-Otero & McMahon 2006 . ^ MacMahon 2006 . ^ International Phonetic Association 1999 , pp. 41–42. ^ König 1994 , p. 534. ^ Collins & Mees 2003 , pp. 47–53. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 13. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 41. ^ Brinton & Brinton 2010 , pp. 56–59. ^ Wells, John C. (8 February 2001). "IPA transcription systems for English" . University College London. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018 . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . ^ Giegerich 1992 , pp. 56–57. ^ Cohen 2012 , p. 80. ^ Collins & Mees 2003 , pp. 46–50. ^ Cruttenden 2014 , p. 138. ^ Flemming & Johnson 2007 . ^ Wells 1982 , p. 167. ^ Wells 1982 , p. 121. ^ Brinton & Brinton 2010 , p. 60. ^ König 1994 , pp. 537–538. ^ International Phonetic Association 1999 , p. 42. ^ Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 , Entry "contract". ^ Merriam Webster 2015 , Entry "contract". ^ Macquarie Dictionary 2015 , Entry "contract". ^ Brinton & Brinton 2010 , p. 66. ^ "Sentence stress" . ESOL Nexus . British Council. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2019 . ^ Lunden, Anya (2017). "Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English" . Laboratory Phonology . 8 : 27. doi : 10.5334/labphon.37 . ^ a b Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 4–6. ^ Lass 1992 , pp. 90, 118, 610; Lass 2000 , pp. 80, 656. ^ Roach 2009 , p. 53. ^ Giegerich 1992 , p. 36. ^ Wells 1982 . ^ Lass 2000 , p. 114. ^ Wells 1982 , pp. xviii–xix. ^ Wells 1982 , p. 493. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 22. ^ a b c d Carter, Ronald; McCarthey, Michael; Mark, Geraldine; O'Keeffe, Anne (2016). English Grammar Today . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-61739-7 . ^ a b Baugh, Albert; Cable, Thomas (2012). A history of the English language (6th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-65596-5 . ^ Aarts & Haegeman (2006) , p. 118. ^ Payne & Huddleston 2002 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 56–57. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 55. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 54–55. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 57. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 530. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 528. ^ a b König 1994 , p. 540. ^ Mair 2006 , pp. 148–149. ^ Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022). A student's introduction to English grammar (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 124– 126. ISBN 978-1-316-51464-1 . ^ a b "they" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Singular "They" " . APA Style . Archived from the original on 21 October 2020 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 . ^ Leech 2006 , p. 69, "Nominative is a traditional name for the subjective case". ^ O'Dwyer 2006 , "English has subjective, objective and possessive cases.". ^ Greenbaum & Nelson 2002 . ^ Sweet 2014 , p. 52, "But in that special class of nouns called personal pronouns we find a totally different system of case-inflection, namely, a nominative case (he) and an objective case (him)". ^ Jespersen 2007 , pp. 173–185. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 425–426. ^ McMahon 2012 , p. 182. ^ Lee, Chelsea (31 October 2019). "Welcome, singular "they" " . American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 . ^ Kamm, Oliver (12 December 2015). "The Pedant: The sheer usefulness of singular 'they' is obvious" . The Times . Archived from the original on 19 June 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 426. ^ a b Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 58. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 598–600. ^ a b Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 51. ^ König 1994 , p. 541. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 50. ^ Peters 2004 , "be" p. 66. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 75, 91, 113–114. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 208–210. ^ a b Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 51–52. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 210–211. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 50–51. ^ "Finite and Nonfinite Clauses" . MyEnglishGrammar.com . Archived from the original on 7 December 2019 . Retrieved 7 December 2019 . ^ Dixon 1982 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 274. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 565–566. ^ McArthur 1992 , pp. 64, 610–611. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 1209–1219. ^ König 1994 , p. 553. ^ Müller 2020 , p. 666. ^ König 1994 , p. 550. ^ "Cases of Nouns and Pronouns" . Guide to Grammar and Writing . Archived from the original on 16 November 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2019 . ^ König 1994 , p. 551. ^ Miller 2002 , pp. 60–69. ^ König 1994 , p. 545. ^ König 1994 , p. 557. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 94–98. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 114. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 786–790. ^ Miller 2002 , pp. 26–27. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 7–8. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 1365–1370. ^ Peters 2004 , "dummy subject" p. 167, "there" p. 537. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 1370. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 1366. ^ Halliday & Hasan 1976 . ^ Schiffrin 1988 . ^ "How many words are there in the English language?" . Oxford Dictionaries . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ a b c d Algeo 1999 . ^ Leech et al. 2009 , pp. 24–50. ^ Algeo 1999 , pp. 584–585. ^ a b c Kastovsky 2006 . ^ a b Crystal 2003b , p. 129. ^ Crystal 2003b , pp. 120–121. ^ "What is the proportion of English words of French, Latin, or Germanic origin?" . Ask the experts . Oxford University Press. 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. ^ Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 , p. 7. ^ Nation 2001 , p. 265. ^ Denning, Keith (2007). English Vocabulary Elements . Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-516802-0 . ^ Solodow, Joseph (2010). Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages . Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-521-51575-7 . ^ Crystal 2003b , pp. 124–127. ^ Algeo 1999 , pp. 80–81. ^ a b Gottlieb 2006 , p. 196. ^ Burnley 1992 , pp. 409–499, "Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973)". ^ Romaine 1999 , p. 4. ^ Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 . ^ Brutt-Griffler 2006 , p. 692. ^ Gottlieb 2006 , p. 197. ^ Gottlieb 2006 , p. 198. ^ a b Gottlieb 2006 , p. 202. ^ a b Swan 2006 , p. 149. ^ Mountford 2006 . ^ Neijt 2006 . ^ a b c d Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 653. ^ a b Abercrombie & Daniels 2006 . ^ Mountford 2006 , p. 156. ^ Mountford 2006 , pp. 157–158. ^ Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 654. ^ Dehaene 2009 . ^ McGuinness 1997 . ^ Shaywitz 2003 . ^ Mountford 2006 , p. 159. ^ Lawler 2006 , p. 290. ^ Crystal 2003b , p. 107. ^ Trudgill 1999 , p. 10. ^ Trudgill 1999 , p. 125. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 3. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 37. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 40. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 31. ^ Clark & Asprey 2013 . ^ "Estuary English Q and A – JCW" . Phon.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . ^ Roach 2009 , p. 4. ^ Trudgill 1999 , p. 80. ^ Trudgill 1999 , pp. 80–81. ^ Aitken & McArthur 1979 , p. 81. ^ Romaine 1982 . ^ Hickey 2007 . ^ The Handbook of World Englishes . Wiley. 2020. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-119-16421-0 . ^ Labov 2012 . ^ Wells 1982 , p. 34. ^ Rowicka 2006 . ^ Toon 1982 . ^ Cassidy 1982 . ^ Boberg 2010 . ^ Labov, William ; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006). The Atlas of North American English . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148. ^ Chambers, Jack K. (2010). "English in Canada" (PDF). Kingston, Ontario. p. 14. Retrieved 20 July 2012. ^ Labov 1972 . ^ "Do You Speak American: What Lies Ahead" . PBS . Archived from the original on 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Thomas, Erik R. (2003). "Rural White Southern Accents" (PDF) . Atlas of North American English . Mouton de Gruyter . p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . [Later published as a chapter in: Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (eds) (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324.] ^ Levine & Crockett 1966 . ^ Schönweitz 2001 . ^ Montgomery 1993 . ^ Thomas 2008 , pp. 95–96. ^ Bailey 1997 . ^ McWhorter, John H. (2001). Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English . Basic Books. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8 . ^ Bailey 2001 . ^ Green 2002 . ^ Patrick 2006b . ^ Eagleson 1982 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 16–21. ^ Burridge 2010 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 24–26. ^ Maclagan 2010 . ^ Gordon, Campbell & Hay et al. 2004 . ^ Dayag, Danilo (2008). "English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.). Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 49– 66. doi : 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004 . ISBN 978-962-209-947-0 . ^ Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004). "Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse" (PDF) . Asia Pacific Education Review . 5 (2): 226– 233. doi : 10.1007/BF03024960 . S2CID 145684166 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2022. ^ Lanham 1982 . ^ Lass 2002 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 30–31. ^ "Nigerian English" . Encarta . Microsoft. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Adegbija, Efurosibina (1989). "Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English". World Englishes . 8 (2): 165– 177. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00652.x . ^ Lawton 1982 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , p. 115. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 117–118. ^ Lawton 1982 , pp. 256–260. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 115–116. ^ Sailaja 2009 , pp. 19–24. ^ Bjarkman, Peter C.; Hammond, Robert Matthew (1989). American Spanish Pronunciation . Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-87840-099-7 . Bibliography Aarts, Bas; Haegeman, Liliane (2006). "6. English Word classes and Phrases". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics . Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . Abercrombie, D.; Daniels, P. T. (2006). "Spelling Reform Proposals: English". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 72– 75. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Aitken, A. J.; McArthur, Tom, eds. (1979). Languages of Scotland . Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies. Vol. 4. Edinburgh: Chambers. ISBN 978-0-550-20261-1 . Alcaraz Ariza, M. Á.; Navarro, F. (2006). "Medicine: Use of English". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 752– 759. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Ammon, Ulrich (2006). "Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests" (PDF) . International Journal of Applied Linguistics . 16 (3): 319– 338. doi : 10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x . S2CID 142692741 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2011 – via DYLAN project. Ammon, Ulrich (2008). "Pluricentric and Divided Languages". In Ammon, Ulrich N.; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; et al. (eds.). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft . Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019425-8 . Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 610– 613. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). "2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" . Archived from the original on 6 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Bailey, Guy (2001). "Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars". In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.). Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English . Varieties of English around the World. John Benjamins. pp. 53 –84. ISBN 978-1-58811-046-6 . Bailey, G. (1997). "When did southern American English begin" . In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). Englishes around the world . John Benjamins. pp. 255– 275. ISBN 9789027248763 . Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 377– 380. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Barry, Michael V. (1982). "English in Ireland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 84– 134. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). A History of the English Language (5th ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-0-13-015166-7 . Bazelmans, Jos (2009). "The Early-Medieval Use of Ethnic Names from Classical Antiquity: the Case of the Frisians". In Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.). Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition . Amsterdam Archaeological Studies. Vol. 13. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 321– 338. ISBN 978-90-485-0791-7 . JSTOR j.ctt46n1n2.1 . Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo; McMahon, April (2006). "English phonology and morphology". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics . Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell. pp. 382– 410. doi : 10.1002/9780470753002.ch17 . ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . Blench, R.; Spriggs, Matthew (1999). Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses . Routledge. pp. 285– 286. ISBN 978-0-415-11761-6 . Blake, Norman, ed. (1992). Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. II: 1066–1476. Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003 . ISBN 978-1-139-05553-6 . Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Blake (1992) , pp. 23–154. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Blake (1992) , pp. 23–154. Boberg, Charles (2010). The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis . Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49144-0 . Bosworth, Joseph ; Toller, T. Northcote (1921). "Engla land" . An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Online) . Charles University . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010). The linguistic structure of modern English . John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-8824-0 . Brutt-Griffler, J. (2006). "Languages of Wider Communication". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 690– 697. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Burridge, Kate (2010). "Chapter 7: English in Australia". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.). Routledge Handbook of World Englishes . Routledge. pp. 132 –151. ISBN 978-0-415-62264-6 . Campbell, Alistair (1983) [First published 1959]. Old English Grammar . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-811943-2 . Carr, Philip; Honeybone, Patrick (2007). "English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology' ". Language Sciences . 29 (2): 117– 153. doi : 10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018 . Cassidy, Frederic G. (1982). "Geographical Variation of English in the United States". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 177– 210. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Cercignani, Fausto (1981). Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation . Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-811937-1 . JSTOR 3728688 . Clark, Urszula; Asprey, Esther (2013). West Midlands English: Birmingham and the Black Country . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4169-7 . Collingwood, Robin George ; Myres, J. N. L. (1936). "The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent". Roman Britain and the English Settlements . Vol. Book V: The English Settlements. Oxford: Clarendon. JSTOR 2143838 . LCCN 37002621 . Cohen, Antonie (2012) [1952]. The Phonemes of English: A Phonemic Study of the Vowels and Consonants of Standard English . Springer. ISBN 978-94-010-2969-8 . Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981]. The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10340-5 . Connell, B. A. (2006). "Nigeria: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 635– 637. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (1996). Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990 . De Gruyter. p. 261. ISBN 978-3-11-087218-7 . Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4441-8309-2 . Crystal, David (2000). Language Death . doi : 10.1017/CBO9781139106856 . ISBN 978-0-521-65321-3 . Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3 . Crystal, David (2003b). Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53033-0 . Crystal, David (2004). "Subcontinent Raises Its Voice" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7 . Dehaene, Stanislas (2009). Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention . Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02110-9 . Denning, Keith; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (17 February 2007). English Vocabulary Elements . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516803-7 . Deumert, A. (2006). "Migration and Language". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 129– 133. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). "The grammar of English phrasal verbs". Australian Journal of Linguistics . 2 (1): 1– 42. doi : 10.1080/07268608208599280 . Donoghue, D. (2008). Donoghue, Daniel (ed.). Old English Literature: A Short Introduction . Wiley. doi : 10.1002/9780470776025 . ISBN 978-0-631-23486-9 . Durrell, M. (2006). "Germanic Languages". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 53– 55. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Eagleson, Robert D. (1982). "English in Australia and New Zealand". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 415– 438. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . "Summary by language size" . Ethnologue: Languages of the World . Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages (PDF) (Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. European Commission. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeffrey, eds. (2014). An Introduction to Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-06185-5 . Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie (2007). " Rosa's roses : reduced vowels in American English" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 37 (1): 83– 96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.1989 . doi : 10.1017/S0025100306002817 . S2CID 145535175 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). English Phonology: An Introduction . Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33603-1 . Gneuss, Helmut (2013). "Chapter 2: The Old English Language". In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19– 49. ISBN 978-0-521-15402-4 . Görlach, Manfred (1991). Introduction to Early Modern English . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32529-5 . Gordin, Michael D. (4 February 2015). "Absolute English" . Aeon . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Angela; Trudgill, Peter (2004). New Zealand English: its origins and evolution . Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10895-9 . Gottlieb, H. (2006). "Linguistic Influence". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 196– 206. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Graddol, David (2006). English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language' (PDF) . The British Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Graddol, David (2010). English Next India: The future of English in India (PDF) . The British Council. ISBN 978-0-86355-627-2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Graddol, David; Leith, Dick; Swann, Joan; Rhys, Martin; Gillen, Julia, eds. (2007). Changing English . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-37679-2 . Green, Lisa J. (2002). African American English: a linguistic introduction . Cambridge University Press. Greenbaum, S.; Nelson, G. (2002). An introduction to English grammar (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-43741-8 . Halliday, M. A. K.; Hasan, Ruqaiya (1976). Cohesion in English . Pearson. ISBN 978-0-582-55041-4 . Harbert, Wayne (2006). The Germanic Languages . doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511755071 . ISBN 978-0-521-80825-5 . Hickey, R. (2007). Irish English: History and present-day forms . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85299-9 . Hogg, Richard M., ed. (1992). "The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European". Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. I: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26474-7 . Bammesberger, Alfred. " The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European ". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 26–66. Hogg, Richard M. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 67–168. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 290–408. Toon, Thomas E. "Old English Dialects". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 409–451. Bammesberger, Alfred. " The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European ". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 26–66. Hogg, Richard M. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 67–168. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 290–408. Toon, Thomas E. "Old English Dialects". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 409–451. Hogg, Richard M.; Denison, David, eds. (2006). A History of the English language . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-71799-1 . Crystal, David. "English worldwide". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 420–439. Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim. "Syntax". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 109–198. Hogg, Richard M.; Denison, David. "Overview". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 1–30. Hogg, Richard M. "English in Britain". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 352–383. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Vocabulary". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 199–270. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 43–108. Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. "Standardization". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 271–311. Crystal, David. "English worldwide". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 420–439. Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim. "Syntax". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 109–198. Hogg, Richard M.; Denison, David. "Overview". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 1–30. Hogg, Richard M. "English in Britain". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 352–383. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Vocabulary". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 199–270. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 43–108. Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. "Standardization". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 271–311. "How English evolved into a global language" . BBC News . 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). Cambridge Grammar of the English Language . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0 . Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1996). English Accents and Dialects (3rd ed.). Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-61445-7 . "Personnel Licensing FAQ" . International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau. 2011. In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency?. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the ground. "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases" . International Maritime Organization. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet . International Phonetic Association , Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0 . Jambor, Paul Z. (2007). "English Language Imperialism: Points of View" (PDF) . Journal of English as an International Language . 2 : 103– 123. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . Jespersen, Otto (2007) [1924]. "Case: The number of English cases". The Philosophy of Grammar . Routledge. Kachru, B. (2006). "English: World Englishes". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 195– 202. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994). The Germanic Languages . Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28079-2 . JSTOR 4176538 . König, Ekkehard (1994). "English" . In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). The Germanic Languages . Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. pp. 532– 562. ISBN 978-0-415-28079-2 . Labov, W. (1972). "The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores". Sociolinguistic patterns . University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168– 178. doi : 10.1007/978-1-349-25582-5_14 . ISBN 978-0-333-61180-7 . S2CID 107967883 . Labov, W. (2012). "1. About Language and Language Change". Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change . University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3327-6 . Lanham, L. W. (1982). "English in South Africa". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 324– 352. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Lass, Roger, ed. (2000). Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. III: 1476–1776. Cambridge University Press. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Lass (2000) , pp. 56–186. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Lass (2000) , pp. 56–186. Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2 . Lawler, J. (2006). "Punctuation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 290– 291. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Lawton, David L. (1982). "English in the Caribbean". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 251– 280. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Leech, G. N. (2006). A glossary of English grammar . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2406-6 . Leech, Geoffrey; Hundt, Marianne; Mair, Christian; Smith, Nicholas (2009). Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study (PDF) . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86722-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Levine, L.; Crockett, H. J. (1966). "Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*". Sociological Inquiry . 36 (2): 204– 226. doi : 10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x . Li, David C. S. (2003). "Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language?". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (164): 33– 63. doi : 10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 . ISSN 0165-2516 . Lim, L.; Ansaldo, U. (2006). "Singapore: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 387– 389. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Maclagan, Margaret (2010). "Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.). Routledge Handbook of World Englishes . Routledge. pp. 151 –164. ISBN 978-0-203-84932-3 . MacMahon, M. K. (2006). "16. English Phonetics". In Bas Aarts; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics . Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 359– 382. ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . "Macquarie Dictionary" . Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online | Macquarie Dictionary . Macmillan Publishers Group Australia. 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Mair, C.; Leech, G. (2006). "14 Current Changes in English Syntax". The Handbook of English Linguistics . Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . Mair, Christian (2006). Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/S1360674307002420 . S2CID 120824612 . Mazrui, Ali A.; Mazrui, Alamin (1998). The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51429-1 . McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992). Oxford Companion to the English Language . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-19-214183-5 . McCrum, Robert; MacNeil, Robert; Cran, William (2003). The Story of English (3rd ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-200231-5 . McGuinness, Diane (1997). Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-83161-9 . Meierkord, C. (2006). "Lingua Francas as Second Languages". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 163– 171. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . "English". English - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Merriam Webster . 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Mesthrie, Rajend (November 2010). "New Englishes and the native speaker debate". Language Sciences . 32 (6): 594– 601. doi : 10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 . Miller, Jim (2002). An Introduction to English Syntax . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1254-8 . Montgomery, M. (1993). "The Southern Accent—Alive and Well". Southern Cultures . 1 (1): 47– 64. doi : 10.1353/scu.1993.0006 . S2CID 143984864 . Mountford, J. (2006). "English Spelling: Rationale". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 156– 159. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Mufwene, S. S. (2006). "Language Spread". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 613– 616. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Mugglestone, Lynda, ed. (2012) [2006]. Oxford History of English (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966016-2 . McMahon, April. "Restructuring Renaissance English". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 180–218. Townend, Matthew. "Contacts and Conflicts: Latin, Norse, and French". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 75–105. McMahon, April. "Restructuring Renaissance English". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 180–218. Townend, Matthew. "Contacts and Conflicts: Latin, Norse, and French". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 75–105. Müller, Stefan (2020). Grammatical theory . Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-273-0 . Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language . Cambridge University Press. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-521-80498-1 . "Census 2011: Release 2A" . Scotland's Census 2011. National Records of Scotland. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Neijt, A. (2006). "Spelling Reform". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 68– 71. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" (PDF) . Statistics Bulletin . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2012. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Northrup, David (2013). How English Became the Global Language . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-30306-6 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . O'Dwyer, Bernard (2006). Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position (2nd ed.). Canada: Broadview. ISBN 978-1-55111-763-8 . "Language in England and Wales, 2011" . 2011 Census Analysis . Office for National Statistics. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . "Oxford Learner's Dictionaries" . Oxford. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Patrick, P. L. (2006a). "Jamaica: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 88– 90. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Patrick, P. L. (2006b). "English, African-American Vernacular". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 159– 163. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Payne, John; Huddleston, Rodney (2002). Huddleston, R.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.). Cambridge Grammar of English . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/9781316423530.006 . ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0 . Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62181-6 . Phillipson, Robert (28 April 2004). English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-44349-9 . Richter, Ingo (2012). "Introduction" . In Richter, Dagmar; Richter, Ingo; Toivanen, Reeta; et al. (eds.). Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication . BWV Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8305-2809-8 . Roach, Peter (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology (4th ed.). Cambridge. Robinson, Orrin (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages . Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2221-6 . Romaine, Suzanne (1982). "English in Scotland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 56– 83. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Romaine, Suzanne, ed. (1999). Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 . ISBN 978-0-521-26477-8 . Algeo, John. " Vocabulary ". In Romaine (1999) , pp. 57–91. Romaine, Suzanne. Introduction. In Romaine (1999) , pp. 1–56. Algeo, John. " Vocabulary ". In Romaine (1999) , pp. 57–91. Romaine, Suzanne. Introduction. In Romaine (1999) , pp. 1–56. Romaine, Suzanne (2006). "Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 584– 596. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . "The Routes of English" . BBC . 1 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Rowicka, G. J. (2006). "Canada: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 194– 195. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Rubino, C. (2006). "Philippines: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 323– 326. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Ryan, Camille (August 2013). "Language Use in the United States: 2011" (PDF) . American Community Survey Reports . p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English . Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2595-6 . Schiffrin, Deborah (1988). Discourse Markers . Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35718-0 . Schneider, Edgar (2007). Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53901-2 . Schönweitz, Thomas (2001). "Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis". American Speech . 76 (3): 259– 285. doi : 10.1215/00031283-76-3-259 . S2CID 144403823 . Shaywitz, Sally E. (2003). Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level . A. A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40012-4 . Smith, Jeremy J. (2009). Old English: A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86677-4 . "Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories" . Statistics Canada. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . "2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" (PDF) . Statistics New Zealand. April 2014. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Lehohla, Pali, ed. (2012). "Population by first language spoken and province" (PDF) . Census 2011: Census in Brief (PDF) . Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-621-41388-5 . Report No. 03‑01‑41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2015. Stiles, Patrick (2018). "Remarks on the 'Anglo-Frisian' Thesis". Friesische Studien II: Beiträge des Föhrer Symposiums zur Friesischen Philologie vom 7.–8. April 1994 [ Frisian Studies II: Articles from the Föhr Symposium on Frisian Philology on 7th–8th April 1994 ]. NOWELE Supplement Series (in German). Vol. 12. doi : 10.1075/nss.12 . ISBN 9789027272843 . Svartvik, Jan; Leech, Geoffrey (2006). English: One Tongue, Many Voices . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1830-7 . Swan, M. (2006). "English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900)". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 149– 156. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Sweet, Henry (2014) [1892]. A new English grammar . Cambridge University Press. Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural Southern white accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). Varieties of English . Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. de Gruyter. pp. 87– 114. doi : 10.1515/9783110208405.1.87 . ISBN 978-3-11-020840-5 . Thomason, Sarah G. ; Kaufman, Terrence (1988). Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91279-3 . Toon, Thomas E. (1982). "Variation in Contemporary American English". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 210– 250. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Trask, Robert Lawrence (2010). Why Do Languages Change? . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83802-3 . Trudgill, Peter (1999). The Dialects of England (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21815-9 . Trudgill, P. (2006). "Accent". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . p. 14. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English (4th ed.). London: Hodder. ISBN 978-0-340-80834-4 . Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2008). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English (5th ed.). London: Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-97161-1 . "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations" (PDF) . United Nations. 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 . The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French. Versloot, Arjen P. [in Western Frisian] (2017). "13. Traces of a North Sea Germanic Idiom in the Fifth–Seventh Centuries AD". In Hines, John; IJssennagger, Nelleke (eds.). Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours: From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age . Woodbridge : Boydell & Brewer. pp. 339– 373. doi : 10.1017/9781787440630 . ISBN 978-1-78744-063-0 . Wardhaugh, Ronald (2010). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics . Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics. Vol. 4 (6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8668-1 . Watts, Richard J. (2011). Language Myths and the History of English . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-19-532760-1 . .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English . Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511611759 , doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511611766 . ISBN 0-52129719-2 , 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 . Wojcik, R. H. (2006). "Controlled Languages". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 139– 142. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Wolfram, W. (2006). "Variation and Language: Overview". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 333– 341. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh) . Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world. International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Description of the English language v t e Grammar Phonology Stress and reduced vowels Orthography Spelling reform Alphabet Braille Dialects Language history Phonological history Grammar Phonology Stress and reduced vowels Orthography Spelling reform Alphabet Braille Dialects Language history Phonological history Links to related articles v t e History of English Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh v t e Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Americas North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands Oceania Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Africa Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Asia East Asia Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Antarctica Antarctica Related English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard v t e Germanic languages According to contemporary philology West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. v t e Dictionaries of English Old and Middle English An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary Historic Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English British English Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin American English American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International Canadian English Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Australian English Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Online Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners / ESL Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's v t e English-speaking world English speaking countries Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . v t e History of English v t e Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping fronting stopping Wh v t e Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent v t e Europe Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Americas North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Midland New England Boston East Maine West Boston East Maine West New York City accent accent North Inland North North-Central Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands Bermuda Falkland Islands Oceania Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West variation accent accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Fiji New Zealand accent accent Palau Solomon Islands Africa Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Asia East Asia Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand East Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh India regional and occupational regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Related English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard v t e Germanic languages v t e According to contemporary philology West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde Bökingharde Mooring Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands Central Dutch Hollandic Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. v t e Dictionaries of English v t e Old and Middle English An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary Historic Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English British English Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin American English American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International Canadian English Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Australian English Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Online Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners / ESL Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's v t e English-speaking world v t e English speaking countries Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Language Linguistics Writing Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Functions from Wikifunctions Authority control databases International GND FAST GND FAST National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Latvia Sweden Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Latvia Sweden Israel Other IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine English language Analytic languages Anglic languages Fusional languages Germanic languages Lingua francas Stress-timed languages Subject–verb–object languages Cultural globalization Language articles citing Ethnologue 26 Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use dmy dates from February 2024 Use British English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Language articles with Linguasphere code Languages with ISO 639-2 code Languages with ISO 639-1 code ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024 Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text Articles containing French-language text Pages with plain IPA Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2023 Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles with hAudio microformats CS1: long volume value CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 interwiki-linked names Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:09 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language#cite_ref-48
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders" . Kyiv: CNN . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus" . CNN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?" . BBC . 26 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus" . BBC News . 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование "Медузы" и "Медиазоны" о потерях" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ... ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies . p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8 . OCLC 1292198893 . OL 32226712M . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ " Ukraine ", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 19 January 2023 ^ "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft" . BBC News . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal (ed.). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2 . On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. i, 98. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0 . OCLC 1350843759 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025" . Russia Matters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine internal displacement report: General population Survey" (PDF) . Global Crisis Response Platform . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ Asadzade, Ulviyya; Sachalko, Borys (December 2025). "Ukraine Faces Labor Shortage as Russia's War Empties Factories and Farms" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ a b Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine" . Revue Canadienne des Slavistes . 64 ( 2– 3): 207– 219. doi : 10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 . ISSN 0008-5006 . ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 18 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ Al Jazeera Staff. " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine war: President Putin speech fact-checked" . BBC News . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2025 . ^ a b Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 ( 3– 4). Taylor & Francis : 1– 19. doi : 10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911 . S2CID 249527690 . ^ a b McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe" . n-tv.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ a b Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis" . Moscow Times . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ a b Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy" . Kyiv Post . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' " . The Day . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ "Istanbul Document 1999" . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ "Interview with French Television Company France 3" . President of Russia . 7 May 2005. ^ Interfax-Ukraine (22 February 2013). "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" . Kyiv Post . ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. ^ Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. ^ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych" . BBC News . 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2025 . ^ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea" . BBC News . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2025 . ^ Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6 . ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... ^ Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea" . International Comparative Jurisprudence . 3 (1): 25– 36. doi : 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003 . ISSN 2351-6674 . ^ Gouré, Daniel (3 March 2014). "Putin's Anschluss" . Lexington Institute . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Umland, Andreas (1 November 2016). "The Glazyev Tapes: Getting to the root of the conflict in Ukraine" . European Council on Foreign Relations . ^ "Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine" . The Moscow Times . 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138– 140. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 November 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement" . Reuters . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF) . International Criminal Court . 14 November 2016. pp. 33– 38. ^ "Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF) . European Court of Human Rights . 25 January 2023. ^ "Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region" . Al Jazeera . 18 January 2018. ^ Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism" . Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor . ^ Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability . Oxford University Press . p. 129. ^ "Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?" . BBC News . 28 July 2014. ^ O'Loughlin, John (2017). "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine" . Post-Soviet Affairs . 33 (2): 124– 144. doi : 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452 . ^ "Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot" . Ukrainska Pravda . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 15 July 2024 . ^ a b Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO" . Interfax-Ukraine . 29 March 2014. ^ "New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. ^ "Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 23 December 2014. ^ "How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality" . openDemocracy . ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . ibidem. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ Hall, Stephen (18 January 2024). "Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion" . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (17 July 2024). "How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ a b c Kirby, Jason (25 February 2022). "In taking Ukraine, Putin would gain a strategic commodities powerhouse" . The Globe and Mail . ^ a b c Brewster, Murray (27 May 2022). "Natural gas, rare earth minerals: What's at stake for Ukraine in the territory Russia is trying to conquer" . CBC News . ^ a b c Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis" . Wilson Center . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . ^ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka ( Associated Press ). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' " [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] ^ "Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine" (PDF) . United States Mission to the OSCE . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "2021 trends and observations" (PDF) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood" . LSE Public Policy Review . 3 (1) 4. doi : 10.31389/lseppr.86 . ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' " . The Kremlin . Government of Russia . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022 . ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine" . Thinking about... (newsletter) . Substack . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 25 January 2021 . fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. ^ Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). "History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine" . ^ a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . Columbia University Press . pp. 17, 57. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8 . ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' " . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" " . Axios . 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight" . NATO . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). "Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?" . Brookings Institution . ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say" . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most" . Journal of Democracy . 33 (2): 18– 27. doi : 10.1353/jod.2022.0015 . ISSN 1045-5736 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine" . Associated Press . 26 January 2022. ^ a b "US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine" . El País . 2 February 2022. ^ "Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands" . Axios . 1 February 2022. ^ "U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount" . The New York Times . 26 January 2022. ^ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). "France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis" . Reuters . ^ "Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons" . Deutsche Welle . 21 August 2022. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace" . Chatham House . doi : 10.55317/9781784135782 . ^ "West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky" . France 24 . 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says" . BBC News . 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2025. ^ a b c d Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (18 February 2022). "Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. ^ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (30 November 2022). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF) . Royal United Services Institute . pp. 1– 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2025. ^ "Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" " . Kyiv Post . 2 December 2022. ^ "Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders" . Sky News . 1 December 2022. ^ "Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine" . Bloomberg News . 20 March 2022. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (26 February 2022). "Putin's miscalculation" . Politico . Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ AFP (8 March 2022). "Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance" . France 24 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ "Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine" . www.ft.com . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions" . BBC News . 22 February 2022. ^ "Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation" . Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation . Federation Council of Russia . 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine" . Meduza . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Putin declares war on Ukraine" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" . The Spectator . 24 February 2022. ^ a b "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration" . BBC News . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood" . Time . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ "Missiles rain down around Ukraine" . Reuters . 25 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. ^ Dietrich, Marc (2023). A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas . Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . CriticalThreats . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (27 February 2022). "Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol" . USNI News . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Putin" . University of Hull . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization" . Interfax-Ukraine . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . ^ a b c Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . Center for Strategic & International Studies . Retrieved 25 November 2021 . ^ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (26 February 2022). "Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ "Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages" . Associated Press News . 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . ^ a b Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region" . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (26 April 2022). "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' " . Stars and Stripes . Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (10 May 2022). "The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (31 May 2022). "Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia" . The Guardian . ^ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (28 May 2022). "Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War" . Bloomberg . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (30 May 2022). "War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' " . 19fortyfive.com . ^ "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). " 'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says" . Politico . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital" . Financial Times . 26 February 2022. ISSN 0307-1766 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv" . AP News . 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). " 'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb" . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical" . Ukrinform . 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). " "Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender" . CNN . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show" . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' " . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv" . BBC News . 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region" . BBC News . Retrieved 2 April 2022 . ^ Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ Schwirtz, Michael and Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts" . Ukrinform . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" . National Post . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk" . CNN . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). "Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday" . CNN . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Boffey, Daniel and Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' " . The Hill . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails" . UN News . 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Bennett, Dalton (7 April 2022). "In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Nick; Wilson, Jamie; Harding, Luke (18 July 2023). "Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark, ed. (25 March 2022). "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass" . London: Yahoo! Finance . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . ^ "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa" . The Straits Times . SPH Media Trust . Reuters . 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster" . NPR . 11 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end" . Radio New Zealand News . 17 April 2022. ^ a b Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "US official briefs on Russia's war effort" . BBC . 2 May 2022. ^ "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine" . CBS News Videos via Yahoo News . 6 June 2022. ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (29 June 2022). "Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ Rainford, Sarah (5 July 2022). "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture" . BBC News . ^ Cherkasov, Alexander (26 June 2022). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (in Ukrainian). Novaya Gazeta . ^ "Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South" . The New York Times . 20 July 2022. ^ "Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence" . Ukrainska Pravda . 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Axe, David (15 September 2022). "The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine" . Forbes . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Schreck, Adam (21 April 2022). "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts" . Associated Press News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. ^ Prentice, Alessandra (28 April 2022). "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' " . Reuters . Kyiv. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (1 May 2022). "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Yahoo News . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2024 . ^ "Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped" . Reuters . 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (5 May 2022). "Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ " 'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol" . NPR . 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Koshiw, Isobel (8 May 2022). " 'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. ^ Petrenko, Roman (8 May 2022). "Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city" . Yahoo News . Ukrayinska Pravda . Archived from the original on 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (8 May 2022). "Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan; and Santora, Marc (16 May 2022). "Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ Harrison, Virginia and agencies (17 May 2022). "Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands" . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ "Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender" . Reuters . Mariupol. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ a b "Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . Reuters . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2025 . ^ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). " 'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates" . USA Today . Retrieved 8 April 2022 . ^ "Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol" . NBC News . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; and Tebor, Celina (10 April 2022). "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region" . Axios . ^ "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east" . Reuters . 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Murphy, Matt (23 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies" . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ "Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader" . The Australian . 25 May 2022. ISSN 1038-8761 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say" . The Guardian . 26 May 2022. ^ Markic, Igor. "Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk" [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. Rivista Italiana Difesa (in Italian). Coop Giornalistica La Riviera . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk" . Yahoo News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas" . NBC News . 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Suliman, Adela; Pietsch, Bryan; Pannett, Rachel (2 June 2022). "Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 4 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk" . BBC News . 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (12 June 2022). "Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (13 June 2022). "Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59, 453 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. ^ Hughes, Clyde (20 June 2022). "Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle" . UPI . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (24 June 2022). "Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on" . CNN . ^ "Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine" . CBS News . 3 July 2022. ^ Jones, Sam (4 July 2022). "Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk" . The Guardian . ^ "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro" . Al Jazeera . 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2 May 2022). "Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions" . Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Lewis, Simon (28 June 2022). "Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18" . Reuters . ^ "Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine" . France 24 . 7 July 2022 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Francois (20 July 2023). "Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy" . Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP" . Charter 97 . 20 August 2022. ^ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 20 August 2022 . ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 September 2022). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Troianovski, Anton (12 September 2022). "Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. ^ "Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" . France 24 . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" " [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (21 September 2022). "Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization" . CNBC . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ " 'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities" . Financial Times . 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" . BBC News . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Lister, Tim (30 September 2022). "Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law" . CNN . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway" . NBC News . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ Asami, Terajima (4 September 2022). "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . ^ Dammers, Tobias (10 September 2022). "Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" " [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. Tagesschau (in German) . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (4 October 2022). "Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ "Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive" . Reuters . 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (9 November 2022). "Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (11 November 2022). "Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (7 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (8 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (9 September 2022). "Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Osterman, Cynthia (9 September 2022). "Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (9 September 2022). "Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance" . CNN . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media" . Euromaidan Press . 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (10 September 2022). "Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says" . Reuters . 15 September 2022. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (1 October 2022). "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ a b c "Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains" . The Moscow Times . AFP . 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 March 2023). "Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (6 April 2023). "How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Galeotti, Mark (24 May 2023). "Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?" . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (6 February 2023). "Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ "The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war" . The Independent . 13 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Grove, Thomas (24 January 2023). "Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal . p. A6. ^ "Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut" . Bloomberg.com . 22 January 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ Santora, Marc (16 February 2023). "Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 March 2023). "How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 March 2023). "Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ Axe, David (18 January 2024). " 'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down" . Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ "Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar" . The Kyiv Independent . 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar" . news360.es . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ "Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut" . The New York Times . 1 February 2023. Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . ^ "Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor" . BBC News . 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 May 2023). "The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; and Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (27 June 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown" . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (8 June 2023). "Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia" . NBC News . ^ Dettmer, Jamie (9 June 2023). "Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance" . Politico . ^ Balmforth, Tom (12 June 2023). "Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive" . Reuters . ^ "Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin" . Associated Press . 25 June 2023. ^ "Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia" . BBC News . 1 July 2023. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack" . Reuters . 13 September 2023. ^ "As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants". CBS News . 21 September 2023. ^ "Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report". Al Jazeera . ^ Stern, David L. (22 September 2023). "Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol". The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . ^ Kilner, James (23 September 2023). "Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . ^ a b Page, Lewis (12 November 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Mazurenko, Alona (30 November 2023). "Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas" . Ukrainska Pravda . ^ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (11 December 2023). "U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (4 December 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). "Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army" . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ "Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka" . France 24 . 29 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians" . The New York Times . 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Axe, David (8 March 2024). "Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day" . Forbes . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ Watling, Jack (19 February 2024). "The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage" . Time . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Kullab, Samya and Morton, Elise (25 May 2024). "Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue" . AP News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Mayer, Daryna and Talmazan, Yuliya (17 May 2024). "Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea" . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Dress, Brad (7 June 2024). "US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over' " . The Hill . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Barnes, Joe (24 April 2024). "Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned" . The Telegraph . ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ Santora, Marc (14 May 2024). "How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians" . The New York Times . ^ "Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks" . Euromaidan Press . 7 April 2024. ^ "Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances" . Al Jazeera . 4 July 2024. ^ "Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting" . Reuters . 4 July 2024. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Struck, Julia (7 July 2024). "Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches" . Kyiv Post . ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ "The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front" . Meduza . 26 July 2024. ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Méheut, Constant (7 August 2024). "Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. ^ Farrell, Francis (8 August 2024). "Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil" . Kyiv Independent . ^ Méheut, Constant (15 August 2024). "Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says" . The New York Times . ^ "Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities" . Associated Press . 16 August 2024. ^ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (17 August 2024). "How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia" . CNN . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (31 August 2024). "Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault" . The Washington Post . ^ Evans, Angelica (6 February 2025). "Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (21 January 2025). "Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk" . Hudson Institute . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ O'Grady, Siobhán; Ebel, Francesca; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Morgunov, Serhiy; Korolchuk, Serhii (11 August 2025). "Ukraine invaded Russia, seizing land it hoped to trade. It couldn't hold on" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Johnson, Lizzie; Korolchuk, Serhii; Galouchka, Anastacia; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Ram, Ed; Chen, Yutao; Ledur, Júlia; Sand, Bishop (8 September 2025). "Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. ^ a b Miller, Christopher (30 August 2024). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences" . FT . Archived from the original on 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2024 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (22 August 2024). "Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east" . The Washington Post . ^ "The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town" . The Economist . 22 August 2024. ^ "Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine" . Associated Press . 22 August 2024. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2024 . Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (18 September 2024). "Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2024 . Retrieved 18 September 2024 . ^ "Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say" . Reuters . 24 September 2024. ^ Kilner, James (1 October 2024). "Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Harding, Luke (2 October 2024). "Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2024 . ^ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (30 October 2024). "Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2024 . ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (1 November 2024). "As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. ^ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (29 November 2024). "Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia" . AP News . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (3 January 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 3, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Eckel, Mike (3 January 2025). "Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says" . Reuters . 15 February 2025. ^ "Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine" . AP News . 26 January 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 2, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 2 February 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2025. ^ Basmat, Dmytro (18 February 2025). "Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ Jones, Seth G.; McCabe, Riley (11 August 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "UN warns of record civilian casualties in Ukraine" . UN News . 10 July 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 28 August 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (2 September 2025). "Putin's failed summer offensive shatters the myth of inevitable Russian victory" . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russia's summer offensive in Ukraine underwhelms – but Kyiv won't be celebrating" . CNN . 29 June 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Nov. 12, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia deploys 170,000 troops for push in Ukraine's Donetsk region, Zelenskyy says" . AP News . 31 October 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia in Review, Nov. 7–14, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Landale, James (1 November 2025). "Key town faces 'multi-thousand' Russian force, top Ukraine commander admits" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Osborn, Andrew (2 December 2025). "Russia says before talks with US it has fully captured city of Pokrovsk, Ukraine denies it" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 December 2025). "Ukrainians raise flag to show BBC the fight goes on in city claimed by Russia" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T (12 December 2025). "Russian forces 'completely cut off' from Kupiansk, says Ukrainian commander" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Dysa, Yuliia (12 December 2025). "Zelenskiy visits Kupiansk as Ukraine retakes parts of frontline town" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Noonan, Fiona (16 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 15, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ a b c Lough, John (10 November 2025). "Ukraine's best defence against Putin's energy war is more attacks on Russia's oil refining sector" . www.chathamhouse.org . London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved 20 November 2025 . ^ UK Parliament Library, Ukraine Update, October 2025. ^ Christou, William (8 November 2025). "Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian energy facilities kill at least seven" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Kirichenko, David (1 October 2025). "Russia's Fuel Crisis Deepens As Kremlin Warns Gas Station Owners" . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 May 2022). "Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Shuster, Simon (26 September 2022). "Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War" . Time . Retrieved 10 September 2023 . ^ a b "Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects" . Congressional Research Service. 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Hodge, Nathan (11 April 2022). "Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?" . CNN . ^ Ryan, Mick (10 September 2023). "The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?" . ABC . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Deliso, Meredith (8 May 2022). "Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ "Вооруженные силы Украины атаковали Миллерово «Точкой-У»" [Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U]. Rostov Gazeta (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Insinna, Valerie (19 September 2022). "It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals" . Breaking Defense . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (22 October 2022). "Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure" . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10" . The Kyiv Independent . 25 November 2022 . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ Boffey, Daniel (6 June 2025). " 'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bego, Katja (5 June 2025). "Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention" . Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (5 June 2025). "Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Gozzi, Laura (2 June 2025). "How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bondar, Kateryna (3 June 2025). "How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare" . CSIS . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?" . NBC News . 7 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2 June 2025). "Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 31 July 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ Cheetham, Joshua (11 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ Sands, Leo (7 September 2022). "Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Kirby, Paul (16 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts" . BBC News . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 August 2022). "Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (11 October 2022) [8 October 2022]. "Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3" . The New York Times . eISSN 1553-8095 . ISSN 0362-4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (16 July 2023). "Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia" . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ Goldsmith, Adam (3 June 2025). "Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine" . Associated Press News . 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ Impelli, Matthew (6 October 2022). "Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ "Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine" . Al-Arabiya . 8 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (16 October 2022). "Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say" . The Washington Post . ^ "Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions" . BBC News . 18 October 2022. ^ a b Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (16 October 2022). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . ^ "European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 5 November 2022 . ^ Atwood, Kylie (1 November 2022). "Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say" . CNN . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far" . Al Jazeera . 17 November 2022. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 March 2023). "Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks". The New York Times . ^ "UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective" . The Kyiv Independent . 1 December 2022. ^ Cranny-Evans, Sam (24 June 2024). "Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack" . Bellingcat . 9 July 2024. ^ Arhirova, Hanna (11 July 2024). "Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer" . AP . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (8 July 2024). "Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43" . CNN . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (8 July 2024). "Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital" . CBC News . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (8 July 2024). "Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey" . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (25 February 2022). "Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities" . Jane's Defence Weekly . ^ "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island" . The Maritime Executive . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news" . CNN . Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. ^ Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in" . The Times . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Saul, Jonathan (12 March 2022). "UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ Pedrozo, Raul (12 April 2022). "Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts" . West Point . United States Military Academy . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO . International Maritime Organization . 28 March 2022. Circular Letter No.4543 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live" . The Guardian . 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 April 2022 . ^ "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship" . The Free Press Journal . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Forgey, Quint (14 April 2022). "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship" . Politico . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media" . BBC News . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv" . Reuters . ^ "US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva" . ABC News . 6 May 2022. ^ "Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports" . Yahoo! News . Ukrainska Pravda . 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ "Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul" . Le Monde . 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage," , 26 December 2023, Reuters ; video and transcript on YouTube ; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 26 December 2023, Fox News , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate," , 26 December 2023, The Wall Street Journal , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike" . The Telegraph . 1 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Greenall, Robert (1 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' " . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Goryashko, Sergey (14 February 2024). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast" . Politico . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance" . Vox . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Doubek, James (1 March 2022). "Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military" . NPR . ^ Bella, Timothy (26 February 2022). "Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia" . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force" . YES! Magazine . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Voitovych, Olga (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest" . CNN International . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere" . The Economist . 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Judah, Tim (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders" . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now" . The Kyiv Independent . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (18 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ "What is the Real Cost and Benefit of Ukrainian Attacks on Russian Refining?" . Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Komuves, Anita; Dvorakova, Vera (22 August 2025). "Ukrainian attack suspends Russian oil flows to Hungary, Slovakia" . Reuters . Kyiv/Budapest: Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "Scholz zu Russland-Sanktionen: Deutschland stoppt Nord Stream 2" [Scholz on Russia sanctions: Germany stops Nord Stream 2]. ZDFheute (in German). Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (21 August 2025). "(S+) Nord Stream: Mutmaßlicher Angreifer auf Ostseepipelines gefasst" . Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349 . Retrieved 21 August 2025 . ^ "EU adopts 18th package of sanctions against Russia" . ec.europa.eu . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "EU imposes new sanctions on Russia's oil and banks after Robert Fico lifts his veto" . euronews.com . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "Russia says Ukraine 'virtually destroys' gas infrastructure in Sudzha" . Reuters . Moscow: Thomson Reuters. 28 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "More than 100,000 Ukrainian homes lose power after Russia targets energy sites" . France 24 . 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia says it put out fire at large oil refinery after latest Ukrainian drone attack" . Reuters . 25 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 August 2025). "Frustrated Russians grapple with fuel crisis as Ukraine attacks oil refineries" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia's oil and fuel export revenue fell in August, IEA says" . reuters.com . 11 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ Tan, Huileng (11 September 2025). "Putin's energy fix for drone-hit Russia: Dig up more coal" . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ "Drones strike Russia's major export-oriented oil refinery" . Bloomberg . 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 14 September 2025 – via Business Line . ^ a b Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . NATO . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (20 March 2024). "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts" . CNN . ^ a b Wolf, Zachary (21 September 2023). "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone" . CNN . ^ a b c "How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?" . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 September 2024. ^ Mills, Claire (12 May 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" . House of Commons Library . ^ "How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works" . Lawfare . 16 July 2024. ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War" . The New York Times . 22 June 2023. ^ Brunnstrom, David (19 September 2024). "Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit" . The Guardian . 26 April 2022. ^ Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2024). "Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines" . Atlantic Council . ^ "Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops" . Al Jazeera English . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Stezhensky, Alex (3 May 2025). "Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate" . New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Brown, Larisa (2 May 2025). "Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win" . www.thetimes.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2025 . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Najibullah, Farangis; Dobrynin, Sergei (8 March 2025). "How Important Is US Intelligence For Ukraine's War Effort?" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Murauskaite, Egle E. "U.S. Assistance to Ukraine in the Information Space: Intelligence, Cyber, and Signaling" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Vincent, Elise; Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 March 2025). " "Pause" of US intelligence sharing with Ukraine poses unprecedented challenges for allies" . Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Hudson, John; Dixon, Robyn (11 March 2025). "U.S. lifts pause on Ukraine aid as Kyiv agrees to ceasefire proposal" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "U.S.-Ukraine Intelligence Sharing: A Conversation with Calder Walton" . Belfer Center . 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Pancevski, Bojan; Ward, Alexander; Seligman, Lara (1 October 2025). "U.S. to Provide Ukraine With Intelligence for Missile Strikes Deep Inside Russia" . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Holland, Steve; Slattery, Gram (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia, say reports" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Balmforth, Tom (22 November 2025). "Exclusive: US threatens to cut intel, weapons to press Ukraine into peace deal, sources say" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Dariia, Mykailenko (15 January 2026). "France Supplies Majority of Intelligence Ukraine Uses in War With Russia, Macron Says" . UNITED24 Media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Macron: Coalition of the Willing provides 100% military support to Ukraine" . www.ukrinform.net . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia" . AP News . 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 23 July 2024 . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . ^ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine . Vol. 6. Instytut Europy Środkowej. hdl : 1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3 . ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2 . ^ "Putin's Strategic Failure" . IISS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. "Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" . SSRN 4048994 . ^ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (10 May 2024). Personalism and Personalist Regimes . Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6 . ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). Armed Conflict Survey 2023 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5 . ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... ^ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (12 December 2024). The Armed Conflict Survey 2024 . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5 . ^ "White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine" . Sun Sentinel . 9 June 2023 . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ "Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles" . Reuters . 21 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 14 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Axe, David. "Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases" . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ "Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says" . Politico . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). "North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ "US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia" . Reuters . 15 October 2024 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). "North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). "Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials" . Evening Standard . ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . CNA . 22 October 2024. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . TRT World . 23 October 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). "North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors' " . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). "US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . ^ "Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says" . The Guardian . 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 October 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (28 October 2024). "No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia" . Al Jazeera . 28 October 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk" . Kyiv Post . 7 November 2024 . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ Kang, Taejun (13 November 2024). "US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine" . Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces" . Reuters . 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 November 2024). "Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Vergun, David (18 November 2024). "North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting" . U.S. Department of Defence . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ Zimko, Oleksandra (24 November 2024). "DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ "Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive" . RBC-Ukraine . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ "2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel" . Kyiv Post . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . ^ "North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says" . Reuters . ^ "A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces" . AP News . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea" . BBC News . 19 December 2024 . Retrieved 21 December 2024 . ^ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (10 December 2024). "Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict" . Articles of War . Lieber Institute . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ "Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy" . Radio Free Asia . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front" . Reuters . 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T. (27 January 2025). "North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 January 2025). "Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs" . Politico . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Harding, Luke (18 January 2025). "Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 January 2025 . Retrieved 19 January 2025 . ^ Harvey, Lex (27 March 2025). "North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Munster, Ben (26 April 2025). "Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance" . Politico . Retrieved 26 April 2025 . ^ "North Korea to send military construction workers, deminers to rebuild Russia's Kursk region" . AFP . 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Mackenzie, Jean (12 August 2025). "North Koreans tell BBC they are being sent to work 'like slaves' in Russia" . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Shidore, Sarang (31 August 2023). "The Return of the Global South" . Foreign Affairs . ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). " 'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia" . Politico . ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources" . Kyodo News . 18 March 2023. ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate" . EU Observer . ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say" . Reuters . 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 July 2025). "Adversary Entente Task Force Update, July 16" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Walsh, Nick Paton and Davey-Attlee, Florence (19 February 2024). "The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2024 . ^ "Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee" . FP News . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (4 September 2024). "Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal" . Financial Times . ^ Slattery, Gram (24 July 2025). "Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "Slovakia and Hungary reject EU plan to phase out Russian gas by end-2027" . Reuters . 7 May 2025. ^ "How the West is helping Russia to fund its war on Ukraine" . 29 May 2025. ^ "The EU's continued trade with Russia undermines its support for Ukraine – EUROPP" . 9 October 2024. ^ Cook, Chris; Sheppard, David (24 September 2023). "Russia dodges G7 price cap sanctions on most of its oil exports" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . ^ Saul, Jonathan; Verma, Nidhi; Verma, Nidhi (26 May 2023). "Exclusive: Lloyd's Register drops ships of top Indian carrier of Russian oil" . Reuters . ^ "How Dubai became 'the new Geneva' for Russian oil trade" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China" . pravda.com.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Creel, Katherine; Yano, Shoji. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar ^ "Three years into war, US and Europe keep billions in trade with Russia" . Reuters . 6 August 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ Hamourtziadou, Lily (1 February 2023). "Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed" . The Conversation . ^ Kirby, Paul (13 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll" . BBC News . ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?" . Fortune . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 8 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends" . Ukrinform . 29 March 2022. ^ " 'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb" . BBC News . 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. ^ "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL" . Meduza . 12 October 2022. ^ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2022 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (25 June 2024). "Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements" . The Times . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer" . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies" . Ukrinform . 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (11 April 2022). "Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says" . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ " 'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers" . The Japan Times . 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. ^ "At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" . C.D. Howe Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2023 . ^ "The Cost of War to Ukraine" . The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies . Retrieved 8 October 2023 . ^ "Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death" . AP News . 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead" . Agence France-Presse republished in France 24 . 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ " "Our City Was Gone": Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine" . Human Rights Watch . 8 February 2024. p. 147 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks. ^ "Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 24 September 2023" . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 25 September 2023. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (11 December 2023). "Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Latypova, Leyla (17 May 2024). "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Petkova, Mariya (25 October 2022). " 'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Bessonov, Ania (4 October 2022). "Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine" . CBC . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine" . France 24 . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground" . BBC News . 4 July 2024. ^ Porter, Tom (6 December 2024). "Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them" . Business Insider . ^ "Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate" . Newsweek . 12 November 2024. ^ "120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing" . Meduza . 5 July 2024. Wikidata Q127245770 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. ^ Ivshina, Olga (30 December 2025). "Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal" . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Butt, Maira (31 December 2025). "Russian losses in Ukraine rising faster than ever, finds new analysis" . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine" . The New York Times . 24 April 2024. ^ "Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ "Country Comparisons — Death rate" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 13 September 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. ^ Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken" . Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft . ^ a b Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. August 2025 update" (PDF) . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict October 2025 update" (PDF) . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Список жертв войны в российских регионах" . 7x7 . 1 August 2023. ^ "Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024" . dw.com (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine's losses in the war" . UALosses . 21 May 2025. ^ a b c "Разрыв между городом и деревней: что известно о потерях России в Украине к декабрю" . BBC. 30 November 2025. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. "Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" . Mediazona . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 24 October 2025 . ^ "Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails" . Sky News . 16 May 2025. ^ "Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . ^ "Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit" . 17 June 2024. ^ "Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman" . 16 December 2024. ^ "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022" . Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic . 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 March 2023 . ^ "Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 28 December 2023. ^ "Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims" . The Moscow Times . 19 May 2025. ^ The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?" . The Economist . 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини . The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ "Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known" . France 24 . 17 February 2025. ^ "Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year" . USNEWS . 13 February 2025. ^ "Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories" . The New York Times . 30 October 2024. ^ Allison, George (6 November 2025). "Russian casualties exceed 1.1m since invasion says Britain" . UK Defence Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,404" . Ukrainska Pravda . 28 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers" . Moscow Times . 4 February 2025. ^ "N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul" . Yahoo News . ^ "Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine" . Euronews . 11 October 2024. ^ "About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says" . Euronews . 30 April 2025. Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect" . Associated Press . ^ "First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine" . The Guardian . 16 December 2024. "30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims" . The Kyiv Independent . 16 December 2024. ^ "Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?" . BBC News . 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF) . Ukraine . 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council . ^ "Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons" . The Guardian . 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF) . Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. ^ "Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, – Kyrylo Budanov" . Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine . 23 November 2024. ^ "UPDATE: Russian airstrike on Zaporizhzhia industrial site kills 13, injures 122" . Kyiv Independent . 8 January 2025. ^ "Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. ^ "Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says" . Reuters . 8 January 2025. ^ "UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder" . OHCHR . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians" . Forbes . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ a b "Russian authorities committed crimes against humanity targeting civilian population through drone attacks as well as war crimes of forcible transfer and deportation of civilians" . OHCHR . 28 October 2025. ^ a b "UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine" . UN News . 20 March 2024. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Stepanenko, Vasilisa; Kullab, Samya; Hanna, Arhipova (15 March 2024). "Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine" . Associated Press . ^ Hambling, David (29 December 2023). "What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Field, Matt (15 March 2024). "Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Rushton, James (6 April 2024). "Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ "2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find" . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Davies, Maia (13 January 2026). "Ukraine war: Last year was deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says" . BBC Home . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention" . Yale School of Medicine . 25 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Waterhouse, James (16 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ "On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace" . OHCHR . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ "Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading" . AP News . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (27 March 2024). "Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says" . Politico . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ "Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war" . EEAS . 16 October 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . ^ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR . 29 June 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2022 . ^ Shull, Abbie. "Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports" . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (6 July 2024). "In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2025 . ^ "Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 29 February 2024)" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . OHCHR . pp. 14– 15 . Retrieved 13 March 2025 . ^ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (12 June 2024). "FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites" . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ "US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says" . Reuters . 12 June 2024 . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina (24 March 2025). "Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 23 October 2025 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (7 August 2025). "Russia launches 'catalog' of Ukrainian children for adoption, sorted by eye and hair color" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ Vakulina, Sasha (8 August 2025). "Russia creates 'catalogue' of Ukrainian children for adoption" . euronews . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ "Russian occupation authorities publish database of Ukrainian children for adoption, sortable by hair and eye color" . Meduza . 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Cookman, Liz (8 August 2025). "Russia 'running slave catalogue of Ukrainian children to adopt' " . The Times and The Sunday Times . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (3 March 2022). "ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest" . Reuters . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. ^ "10: "World nuclear forces" ". Military Spending and Armaments, 2019 (PDF) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ Bufacchi, Vittorio (26 July 2022). "War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?" . Journal of Political Power . 16 (1): 6. doi : 10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495 . hdl : 10468/13459 . S2CID 251124184 . ^ Warburton, Moira (15 March 2022). "U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal" . Reuters . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 September 2023). "War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (28 March 2023). "Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes" . Violence . 3 (2): 281– 300. doi : 10.1177/26330024231167184 . S2CID 257852247 . ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov" . International Criminal Court . International Criminal Court . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ Roth, Andrew (25 June 2024). "ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say" . ABC . 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR" . www.unrefugees.org . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Farge, Emma (25 September 2023). "Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (16 March 2023). "UN inquiry finds" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war" . www.who.int . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System" . PHR . 7 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime" . EPP Group in the European Parliament . 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ "Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat" . Euronews . 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ a b "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 July 2022). "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (20 May 2022). "Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles" . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Ukraine" . IDMC . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight" . ABC News . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters . DW News . 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube. "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine" . Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic) . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK" . gov.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out" . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city" . BBC News . 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri" Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia]. РБК (in Russian). 6 September 2021. ^ Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. ^ Stone, Lyman (22 March 2023). "The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia" . IFStudies . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (30 March 2023). "The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population". Population, Space and Place . 29 (4) e2656. doi : 10.1002/psp.2656 . hdl : 10023/27301 . S2CID 257876682 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ a b Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023). "Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction" . WIIW . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die" . The Telegraph . 26 February 2023. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . 2022. ^ "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse" . The Economist . 4 March 2023. ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (28 February 2023). "Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia" . The RAND Blog . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" . NPR . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ "Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" . BBC News . 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Wachs, Johannes (15 May 2023). "Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . EPJ Data Science . 12 (1) 14. doi : 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 . PMC 10184088 . PMID 37215283 . ^ "The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile" . Financial Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ Sharma, Shweta (30 November 2023). "Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ Loh, Matthew (25 July 2024). "Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief" . Business Insider . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage" e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ " 'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine" . commondreams.org . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine" PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (13 June 2023). "Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine" . International Relations Review . 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Yermak, Andriy ; Wallström, Margot (16 August 2023). "Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (8 April 2024). "Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests" . Yahoo News . Retrieved 12 April 2024 . ^ Singha, Sutandra (17 December 2024). "Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change" . Chintan India foundation blog . India Foundation . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ^ "Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine" . Euroactive . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ^ de Guzman, Chad (19 May 2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave" . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2023 . ^ Tan, Huileng (22 May 2023). "Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it" . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ Chin, Yongchang (21 May 2023). "Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ "Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects" . The Guardian . The Guardian. 5 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). "US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ Harvey, Fiona (26 September 2023). " 'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (11 August 2024). "Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert" . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ O'Neil, Tyler (27 April 2022). "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' " . Fox News . ^ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says" . CNN . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Gill, Victoria (25 February 2022). "Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ " 'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" . aljazeera.com . 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" . NBC News . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ Horowitz, Julia (5 January 2022). "Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022" . CNN (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (14 March 2022). "Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says" . Reuters . ^ Porter, Richard (31 March 2022). "EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown" . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . ^ "Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says" . Reuters (Digital). 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2 March 2022). "Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ "How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?" . BBC (Digital). 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 March 2022. ^ "Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected" . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Garver, Rob (8 February 2024). "Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions" . Voice of America (Digital) . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Sonne, Paul (27 April 2024). "Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills" . New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ a b c Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (Report). Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). April 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "SITE's Torbjörn Becker briefs EU on Russia's economy and effects of sanctions" . Stockholm School of Economics . Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). 16 May 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "Китай принял первый груз санкционного российского СПГ перед визитом Путина к Си Цзиньпину" . Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). 30 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ a b Meredith, Sam (3 February 2023). "Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (8 March 2022). "EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?" . Associated Press (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Goldman, David (24 March 2022). "Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real" . CTV News . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Gavin, Gabriel (6 October 2023). "Politico" (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie (28 February 2022). "Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] ^ "Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions" . The Moscow Times . 5 January 2023. ^ Astier, Henri (14 June 2024). "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ a b "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine" . Chatham House . 3 October 2023. ^ "Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War" . Council of Councils . Council on Foreign Relations . 21 February 2024. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . ^ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (24 January 2024). "What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ Landale, James (25 February 2025). "US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine" . BBC Home . Retrieved 9 July 2025 . ^ Brennan, David (16 December 2025). "Trump-Putin Alaska summit looms large in Kremlin's Ukraine negotiating strategy" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Menon, Rajan (24 November 2025). "Trump's 'peace plan' was a pro-Kremlin abomination whose failure is a glimmer of hope for Ukraine" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Grozev, Christo; Weiss, Michael (26 November 2025). "Made in Moscow: The "U.S. peace plan" for Ukraine was substantially formulated months ago by Kremlin operative Kirill Dmitriev" . The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Bellinger, John B. III (28 February 2022). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary" . BBC News . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 February 2023 . ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts 18th package of economic and individual measures" . Council of the EU . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). "The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" . Energy Research & Social Science . 102 103150. Bibcode : 2023ERSS..10203150O . doi : 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 . ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). "Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine" . Nature Energy . 8 (4): 413– 421. Bibcode : 2023NatEn...8..413S . doi : 10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 . hdl : 11250/3106595 . ^ "Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' " . Reuters . 15 June 2023. ^ "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" . Europa (web portal). ^ "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU" . Europa (web portal). ^ Tambur, Silver (26 February 2022). "Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . Estonian world. ^ Brooks, Hannah (2 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . ^ Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). "Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion" . Financial Times . ^ Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). "Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)#cite_note-u147-511
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Merger between NFL and AFL 2 Draft 3 Major rule changes 4 Deaths 5 Division races 6 Final standings Toggle Final standings subsection 6.1 Tiebreakers 6.1 Tiebreakers 7 Playoffs 8 Records 9 Coaching changes Toggle Coaching changes subsection 9.1 Offseason 9.2 In-season 9.1 Offseason 9.2 In-season 10 Stadium changes 11 Uniform changes 12 Television changes Toggle Television changes subsection 12.1 Official AFC team affiliates 12.2 Official NFC team affiliates 12.1 Official AFC team affiliates 12.2 Official NFC team affiliates 13 References 1970 NFL season Беларуская Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar مصرى 日本語 Português Русский Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Regular season Duration September 18 – December 20, 1970 Playoffs Start date December 26, 1970 AFC Champions Baltimore Colts NFC Champions Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl V Date January 17, 1971 Site Orange Bowl , Miami, Florida Champions Baltimore Colts Pro Bowl Date January 24, 1971 Site Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} ← 1969 NFL seasons 1971 → ← 1969 NFL seasons 1971 → The 1970 NFL season was the 51st regular season of the National Football League , and the first after the consummation of the AFL–NFL merger . The merged league realigned into two conferences: all ten of the American Football League (AFL) teams joined the Baltimore Colts , Cleveland Browns , and Pittsburgh Steelers to form the American Football Conference (AFC); the other thirteen NFL clubs formed the National Football Conference (NFC). The season concluded in 1971 with Super Bowl V on January 17, as the Baltimore Colts beat the Dallas Cowboys 16–13 at the Orange Bowl in Miami , Florida . The Pro Bowl was the following Sunday; the NFC beat the AFC 27–6 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . Merger between NFL and AFL The merger forced a realignment between the combined league's clubs. During the previous 1969 season, there were sixteen NFL teams and ten AFL teams: Eastern Western Buffalo Bills Denver Broncos Miami Dolphins Kansas City Chiefs Boston Patriots Oakland Raiders New York Jets San Diego Chargers Houston Oilers Cincinnati Bengals Eastern Western Capitol Century Central Coastal Dallas Cowboys Cleveland Browns Chicago Bears Los Angeles Rams New Orleans Saints New York Giants Detroit Lions San Francisco 49ers Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers Green Bay Packers Atlanta Falcons Washington Redskins St. Louis Cardinals Minnesota Vikings Baltimore Colts Because there were more NFL teams than AFL teams, three teams needed to be transferred to balance the two new conferences at thirteen teams each. In May 1969, the Baltimore Colts , Cleveland Browns , and Pittsburgh Steelers agreed to join the ten AFL teams to form the American Football Conference (AFC); the remaining NFL teams formed the National Football Conference (NFC). Replacing the old Eastern and Western conferences (although divisions from those conferences still existed but were renamed to suit the realignment), the new conferences, AFC and NFC, function similar to Major League Baseball 's American and National leagues, and each of those two were divided into three divisions: East, Central, and West. The two Eastern divisions had five teams; the other four divisions had four teams each. The realignment discussions for the NFC were so contentious that one final plan, out of five of them, was selected from an envelope in a vase by Commissioner Pete Rozelle's secretary, Thelma Elkjer [ 1 ] on January 16, 1970. The format agreed on was as follows: AFC East Central West Baltimore Colts Cincinnati Bengals Denver Broncos Boston Patriots Cleveland Browns Kansas City Chiefs Buffalo Bills Houston Oilers Oakland Raiders Miami Dolphins Pittsburgh Steelers San Diego Chargers New York Jets NFC East Central West Dallas Cowboys Chicago Bears Atlanta Falcons New York Giants Detroit Lions Los Angeles Rams Philadelphia Eagles Green Bay Packers New Orleans Saints St. Louis Cardinals Minnesota Vikings San Francisco 49ers Washington Redskins This arrangement would keep most of the pre-merger NFL teams in the NFC and the AFL teams in the AFC. Pittsburgh, Cleveland, and Baltimore were placed in the AFC in order to balance the conferences, while the NFC equalized the competitive strength of its East and West divisions rather than sorting out teams purely geographically. Division alignment in 1970 largely kept traditional rivals in the same division. Plans were also made to add two expansion teams, but this would not take place until 1976, seven years after the merger, when the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Seattle Seahawks joined the league. The 26-team league also began to use an eight-team playoff format, four from each conference, that included the three division winners and a wild card team, the second-place team with the best record. Draft The 1970 NFL draft was held from January 27 to 28, 1970, at New York City 's Belmont Plaza Hotel. With the first pick, the Pittsburgh Steelers selected quarterback Terry Bradshaw from Louisiana Tech University . Major rule changes The NFL rules became the standardized rules for the merged league, with two exceptions that were both carried over from the AFL: The stadium's scoreboard clock became the official game clock. An official (the line judge beginning in 1965) kept the official time on the field in the NFL; however, the scoreboard clock was the official timepiece for the four Super Bowls contested prior to the merger. The practice of having the players' last names added to the backs of their jerseys became universal. The old NFL teams did not have names on the back prior to this season, whereas the AFL teams did. After experimenting with compromise rules regarding the two-point conversion (then exclusive to the AFL) during the late 1960s preseasons, the NFL decided not to use that feature and use its previous rule only allowing one point for any conversion. The two-point conversion would later be added to the NFL rules in 1994. Deaths March 2 - Paul Christman , age 51. Played quarterback for the Chicago Cardinals and Green Bay Packers . Led the Cardinals to the 1947 NFL Championship. March 17 - Clark Shaughnessy , age 78. Head coach for the Los Angeles Rams from 1947-1948, and Defensive Coordinator for the Chicago Bears from 1951-1962. July 21 - Bob Kalsu , age 25. Offensive guard for the Buffalo Bills. Killed while on active duty during the Vietnam War . July 31 - Jimmy Conzelman , age 72. Played Wing Back for the Detroit Lions , Milwaukee Badgers , and Providence Steam Roller . Elected to the Pro Football Hall Of Fame in 1964. September 3 - Vince Lombardi , age 57. Led the Green Bay Packers to five NFL Championships and two Super Bowl Championships, later was the head coach for the Washington Redskins . Division races Starting in 1970, there were three divisions (Eastern, Central and Western) in each conference. The winners of each division, and a fourth "wild card" team based on the best non-division winner, qualified for the playoffs. The tiebreaker rules were changed to start with head-to-head competition, followed by intra-conference records and finally a coin flip . This became problematic during the final week of the regular season when potential victories by the Cowboys, Lions and Giants (all of whom were playing at home and favored to win) would have resulted in all three teams having similar records, New York winning the NFC East championship and a coin toss between Dallas and Detroit to decide the wild card. [ 2 ] That possibility was averted when the Giants were upset by the Los Angeles Rams. [ 3 ] Because of this close call regarding possible use of coin toss, future tie-breakers would be expanded to have more competitive aspects. Week Eastern Central Western Wild Card 1 Dallas 1–0–0 3 teams 1–0–0 3 teams 1–0–0 4 teams 1–0–0 2 Dallas 2–0–0 3 teams 2–0–0 2 teams 2–0–0 3 teams 2–0–0 3 St. Louis* 2–1–0 Detroit 3–0–0 Los Angeles 3–0–0 6 teams 2–1–0 4 St. Louis* 3–1–0 Detroit* 3–1–0 San Francisco* 3–1–0 4 teams 3–1–0 5 St. Louis 4–1–0 Detroit* 4–1–0 Los Angeles 4–1–0 Minnesota 4–1–0 6 St. Louis* 4–2–0 Detroit* 5–1–0 San Francisco 4–1–1 Minnesota 5–1–0 7 St. Louis* 5–2–0 Minnesota 6–1–0 San Francisco 5–1–1 3 teams 5–2–0 8 St. Louis 6–2–0 Minnesota 7–1–0 San Francisco 6–1–1 Los Angeles 5–2–1 9 St. Louis 7–2–0 Minnesota 8–1–0 San Francisco 7–1–1 N.Y. Giants 6–3–0 10 St. Louis 7–2–1 Minnesota 9–1–0 San Francisco 7–2–1 Los Angeles 6–3–1 11 St. Louis 8–2–1 Minnesota 9–2–0 Los Angeles* 7–3–1 San Francisco 7–3–1 12 St. Louis 8–3–1 Minnesota 10–2–0 Los Angeles* 8–3–1 San Francisco 8–3–1 13 N.Y. Giants* 9–4–0 Minnesota 11–2–0 San Francisco 9–3–1 Dallas* 9–4–0 14 Dallas 10–4–0 Minnesota 12–2–0 San Francisco 10–3–1 Detroit 10–4–0 Week Eastern Central Western Wild Card 1 2 teams 1–0–0 3 teams 1–0–0 Denver 1–0–0 3 teams 1–0–0 2 4 teams 1–1–0 3 teams 1–1–0 Denver 2–0–0 6 teams 1–1–0 3 Baltimore* 2–1–0 2 teams 2–1–0 Denver 3–0–0 2 teams 2–1–0 4 Baltimore* 3–1–0 Cleveland 3–1–0 Denver 3–1–0 Miami 3–1–0 5 Baltimore* 4–1–0 Cleveland 3–2–0 Denver 4–1–0 Miami 4–1–0 6 Baltimore 5–1–0 Cleveland 4–2–0 Denver 4–2–0 Miami 4–2–0 7 Baltimore 6–1–0 Cleveland 4–3–0 Oakland 3–2–2 Denver 4–3–0 8 Baltimore 7–1–0 Cleveland* 4–4–0 Oakland 4–2–2 Kansas City 4–3–1 9 Baltimore 7–1–1 Cleveland* 4–5–0 Oakland 5–2–2 Kansas City 5–3–1 10 Baltimore 7–2–1 Cleveland 5–5–0 Oakland 6–2–2 Kansas City 5–3–2 11 Baltimore 8–2–1 Cleveland* 5–6–0 Oakland* 6–3–2 Kansas City 6–3–2 12 Baltimore 9–2–1 Cleveland* 6–6–0 Oakland* 7–3–2 Kansas City 7–3–2 13 Baltimore 10–2–1 Cincinnati 7–6–0 Oakland 8–3–2 Miami 9–4–0 14 Baltimore 11–2–1 Cincinnati 8–6–0 Oakland 8–4–2 Miami 10–4–0 Final standings .mw-parser-output .defaultleft,.mw-parser-output .col1left td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2left td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3left td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4left td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5left td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6left td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7left td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8left td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9left td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10left td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11left td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12left td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13left td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14left td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15left td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16left td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17left td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18left td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19left td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20left td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21left td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22left td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23left td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24left td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25left td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26left td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27left td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28left td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29left td:nth-child(29),.mw-parser-output .col-1left td:nth-last-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col-2left td:nth-last-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col-3left td:nth-last-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col-4left td:nth-last-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col-5left td:nth-last-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col-6left td:nth-last-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col-7left td:nth-last-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col-8left td:nth-last-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col-9left td:nth-last-child(9){text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .defaultcenter,.mw-parser-output .col1center td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2center td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3center td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4center td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5center td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6center td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7center td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8center td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9center td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10center td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11center td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12center td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13center td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14center td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15center td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16center td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17center td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18center td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19center td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20center td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21center td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22center td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23center td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24center td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25center td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26center td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27center td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28center td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29center td:nth-child(29),.mw-parser-output .col-1center td:nth-last-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col-2center td:nth-last-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col-3center td:nth-last-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col-4center td:nth-last-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col-5center td:nth-last-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col-6center td:nth-last-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col-7center td:nth-last-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col-8center td:nth-last-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col-9center td:nth-last-child(9){text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .defaultright,.mw-parser-output .col1right td:nth-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col2right td:nth-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col3right td:nth-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col4right td:nth-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col5right td:nth-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col6right td:nth-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col7right td:nth-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col8right td:nth-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col9right td:nth-child(9),.mw-parser-output .col10right td:nth-child(10),.mw-parser-output .col11right td:nth-child(11),.mw-parser-output .col12right td:nth-child(12),.mw-parser-output .col13right td:nth-child(13),.mw-parser-output .col14right td:nth-child(14),.mw-parser-output .col15right td:nth-child(15),.mw-parser-output .col16right td:nth-child(16),.mw-parser-output .col17right td:nth-child(17),.mw-parser-output .col18right td:nth-child(18),.mw-parser-output .col19right td:nth-child(19),.mw-parser-output .col20right td:nth-child(20),.mw-parser-output .col21right td:nth-child(21),.mw-parser-output .col22right td:nth-child(22),.mw-parser-output .col23right td:nth-child(23),.mw-parser-output .col24right td:nth-child(24),.mw-parser-output .col25right td:nth-child(25),.mw-parser-output .col26right td:nth-child(26),.mw-parser-output .col27right td:nth-child(27),.mw-parser-output .col28right td:nth-child(28),.mw-parser-output .col29right td:nth-child(29),.mw-parser-output .col-1right td:nth-last-child(1),.mw-parser-output .col-2right td:nth-last-child(2),.mw-parser-output .col-3right td:nth-last-child(3),.mw-parser-output .col-4right td:nth-last-child(4),.mw-parser-output .col-5right td:nth-last-child(5),.mw-parser-output .col-6right td:nth-last-child(6),.mw-parser-output .col-7right td:nth-last-child(7),.mw-parser-output .col-8right td:nth-last-child(8),.mw-parser-output .col-9right td:nth-last-child(9){text-align:right} AFC East .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Baltimore Colts 11 2 1 .846 6–1–1 8–2–1 321 234 W4 Miami Dolphins 10 4 0 .714 6–2 8–3 297 228 W6 New York Jets 4 10 0 .286 2–6 2–9 255 286 L3 Buffalo Bills 3 10 1 .231 3–4–1 3–7–1 204 337 L5 Boston Patriots 2 12 0 .143 2–6 2–9 149 361 L3 AFC Central view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 0 .571 3–3 7–4 312 255 W7 Cleveland Browns 7 7 0 .500 4–2 7–4 286 265 W1 Pittsburgh Steelers 5 9 0 .357 3–3 5–6 210 272 L3 Houston Oilers 3 10 1 .231 2–4 3–7–1 217 352 L3 AFC West view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Oakland Raiders 8 4 2 .667 4-0-2 7-2-2 300 293 L1 Kansas City Chiefs 7 5 2 .583 2–3–1 7–3–1 272 244 L2 San Diego Chargers 5 6 3 .455 2–2–2 4–4–3 282 278 W1 Denver Broncos 5 8 1 .385 1–4–1 3–6–1 253 264 L1 Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972. AFC East .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Baltimore Colts 11 2 1 .846 6–1–1 8–2–1 321 234 W4 Miami Dolphins 10 4 0 .714 6–2 8–3 297 228 W6 New York Jets 4 10 0 .286 2–6 2–9 255 286 L3 Buffalo Bills 3 10 1 .231 3–4–1 3–7–1 204 337 L5 Boston Patriots 2 12 0 .143 2–6 2–9 149 361 L3 AFC Central view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 0 .571 3–3 7–4 312 255 W7 Cleveland Browns 7 7 0 .500 4–2 7–4 286 265 W1 Pittsburgh Steelers 5 9 0 .357 3–3 5–6 210 272 L3 Houston Oilers 3 10 1 .231 2–4 3–7–1 217 352 L3 AFC West view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Oakland Raiders 8 4 2 .667 4-0-2 7-2-2 300 293 L1 Kansas City Chiefs 7 5 2 .583 2–3–1 7–3–1 272 244 L2 San Diego Chargers 5 6 3 .455 2–2–2 4–4–3 282 278 W1 Denver Broncos 5 8 1 .385 1–4–1 3–6–1 253 264 L1 NFC East view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Dallas Cowboys 10 4 0 .714 5–3 7–4 299 221 W5 New York Giants 9 5 0 .643 6–2 6–5 301 270 L1 St. Louis Cardinals 8 5 1 .615 5–3 6–5 325 228 L3 Washington Redskins 6 8 0 .429 3–5 4–7 297 314 W2 Philadelphia Eagles 3 10 1 .231 1–7 1–9–1 241 332 W1 NFC Central view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Minnesota Vikings 12 2 0 .857 5–1 10–1 335 143 W3 Detroit Lions 10 4 0 .714 4–2 7–4 347 202 W5 Green Bay Packers 6 8 0 .429 2–4 4–7 196 293 L2 Chicago Bears 6 8 0 .429 1–5 5–6 256 261 W2 NFC West view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK San Francisco 49ers 10 3 1 .769 3–2–1 6–3–1 352 267 W3 Los Angeles Rams 9 4 1 .692 4–1–1 7–3–1 325 202 W1 Atlanta Falcons 4 8 2 .333 3–2–1 3–6–2 206 261 L1 New Orleans Saints 2 11 1 .154 0–5–1 2–8–1 172 347 L6 NFC East view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Dallas Cowboys 10 4 0 .714 5–3 7–4 299 221 W5 New York Giants 9 5 0 .643 6–2 6–5 301 270 L1 St. Louis Cardinals 8 5 1 .615 5–3 6–5 325 228 L3 Washington Redskins 6 8 0 .429 3–5 4–7 297 314 W2 Philadelphia Eagles 3 10 1 .231 1–7 1–9–1 241 332 W1 NFC Central view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Minnesota Vikings 12 2 0 .857 5–1 10–1 335 143 W3 Detroit Lions 10 4 0 .714 4–2 7–4 347 202 W5 Green Bay Packers 6 8 0 .429 2–4 4–7 196 293 L2 Chicago Bears 6 8 0 .429 1–5 5–6 256 261 W2 NFC West view talk edit view talk edit W L T PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK San Francisco 49ers 10 3 1 .769 3–2–1 6–3–1 352 267 W3 Los Angeles Rams 9 4 1 .692 4–1–1 7–3–1 325 202 W1 Atlanta Falcons 4 8 2 .333 3–2–1 3–6–2 206 261 L1 New Orleans Saints 2 11 1 .154 0–5–1 2–8–1 172 347 L6 Tiebreakers Green Bay finished ahead of Chicago in the NFC Central based on better division record (2–4 to Bears' 1–5). Playoffs Dec 27 – Oakland Coliseum WC Miami 14 Jan 3 – Memorial Stadium West Oakland 21 AFC West Oakland 17 Dec 26 – Memorial Stadium East Baltimore 27 AFC Championship Cent. Cincinnati 0 Jan 17 – Miami Orange Bowl East Baltimore 17 Divisional playoffs AFC Baltimore 16 Dec 26 – Cotton Bowl NFC Dallas 13 Super Bowl V WC Detroit 0 Jan 3 – Kezar Stadium East Dallas 5 NFC East Dallas 17 Dec 27 – Metropolitan Stadium West San Francisco 10 NFC Championship West San Francisco 17 Cent. Minnesota 14 view talk edit Records On November 8, New Orleans Saints placekicker Tom Dempsey kicked a record 63-yard field goal as time expired to win 19–17 over the visiting Detroit Lions . It bettered the previous record by seven yards (set seventeen years earlier by Bert Rechichar ), [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and stood for 43 years (tied in 1998 , 2011 , and 2012 ) until it was broken in 2013 by Denver Broncos ' Matt Prater . [ 6 ] His record 64-yard field goal was at elevation in Denver on December 8, at the end of the first half. That record would stand until September 26, 2021, when Baltimore Ravens ' Justin Tucker kicked a 66 yard field goal as time expired to win 19-17 over the Detroit Lions [ 7 ] The Denver Broncos , Detroit Lions, and Los Angeles Rams all started 3–0 but lost in Week Four. Only the Lions advanced to the postseason after the 3–0 start. Coaching changes Offseason Baltimore Colts : Don McCafferty replaced Don Shula , who left the team to coach the Miami Dolphins. Miami Dolphins : Don Shula left the Baltimore Colts to replace the fired George Wilson as Miami's head coach. San Diego Chargers : Charlie Waller began his first full season as head coach. He replaced Sid Gillman to serve for five games in 1969 due to Gillman's poor health. Washington Redskins : Vince Lombardi was diagnosed with terminal cancer in late June and died on September 3. Offensive line coach Bill Austin served as Washington's head coach for the 1970 season. AFC NFC East Central West East Central West Baltimore : Don McCafferty Cincinnati : Paul Brown Denver : Lou Saban Dallas : Tom Landry Chicago : Jim Dooley Atlanta : Norm Van Brocklin Boston : Clive Rush Cleveland : Blanton Collier Kansas City : Hank Stram NY Giants : Alex Webster Detroit : Joe Schmidt Los Angeles : George Allen Buffalo : John Rauch Houston : Wally Lemm Oakland : John Madden Philadelphia : Jerry Williams Green Bay : Phil Bengtson New Orleans : Tom Fears Miami : Don Shula Pittsburgh : Chuck Noll San Diego : Charlie Waller St. Louis : Charley Winner Minnesota : Bud Grant San Francisco : Dick Nolan NY Jets : Weeb Ewbank Washington : Bill Austin In-season Boston Patriots : Clive Rush resigned after seven games into the season for medical reasons. John Mazur served as interim for the rest of the season and was hired as the full-time coach for 1971. New Orleans Saints : Tom Fears was fired after a 1–5–1 start. J. D. Roberts was named as his replacement and was hired as the full-time coach for 1971. Stadium changes Before the season, the league had demanded that the Chicago Bears find a new home field: Wrigley Field was too small, as it did not meet the new stadium requirement to seat at least 50,000, and it did not have lights (installed in 1988), meaning it was unavailable for late afternoon and night games. The Chicago Cubs baseball team, which owned the stadium it shared with the Bears, did not want to convert it to a football configuration while the Cubs were still in playoff contention. As a result, the Bears' first home game of the season against the Philadelphia Eagles was played at Northwestern University 's Dyche Stadium ; Chicago also treated this game as a trial run for possibly moving their home games to Evanston . Dyche Stadium (later renamed Ryan Field), did not have lights (nor did it install permanent standards prior to its demolition in early 2024), was planned as the Bears' new home, but a deal fell through due to strong opposition from several athletic directors in the Big Ten Conference and residents of Evanston. After negotiations with the Cubs' ownership for continued use of Wrigley Field collapsed, the Bears moved to Soldier Field in 1971 where they remain to the present day, save for a temporary relocation in 2002 to the University of Illinois ' Memorial Stadium while Soldier Field was completely renovated. The Boston Patriots played in their fourth facility in eleven seasons, leaving Alumni Stadium at Boston College for Harvard Stadium , the only facility in Massachusetts at that time which met the NFL's 50,000-seat minimum. The struggles to find a home led the Patriots to hastily construct Schaeffer Stadium in Foxborough , which opened in 1971 . Renamed from "Boston" to "New England" when they moved, the Patriots continue to play in Foxborough in Gillette Stadium , which opened in 2002 . Two multi-purpose stadiums made their debut this season: Riverfront Stadium and Three Rivers Stadium , replacing Nippert Stadium and Pitt Stadium as the homes of the Cincinnati Bengals and Pittsburgh Steelers , respectively. This was also the last season in which Franklin Field was the home of the Philadelphia Eagles ; they moved to Veterans Stadium , another multi-purpose stadium, in 1971 . Seven teams played their home games on artificial turf in 1970. This was up from 2 teams in both the NFL and AFL in 1969. The teams were: Cincinnati, Dallas, Miami, Pittsburgh and St. Louis, who joined Houston and Philadelphia, the two teams which played on turf in 1969. Super Bowl V was held at the Orange Bowl in Miami , and was the first Super Bowl played on artificial turf (specifically, Poly-Turf ). Uniform changes The Dallas Cowboys moved the TV numbers on their jerseys from the shoulders to the sleeves. They remained on the sleeves of the white jersey through 1973 and the blue jersey through 1978. The Detroit Lions added trim to their helmet logo beginning in week five. The Minnesota Vikings added an alternate purple jersey with no sleeve striping, worn for warm-weather games. The Oakland Raiders used silver numbers instead of black on their white jerseys for the first time since 1963 The Pittsburgh Steelers wore white pants with their white jerseys, the first time they wore white pants since wearing them for all games in 1965. The Philadelphia Eagles wore white helmets at all their games, discontinuing their practice of using green helmets with their white jerseys and white helmets with their green jerseys (the Eagles would switch back to wearing green helmets in 1974). The Washington Redskins switched from burgundy to gold helmets, and from the arrow helmet logo to a new logo featuring an "R" inside a circle with Native American feathers hanging down from the side Television changes To televise their games, the combined league retained the services of CBS and NBC , who were previously the primary broadcasters of the NFL and the AFL, respectively. It was then decided that CBS would televise all NFC teams (including playoff games) while NBC all AFC teams. For interconference games, CBS would broadcast them if the visiting team was from the NFC and NBC would carry them when the visitors were from the AFC. At the time, all NFL games were blacked out in the home team's market, so this arrangement meant that fans in each team's home market would see all of their team's televised Sunday afternoon games on the same network (CBS for NFC teams and NBC for AFC teams). The two networks also divided up the Super Bowl on a yearly rotation, with the network of the designated visiting conference (NBC for odd-numbered games, CBS for even-numbered game) televising each game through Super Bowl XVIII . From 1970–73, whichever network did not televise the Super Bowl televised the Pro Bowl the next week. Meanwhile, with the debut of Monday Night Football on ABC on September 21, 1970, the league became the first professional sports league in the United States to have a regular series of nationally televised games in prime-time, and the only league ever to have its games televised on all of the then-three major broadcast networks at the same time. Both teams that advanced to the Super Bowl, the Baltimore Colts (44-24 to the Chiefs ) and the Dallas Cowboys (38-0 to the Cardinals ), had suffered humiliating defeats at home on Monday Night Football during the season. All three networks initially signed four-year television contracts through the 1973 season. The first MNF team consisted of veteran play-by-play announcer Keith Jackson , sportscaster Howard Cosell , and former Dallas Cowboys quarterback Don Meredith . Ray Scott remained as lead play-by-play announcer for CBS, but Pat Summerall replaced Paul Christman as that network's lead color commentator after Christman died from a heart attack on March 2, 1970. Curt Gowdy and Kyle Rote remained as NBC's lead broadcast team. [ 8 ] Official AFC team affiliates Team Affiliate Baltimore Colts WBAL Boston Patriots WBZ-TV Buffalo Bills WGR Cincinnati Bengals WLWT Cleveland Browns WKYC Denver Broncos KOA-TV Houston Oilers KPRC Kansas City Chiefs WDAF Miami Dolphins WCKT New York Jets WNBC Oakland Raiders KRON Pittsburgh Steelers WIIC San Diego Chargers KOCO Official NFC team affiliates Team Affiliate Atlanta Falcons WAGA Chicago Bears WBBM Detroit Lions WJBK Dallas Cowboys KDFW Green Bay Packers WBAY Minnesota Vikings WCCO New Orleans Saints WWL-TV New York Giants WCBS Philadelphia Eagles WCAU San Francisco 49ers KPIX St. Louis Cardinals KMOX Washington Redskins WTOP References NFL Record and Fact Book ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 1-932994-36-X ) Total Football: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League ( ISBN 0-06-270174-6 ) ^ Anderson, Dave (February 27, 2000). "Sports of The Times; The Woman Who Aligned the N.F.C. Teams" . New York Times . Retrieved June 22, 2018 . ^ Koppett, Leonard. "New York Can Capture Eastern Crown," The New York Times , Sunday, December 20, 1970. Retrieved December 1, 2021 ^ Durso, Joseph. "Jaws of Defeat Close With Giants’ Chins Up," The New York Times , Monday, December 21, 1970. Retrieved December 1, 2021 ^ "Dempsey's 63 yard kick breaks record and Lions" . Milwaukee Journal . press dispatches. November 9, 1970. p. 11, part 2. ^ Rappoport, Ken (November 9, 1970). "Still plenty of foot in football" . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania. Associated Press. p. 22. ^ Brinson, Wil. "LOOK: Matt Prater makes NFL record 64-yard field goal" . CBSSports.com . CBS . Retrieved December 25, 2013 . ^ "Tucker's Heroics Get Ravens Big Win" . WBFF . Associated Press. September 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 10, 2022 . ^ Brulia, Tim. "A CHRONOLOGY OF PRO FOOTBALL ON TELEVISION: Part 2" (PDF) . Pro Football Researchers . v t e 1970 NFL season v t e AFC East Central West East Central West NFC Baltimore Cincinnati Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Boston Cleveland Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Los Angeles Buffalo Houston Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans Miami Pittsburgh San Diego St. Louis Minnesota San Francisco NY Jets Washington AFC East Central West East Central West NFC Baltimore Cincinnati Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Boston Cleveland Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Los Angeles Buffalo Houston Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans Miami Pittsburgh San Diego St. Louis Minnesota San Francisco NY Jets Washington 1970 NFL draft 1970 NFL strike NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl V 1970 NFL draft 1970 NFL strike NFL playoffs Pro Bowl Super Bowl V v t e NFL seasons v t e Early era (1920–1969) 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AAFC seasons (1946–1949) 1946 1947 1948 1949 AFL seasons (1960–1969) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AAFC seasons (1946–1949) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1946 1947 1948 1949 AFL seasons (1960–1969) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Modern era (1970–present) 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Italics indicate future seasons 1970 in American football NFL seasons 1970 NFL season Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from November 2013 This page was last edited on 12 January 2026, at 21:45 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_NFL_season
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." [ 363 ] Citations ^ a b Shirer 1960 , pp. 226–227. ^ a b Overy 2005 , p. 63. ^ a b Kershaw 2000b , p. xvii. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 24. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 4. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 5, 14. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 15. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 5. ^ Jetzinger 1976 , p. 32. ^ Rosenbaum 1999 , p. 21. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 50. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 246–247. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 8–9. ^ a b Oltermann 2025 . ^ House of Responsibility . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 23. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 4. ^ Toland 1976 , p. 6. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 33. ^ Keller 2010 , p. 15. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 37. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 35. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 92. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 6. ^ Fromm 1977 , pp. 493–498. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Diver 2005 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 10–11. ^ Payne 1990 , p. 22. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 9. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 8. ^ Keller 2010 , pp. 33–34. ^ Fest 1977 , p. 32. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 8. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 10. ^ Evans 2003 , pp. 163–164. ^ Bendersky 2000 , p. 26. ^ Ryschka 2008 , p. 35. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 10. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 19. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 20. ^ a b Hitler 1999 , p. 20. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 30–31. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 31. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 30–33. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 157. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 41, 42. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 26. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 243–246. ^ Nicholls 2000 , pp. 236, 237, 274. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 250. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 341–345. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 233. ^ Britannica: Nazism . ^ Pinkus 2005 , p. 27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 60–67. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 25. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 58. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 52. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 45. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 55, 63. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 174. ^ Evans 2011 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 27. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 86. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 49. ^ a b c Kershaw 1999 , p. 90. ^ Weber 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 53. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 54. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 100. ^ a b c d Shirer 1960 , p. 30. ^ Pearson & Allen 1941 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 57. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 58. ^ Steiner 1976 , p. 392. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 59. ^ Weber 2010a . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 59, 60. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 97, 102. ^ Keegan 1987 , pp. 238–240. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61, 62. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61–63. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 96. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 80, 90, 92. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 61. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 82. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 170. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 75, 76. ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 67. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 125–126. ^ Fest 1970 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 94, 95, 100. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 87. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 88. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 93. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 81. ^ Reck-Malleczewen 2013 , p. 17. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 89. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 89–92. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 100, 101. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 102. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 103. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 83, 103. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. xv. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 376. ^ Frauenfeld 1937 . ^ Goebbels 1936 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 105–106. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 377. ^ Kressel 2002 , p. 121. ^ Heck 2001 , p. 23. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 275. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 203. ^ Bracher 1970 , pp. 115–116. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 126. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 128. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 73–74. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 132. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 131. ^ Munich Court, 1924 . ^ Evans 2003 , p. 196. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 239. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 121. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 147. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 148–150. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 80–81. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 237. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 238. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 158, 161, 162. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 162, 166. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 166, 167. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 136–137. ^ Kolb 2005 , pp. 224–225. ^ Kolb 1988 , p. 105. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 403 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–446 et. seq . ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 218. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 216. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , pp. 218–219. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 222. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 449 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–436, 471. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 130. ^ Hinrichs 2007 . ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 476. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 468–471. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 201. ^ Hoffman 1989 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 227. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 477–479. ^ Letter to Hindenburg, 1932 . ^ Fox News, 2003 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 184. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 307. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 262. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 192. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 262. ^ Hett 2014 , pp. 255–259. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 194, 274. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 194. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 265. ^ City of Potsdam . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 196–197. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 198. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 335. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 196. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 199. ^ Time , 1934 . ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 201. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 202. ^ a b Evans 2003 , pp. 350–374. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 309–314. ^ Tames 2008 , pp. 4–5. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 313–315. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 229. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 309. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 110. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 392, 393. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 312. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 393–397. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 308. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 318. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 318–319. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 397–398. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 274. ^ Read 2004 , p. 344. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 109–111. ^ McNab 2009 , p. 54. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 259–260. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 258. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 262. ^ McNab 2009 , pp. 54–57. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 118–119. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 570–572. ^ Weinberg 1970 , pp. 26–27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 490–491. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. ^ Carr 1972 , p. 23. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 297. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 283. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 601–602. ^ Martin 2008 . ^ Hildebrand 1973 , p. 39. ^ Roberts 1975 . ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 630–631. ^ a b Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999 . ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 56–57. ^ Goeschel 2018 , pp. 69–70. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 642. ^ Aigner 1985 , p. 264. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 636–637. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 73–78. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 638. ^ a b Bloch 1992 , pp. 178–179. ^ Plating 2011 , p. 21. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , p. 159. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 434. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 425. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 334–335. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 338–340. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 366. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 418–419. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 149–150. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 419. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 256–260. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 469. ^ Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999 , p. 207. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 202–203. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 462–463. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 672. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 671, 682–683. ^ Rothwell 2001 , pp. 90–91. ^ Time , January 1939 . ^ a b Murray 1984 , p. 268. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 682. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 268–269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 448. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 562. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 579–581. ^ a b Maiolo 1998 , p. 178. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 688–690. ^ a b Weinberg 1980 , pp. 537–539, 557–560. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 558. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 76–77. ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 36–37, 92. ^ Weinberg 2010 , p. 792. ^ Robertson 1985 , p. 212. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 228. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1989 , p. 56. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 497. ^ Robertson 1963 , pp. 181–187. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 693. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 252–253. ^ Weinberg 1995 , pp. 85–94. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 255–257. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 561–562, 583–584. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 260. ^ Hakim 1995 . ^ a b c Rees 1997 , pp. 141–145. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 527. ^ Welch 2001 , pp. 88–89. ^ Rees 1997 , pp. 148–149. ^ Winkler 2007 , p. 74. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 696–730. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 562. ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7–9. ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 731–737. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 774–782. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 563, 569, 570. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 580. ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 58–60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 604–605. ^ Kurowski 2005 , pp. 141–142. ^ Apter 2008 . ^ Porat 2015 . ^ Mineau 2004 , p. 1. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Koch 1988 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 162–163. ^ a b Stolfi 1982 . ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 202. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 210. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 900–901. ^ a b Bauer 2000 , p. 5. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 921. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 417. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 419–420. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1006. ^ a b BBC News, 1999 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 996–1000. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1036. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 513–514. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 816–818. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1048–1072. ^ Plesch 2017 , p. 158. ^ Weinberg 1964 . ^ a b Crandell 1987 . ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 778. ^ Rees & Kershaw 2012 . ^ Speer 1971 , p. 557. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , pp. 774–775. ^ Sereny 1996 , pp. 497–498. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 753, 763, 780–781. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256. ^ Le Tissier 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Dollinger 1995 , p. 231. ^ a b Jones 1989 . ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 92. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 787. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 787, 795. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , pp. 227–228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 791. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 792, 795. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 798. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799–800. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 217–220, 224–225. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1136. ^ Vinogradov 2005 , pp. 111, 333. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 163–164. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 1110. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Marrus 2000 , p. 37. ^ Gellately 1996 . ^ a b c Snyder 2010 , p. 416. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 683. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 965. ^ Naimark 2002 , p. 81. ^ Longerich 2005 , p. 116. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 146. ^ a b Longerich, Chapter 15 2003 . ^ Longerich, Chapter 17 2003 . ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 459–462. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 670–675. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 687. ^ Evans 2008 , map, p. 366. ^ a b c Rummel 1994 , p. 112. ^ a b Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 318. ^ Hancock 2004 , pp. 383–396. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 946. ^ a b Evans 2008 , p. 15. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 162–163, 416. ^ Dorland 2009 , p. 6. ^ Rummel 1994 , table, p. 112 . ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 184. ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45. ^ Goldhagen 1996 , p. 290. ^ Downing 2005 , p. 33. ^ Gellately 2001 , p. 216. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 567–568. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 252. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 170, 172, 181. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 281. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 377. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 333. ^ a b Overy 2005a , pp. 421–425. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 169–170. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 396–397. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 171–395. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 563. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 378. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 947–948. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 393–394. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 5. ^ Rißmann 2001 , pp. 94–96. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Speer 1971 , pp. 141–142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 143. ^ a b Conway 1968 , p. 3. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 385, 389. ^ Rißmann 2001 , p. 96. ^ Weir & Greenberg 2022 , p. 694. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 141. ^ Steigmann-Gall 2003 , pp. 27, 108. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 59. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 342. ^ Sharkey 2002 . ^ Bonney 2001 , pp. 2–3. ^ Phayer 2000 . ^ Bonney 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 219, 389. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 141, 171, 174. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 729. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 508. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 717. ^ Redlich 1993 . ^ Redlich 2000 , pp. 129–190. ^ The Guardian , 2015 . ^ Langer 1972 , p. 126. ^ Waite 1993 , p. 356. ^ Gunkel 2010 . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 388. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 256. ^ Wilson 1998 . ^ McGovern 1968 , pp. 32–33. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 38. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. 176, 22 January 1942. ^ Proctor 1999 , p. 219. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 741. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 125–142. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 11–20. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 782. ^ Ghaemi 2011 , pp. 190–191. ^ Porter 2013 . ^ Doyle 2005 , p. 8. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 156. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , p. 37. ^ Zialcita 2019 . ^ Fest 1974 , p. 753. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 617. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 348–350. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 892. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 841. ^ Fischer 1995 , p. 569. ^ Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003 , p. 83. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 554. ^ Welch 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bazyler 2006 , p. 1. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 6. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. xxxv. ^ Roberts 1996 , p. 501. ^ Lichtheim 1974 , p. 366. ^ Haffner 1979 , pp. 100–101. ^ Haffner 1979 , p. 100. ^ The Daily Telegraph , 2003 . Bibliography Printed .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?" . In Koch, H. W. (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 75– 82. doi : 10.1177/1478271520053501020 . PMID 15825245 . Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5 . Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop . New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3 . Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (PDF) . Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship . Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books. LCCN 63005065 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles . ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7 . Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3 . Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4 . Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 (3): 487– 501. JSTOR 27550441 . Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1 . Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2 . Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II . New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7 . Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France . Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-784-2 . Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps . World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8 . Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4 . Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History . London: Constable and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8 . Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0 . Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler ; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History . 29 (2): 270– 274. doi : 10.1017/S0008938900013170 . ISSN 0008-9389 . Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . Ghaemi, Nassir (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness . New York: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51759-8 . Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17883-8 . Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 . Haffner, Sebastian (1979). The Meaning of Hitler . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-55775-8 . Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz . A History of US . Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2 . Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5 . Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man . Trans. Thomas Thornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8 . Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of the Holocaust . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1 . Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore A Swastika . Phoenix, AZ: Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6 . Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs . New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7 . Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich . London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3 . Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf . Trans. Ralph Manheim . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2 . Hitler, Adolf (2000) [1941–1944]. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944 . London: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-05-6 . Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth . Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3 . Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1 . Keller, Gustav (2010). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [ The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage ] (in German). Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4 . Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2025. Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris . New York: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7 . Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 . Koch, H. W. (June 1988). "Operation Barbarossa – The Current State of the Debate". The Historical Journal . 31 (2): 377– 390. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 . S2CID 159848116 . Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8 . Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3 . Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide And Terror . Boulder: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1 . Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew . St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9 . Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5 . Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century . London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet . Intro. Roger Moorhouse . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Longerich, Peter (2005). The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution . History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3328-8 . Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War . London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3 . Manvell, Roger ; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo . London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9 . Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4 . Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History . Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1 . McGovern, James (1968). Martin Bormann . New York: William Morrow. OCLC 441132 . McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich . London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8 . Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6 . Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm (ed.). Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7 . Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1633-0 . Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1 . Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001) [2000]. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3 . Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Overy, Richard ; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" . In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II . London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler" . In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8 . Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . Overy, Richard (2005). "Hitler As War Leader". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3 . Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7 . Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (16 October 1941). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round: Ribbentrop Kept From Hitler Warning That U.S. Would Fight". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 15. Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler . McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4 . Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II . Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1 . Plesch, Daniel (2017). Human Rights After Hitler: The Lost History of Prosecuting Axis War Crimes . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62616-431-4 . Proctor, Robert (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-07051-3 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6416-5 . Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich (2013) [1947]. Diary of a Man in Despair . Translated by Rubens, Paul. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-586-6 . Redlich, Fritz R. (2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9 . Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning from History . New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6 . Rißmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators (in German). Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 . Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe . Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3 . Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6 . Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 . London: Longmans. OCLC 300011871 . Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers" . In H. W., Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3 . Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home . Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1 . Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5 . Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4 . Ryschka, Birgit (2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube . Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7 . Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth . New York; Toronto: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 . Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 . OCLC 83655937 . Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction . The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2 . Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)" (PDF) . The Journal of Modern History . 54 (1): 27– 46. doi : 10.1086/244076 . hdl : 10945/44218 . S2CID 143690841 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2020. Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship . Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6 . Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag . Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4 . Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler . New York; Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25899-1 . Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 . Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5 . Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1964). "Hitler's Image of the United States". The American Historical Review . 69 (4): 1006– 1021. doi : 10.2307/1842933 . JSTOR 1842933 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8 . Weinberg, Gerhard (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II . New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9 . Weir, Todd H.; Greenberg, Udi (2022). "Religious Cultures and Confessional Politics". In Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884577-5 . Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7 . Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3 . Wilt, Alan (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 . Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich . Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Vol. Battle Book No. 6. London: Ballantine Books . OCLC 23899 . Online Apter, Simon Maxwell (20 July 2008). " 'Hitler's Mufti,' Haj Amin al-Husseini" . SFGATE . Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "1933 – Day of Potsdam" . Landeshauptstadt Potsdam . December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Bazyler, Michael J. (25 December 2006). "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" (PDF) . Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . "Nazism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [ The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich ] (in German). 1924. Diver, Krysia (4 August 2005). "Journal reveals Hitler's dysfunctional family" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" . Fox News. Associated Press. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932" [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932]. Glasnost–Archiv (in German) . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber" . The Globe and Mail . Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" . German Propaganda Archive . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Germany: Second Revolution?" . Time . 2 July 1934. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Glantz, David (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay . Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Goebbels, Joseph (1936). The Führer as a Speaker . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health" . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung" [The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Hitler's Last Days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 Security Service . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Introduction to the Holocaust" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Jones, Bill (creator, director) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). England: BBC . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Kotanko, Florian. "House of Responsibility" . House of Responsibility – Braunau am Inn . HRB News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Leni Riefenstahl" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . "Man of the Year" . Time . 2 January 1939. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2019 . Martin, Jonathan (creator, writer) (2008). World War II in HD Colour (television documentary). US: World Media Rights. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . McMillan, Dan (October 2012). "Review of Fritz, Stephen G., Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East " . H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" . BBC News. 29 July 1999 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF) . The Churches and Nazi Persecution . Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Porat, Dina (21 October 2015). "Setting the Record Straight" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 11 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" . ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Porter, Tom (24 August 2013). "Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New Documents" . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis". Arch Intern Med . 153 (6): 693– 697. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410060005001 . PMID 8447705 . Rees, Laurence (writer, director) Kershaw, Ian (writer, consultant) (2012). The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). UK: BBC . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Staff (19 December 2015). "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . Weber, Thomas (2010a). "New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War Story" . BBC History Magazine . UK: Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" . New Statesman . UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Zialcita, Paolo (2019). "Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police Station" . NPR . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Spoken articles Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Articles with excerpts Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearsonAllen1941_80-0
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Question from Dmcnely (22:52, 30 December 2025) 3 comments 2 Question from DeeSOGmaths on User:DeeSOGmaths (21:28, 31 December 2025) 2 comments 3 Welcome to the 2026 WikiCup! 1 comment 4 Question from Gulled11 (06:07, 6 January 2026) 2 comments 5 Question from Bushra Amer (12:06, 9 January 2026) 2 comments User talk : JJPMaster User page Talk Read Edit Add topic View history Read Edit Add topic View history What links here Related changes User contributions User logs View user groups Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Please don't template me! Everybody makes mistakes, and this user finds user warning templates impersonal and disrespectful. If there's something you'd like to say, please take a moment to write a comment below in your own words . Note: Automated messages and newsletters (with the exception of ArbCom election notices) go here instead. JJPMaster is currently experiencing significant stress that may affect her ability to work on Wikipedia. She may choose to work in quieter areas and avoid complicated tasks or areas prone to conflict. She may also respond to talk page or email messages more slowly than usual, and your patience is greatly appreciated. Thank you. Archives Index Archive 1 Archive 2 Archive 3 Archive 4 Archive 5 Archive 1 Archive 2 Archive 3 Archive 4 Archive 5 This page has archives. Topics inactive for 14 days are automatically archived by ClueBot III if there are more than 5 . A lonely userbox .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox{margin:1px;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);width:238px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#eee;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox td{border:0;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-info{border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:inherit;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#ddd;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:inherit;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{background:#202122;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{background:#27292d;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table[style*="background"] .userbox-info{color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{background:#202122;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{background:#27292d;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table[style*="background"] .userbox-info{color:#202122;color:inherit}} vn-9 This user talk page has been vandalized 9 times. vn-9 This user talk page has been vandalized 9 times. Question from Dmcnely (22:52, 30 December 2025) What is the next step? I submitted an edited version of my post about RevTek Capital and have not seen any updates in a few weeks. Any suggestions? -- Dmcnely ( talk ) 22:52, 30 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Question from DeeSOGmaths on User:DeeSOGmaths (21:28, 31 December 2025) Hello - I'm new here could I get a tour around wikipedia -- DeeSOGmaths ( talk ) 21:28, 31 December 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Welcome to the 2026 WikiCup! Happy New Year and Happy New WikiCup! The 2026 competition has just begun and all article creators, expanders, improvers and reviewers are welcome to take part. Even if you are a novice editor, we hope the WikiCup will give you a chance to improve your editing skills as you go. If you have already signed up, your submissions page can be found here . If you have not yet signed up, you can add your name here , and a bot will set up your submissions page within one day, ready for you to take part. Any questions on the scoring, rules or anything else should be directed to one of the judges, or posted to the WikiCup talk page . For the 2026 WikiCup, the highest-ranking contestants will receive tournament points at the end of each round, and final rankings are decided by the number of tournament points each contestant has. This is the same scoring system that we had last year. If you're busy and can't sign up in January, don't worry: Signups are open throughout the year. To make things fairer for latecomers, the lowest-scoring contestants are no longer eliminated at the end of each round. The first round will end on 26 February. The judges for the WikiCup this year are: Cwmhiraeth ( talk · contribs · email ), Epicgenius ( talk · contribs · email ), Frostly ( talk · contribs · email ), Guerillero ( talk · contribs · email ) and Lee Vilenski ( talk · contribs · email ). Good luck! If you wish to start or stop receiving this newsletter, please feel free to add or remove your name from Wikipedia:WikiCup/Newsletter/Send . MediaWiki message delivery ( talk ) 00:38, 1 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question from Gulled11 (06:07, 6 January 2026) How do i protect a page by locking -- Gulled11 ( talk ) 06:07, 6 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Question from Bushra Amer (12:06, 9 January 2026) how to change my user name? -- Bushra Amer ( talk ) 12:06, 9 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedians with red-linked categories on their user talk page This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 15:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:JJPMaster
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Ethnic Albanian demands in Macedonia 1.2 Macedonia and the Kosovo crisis 1.1 Ethnic Albanian demands in Macedonia 1.2 Macedonia and the Kosovo crisis 2 Initial NLA attack Toggle Initial NLA attack subsection 2.1 NATO surveillance of the Kosovar border 2.1 NATO surveillance of the Kosovar border 3 Fighting in Tetovo Toggle Fighting in Tetovo subsection 3.1 Government counter-offensive 3.2 Escalation 3.1 Government counter-offensive 3.2 Escalation 4 Fighting near Kumanovo 5 Aračinovo crisis 6 General Ceasefire Agreement 7 Events after the General Ceasefire Toggle Events after the General Ceasefire subsection 7.1 New clashes in Tetovo 7.2 Karpalak and the "Tetovo-Jažince" operation 7.3 Battle at Raduša 7.4 Ljuboten police action 7.1 New clashes in Tetovo 7.2 Karpalak and the "Tetovo-Jažince" operation 7.3 Battle at Raduša 7.4 Ljuboten police action 8 Aftermath Toggle Aftermath subsection 8.1 Ohrid Framework agreement 8.2 Ceasefire and disarmament 8.3 Casualties and displacement 8.4 NLA Freedom Museum 8.1 Ohrid Framework agreement 8.2 Ceasefire and disarmament 8.3 Casualties and displacement 8.4 NLA Freedom Museum 9 Alleged and confirmed war crimes 10 Foreign involvement 11 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 11.1 Macedonian authors 11.1.1 Macedonian authors of Albanian descent 11.2 Foreign authors 11.1 Macedonian authors 11.1.1 Macedonian authors of Albanian descent 11.1.1 Macedonian authors of Albanian descent 11.2 Foreign authors 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Sources 16 External links 2001 insurgency in Macedonia العربية Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Occitan پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item 2001 insurgency in Macedonia Part of the Yugoslav Wars .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Clockwise from top left: Macedonian T-55 tank and crew in Aračinovo ; A detachment of the Macedonian Special Police Unit for Fast Interventions near Kumanovo , Macedonian police border patrol near Raduša ; 2001; Monument of the Defenders of Macedonia; Date 22 January 2001 – 13 August 2001 (6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) Location Polog and Kumanovo regions of Macedonia Result See aftermath Date 22 January 2001 – 13 August 2001 (6 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) Location Polog and Kumanovo regions of Macedonia Result See aftermath Belligerents National Liberation Army Albanian National Army [ 1 ] Macedonia Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Ali Ahmeti Gëzim Ostreni Xhezair Shaqiri Harun Aliu Jetullah Qarri Jakup Asipi Ali Ahmeti Gëzim Ostreni Xhezair Shaqiri Harun Aliu Jetullah Qarri Jakup Asipi Boris Trajkovski Pande Petrovski Ljubčo Georgievski Jovan Andrevski Ljube Boškoski Dosta Dimovska Vlado Bučkovski Ljuben Paunovski Boris Trajkovski Pande Petrovski Ljubčo Georgievski Jovan Andrevski Ljube Boškoski Dosta Dimovska Vlado Bučkovski Ljuben Paunovski Strength 2,000–3,000+ militants [ 2 ] [ 3 ] (beginning of the war) Unknown 20,000 soldiers and policemen [ 4 ] 60 T-55 tanks [ 5 ] 4 Su-25 aircraft [ 6 ] 4 Mi-24 [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Casualties and losses 64–105 militants killed [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] 63–77 soldiers and policemen killed [ a ] 3 tanks [ 19 ] and 2 APCs captured [ 20 ] 1 tank and 1 APC destroyed [ 21 ] 1 Mi-17 crashed 150–250 total dead and 1,000 total casualties [ 22 ] 70–250 killed in fighting [ 23 ] Other : 140,000 people displaced [ 22 ] One British soldier killed [ 24 ] Two EU monitors killed [ 25 ] 150–250 total dead and 1,000 total casualties [ 22 ] 70–250 killed in fighting [ 23 ] Other : 140,000 people displaced [ 22 ] One British soldier killed [ 24 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Insurgencies in North Macedonia v t e 2001 insurgency Tearce Tanuševci 1 Brest Tanuševci 2 Tanuševci 3 Tetovo MH MH-1 MH-2 Matejče Slupčane Vejce Vaksince Gajre Skopje Karpalak Aračinovo Nikuštak Raduša Ljuboten Essential Harvest Ohrid Agreement Tearce Tanuševci 1 Brest Tanuševci 2 Tanuševci 3 Tetovo MH MH-1 MH-2 Matejče Slupčane Vejce Vaksince Gajre Skopje Karpalak Aračinovo Nikuštak Raduša Ljuboten Essential Harvest Ohrid Agreement The 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia was an armed conflict which began when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) insurgent group, formed from veterans of the Kosovo War and insurgency in the Preševo Valley , attacked Macedonian security forces at the end of January 2001, and ended with the Ohrid Agreement , signed on 13 August of that same year. There were also claims that the NLA ultimately wished to see Albanian-majority areas secede from the country, [ 26 ] though high-ranking members of the group have denied this. [ 27 ] The conflict lasted throughout most of the year, although overall casualties remained limited to several dozen individuals on either side, according to sources from both sides of the conflict. With it, the Yugoslav Wars had reached the Republic of Macedonia which had achieved peaceful independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. Background When it declared its independence from Yugoslavia on 8 September 1991, Macedonia was the only ex- Yugoslav republic that was able to secede non-violently from the federation. Because of this, Macedonia was considered one of the bright spots in the former Yugoslavia . [ 28 ] Although Macedonia had seceded from Yugoslavia as one of its poorest regions, socio-economic interventions undertaken by the consecutive democratically elected governments managed to improve the economic picture in the country. According to the International Crisis Group , there was nearly 3% growth in 1999. The second half of 2000 also saw steady growth, leading to a 5% GDP increase for the year. In January 2001, the government projected a budget surplus for the second year in a row. In 2000 the country's emerging middle class began buying new cars, adding extensions to apartments and planning summer vacations abroad. [ 29 ] Although the ethnic Macedonian majority and the largest minority, the ethnic Albanians , had co-existed uneasily both before and after the country declared independence in 1991, their relations had generally been peaceful. All of the successive Macedonian governments had included Albanian parties as coalition partners, and several problems were resolved through political dialogue. The mood was more or less optimistic until the beginning of 2001. [ 29 ] The main cause for incidents though, was the repression by the Macedonian governments on the use of the Albanian language in Macedonia and the ban of the use of the Albanian flag in public institutions. In 1997 the Constitutional Court restricted the use of the Albanian flag in public institutions to state holidays [ 30 ] after the mayors of Tetovo and Gostivar illegally hoisted the Albanian and Turkish flag in the town halls of Gostivar and Tetovo. [ 31 ] The removal of the flags sparked protests , [ 32 ] and in Gostivar a confrontation between Macedonian police and demonstrators left three civilians dead and several injured on both sides, with police raiding homes without warrants. [ 33 ] The Macedonian Army was formed in 1992 with the withdrawal of the Yugoslav National Army under the agreement that it would take all of its equipment with it, stripping the facilities bare, and mining them for demolition, in some case even army apartments were stripped of wire and plumbing. According to Belgrade newspapers the army removed equipment worth $14 billion and $20 billion which could equip an army of 30,000. [ 34 ] This left Macedonia severely weakened and forced Macedonia to rely on donated surplus vehicles and outdated weaponry, the World War II T-34/85 was the main battle tank of the Macedonian Army until the Bulgarian donation of 100 M-30 howitzers and 94 T-55 tanks in 1999. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] In 2001 Ukraine was the only supplier of military weapons to Macedonia based on a bilateral military cooperation agreement that started in 1999. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Western officials vehemently protested Ukrainian arms shipments to Macedonia, [ 39 ] Kyiv was visited by EU Secretary-General Javier Solana , U.S. National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice , to pressure the Ukrainian government into suspending its arms supplies to Macedonia, the Ukrainian government agreed to suspend all military sales to Macedonia in July. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Ethnic Albanian demands in Macedonia According to the 1994 census, there were 442,914 Albanians in the Republic of Macedonia, making up about 22.9% of the total population of the country (1,936,877). This made them the largest ethnic minority alongside the majority Macedonian population of 1,288,330 (66.5%). In 2001, the Albanians of Macedonia lived largely in compact settlements in the western part of Macedonia, towards the international border with Albania . They also lived in the north-western part of Macedonia, toward the border with the Yugoslav republic of Serbia and the then-UN-administered Kosovo , as well as in the Macedonian capital Skopje and the city of Kumanovo . They also comprised the majority of the population in the Macedonian towns of Tetovo , Gostivar , and Debar . [ 43 ] Since independence, the Republic of Macedonia had been trying to focus on its internal affairs . The promotion of democracy and harmonised inter-ethnic relations had been defined as the main goal of the new state. Since the first democratic elections in 1991, the Albanians of Macedonia used all constitutional and political opportunities to play a significant political role in the country. There were several Albanian political parties, whose behaviour and rhetoric (just as in the case with the parties of the Macedonian political block), depended on whether they were in the governing coalition or not. [ 44 ] Despite these political fluctuations, the Albanian parties were included as coalition partners in all post-communist Macedonian governments. [ 29 ] According to the Albanian politician Arben Xhaferi , there was systemic discrimination against Albanians in Macedonia. The Albanian flag was banned from public display. The Albanian language was taught in some schools but could not be used for official correspondence. [ 45 ] The United States Department of State reported that the following forms of discrimination against ethnic Albanians continued to exist in Macedonia: limited access to Albanian-language media and education; poor representation in public sector jobs; poor representation in the police corps; poor representation in the military officer corps; denial of citizenship to many long-time ethnic Albanian residents of Macedonia as well as discrimination in the process of citizenship applications; and unfair drawing of voting districts which dilutes their voting strength. [ 46 ] Because of these reasons and many more, Albanians in Macedonia began to demand greater political rights. These included making amendments to the constitution to declare the Albanians as a second titular nation of the country, recognising Albanian as a second official language , and providing state support for the underground Albanian-language university in Tetovo . Albanians also claimed to represent as much as 30% and even 40% of the country's population, not the 22.9% recorded in the official June 1994 census. [ 47 ] In 1994, some Albanian politicians in Macedonia advocated for wider collective political rights. In 1994, a prominent manifestation of these demands was the declaration of an autonomous republic called " Ilirida " in the western part of Macedonia. [ 43 ] Other pressing issues were the attempted creation of an Albanian language university in Tetovo (1995), declared illegal by Macedonian authorities, as well as the anti-constitutional raising of the Albanian flag in front of the municipal assemblies in Gostivar and Tetovo in 1997 and the ensuing clashes between protesters and police . [ 33 ] Macedonians considered these two events as steps towards the creation of "parallel authorities" of the Albanians in Macedonia. [ 43 ] Macedonia and the Kosovo crisis During the conflict in Kosovo in 1999, Macedonia opened its borders to thousands of Kosovo Albanian refugees who were fleeing into the country. According to figures released by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) , on 17 May there were 229,300 Kosovo Albanian refugees in Macedonia. The number of Albanian refugees in Macedonia at that stage was more than 11% of the country's population. [ 48 ] According to the U.S. Committee for Refugees, around 360,000 [ 49 ] Kosovo Albanian refugees repatriated in the second half of 1999. Macedonia's ability to receive refugees was limited, because contingency planning assumed only 20,000 refugees. Despite all the difficulties, Macedonia accepted refugees according to international standards until the end of the war. The burden of having to address the needs of 360,000 refugees took its toll on Macedonia's economy. Instead of experiencing modest growth as projected for 1999, the Macedonian economy shrank by as much as 10% of GDP for the rest of 1999. Trade with Yugoslavia , Macedonia's main trading partner, had collapsed, causing Macedonia to lose one of its most important export markets and a vital source of raw materials. Consequently, a number of factories had to close down, adding to already high unemployment. At the same time, the main transit route for Macedonian exports to most of Europe had been closed, increasing the costs for exports. State coffers, almost empty before the outbreak of the crisis, were now practically exhausted. [ 48 ] Macedonians were worried about the impact that more than 360,000 Albanian refugees might have on Macedonia's own ethnic mix. They were afraid that the refugees' presence could disturb the Republic's demographic balance. [ 50 ] Macedonians were worried about the possible destructive spill-over effects that could result from the newest phase of the Kosovo conflict [ 50 ] [ 51 ] and also feared that they had the most to lose. As a Chicago Tribune journalist stated in March 1999, "People are afraid that after Kosovo comes Macedonia." [ 50 ] At the same time, insurgents from the Kosovo Liberation Army began crossing the border and entrenching themselves in Albanian-populated municipalities of the Republic. Macedonian authorities frequently intercepted and seized weapons deliveries en route to Kosovo. [ 47 ] Initial NLA attack In the prelude to the conflict in late 2000, groups of armed Albanians started opening fire on Macedonian police and security forces located on the border with Yugoslavia . These events appeared to catch the Macedonian government and the international community by surprise. [ 47 ] [ dead link ] The first attacks occurred in the small village of Tanuševci , located in northern Macedonia near the border with Kosovo . The conflict began on 22 January 2001, when a group of armed Albanians attacked the police station of the village Tearce near Tetovo , killing a police officer and injuring three others. [ 52 ] Arben Xhaferi , leader of the Democratic Party of Albanians , which was a part of the Macedonian government, criticized the attack against the police station and said the following: The Tetovo incident is part of an orchestrated action against the government and a very crude attempt to overthrow it. Regardless of who is behind it, as a political party we deeply condemn this act. This is a deeply anti-Macedonian act, but also an act against the interests of the Albanians in Macedonia. [ 29 ] The Tetovo incident is part of an orchestrated action against the government and a very crude attempt to overthrow it. Regardless of who is behind it, as a political party we deeply condemn this act. This is a deeply anti-Macedonian act, but also an act against the interests of the Albanians in Macedonia. [ 29 ] In the same month, a group calling itself the National Liberation Army (NLA) claimed responsibility for the attacks against the police . Initial reports gave conflicting information about the NLA. Macedonian President Boris Trajkovski claimed that the rebels were primarily Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK) members who had infiltrated the country from Kosovo . Macedonian officials accused NATO of not doing enough to disarm the Albanian insurgents, discouraging their encampment in the buffer zone ( Ground Safety Zone ) area between Kosovo and Serbia , or preventing their entry into Macedonia. [ 47 ] The NLA claimed that the rebel force comprised several thousand men, coming mainly from Macedonia. After a month of clashes, by late February, the Macedonian special police units neutralized the positions of the NLA in Tearce and Tanuševci , temporarily driving them across the border into Kosovo . [ 52 ] NATO surveillance of the Kosovar border By March 2001, NATO forces deployed in and around Kosovo began to interdict rebel supplies from areas under KFOR control, with surveillance carried out by drones . USAF Predators from the 11th Reconnaissance squadron were moved to the Skopje airport and later replaced by Task Force Hunter, a drone unit made up of IAI RQ-5 Hunter unmanned aircraft. A combined ground and aerial mission was assigned to German troops along their sector of the Macedonian-Kosovar border. Given the mountainous nature of the terrain, there were many dead spots for the observer on the ground. To overcome this disadvantage, the German military integrated the armoured-vehicle-mounted RATAC surveillance radar and the Luna X-2000 UAV. The Luna X-2000 flew a total of 175 sorties, and a number of suspected rebels were arrested. US Army forces of the 2/502nd & 3/502nd Infantry Regiments of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) controlled much of the border. Infantry Squads patrolled the mountains 24/7 conducting clandestine observation and interdiction. Mortar platoons provided illumination support for night observation. On March, KFOR and the Macedonian forces led a joint operation against Albanian rebels in the Macedonian-Kosovar border region, which resulted in the capture of the village Tanuševci . [ 53 ] US Forces coordinated with Macedonian Forces to minimize border traffic and activity. [ 54 ] Fighting in Tetovo In the middle of March, NLA forces reappeared in the hills above Tetovo , a key northwest Macedonian town with an ethnic Albanian majority. The insurgents fired down on Macedonian positions using rifles, machine guns and mortars. At that point the NLA controlled at least seven villages to the north and west of Tetovo, all of which were up in the mountains and easily defensible. [ 55 ] On 22 March 2001, tensions soared further in Tetovo, when two Albanian men, a father and a son, were shot dead during a routine search at a police checkpoint. The incident began when their car was stopped and the officer saw the man reach for his pocket. Fearing it was a grenade, the officer panicked and ran. The man exited the car, dropped to his knees, and threw the grenade at the police checkpoint but failed to explode. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] A cordon of Macedonian troops, positioned behind sandbags, unleashed a volley of gunfire at the Albanian. At first he slumped against the car, then fell on the curb, dead. Moments later the father was also shot as he tried to run from the car. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Despite photographic evidence of the grenade witnesses later interviewed insisted the father and son died with mobile phones in their hands, claiming that the pair were victims of revenge by police. [ 60 ] The strategic position of the NLA units gave them an overview of the town. The front line between the NLA and the Macedonian security forces expanded along the wooded hills adjacent to the city center to the north. [ 61 ] The same day that a front opened in Tetovo, the NLA took control of the medieval city fortress north of the city center, and started shooting at police stationed in the urban areas. After the initial clash, the Macedonian police pushed the NLA out of Tetovo and captured the medieval fortress. The NLA were pushed back into the surrounding hills where several houses were reportedly burning. Medical officials said one person was killed and at least fourteen injured, including eleven police officers. [ 62 ] The government issued an ultimatum asking the National Liberation Army to lay down their arms and leave the country, or face a full-scale offensive. The NLA rejected the ultimatum, announced a unilateral ceasefire, and called for political dialogue. In response, President Trajkovski claimed that the government first had to "neutralize the terrorist threat", but agreed to start a political dialogue with legitimate Albanian political parties in Macedonia. [ 52 ] Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski declared, in a televised speech to the nation, that he would not negotiate with "terrorists". He rebuked the United States and Germany, whose troops patrolled the border from the Kosovar side as part of NATO's contingent there, for not doing enough to stop the rebels. Georgievski accused NATO of "creating a new Taliban in Europe" and allowing Albanian extremists to operate out of UN administered Kosovo . [ 61 ] Government counter-offensive After five days of guerrilla attacks against government forces in and around Tetovo, on 18 March 2001, the Macedonian government ordered a general mobilization of reservists to execute a wider counter-attack against the National Liberation Army's positions in the hills around Tetovo. The offensive of the Macedonian security forces was launched against NLA positions on the hillsides overlooking the city on 25 March 2001. [ 63 ] While encountering fierce resistance from the rebels, more than two-hundred troops, aided by tanks and mortars, advanced about a kilometer up the hills fighting their way towards the village of Gajre . [ 64 ] By early afternoon, the village of Gajre was captured by the police; they entered Šipkovica , but the NLA insurgents put up stiffer resistance at Lavce . Macedonian government forces continued to move carefully to the north of Tetovo during the second day of the offensive (26 March 2001), consolidating their control of villages that had been held by Albanian rebels for almost two weeks. After the Macedonian security forces' artillery and infantry assault, most of the NLA insurgents had abandoned their positions farther north into the mountains stretching toward Kosovo . [ 65 ] On 28 March 2001, two days after the NLA was driven out from the greater part of Tetovo, Macedonian security forces launched a second offensive, this time directed at clearing the insurgents from their remaining strongholds stretching from east of Tetovo to the village of Tanuševci , north-west of Skopje. During the second offensive, the security forces attacked the NLA positions near the villages of Brest , Malino Malo, Gračani and Gošince , where clashes had taken place earlier in March before the later clashes around Tetovo. [ 66 ] The government said the guerrillas fled northwest towards Kosovo, which they "used as a rear base". On 31 March 2001, the Macedonian government announced an end of its offensive against the NLA armed groups. [ 67 ] The Macedonian government claimed to have killed a dozen NLA guerrillas during the offensive. The rebels also claimed to have killed at least a dozen Macedonian border police, however this was denied by security officials. Hospital officials in Tetovo said thirty police officers and ten civilians were wounded. One civilian, an Albanian man, was killed. [ 68 ] NLA sources however, confirmed that during the Tetovo offensive of the Macedonian army they had lost seven armed men. [ 69 ] The NLA's dislodging from the hills above Tetovo led to a month-long lull in the conflict. [ 52 ] Escalation During the month-long calm period, a result of the offensive by Macedonian security forces, the government launched roundtable discussions with Macedonian and Albanian political parties on legislative reforms. However, this did not end the violence. [ 52 ] On 28 April 2001, eight Macedonian police officers were killed in the Vejce Ambush in an NLA ambush. [ 70 ] Reports concluded that the attackers must have been informed by radio about the route of the police vehicle. [ 71 ] Macedonian sources disclosed that the ambush was executed by Ismail Shinasi (alias Komandant Hoxha), Ceka Ilaz (alias Komandant Qori) and Ceka Bilal (alias Komandant Brada) – all three, and most of their people, were born in Kosovo and were veteran members of the Kosovo Liberation Army. Ceka Bilal was a member of the Kosovo Intelligence Agency and was one of the main organizers for weapons smuggling in Kosovo. [ 71 ] In reference to the attack, Macedonian President Boris Trajkovski stated, "We are fighting terrorists, not rebels, and we have exercised the utmost restraint in tackling them". [ 72 ] The killing of the eight Macedonian soldiers and police officers led to riots in Skopje , Bitola , and Veles , during which ethnic Macedonians attacked Albanian-owned businesses and shops. [ 73 ] At least ten Albanian shops in the city of Bitola were destroyed, and dozens of buildings were damaged. [ 74 ] To suppress the riots, the Macedonian government imposed a curfew in Bitola, and Premier Georgievski announced that his cabinet considered declaring a state of war to have greater flexibility in fighting the NLA insurgents. According to the Macedonian Constitution a state of war would give enhanced powers to the President and the army, and allow for presidential rule by decree, fewer restraints on the army, the banning of demonstrations, a nationwide curfew, and sealing the country's borders. [ 72 ] During the entire conflict, however, the United States urged Macedonia not to declare a state of war in its fight against the NLA. [ 75 ] Fighting near Kumanovo In the beginning of May 2001, a large group of NLA rebels infiltrated Macedonia from Kosovo and set up bases in several villages to the north of Kumanovo. [ 52 ] This armed group of NLA insurgents, known as the "113 Brigade of the NLA", was led by the Kosovo Albanian Fadil Nimani . [ 76 ] On 3 May, the NLA launched another ambush on Macedonian security forces in Vaksince, near Kumanovo, and killed two Macedonian soldiers and kidnapped a third. The three soldiers were on a border patrol which was returning from routine duty when it was ambushed near the village. [ 77 ] State radio said that the rebels had claimed the area around Vakcince as their "liberated zone". [ 78 ] On the same day, the Macedonian security council decided to engage in a new offensive against the NLA to drive them out of their strongholds in the villages north of Kumanovo. [ 79 ] People in the villages held by the NLA were given until 15:00 to evacuate before Macedonian security forces would launch their offensive. Army spokesman Gjordji Trendafilov told the Associated Press that the NLA was holding thousands of villagers as human shields. [ 78 ] The offensive started with the shelling of selected targets in Vaksince by military helicopters and field artillery . In the next several days, Macedonian security forces shelled NLA positions in the villages of Slupčane, Orizari and Otlja. Afterwards, Macedonian police and infantry units advanced. On 7 May 2001, Macedonian Army officials announced that in the previous three days the Macedonian security forces had managed to destroy fourteen NLA entrenched positions, eight machine-gun bunkers, seven sniper nests, six control points, three arms storage facilities, and one mortar position. Army officials also stressed that during the operations only selected targets were being hit, to avoid civilian casualties and unnecessary material damage. [ 80 ] The most intensive clashes occurred during the first week of the offensive in Kumanovo, on 8 May 2001, at the entrance to the village of Slupčane. Army infantry launched an onslaught, causing insurgents to leave their positions and retreat towards Vaksince. Army helicopters then intercepted them with machine-gun fire and inflicted heavy casualties. That same day, a position of twenty NLA insurgents was destroyed by the Macedonian Army in the "Mining colony" that was located close to Lojane. [ 81 ] On 25 May 2001, Macedonian security forces launched the long-awaited general offensive against the NLA in Kumanovo. [ 82 ] Fighting continued into the next day and turned into urban warfare . The police and army infantry had to fight for every house in the large villages of Vaksince and Lojane, two NLA strongholds, as the NLA resisted fiercely. A special police unit called the "Tigers", who specialised in urban counter-guerrilla fighting, was also deployed. [ 83 ] After two weeks of heavy fighting, on 26 May 2001 the Macedonian security forces recaptured Vaksince and Lojane. [ 84 ] During the battle for Vaksince, Macedonian forces killed Fadil Nimani, chief commander of the NLA in Kumanovo. [ 85 ] Macedonian troops continued their offensive towards the NLA strongholds of Slupčane and Matejce, both about thirty kilometres northeast of the capital Skopje. [ 84 ] After several clashes in which the NLA insurgents were defeated, on 29 May 2001, Macedonian police and army units entered the village of Matejče. While searching the houses, the police found weapons and military equipment. The police also discovered a system of tunnels which provided connection between several houses. [ 86 ] After the Macedonian security forces captured Matejče, the NLA initiated a coordinated attack on the village from the directions of Otlja, Orizare and Slupčane. The insurgents were firing machine-guns, automatic rifles, sniper rifles , and rocket propelled grenades ". [ 87 ] [ 88 ] During the next two days, Macedonian security forces carried out an offensive towards Slupčane, which was shelled on a daily basis. In the meantime, there was news that there was renewed fighting in the villages north of Tetovo, more than a month after the Macedonian security forces crushed the rebels in an offensive in March 2001. [ 89 ] On 8 June 2001, the Macedonian Army and the police launched a major new onslaught against the NLA in their strongholds in the remaining villages that had been occupied since the beginning of May 2001. The main goal of the operation was to secure the Lipkovo dam, which was held by the insurgents. The NLA closed the valves that were used for control of the outflow of water from the dam of the Lipkovo Lake This stopped the supply of water for Kumanovo causing a humanitarian crisis for the civilian population in the city. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The Army captured the Lipkovo lake and pushed the NLA back into the village. [ 92 ] Unlike Vaksince, Matejče and other villages on the battleground, Lipkovo still had 10,000 people who were not evacuated by the government or the Red Cross . To prevent civilian casualties, government representatives ordered the civilians in Lipkovo to evacuate the village. However, this order was not followed since the NLA insurgents in the village would not allow the International Red Cross to evacuate the civilians. The Mayor of Lipkovo, Husamedin Halili, issued an order opposite to the government's. He told civilians that they would be safer in the basements of their houses rather than attempt to leave the village because they would find themselves in the cross-fire between the security forces and the NLA. [ 93 ] Because the civilians had not fled the conflict zone, to prevent a humanitarian catastrophe in Lipkovo, and to resume the supply of water to the village, a temporary ceasefire was brokered by the OSCE , and President Trajkovski ordered a halt to the offensive on 12 June. During the ceasefire, the supply of drinking water for Kumanovo would be turned on again, and civilians in Lipkovo would receive food, water and medicine by the OSCE . [ 94 ] The temporary cease-fire was violated by the NLA only hours after the agreement, [ 95 ] when insurgents shot at a police vehicle near Tetovo. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] During the exchange, which lasted until dawn, nine police officers were wounded, two seriously. The NLA apologized for the attack, describing it as a "mistake". [ 96 ] During the ceasefire, the NLA also set fire to a historic Eastern Orthodox church in Matejce, considered one of the most important cultural monuments in Kumanovo, as well as to houses of ethnic Macedonian civilians. Before Macedonian police entered the village in June 2001, the church was used as a headquarters for the NLA. [ 97 ] The Macedonian offensive in Kumanovo came to a temporary standstill, because a new front was opened by the NLA which pulled attention away from Kumanovo. On 13 June 2001, insurgents who had infiltrated previously declared a "free territory" in Aračinovo , a village just outside the capital Skopje. [ 98 ] During the month-long battles in the Kumanovo region, the Macedonian security forces managed to recapture several villages that were NLA strongholds and clear them of the insurgents' presence. According to Macedonian official claims, security forces killed at least 30 NLA insurgents, [ 99 ] [ 100 ] including commander Fadil Nimani, [ 76 ] [ 85 ] while the NLA claimed they lost 16. [ 101 ] Aračinovo crisis The Macedonian offensive in Kumanovo came to a temporary standstill, because a new front was opened by the NLA which pulled attention away from Kumanovo. On 12 June 2001, insurgents who had previously infiltrated the area declared a "free territory" in Aračinovo , a village geographically located only a few kilometers north of Skopje . [ 102 ] Through Aračinovo, which became one of the NLA 's headquarters, Albanian rebels threatened to shell Skopje with mortars, especially the parliament and government buildings. The commander-in-chief of Aračinovo was Hoxha or Xhezair Shaqiri . [ 103 ] On 22 June, Macedonian security forces launched a massive offensive to clear the ground of Albanian insurgents in the village. The next day, two Sukhoi Su-25 ground attack aircraft of the Macedonian military squadron, piloted by ARM pilots, carried out the first reconnaissance operations over the village. Macedonian forces advanced rapidly, surrounding the Albanian rebels from three sides. According to General Pande Petrovski , who commanded the Aračinovo operation, the ARM had at its disposal about 20,000 soldiers with armored battalions, 54 tanks, 120–130 mortars, Mi-24 helicopters and a sufficient amount of ammunition to carry out a decisive operation and complete the disbandment of the NLA. The battle lasted only three days, and ended with two-thirds of the village under Macedonian control. Under NATO auspices, a ceasefire was agreed to evacuate NLA members from Aračinovo to Lipkovo . [ 104 ] Thus, about 350 insurgents were allowed to leave the village with their weapons, with the help of US troops serving in KFOR and NATO forces in Kosovo, the OSCE and the European Union Mission, which sparked controversy. The Macedonian side was ordered to withdraw. [ 104 ] As a sign of this, that same night several thousand Macedonians gathered in front of the parliament in Skopje to protest, during which the building was occupied and the protest turned into mass riots. [ 105 ] General Ceasefire Agreement After mediating by OSCE and NATO and receiving increased pressure to halt hostilities, [ 106 ] the Macedonian government agreed to NATO's request to sign an unconditional ceasefire. [ 107 ] The ceasefire agreement was signed on 5 July 2001 by the President, by army general Pande Petrovski and by police general Risto Galevski from the Macedonian side, and by Peter Feith , a representative from NATO . NATO was the guarantor of the General Ceasefire and the same agreement was then signed with the NLA in Prizren . [ 108 ] [ 109 ] The General Ceasefire Agreement required a de-militarized zone be established extending between the border with Kosovo to the southern side of the Tetovo – Jažince highway. In accordance with the agreement, the Macedonian army retreated from Tetovo , and from all of the villages that were under its control in the conflict zone, and took up new positions on the Kosovo border, and south of Tetovo. Some reinforcements were also sent to the army positions on Popova Shapka . [ 108 ] After the relocation of the army to the new positions south of the town, there were only four police checkpoints and the police units located in the building of the SVR left in Tetovo. Police units were also removed from the villages of the conflict zone. Police remaining in the region around Tetovo after the signing of the Ceasefire were as follows: twenty in Lesok , seventy in Tearce , one hundred and twenty in Vratnica , twenty-five in Jažince , one hundred in Jegunovce , fifty in Ratae , seventy in Selce , as well as five police checkpoints with fifteen policemen each. [ 108 ] According to the ceasefire agreement, Macedonian security forces could open fire only when their lives were directly threatened and the return of fire had to be proportionate to any attacks by the NLA. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] The agreement also envisioned a 3,000 strong NATO contingent to be deployed in the conflict zone after a political settlement was agreed between the Macedonian and Albanian political leaders. The mandate of the NATO force was to last forty-five days and the task was to disarm the NLA insurgents. [ 110 ] Events after the General Ceasefire The General Ceasefire Agreement, signed on 5 July 2001, was not respected by the NLA, which proceeded to violate it constantly. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] According to Macedonian army records, between the signing of the General Ceasefire on 5 July until the end of August, the NLA executed one hundred and thirty-nine direct attacks against Macedonian security forces: one hundred and seventeen in Tetovo, twelve in Kumanovo and ten in the Skopje region. The Macedonian security forces returned fire seventy-four times: sixty times in Tetovo, seven in Kumanovo and seven times in the Skopje region. There were eighty-one cases of the NLA kidnapping ethnic Macedonian civilians, with sixty-one of them being released. [ 108 ] New clashes in Tetovo After the signing of the ceasefire agreement, and the removal of the army from the villages north of Tetovo, NATO gave guarantees to civilians who had fled the area for Kosovo, or were internally displaced, to return to their homes. Subsequently, ethnic Albanian civilians began to return to their homes in the Tetovo villages of Selce, Lavce, Gjermo, Šipkovica, Brodec, Vešala and Vejce. The return of the civilians, and the departure of the army, created favourable conditions for the NLA to reappear in these villages. Army observation positions spotted insurgents digging defensive positions around these villages, but the soldiers were not given permission to open fire. [ 108 ] The first major incident caused by the NLA was an artillery attack on Tetovo on 7 July 2001, only two days after the signing of the ceasefire. From their positions north of Tetovo, NLA insurgents began an artillery bombardment of the city. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Mortar grenades were launched on the northern part of the city, towards the city stadium, and the central shopping mall "Tetovčanka". Insurgents continued firing on police checkpoints in the city with RPG launchers and automatic weapons from the direction of the villages of Gjermo and Poroj. The Macedonian police, stationed in the city, answered this fire with all of their available weapons. At the same time there were attempts by the insurgents to bomb the police station in Tearce. [ 113 ] During the weekend, the NLA entered the ethnic Macedonian villages of Brezno and Varvara and started digging in positions. Insurgents also started digging in above the big ethnic Macedonian village of Lesok. The Ministry of the Interior recorded the movements but did not intervene. But it warned the EU and OSCE monitors to take countermeasures. From their positions in Varvara, the insurgents opened fire with automatic weapons on Lesok and on the police positions at Jažince. During these incidents the police did not react, respecting the Ceasefire agreement. There were also sightings of the NLA establishing checkpoints on roads to the east of Tetovo. [ 115 ] On 9 July, it was announced in the media that when the insurgents first started shooting towards Lesok, a police unit came to the villagers and armed them with firearms and ammunition to defend themselves, because the police were not allowed to intervene. The armed villagers organised a village militia, took up defensive positions, and repelled the NLA's attempts to enter the village for two days. [ 114 ] On the same day, groups of Tetovo Macedonians went to see the President to demand that the army be ordered to enter Tetovo and expel the insurgents from the ethnic Macedonian villages of Setole, Otunje, Jadoarce, Brezno, Varvara and Jelošnik so that civilians could be returned to their homes. They claimed that the NLA attacked the remaining Macedonian villages in the region to ethnically cleanse the region of Macedonians. They also stated that they thought that the General Ceasefire Agreement was "an unthought-of act which may, and already is, very harmful to the Macedonian population in the Tetovo region". [ 116 ] Toward the middle of July, the NLA entered the Tetovo suburb of Drenovec, which was already emptied of army and police personnel. Armed citizens organized control points in the suburb and started building positions in close proximity to former police positions at the stadium. [ 117 ] Because of the fact the NLA used the Ceasefire to infiltrate Tetovo and come in close to the security forces' positions, General Pande Petrovski issued an order allowing the security forces to open fire if the insurgents came within 200 meters of their positions. [ 118 ] On 21 July, Macedonian army radar detected a NATO Chinook helicopter entering Macedonian air space from Kosovo and dropping a container on the village of Šipkovica (which after 5 July had fallen into NLA hands). Fifteen minutes after the first drop-off, another NATO helicopter dropped another container in the area of the village of Brodec. After dropping the cargo, the helicopters returned towards Kosovo. [ 119 ] Macedonian air defence did not open fire on the helicopters, but the Macedonian Ministry of Defence demanded an official answer from KFOR about the two incidents. [ 119 ] NATO officials initially denied any involvement, but later confirmed that they dropped the containers but stated that the cargo was not designated for the NLA, but for use by KFOR . [ 120 ] On 22 July, NLA insurgent positions in the villages north of Tetovo, as well as in the Drenovec suburb, started a massive onslaught against the Macedonian police near the villages as well as inside Tetovo. [ 69 ] The attacks started at 11:00 with an attack on the police positions at the city stadium, Drenovec 2, and the army barracks on the outskirts of the city. The police answered fire leading to an outburst of heavy fighting. [ 121 ] Fighting continued uninterrupted for a second day, and the insurgents moved slowly toward the city stadium, and Drenovec 2 suburb, and approached the city centre. On the same day the Defence Minister warned the NLA to withdraw from ground it had taken during the truce or face an all-out attack. [ 122 ] On the third day, the NLA seized control of the soccer stadium and the fighting spread toward the army positions on the Kosovo border. This triggered the army to intervene. [ 123 ] On 24 July, the army started an attack on the NLA by shelling villages from which the rebels had advanced, in the mountains above Tetovo. Fighting also continued towards the Kosovo border. [ 124 ] Army Suhoi fighter planes were also sent on a reconnaissance mission over NLA positions. At noon, backed by army artillery, police units attacked NLA positions in Drenovec 2 and the Tetovo teqe, starting the most serious of the clashes in Tetovo. In the attack the Macedonian police destroyed several insurgent positions in Drenovec 2, Strmno and Poroj, pushing the NLA away from the centre. [ 125 ] During the battle for Drenovec 2, a police bullet seriously wounded the NLA commander who was in charge of the attack on Tetovo – the Kosovar Rahim Beqiri , also known as Komandant Roki. [ 69 ] He was transported immediately to the Pristina hospital, where he died one week later. [ 69 ] The battle ended on 24 July 2001 after a night of fighting. The next day Tetovo was quiet while ethnic Albanian insurgents built up defences with sandbags. Across the graveyard Macedonian security forces were stationing armoured personnel carriers. [ 126 ] After the battle there was a line dividing Tetovo with the city stadium being the"border". Although there were individual armed provocations until the end of 2001, the positions held by both sides inside the city of Tetovo, after the battle of 24 July, did not change. [ 108 ] The biggest incident after the clashes on 24 July, happened on 7 August when the NLA made another attempt to take control of the city. The attack failed when the special units of the police launched a counter-strike and forced the insurgents back to their former positions. [ 127 ] During the July clashes in Tetovo, five members of the Macedonian security forces lost their lives. NLA sources confirm that they lost seventeen insurgents during the battle – the biggest loss being the death of Komandant Roki . [ 69 ] Karpalak and the "Tetovo-Jažince" operation Toward the end of July and the beginning of August, NLA increased its presence in the demilitarised area around the Tetovo-Jažince highway, after ethnically cleansing five ethnic Macedonian villages located next to the highway. [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The Minister of the Interior and the Prime Minister were putting pressure on the President to order a full-scale offensive by the army to retake the territory which NLA occupied during the Ceasefire period after 5 July. [ 108 ] This territory included most of the villages north of Tetovo, the Tetovo suburb of Drenovec, as well as an area north of the Tetovo-Jažince highway. The Prime Minister was continuing to push for a state of war to be declared to give the army the necessary freedom to resolve the crisis by military means. [ 132 ] General Pande Petrovski prepared the plan of the offensive named "Operation Polog", but President Trajkovski refused to sign it. According to Petrovski, Trajkovski was constantly being assured by NATO and US envoys that the NLA would retreat peacefully from the area once the political dialog with the Albanian political parties intensified. [ 108 ] At the beginning of August 2001, Macedonian Intelligence Service received information that a special unit of the NLA had infiltrated the suburb of Čair in Skopje. The ten member group was led by the Albanian national Lefter Bicaj (known as Komandant Telli), [ 69 ] and, according to the intelligence information, the group was tasked with organising terrorist attacks within the capitol. [ 133 ] On 7 August, police discovered the group's hiding place and conducted a raid during which five members of the NLA group were killed and five others arrested. In the apartment police found a great number of: automatic rifles, handguns, mortars, explosive devices and grenade launchers. [ 133 ] The next day, on the way to Tetovo, a military convoy sending reinforcements to army positions around Tetovo, was attacked in an ambush set by NLA insurgents. Ten Macedonian soldiers lost their lives in the attack. They were attacked on the Tetovo-Jažince highway next to the Karpalak locale. [ 134 ] On 9 August, thirty NLA insurgents kidnapped five civil workers who were busy doing construction work on the Tetovo-Jažince highway. These people were brutally beaten and their skin was cut off with knives. When they were released, all of them were taken to intensive care. [ 135 ] On the same day, the President authorised a joint military-police action aimed at liberating and securing the Tetovo-Jažince area, which was demilitarised after the Ceasefire Agreement of 5 July. The operation started early on 10 August, and after several clashes with the insurgents, the Tetovo-Jažince area was retaken from the NLA and security check-points were established. [ 108 ] [ 136 ] The Tetovo-Skopje highway was also completely secured and the de-mining teams cleared the area of landmines while a strong police presence secured the road from diversions. [ 136 ] Battle at Raduša The battle at Raduša was the worst violation of the General Ceasefire Agreement signed between the Republic of Macedonia and NATO (in the role of a guarantor for the NLA). The battle consisted of a series of clashes between the Macedonian security forces and the NLA insurgents in the area around the village of Raduša, near the border with Kosovo. [ 137 ] The first incidents began near the end of June and escalated in the middle of August 2001. The first clash took place on 20 June 2001, when four policemen from the Raduša police station discovered an NLA camp of forty insurgents on the steps of Žeden mountain, during a patrol of the terrain on the border. The police patrol opened fire killing one insurgent and wounding another. [ 138 ] The patrol called on air support which came immediately and pushed the insurgents towards Kosovo. [ 138 ] On 23 July, one of the most dramatic single events in the conflict occurred when another police border patrol was attacked in an NLA ambush near Raduša. [ 139 ] The police patrol was led by Aco Stojanovski, the Deputy-Commander of the Raduša police station. [ 140 ] The insurgents fired at the police vehicle with RPG rockets, throwing three policemen out of the car and leaving one inside. [ 137 ] The NLA attempted to approach the badly wounded policemen. Commander Stojanovski's firing six rounds from an AK-47 at the insurgents saved them until soldiers from the Raduša border post arrived and repelled the NLA with fire from an armored personnel carrier. [ 137 ] After the conflict, commander Stojanovski became the president of the Union of Army and Police veterans of the Conflict in Macedonia. [ 141 ] In the early hours of 10 August 2001, the NLA launched an offensive from the area of Krivenik in the Kosovo Municipality of Đeneral Janković ( Hani i Elezit ), invading the territory of Macedonia in the region of Raduša. The offensive took place during the ceasefire period, only days before the signing of the Ohrid Framework Agreement. The first actions began at 20:00 the same day with a mortar attack on the Raduša police station, located at the entrance of the village. The police station was manned by only thirty-five policemen. The security forces returned fire and the shootout lasted until 2:00 am. Afterwards, the NLA initiated an infantry attack which was repelled by the police. [ 142 ] During the attack one police officer was injured. [ 143 ] According to information obtained by the Macedonian intelligence service, the attack was conducted by more than six hundred NLA insurgents, supported by volunteers from the Kosovo Protection Corps. [ 142 ] The Corps came from the town of Krivenik in Kosovo and crossed the Macedonian border into Raduša during the night. According to the same information, the NLA plan of action was to neutralise the security forces in the Raduša sector, then penetrate southwards and capture the Rašče water spring which feeds the Macedonian capital Skopje with drinking water. Cutting water supplies would create a humanitarian crisis in the city. [ 144 ] The Ministry of Interior single-handedly declared an alert condition and sent detachments of the "Tiger" special police unit to dig in and secure the Rašče spring. Other detachments of the "Tiger" were sent to rescue thirty-five policemen surrounded at the Raduša station. Because of the lack of artillery support, and the overwhelming numbers of the NLA encirclement, they dug–in at positions outside Raduša. [ 137 ] The Minister of Interior Ljube Boškoski and Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski asked President Trajkovski for an immediate activation of the army to neutralise the invasion from Kosovo. The president, however, encouraged by the NATO and EU envoys, was concentrated on reaching a political solution that respected the conditions of the 5 July Ceasefire Agreement. He asked that the police not respond to provocations to avoid an escalation of the conflict. Meanwhile, the encircled policemen in the Raduša station were left on their own. [ 137 ] [ 144 ] In a letter to the UN secretary general Kofi Annan the Macedonian Prime Minister Ljupco Georgievski said: [ 145 ] Yesterday's and today's armed aggression from Kosovo by more than 600 members of the Kosovo Protection Corps against the territorial integrity of Macedonia, yesterday's siege of the village of Radusa and its bombardment by weapons stationed on the territory of Kosovo, for me personally, as a Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia, are nothing else but an official declaration of war against my country by an international protectorate, Kosovo, i.e. the Kosovo Protection Corps, which – unfortunately – is part of your civilian administration of the United Nations in Kosovo. Yesterday's and today's armed aggression from Kosovo by more than 600 members of the Kosovo Protection Corps against the territorial integrity of Macedonia, yesterday's siege of the village of Radusa and its bombardment by weapons stationed on the territory of Kosovo, for me personally, as a Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia, are nothing else but an official declaration of war against my country by an international protectorate, Kosovo, i.e. the Kosovo Protection Corps, which – unfortunately – is part of your civilian administration of the United Nations in Kosovo. On 11 August, the second day of the battle, the NLA began the most serious attack against the security forces in the Skopje region. A column of two hundred Albanian insurgents attacked the Raduša army border post with mortar, automatic rifle and sniper fire. The Raduša army border post, located between the villages of Kučkovo and Raduša, was manned by twenty-five soldiers with mortars, automatic rifles, one tank, and three armoured personnel carriers. At the same time, the NLA conducted another assault attack on the encircled police station at the Raduša village. [ 142 ] The army and police returned fire and, during the heavy fighting, the NLA managed to set fire to the petrol barrels within the barracks of the army border post. The insurgents managed to come so close that they started cutting the wire fence. [ 146 ] The soldiers repelled all of the attacks on the army border post, and witnesses state that they could observe the insurgents carrying away the bodies of numerous dead and wounded. [ 145 ] The policemen also managed to repel all of the attacks made on 11 August. [ 142 ] Western media later showed images a Macedonian T-55 tank captured by the Albanian rebels in Raduša. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] On the third day of the battles, 12 August, under great pressure to act by the Minister of Interior and the Prime Minister, the army decided to intervene in the battle. The army involved itself by sending military helicopters followed by two efficient flights by Macedonian Air Force Sukhoi Su-25s . The air bombardment, and the consequent approach of the army infantry and armed vehicles, put an end to the advances by the NLA, and brought a turnaround on the battlefield. NLA insurgents withdrew to their trenches and earth bunkers at their initial positions around the village of Raduša, or escaped to Kosovo. [ 145 ] After breaking the encirclement, the army extracted the thirty-five policemen, with their equipment, and repositioned them in a more strategic position at the abandoned buildings on the Raduša mine road towards Skopje. One hundred and seventy policemen were added to reinforce this new position. The army also reinforced the already established positions for the defence of the Rašče water springs. Although during the first two days of the battle there was a serious lack of coordination between the Macedonian military and police, the army was pressed to intervene to prevent the NLA from taking control of the whole territory around Raduša. Thus, the NLA failed to connect territories under its control in the Tetovo and Lipkovo regions, which would have created a single "liberated territory" in the north-west of Macedonia. [ 145 ] On the other hand, the outcome of the battle further fuelled members of the Macedonian police force who were in favour of a military solution of the conflict. On 13 August Ljube Boskovski stated: [ 145 ] At this moment it is necessary to initiate the largest offensive so far, due to the danger that terrorists will widen the conflict. At this moment it is necessary to initiate the largest offensive so far, due to the danger that terrorists will widen the conflict. The Macedonian security forces had a dozen men wounded in the battle but sustained no fatalities. Although Macedonian sources state that there were tens, if not hundreds of dead in the battle, Albanian sources do not give a precise number. However, at the location of the battle, there is a memorial stating "To the fallen NLA soldiers of 2001". Ljuboten police action On 10 August 2001, eight Macedonian soldiers were killed in a landmine explosion near the capital Skopje. The blast occurred on the road between the villages of Ljubanci and Ljuboten, five kilometres from the outskirts of Skopje, when a convoy of army trucks ran over three landmines. Another six soldiers were wounded in the explosion. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] The next morning, the police sent a patrol to search the village of Ljuboten after receiving intelligence that a group of three NLA insurgents had moved into the village, after having planted the mines on the road. When the police entered the village, three grenades from a 120 mm mortar were shot at them from the northern part of the village. [ 151 ] Then a detachment of the reservist "Lion" police unit was called in as reinforcements, backed by a police TM-170 armoured personnel carrier. According to police witnesses, when the police entered the village, insurgents opened fire on them with automatic rifles from four houses. The police called an army mortar battery not far away from the village for artillery fire to be directed at the four houses in the village. The army mortar unit fired sixty grenades, [ 151 ] both 120 mm and 80 mm, at the four designated targets. [ 152 ] According to CNN two helicopter gunships were also called to shell the village, whose hundreds of residents were hiding in basements. [ 149 ] When the shelling stopped, the police entered the village on 12 August. OSCE observers could hear gunfire and explosions coming from inside the village. [ 151 ] Three people were killed by the police inside the village, and four were killed while trying to escape by snipers located in positions outside the village. [ 152 ] Around one hundred men from the village were arrested by the police and taken to the neighbouring village of Mirkovci, where they were subjected to the paraffin glove test (a test used to determine whether someone has recently shot a firearm.) Twenty-seven men tested positive and were detained and sentenced for terrorism. The rest were released. Evidence later indicated that the detainees were subjected to severe beatings, as a result of which one person had to be hospitalised. The Ljuboten police action is considered one of the most controversial episodes of the 2001 conflict, and was among the four ICTY cases arising from the conflict. The police action in Ljuboten coincided with the security forces' counter-offensive in Radusa. It was part of the Premier's and Minister of Interior's efforts to resume the general offensive against the NLA which was stopped after 5 July 2001. However, the general offensive was not conducted because on 13 August, one day after the Ljuboten action, the ethnic Macedonian and ethnic Albanian political official representatives in Macedonia signed the Ohrid Framework Agreement , putting an official end to the hostilities. Although the NLA was not included in the negotiations, nor in the signing of the document, the NLA leaders agreed to disarm themselves to NATO troops. Aftermath Ohrid Framework agreement The Ohrid Framework Agreement, which was signed on 13 August 2001, put an official end to the armed conflict. The agreement set the groundwork for increasing the rights of ethnic Albanians in Macedonia. The Agreement also included provisions for altering the official languages of the country, with any language spoken by over 20% of the population becoming co-official with the Macedonian language on the municipal level. Currently only Albanian , spoken by approximately 25% of the population, fulfils this criterion. [ 153 ] According to the document, the version in English is the only authentic version of the Ohrid Framework Agreement. The Agreement was preceded by the Ohrid discussions, a series of talks between Albanian and Macedonian representatives, along with representatives from the United States and European Union. The talks took place in Ohrid in the south-west of Macedonia . The agreement was negotiated by Zoran Jolevski , Secretary General of President Boris Trajkovski . The Macedonian side was represented by the VMRO-DPMNE and the SDSM , while the Albanian side was represented by the DPA and the PDP . Although actively participating in armed conflict, the National Liberation Army did not participate directly in the talks. [ 154 ] Ceasefire and disarmament Under the Ohrid Agreement, the Macedonian government pledged to improve the rights of Albanians in the country. Those rights included making Albanian the second official language, and increasing the participation of ethnic Albanians in government institutions, the police, and the army. The Macedonian government agreed to a new model of decentralization . The Albanian side agreed to give up any separatist demands and to fully recognize all Macedonian institutions. In addition, according to this agreement, the NLA was to disarm and hand over its weapons to NATO . Operation "Essential Harvest" was officially launched on 22 August and effectively started on 27 August. This 30-day mission involved approximately 3,500 NATO and Macedonian troops, whose objective was to disarm the NLA and to destroy their weapons. Before the ratification of the Ohrid Agreement, three Macedonian police officers were killed in an ambush by ethnic Albanian gunmen on 12 November 2001. [ 155 ] Casualties and displacement Casualty figures remain uncertain. By 19 March 2001, the BBC reported that Macedonian security forces had claimed five of their soldiers were killed, while the NLA claimed that it had killed eleven. [ 156 ] No definitive Albanian casualty figures were cited at the time. On 25 December 2001, the Alternative Information Network [ 157 ] cited figures of sixty-three deaths claimed by Macedonian security forces for their side and sixty-four deaths claimed by the NLA for their insurgents. About sixty ethnic Albanian civilians are thought to have been killed while possibly ten ethnic Macedonians died during the conflict. Macedonian authorities did not release figures for the latter at the time. [ 158 ] As of December 2005 [update] , the fate of twenty missing civilians, thirteen ethnic Macedonians, six ethnic Albanians and one Bulgarian citizen remains unknown. [ 159 ] By August 2001, the number of people displaced by the war reached 170,000, mostly Macedonians. Of these 170,000, 74,000 were displaced internally . As of January 2004 [update] , 2,600 people remained displaced. [ 160 ] Two European Union monitors were killed by the explosion of a mine during the conflict. [ 161 ] One British soldier was also killed in the course of Operation Harvest when the armoured Land Rover he was driving was pelted with concrete lumps by a hostile crowd. [ 162 ] During Operation Essential Harvest the NLA was in possession of two tanks and 2 APCs which they claim were captured from the Macedonian army. [ 20 ] According to Macedonian General Pande Petrovski one T-55 tank was destroyed by friendly fire in the village of Matejce [ 163 ] and another got stuck in a small river was abandoned and disabled by the crew to prevent it being used which the NLA later found and presented as a war trophy. [ 164 ] NLA Freedom Museum As a result of the conflict, some Albanians of the Čair Municipality in Skopje established a 'Museum of Freedom' in 2008, presenting what they consider the battles of the Albanians in the region from the period of the Prizren League in 1878 until the 2001 insurgency. It is also known as the NLA Museum and commemorates those who died during the conflict. Items include paramilitary clothing and insurgent flags used in 2001. Many Albanians see it as a non-military continuation of the uprising. Former NLA leader turned politician, Ali Ahmeti stated at the opening ceremony: "My heart tells me that history is being born right here, in Skopje, the ancient city in the heart of Dardania. Our patriots have fought for it for centuries, but it is us today who have the destiny to celebrate the opening of the museum. Fighters from Kosovo are here to congratulate us ..." [ 165 ] Alleged and confirmed war crimes In July 2001, the Chairman-in-Office of the OSCE , Mircea Geoana condemned the ethnic cleansing undertaken by Albanian insurgents. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] In a three-day operation by Macedonian police against the ethnic Albanian village of Ljuboten, from 10 to 12 August 2001, ten civilians were killed and more than one hundred ethnic Albanian men were arrested, many of whom were severely beaten and tortured while in police custody. [ 169 ] According to the Macedonian government, there was an insurgent presence in the village; however, a Human Rights Watch investigation on the ground in Ljuboten found no direct evidence of this. These events led to the trial of the then-Macedonian Minister of Internal Affairs, Ljube Boškoski , in the International War Crime Tribunal in The Hague . [ 169 ] He was acquitted in 2008, but his co-defendant Johan Tarčulovski was found guilty for "planning and instigating the murder of three ethnic Albanian civilians, wanton destruction of twelve houses or other property and cruel treatment of thirteen ethnic Albanian civilians, all violations of the laws or customs of war"; both verdicts were upheld in 2010. [ 170 ] The NLA was involved in kidnappings and abuse of mostly Macedonian and Serbian civilians with one of these taking place in Mavrovo in August 2001 when the NLA kidnapped 5 Macedonian roadworkers, [ 171 ] another time this happened was in Matejce when the NLA kidnapped and abused 8 ethnic Serbs, [ 172 ] the NLA has been accused of many other war crimes in the conflict. The bombing of the 13th-century Orthodox monastery Sveti Atanasij in the village of Lesok is considered a war crime by some. [ 173 ] However, no one has ever claimed responsibility for the attack. Albanian guerrilla officials have dismissed all responsibility and placed the blame on Macedonian special forces, saying it was another poor attempt to link the NLA to terrorism. However, upon closer inspection, it was discovered that near the rubble that had once been one of the most revered religious sites for the Macedonian Orthodox Church, there lay a dead donkey, its bloated body daubed with red paint spelling out the letters UÇK, the Albanian abbreviation for the rebel National Liberation Army. Three uniformed NLA guerrillas in an observation post overlooking the monastery said they had logged the explosion at 3.10 am. They said they had not seen those responsible, but believed that they were Macedonians from the nearby Macedonian village of Ratae . [ 174 ] This incident is disputed to this day and the monastery is now undergoing reconstruction. [ 175 ] On the other hand, the Macedonian forces themselves destroyed a mosque in the village of Neprošteno . The mosque was rebuilt in 2003 with funding from the EU. The monastery at Matejče , near Kumanovo, was also damaged in the fighting and the church of St. Virgin Hodegetria was vandalized by the Albanian insurgents. [ 176 ] The Macedonian government also claimed the Vejce ambush , in which Albanian insurgents ambushed and killed eight Macedonian soldiers, to be a war crime. According to these claims, soldiers captured by the insurgents were, executed, mutilated, and burned. The claims were not verified by international observers, [ citation needed ] and to this day, the bodies have not been released to the public or to civilian investigators and autopsies were carried out in a military morgue. However, news of the deaths sparked local riots against ethnic-Albanians in several towns and cities across Macedonia, and such revolts included burning and vandalizing shops and mosques. [ 177 ] [ 178 ] Foreign involvement According to Anthony Tucker-Jones and Aristotle Tziampiris, about 150 Mujahideen fighters participated within the NLA, and played only a minor role. [ 179 ] [ 180 ] [ 181 ] [ 182 ] Rumors concerning Serbia's purported involvement in the crisis in Macedonia and the alleged presence of foreign Mujahideen fighters in the country spread widely. [ 183 ] During the conflict, various rumors arose of Al-Qaeda, Taliban and Mujahideen presence among the NLA, primarily from Macedonian media and the Macedonian government. [ 184 ] [ 185 ] [ 186 ] [ 183 ] Following the September 11 attacks against the United States, the Macedonian government repeatedly used anti-terrorist rhetoric and invented threats to score political points. After police shot and killed seven foreign men on the outskirts of Skopje in March, the government described the events as an attempted "terrorist attack" on Western embassies. The Ministry of the Interior attempted to link the killed foreigners with the NLA and Al-Qaeda, and described them as "mujahideen". Official versions of the incident were changed, and the ministry did not accept a request for international forensic analysis of the bodies. The Wall Street Journal eventually described the victims as Pakistani and Indian migrants going to Greece for employment reasons. The government continued, however, to label them "terrorists". [ 186 ] According to Wim van Meurs, the allegations about a Mujahideen involvement were an attempt by Macedonian hardliners to lower Western resolve to implement the Ohrid Agreement and consolidate Macedonia as a multiethnic state. [ 185 ] Per Aristotle Tziampiris, the NLA was similar to the Kosovo Liberation Army , having a nationalist irredentist ideology far removed from Islamic theology or agendas. [ 182 ] The conflict gave Russia an entry point in the region. Russia backed the most militant elements in the Macedonian government, and its claims that the Albanian side of the conflict was made up of Islamic fundamentalists and drug traffickers were supported by pro-Russia Macedonian politicians. Such claims were denied by Albanian politicians and guerrilla fighters, who were staunchly pro-American. Russia, as part of a disinformation campaign, blamed NATO for the conflict. This was mimicked by pro-Russia Macedonian politicians, including the Macedonian National Assembly speaker Stojan Andov who said that the West was using the Albanian rebels to weaken Russia's presence in the region. Although there were persistent reports about possible clandestine arms transfers from Russia during and after the insurgency, Russia reportedly was hesitant to provide specialized military equipment to Macedonia to not alienate the US and EU. On the other hand, Ukraine , which had close ties with Russia, provided Macedonia with arms and training. [ 11 ] Bulgaria and Greece also announced that they were sending arms to the Macedonian government. [ 187 ] Bibliography Macedonian authors Testimonies 2001 by General Pande Petrovski , Сведоштва 2001 од Генерал Панде Петровски (2006) Unfinished Peace by Jadranka Kostova, Незавршен мир од Јадранка Костова (2003) [ 188 ] 2001: War with two faces by Mančo Mitevski, 2001: Војна со две лица од Манчо Митевски (2008) [ 189 ] In focus of civil war in Macedonia by Jordan Jordanov, Во фокусот на граѓанската војна во Македонија од Јордан Јорданов (2003) [ 190 ] Road of truth by Svetlana Antikj Jovčevska, Патот на вистината од Светлана Антиќ Јовчевска (2004) [ 191 ] Macedonian authors of Albanian descent Testimonies of the general by Gëzim Ostreni , Сведоштва на Генералот од Гзим Острени [ 192 ] Foreign authors Fires over Tetovo by Rišard Bilski, Пожари над Тетово од Ришард Билски (2003) [ 193 ] NLA-message and hope by Petrit Menaj, ОНА порака и надеж од Петрит Менај (2008) [ 194 ] See also North Macedonia portal 2012 Republic of Macedonia inter-ethnic violence Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia Operation Mountain Storm Notes ^ Sources: [ 17 ] [ 15 ] [ 18 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Macedonia – defense: Buckovski: "Let tragedy be the beginning of the end of the war" " . Relief.web . 10 August 2001 . Retrieved 26 June 2022 . "ANA" CLAIMS RESPONSIBILITY FOR KILLING OF TEN MACEDONIAN SOLDIERS Skopje, August 10 – A new armed group of ethnic Albanians on Thursday claimed responsibility for the killing of ten Macedonian army reservists in a highway ambush a day earlier. The "Albanian National Army" (AKSH) e-mailed a statement to several media in the region, on Albanian-language, saying a combined unit of its fighters and of the so-called National Liberation Army (NLA) carried the attack out "in revenge" for the killing of five NLA members by Macedonian security forces. .}} ^ "Зошто Македонија се чувствува поразена од војната во 2001?!" . МКД.мк (in Macedonian). Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ Pettifer, James (2004). "The 2001 Conflict in FYROM-Reflections" (PDF) . Defence Academy of the United Kingdom : 20. ^ "Svedostva 2001 | PDF" . Scribd . Archived from the original on 23 January 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Petrovski, Pande. "Testimonials-2001.pdf" (PDF) . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . They sent the one tank along the way from the south to the north of the village and to the mosque. About 30 to 40 meters behind the tank they filled bags with sand and made shelters, in other words they built a check point. Then, because supposedly there were terrorists in the mosque, they started to act. in this action a police officer hit the tank with a weapon "zolia" – certainly not intentionally. The driver of the tank was wounded and the tank was set ablaze in front of the mosque ^ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 99. ^ Jeffries, Ian (16 May 2002). The Former Yugoslavia at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century: A Guide to the Economies in Transition . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-46050-2 . 'Two Mi-24 helicopters flown by Ukrainian pilots ... blasted the hillside [above Tetovo] with rockets' The helicopters [were] a gift from Ukraine' ^ Petersen, Roger D. (30 September 2011). Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-50330-3 . ^ "Історія однієї дружби. Як Україна боролася за єдність Північної Македонії" . BBC News Україна (in Ukrainian). 7 February 2021 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ Михаил Жирохов, Александр Заблотский. Воздушная война в Югославии. Часть 3 // Уголок неба : авиационная энциклопедия. — 2004. ^ a b Bugajski, Janucz (2004). Cold Peace: Russia's New Imperialism . Praeger. pp. 198– 199. ^ "2001/12/30 00:57 What Do the Casualties of War Amount to?" . 26 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 2 September 2023 . ^ "Dëshmorët e Ushtrisë Çlirimtare Kombëtare" . tanusha2001 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2023 . ^ "Ja kush janë dëshmorët e Luftës së Maqedonisë në vitin 2001, nga Maqedonia, Kosova e Shqipëria (Emrat) • LIDERI" . 18 March 2021. ^ a b "20 Years On Armed Conflicts Endures In North Macedonia" . balkaninsight.com . 1 January 2021. ^ Fatlum Akifi. "Поранешните војници на ОНА револтирани за својата состојба" . ALSATM (in Macedonian). Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 June 2022 . За време на конфликтот освен уништувањето на приватниот имот за време на војната загинаа околy 105 припадници на ОНА / In addition to the destruction of private property during the war, about 105 NLA members were killed during the conflict ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . 8 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2023 . ^ "What Do the Casualties of War Amount to?" . AIMS Press . 30 December 2001. ^ Phillips, John (25 June 2004). Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85771-451-0 . This was strange, as the tank was later one of three the NLA captured that would be handed over during the disarmament. ^ a b "British soldier killed in Macedonia" . 27 August 2001. ^ "CNN.com – Battle for Tetovo rages – August 9, 2001" . CNN . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ a b Phillips, John (2004). Macedonia: Warlords And Rebels in the Balkans . Yale University Press. p. 161 . ISBN 0-300-10268-2 . ^ Uppsala Conflict Data Program , Macedonia, FYR: government (entire conflict), viewed 3 May 2013 Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ^ "CNN.com – UK soldier killed in Macedonia – August 27, 2001" . CNN . Retrieved 11 February 2024 . ^ "EU monitors killed in Macedonia" . The Guardian . 20 July 2001 . Retrieved 19 October 2013 . ^ "Government threatens Albanian activist with expulsion" . Zurich: World Press Review. 20 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 April 2012 . ^ "Who are the rebels?" . BBC News . 20 March 2001. ^ "Success in the Balkans? A Case Study of Ethnic Relations in the Republic of Macedonia" by Robert W. Mickey and A. S. Albion. Minorities: The New Europe's Old Issue. Institute for East West Studies. New York (1993) p. 58 ^ a b c d "The Macedonian Question: Reform or Rebellion" Archived 3 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . International Crisis Group (ICG). 2001 ^ "Macedonia: The penalty for publicly raising a foreign flag, and the treatment of first-time offenders (January 1998 – July 1999)" . Refworld . Retrieved 27 June 2022 . Then, on July 8, around 11 p.m, parliament approved a new Law on the Use of Foreign Flags, which allowed state flags other than the Macedonian to be flown at any time on private property and in front of town halls on state holidays. ^ "Macedonia: The penalty for publicly raising a foreign flag, and the treatment of first-time offenders (January 1998 – July 1999)" . Refworld . Retrieved 27 June 2022 . On January 27, 1997, the city councils in Tetovo and Gostivar, two predominately ethnic Albanian towns in western Macedonia, voted to raise the Albanian and Turkish state flags next to the Macedonian state flag outside of the cities' town halls. The Macedonian Ministry of Interior informed the Tetovo and Gostivar governments that their decision was illegal, but the city councils refused to take the flags down. ^ "Timeline: Macedonia" . BBC News . 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . 1996 – Sporadic ethnic Albanian protests over curbs on Tetovo's Albanian-language university. 1997 – Constitutional court forbids use of Albanian flag, sparking protests. Parliament adopts law on restricted use of the Albanian flag. ^ a b "Macedonia: Police Violence in Macedonia" . Human Rights Watch . April 1998. ^ Stojanovic, Dusan. "Macedonia's Peaceful But Troubled Road To Independence" . Associated Press . Retrieved 10 July 2022 . In January, the Serb-dominated federal army unexpectedly began to withdraw from the republic of 2.1 million people, taking along everything it could carry and destroying the rest. ^ "Army of the Republic of North Macedonia Equipment" . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 10 July 2022 . ^ Lyubmirov, Vlad. "Bulgaria grants military aid to Macedonia" . UPI . Retrieved 10 July 2022 . In 1999 Bulgaria presented Macedonia, free of charge, with 94 Russian-made T-55 tanks and 108 heavy mortars ^ Kuzio, Taras (31 October 2001). "Ukraine Forges Military Alliance with Macedonia" . Jamestown . The Jamestown Foundation . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ "Ukraine to continue military cooperation with Macedonia despite possible halt in weapons sales" . Kyiv Post . 27 July 2001 . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . «It doesn't mean that Ukraine halts military and technical cooperation with Macedonia, which started in 1999 according to bilateral agreement on military cooperation with the country's legal government,» Serhiy Borodenkov, a spokesman for Ukraine's Foreign Ministry ^ R. Gordon, Michael (6 July 2001). "A Hobbled Army Casts A Cloud in Macedonia" . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . The arms purchases from Ukraine have drawn protests from Western governments ^ "Ukraine to continue military cooperation with Macedonia despite possible halt in weapons sales" . Kyiv Post . 27 July 2001 . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . U.S National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice said in Kyiv Wednesday that Ukrainian officials promised to halt weapons sales ^ Wesolowsky, Tony (9 April 2008). "Ukraine: Rice Delivers Stern Message During Kyiv Stopover" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . Rice also said Ukrainian officials reassured her that Kyiv will halt arms supplies to Macedonia ^ "KYIV SAYS IT WILL HALT ARMS SALES TO MACEDONIA" . RFE RL . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . Ukrainian Prime Minister Anatoly Kinakh said in the Crimean resort of Foros on 31 July that his country will stop selling arms to Macedonia, dpa reported, citing Ukrainian news agencies. Kinakh made the statement after meeting with Javier Solana, the EU's foreign policy and security chief. ^ a b c " "The Kosovo Conflict and Macedonia" by Prof. Dr. Vladimir Ortakovski. Rethinking Identities: State, Nation, Culture . Harriman Institute, Columbia University. New York. 1999" (PDF) . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ "Between Preventive Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: The Macedonian Perspective on the Kosovo Crisis" by Prof. Biljana Cvetkovska. International Studies Association 40th Annual Convention. Washington, D.C. 1999 ^ Georgieff, Anthony (9 April 2008). "Macedonia: Local Albanian Leader Complains of Discrimination" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "UNHCR Web Archive" . webarchive.archive.unhcr.org . Retrieved 11 February 2024 . ^ a b c d "Macedonia: Country Background and Recent Conflict" Archived 25 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Julie Kim. United States Congressional Research Service (CRS). Washington, D.C. 2002 ^ a b "MACEDONIA: TOWARDS DESTABILISATION? The Kosovo crisis takes its toll on Macedonia" . International Crisis Group (ICG). 2001 ^ "Refworld | U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2001 – Macedonia" . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ^ a b c "NATO Air Strategy Under Fire: Macedonians Fear Divisive Spillover" . by Hugh Dellios. Chicago Tribune. 29 March 1999 ^ "Interethnic Relations and Minorities in the Republic of Macedonia" Archived 29 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Southeast European Politics – Vol 2, N.1. May 2001 ^ a b c d e f Daskalovski, Zidas (2004). The Macedonian Conflict Of 2001: Between Successful Diplomacy, Rhetoric And Terror (PDF) . Centre for Post-Communist Studies, St. Francis Xavier University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . ^ Carlotta Gall (8 March 2001). "NATO Troops Help Macedonians Drive Away Ethnic Albanian Rebels" . New York Times . ^ "Surveillance – An eye on the Balkans" . Flightglobal.com . 7 August 2001 . Retrieved 24 March 2019 . ^ "Macedonia warns rebels to quit or else government turns back on call for talks" . Juliette Terzieff. San Francisco Chronicle . 21 March 2001 ^ "Death on the street" . The Guardian . 23 March 2001 . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . Photographs and television footage show that the officer, realising the Albanian was carrying a grenade, panicked and ran. The Albanian dropped to his knees and threw the grenade in the direction of the running policeman. It landed at his feet but failed to explode. At the moment the grenade was thrown, a cordon of Macedonian troops, positioned behind sandbags, unleashed a volley of gunfire at the Albanian. At first he slumped against the car, then fell on the kerb, dead. His fellow Albanian was also shot a few yards away. ^ "Death on the street: Albanians shot in Tetovo" . The Guardian . 23 March 2001 ^ "In pictures: Death in Tetovo" . BBC News. 23 March 2001 ^ Video footage of the incident on YouTube ^ Erlanger, Steven (24 March 2001). "Albanians in Macedonia Mourn 2 Killed by Police" . The New York Times . ^ a b "Macedonia Gets Ready for War With Albanians: Fighting with guerrillas expands" by R. Jeffrey Smith. San Francisco Chronicle . 19 March 2001 ^ "Albanian Rebels Carry Fight to Major Macedonian City" by Juliette Terzieff. San Francisco Chronicle . 15 March 2001 ^ "The Tetovo advance" by Paul Anderson. BBC News. 25 March 2001 ^ "In pictures: Macedonian ground offensive" . BBC News. 25 March 2001 ^ "Macedonia Calls Push a Success: Ethnic Albanian rebels leave hills – West seeks progress in talks" by Steven Erlanger. San Francisco Chronicle . 27 March 2001 ^ "Macedonian army in fresh offensive" . BBC News . 28 March 2001 . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . ^ "Chronology for Albanians in Macedonia" . Minorities at Risk Project, UNHCR. 2004 ^ "Macedonia begins 'final offensive'" . CNN world. 20 March 2001 ^ a b c d e f "UÇK. Message and hope. Part II" Archived 27 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine by Petrit Menaj. Open Society Institute, Macedonia. Skopje. 2008 ^ "Искршена спомен-плочата на бранителите кај тетовско Вејце" Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Утрински Весник. 3 May 2010 ^ a b "Масакрот крај Вејце ја згрози јавноста" [ permanent dead link ] . Утрински весник. 16 October 2006 ^ a b "Macedonia moves against rebels" . CNN World. 3 may 2001 ^ "Macedonian rioters wreck shops" . CNN World. 2 may 2001 ^ "Macedonia riots alarm EU" . CNN World. 2 May 2001 ^ "САД ја повикува Македонија да не прогласува воена состојба" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 8 June 2001 ^ a b "Komandantët e UÇK-së, disa të vrarë, disa në arrati, shumica në poste" [ permanent dead link ] . Lajm Maqedoni. 13 August 2010 ^ "Soldiers killed in Macedonia" . CNN World. 3 May 2001 ^ a b "Macedonia attacks rebel forces" . CNN World. 3 May 2001 ^ "Macedonia moves against rebels" . CNN World. 3 May 2001 ^ "КУМАНОВСКИ ФРОНТ – Лабава офанзива или затишје пред бура?" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 7 May 2001 ^ "Терористите се повлекуваат кон планината" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 8 May 2001 ^ "АРМ конечно удри врз терористите" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 25 May 2001 ^ "Ваксинце се освојува куќа по куќа, жесток отпор од терористите" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 26 May 2001 ^ a b "Macedonian forces take villages" . CNN World. 26 May 2001 ^ a b "Убиен Фадил Лимани, командант на терористите за Куманово" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Вест. 28 May 2001 ^ "СЕЛАНИТЕ МАСОВНО ГИ НАПУШТААТ СЕЛАТА" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 30 May 2001 ^ Македонските сили влегоа и во Матејче" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 29 May 2001 ^ "Macedonia blasts rebel village" . BBC News . 28 May 2001 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Fresh fighting hits Macedonia" . BBC News . 2 June 2001 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ " "Monthly report". HELSINKI Committee for Human Rights, Republic of Macedonia. June 2001" . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . ^ "PovertyVision.org" . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . star.vest.com.mk . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . star.vest.com.mk . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. ^ " "Прогласен привремен прекин на огнот" ВЕСТ. 12 June 2001" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . ^ a b "Macedonia army calls ceasefire" . CNN World. 11 June 2001 ^ a b "Macedonia truce holds despite attack" . BBC News. 12 June 2001 ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . star.vest.com.mk . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ " "Арачиново во сценарио за воена состојба". BECT. 12 June 2001" . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . ^ "Macedonian army 'kills 30 rebels' " . BBC News . 12 May 2001 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Rebels killed in Macedonia" Archived 30 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . CNN World. 13 May 2001 ^ "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "CNN.com – Macedonia army calls ceasefire – June 11, 2001" . CNN . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ a b Chulev, Basil (1 January 2015). "Testimonials – 2001 War in Macedonia" . СВЕДОШТВА 2001 – Pande Petrovski . ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "2001 Војна со две лица". Манчо Митевски. Култура. 2008 ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Сведоштва 2001". Панде Петровски. Киро Дандаро. 2006 ^ a b "Безусловен прекин на огнот" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 6 July 2001 ^ "Dnevnik" . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Rebels breach Macedonia truce" . CNN World. 12 June 2001 ^ Gallagher, Tom (17 July 2005). The Balkans in the New Millennium: In the Shadow of War and Peace . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34940-6 . Retrieved 17 July 2023 – via Google Books. ^ a b " "ОНА не го почитуваше прекинот на огнот". ВЕСТ. 7 July 2001" . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . ^ a b "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . star.vest.com.mk . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. ^ "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . star.vest.com.mk . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ a b "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . star.vest.com.mk . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . star.vest.com.mk . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. ^ "Macedonia ceasefire broken" . CNN World. 22 July 2001 ^ "Macedonia truce in jeopardy" Archived 18 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . CNN World. 23 July 2001 ^ "Fighting rages in Macedonia" . CNN World. 23 July 2001 ^ "Macedonia issues rebel ultimatum" Archived 23 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . CNN World. 23 July 2001 ^ "Dnevnik" . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Tetovo calm after fighting" . BBC News. 25 July 2001 ^ "Тетово нема да падне" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 10 August 2001 ^ "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "Протерани повеќе од 30.000 Македонци" Archived 3 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Дневник. 26 July 2001 ^ "Гнев, разочaраност и тага" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 26 July 2001 ^ . Дневник. 25 July 2001 "Терористите вршат етничко чистење на Македонците" Archived 3 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ . Дневник. 26 July 2001 "Пратениците од ВМРО-ДПМНЕ бараат да се прогласи воена состојба" Archived 3 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Во Чаир застрелани петмина припадници на ОНА" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ВЕСТ. 8 August 2001 ^ "Одбележана 11 – годишнината од ѕверското убиство на Карпалак" . Дневник. 8 August 2012 ^ "Петте киднапирани работници ѕверски претепани, па пуштени" Archived 3 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Дневник. 9 August 2001 ^ a b "Dnevnik" . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ a b c d e "Исповед – Радуша 2001". Звонко Младеновски. Скопје. 2003 ^ a b "ВО БОРБИ КАЈ РАДУША. Разбиена терористичка група на Жеден" Archived 3 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Дневник. 22 June 2001 ^ "Терористите нападнаа со зољи и минофрлачи а се најдовме и во вкрстен оган од автомати" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Весник ВЕСТ. 5 December 2001 ^ "Цела деценија ме измачува Радуша" Archived 27 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Нова Македонија. 24 June 2011 ^ "Бранителите формираа унија" . Дневник. 30 July 2007 ^ a b c d "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "Нападнати пунктови на полицијата и на АРМ кај Радуша и Чашка" Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Весник ВЕСТ. 11 August 2001 ^ a b "Погребите ја погребаа командната одговорност" Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Жаклина Митевска. Македонско Сонце. 28 January 2005 ^ a b c d e "Radusha Battle" by Sasho Ordanoski. Forum Magazine. 2 December 2004 ^ "Dnevnik" . star.dnevnik.com.mk . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. ^ "A soldier of the Albanian National Liberation Army stands atop a T-55..." Getty Images (in Spanish). 11 November 2002 . Retrieved 4 April 2022 . ^ "German soldiers in Macedonia – Editorial Stock Photo – Stock Image | Shutterstock" . Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 4 April 2022 . ^ a b "Soldiers killed in Macedonia blast" . CNN World. 10 August 2001 ^ "Macedonian troops killed by landmine" . Centre for Peace in the Balkans. 10 August 2001 ^ a b c "Testimony of Henry Bolton (OSCE monitor in 2001) as a witness of the prosecutor" [ dead link ] . ICTY tribunal – Tarculovski and Boshkoski trial Archived 27 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine 8 June 2007 ^ a b "Testimony of Nikolce Grozdanovski as a witness of the defence" [ dead link ] . Tarculovski and Boshkoski trial Archived 27 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine ICTY tribunal – 6 March 2007 ^ Brunnbauer, Ulf (2002). "The implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian resentments" (PDF) . Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (1/2002). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . ^ The Ohrid Framework Agreement Negotiations by Vasko Popetrevski and Veton Latifi Archived 18 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine (as a PDF ) ^ "Macedonia police killed in ambush" , BBC , 12 November 2001 ^ "Casualties in the Macedonian conflict" , BBC , 19 March 2001 ^ "AIM overview" Archived 22 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine , and "AIM listings on the Council of Europe programmes, 2000–2001" Archived 27 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine , Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe ^ "What Do the Casualties of War Amount to?" , Alternative Information Network, 25 December 2001 ^ "Macedonia: Covering events from January – December 2005" Archived 8 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine , Amnesty International , 2006 ^ "Profile of internal displacement: Macedonia" , United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , 26 February 2004 ^ Bogovinje, Nicholas Wood in (21 July 2001). "EU monitors killed in Macedonia" . the Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "British Soldier Killed in Macedonia" . ABC News . 27 August 2001 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ Petrovski, Pande. "Testimonials-2001.pdf" (PDF) . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . They sent the one tank along the way from the south to the north of the village and to the mosque. About 30 to 40 metres behind the tank they filled bags with sand and made shelters, in other words they built a check point. Then, because supposedly there were terrorists in the mosque, they started to act. In this action, a police officer hit the tank with a weapon "zolia" – certainly not intentionally. The driver of the tank was wounded and the tank was set ablaze in front of the mosque ^ Petrovski, Pande. "СВЕДОШТВА 2001" (PDF) . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . При нападот, ноќта еден тенк се заглави во Кривеничка Река, онеспособен и оставен во реката. Покасно терористите го извлекоа и пласираа како заробиле тенк од АРМ [During the attack, at night one tank got stuck in Krivenicka Reka, it was disabled and left in the river. The terrorists later they pulled out and marketed as having captured an ARM tank] ^ Karajkov, Risto (28 January 2009). "The Museum of Freedom" . New Europeans Magazine . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . ^ "FYR Macedonia: OSCE "stands ready to assist in implementation of a peace agreement", says Chairman-in-Office in Skopje - the Republic of North Macedonia | ReliefWeb" . reliefweb.int . 27 July 2001 . Retrieved 24 July 2024 . ^ "OSCE "stands ready to assist in implementation of a peace agreement", says Chairman-in-Office in Skopje" . www.osce.org . Retrieved 24 July 2024 . ^ "OSCE Newsletter" (PDF) . OSCE . 2001. p. 17. ^ a b "Macedonia – Crimes Against Civilians: Abuses by Macedonian Forces in Ljuboten, August 10–12, 2001" . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Appeals Chamber Affirms Conviction of Johan Tarčulovski and Acquittal of Ljube Boškoski" . ICTY . 19 May 2010. ^ "Mavrovo Workers' Trial Postponed in Macedonia" . 7 September 2010. ^ "Macedonia: Albanian Rebel Abuses of Serb Civilians" . 6 June 2001. ^ "Macedonia blast hits monastery" . The Guardian . London. 21 August 2001 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . ^ Smith, Michael (22 August 2001). "Monastery blast fails to derail Nato peace effort" . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . ^ "Macedonia blast hits monastery" . BBC News . 21 August 2001 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . ^ "NATO Secretary-General and responded to Patriarch Pavle : The village was demolished, and the Church intact in Matejevac" . Arhiva.glas-javnosti.rs . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . ^ Yahoo! Groups ^ "Eight years since the Vejce massacre" . Archived from the original on 22 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 July 2009 . ^ Thomas, Nigel (2006). The Yugoslav Wars (2): Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia 1992–2001 . Bloomsbury. 20 February 2013. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4728-0244-6 . Retrieved 26 November 2022 . ^ Anthony Tucker-Jones (19 August 2010). The Rise of Militant Islam . Pen & Sword Books. p. 154. ISBN 978-1-84468-548-6 . ^ Shray, Shaul (2006). Islamic Terror and the Balkans . New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. ^ a b Tziampiris, Aristotle (June 2009). "Assessing Islamic terrorism in the Western Balkans: the state of the debate" (PDF) . Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies . Taylor & Francis: 218. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021. ^ a b Neofotistos, Vasiliki P. (14 March 2012). The Risk of War: Everyday Sociality in the Republic of Macedonia . University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0656-2 . ^ Fraser, John M. (2002). International Journal . Canadian Institute of International Affairs. p. 362. ^ a b van Meurs, Wim (2013). Prospects and Risks Beyond EU Enlargement: Southeastern Europe: Weak States and Strong International Support . VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 35. ^ a b "Human Rights Watch World Report 2003: Europe & Central Asia: Macedonia" . archive.hrw.org . Retrieved 10 May 2023 . ^ "Chronology for Albanians in Macedonia" . Minorities at Risk Project, UNHCR. 2004 ^ "VEST – Macedonian daily newspaper" . Archived from the original on 7 June 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ "Второ издание на "2001 – војна со две лица" од Манчо Митевски" . Утрински весник . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Утрински Весник" . Archived from the original on 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Dnevnik" . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Генералот на ОНА Гзим Острени промовира книга за 2001–та" . Дневник . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . ^ "Пожари над Тетово" . Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . ^ "Албанска иредентистичка книга против Македонците, финансирана од Владимир Милчин и неговиот Соросов институт" . Sitel (in Macedonian). 16 March 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . Sources Icevska, Gordana; Ajdini, Ilir (January 2004). "Same World, Parallel Universes The Role of the Media in the Macedonian Conflict" . Conflict Studies Research Centre. External links Casualties and displacement Macedonian offensive in March and May 2001 on YouTube . Video footage of the fighting activities. "Macedonia: Step back from the abyss" , BBC , 29 December 2001 "Macedonia: Understanding History, Preventing Future Conflict" , United States Institute of Peace , Special Report No. 115, February 2004 "Macedonia's Civil War: 'Made in the USA'" , Antiwar.com , 20 August 2001 Chronology of the war Video of an ethnic standoff in Tetovo on YouTube CTV Battles −9/2001 Battles – 3/2001 Walker, Tom (10 June 2001). "Macedonia on Brink of War" . Sunday Times . Macedonia On War Footing Over Kosovo Border Provocations November Battles, Start of War, January 2, 2001 2002 attacks Boskovki interview War in the Balkans, again? v t e North Macedonia articles v t e History Ancient Paeonia Pelagonia Kingdom of Macedon Upper Macedonia Kingdom of Dardania Roman Province Macedonia Salutaris Roman Diocese Medieval Bulgarian Empire First Second Byzantine Empire Theme of Bulgaria Serbian Empire Kingdom of Prilep Ottoman Ottoman Empire Karposh's rebellion Macedonian awakening Ilinden Uprising Kruševo Republic Kruševo Manifesto Balkan Wars Treaty of Bucharest Yugoslavia World War I Bulgarian occupation South Serbia Vardar Banovina World War II War in Yugoslav Macedonia The Holocaust in Macedonia Independent Macedonia (1944) Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM) National Liberation Front Refugees of the Greek Civil War Socialist Republic 1963 Skopje earthquake Republic 2001 insurgency Ohrid Agreement 2012 inter-ethnic violence 2014 Macedonian government building attack 2015 Kumanovo clashes 2015 Macedonian protests 2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament 2018 Prespa agreement 2022 North Macedonia protests 2025 Kočani nightclub fire Ancient Paeonia Pelagonia Kingdom of Macedon Upper Macedonia Kingdom of Dardania Roman Province Macedonia Salutaris Roman Diocese Paeonia Pelagonia Kingdom of Macedon Upper Macedonia Upper Macedonia Kingdom of Dardania Roman Province Macedonia Salutaris Macedonia Salutaris Roman Diocese Medieval Bulgarian Empire First Second Byzantine Empire Theme of Bulgaria Serbian Empire Kingdom of Prilep Bulgarian Empire First Second First Second Byzantine Empire Theme of Bulgaria Theme of Bulgaria Serbian Empire Kingdom of Prilep Kingdom of Prilep Ottoman Ottoman Empire Karposh's rebellion Macedonian awakening Ilinden Uprising Kruševo Republic Kruševo Manifesto Balkan Wars Treaty of Bucharest Ottoman Empire Karposh's rebellion Macedonian awakening Ilinden Uprising Kruševo Republic Kruševo Manifesto Kruševo Republic Kruševo Manifesto Balkan Wars Treaty of Bucharest Yugoslavia World War I Bulgarian occupation South Serbia Vardar Banovina World War II War in Yugoslav Macedonia The Holocaust in Macedonia Independent Macedonia (1944) Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM) National Liberation Front Refugees of the Greek Civil War Socialist Republic 1963 Skopje earthquake World War I Bulgarian occupation Bulgarian occupation South Serbia Vardar Banovina World War II War in Yugoslav Macedonia The Holocaust in Macedonia Independent Macedonia (1944) Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM) War in Yugoslav Macedonia The Holocaust in Macedonia Independent Macedonia (1944) Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM) National Liberation Front Refugees of the Greek Civil War Refugees of the Greek Civil War Socialist Republic 1963 Skopje earthquake Republic 2001 insurgency Ohrid Agreement 2012 inter-ethnic violence 2014 Macedonian government building attack 2015 Kumanovo clashes 2015 Macedonian protests 2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament 2018 Prespa agreement 2022 North Macedonia protests 2025 Kočani nightclub fire 2001 insurgency Ohrid Agreement Ohrid Agreement 2012 inter-ethnic violence 2014 Macedonian government building attack 2015 Kumanovo clashes 2015 Macedonian protests 2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution 2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament 2018 Prespa agreement 2022 North Macedonia protests 2025 Kočani nightclub fire Geography Balkans Cities Environmental issues Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Wildlife Balkans Cities Environmental issues Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Wildlife Balkans Cities Environmental issues Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Administrative divisions Municipalities Statistical regions Foreign relations Human rights LGBTQ Law enforcement Military Naming dispute Constitution Elections Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Administrative divisions Municipalities Statistical regions Foreign relations Human rights LGBTQ Law enforcement Military Naming dispute Constitution Elections Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Constitution Elections Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Administrative divisions Municipalities Statistical regions Administrative divisions Municipalities Statistical regions Foreign relations Human rights LGBTQ Law enforcement Military Naming dispute Foreign relations Human rights LGBTQ LGBTQ Law enforcement Military Naming dispute Economy Agriculture Central bank Currency Energy Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Rail Agriculture Central bank Currency Energy Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Rail Agriculture Central bank Currency Energy Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Rail Rail Society Archaeology Demographics Education Ethnic groups Macedonians Albanians Romani Health Historiography Languages Religion Sociology Women Culture Anthem Architecture Cinema Cuisine Embroidery Flag Literature Media Music Mythology National emblem National symbols Public holidays Radio stations Television World Heritage Sites Archaeology Demographics Education Ethnic groups Macedonians Albanians Romani Health Historiography Languages Religion Sociology Women Archaeology Demographics Education Ethnic groups Macedonians Albanians Romani Macedonians Albanians Romani Health Historiography Languages Religion Sociology Women Culture Anthem Architecture Cinema Cuisine Embroidery Flag Literature Media Music Mythology National emblem National symbols Public holidays Radio stations Television World Heritage Sites Anthem Architecture Cinema Cuisine Embroidery Flag Literature Media Music Mythology National emblem National symbols Public holidays Radio stations Television World Heritage Sites Outline Category Portal Outline Category Portal v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Yugoslav Wars v t e Wars and conflicts Log Revolution (1990) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Kosovo War (1998–99) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001) Log Revolution (1990) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Kosovo War (1998–99) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001) Background SFR Yugoslavia Breakup of Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslavia Breakup of Yugoslavia Anti-war protests Belgrade Sarajevo YUTEL for Peace Belgrade Sarajevo YUTEL for Peace Successor states Republic of Croatia Republic of Slovenia Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Macedonia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY/SRJ) Republic of Croatia Republic of Slovenia Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic of Macedonia Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY/SRJ) Unrecognized entities Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HRHB) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (APZB) Republic of Kosova Serb Autonomous Regions Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia SAO Krajina SAO Western Slavonia Republika Srpska (RS) SAO Bosanska Krajina SAO Herzegovina SAO Northern Bosnia SAO Semberija SAO Romanija Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Dubrovnik Republic Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HRHB) Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (APZB) Republic of Kosova Serb Autonomous Regions Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia SAO Krajina SAO Western Slavonia Republika Srpska (RS) SAO Bosanska Krajina SAO Herzegovina SAO Northern Bosnia SAO Semberija SAO Romanija Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Dubrovnik Republic Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia SAO Krajina SAO Western Slavonia SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia SAO Krajina SAO Western Slavonia Republika Srpska (RS) SAO Bosanska Krajina SAO Herzegovina SAO Northern Bosnia SAO Semberija SAO Romanija SAO Bosanska Krajina SAO Herzegovina SAO Northern Bosnia SAO Semberija SAO Romanija Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Dubrovnik Republic United Nations protectorate UNTAES UNMIK UNTAES UNMIK Armies Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) Yugoslav Territorial Defence (TO) Slovenian Territorial Defence (TORS) Yugoslav Army (VJ) Croatian Army (HV) BiH Territorial Defence (T.O. BiH) Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK) Croatian Defence Council (HVO) Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Serbia ) National Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Macedonia) Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) Yugoslav Territorial Defence (TO) Slovenian Territorial Defence (TORS) Yugoslav Army (VJ) Croatian Army (HV) BiH Territorial Defence (T.O. BiH) Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK) Croatian Defence Council (HVO) Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Serbia ) National Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Macedonia) Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB) Military formations and volunteers Croatian National Guard (ZNG) Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) SPU Knights [ hr ] White Eagles Serb Guard (SG) Serb Volunteer Guard (SDG) Scorpions Yellow Wasps Garda Panteri Dušan the Mighty Kninjas Serb Falcons [ sr ] Tobutski sokolovi Jackals Greek Volunteer Guard Wolves of Vučjak Albanian National Army (AKSh) Green Berets (ZB) Patriotic League (P.L. BiH) Black Swans Bosnian mujahideen National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (NOZB) Croatian National Guard (ZNG) Croatian Defence Forces (HOS) SPU Knights [ hr ] White Eagles Serb Guard (SG) Serb Volunteer Guard (SDG) Scorpions Yellow Wasps Garda Panteri Dušan the Mighty Kninjas Serb Falcons [ sr ] Tobutski sokolovi Jackals Greek Volunteer Guard Wolves of Vučjak Albanian National Army (AKSh) Green Berets (ZB) Patriotic League (P.L. BiH) Black Swans Bosnian mujahideen National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (NOZB) External factors NATO IFOR SFOR KFOR EU ( EUMM ) United Nations (UN) UNPROFOR UNCRO NATO IFOR SFOR KFOR IFOR SFOR KFOR EU ( EUMM ) United Nations (UN) UNPROFOR UNCRO UNPROFOR UNCRO Politicians Fikret Abdić Milan Babić Mate Boban Momir Bulatović Milo Đukanović Nijaz Duraković Vuk Drašković Goran Hadžić Alija Izetbegović Janez Janša Borisav Jović Mirko Jović Radovan Karadžić Vojislav Koštunica Momčilo Krajišnik Milan Kučan Ante Marković Milan Martić Stjepan Mesić Slobodan Milošević Ante Paradžik X Dobroslav Paraga Lojze Peterle Biljana Plavšić Jadranko Prlić Jovan Rašković † Ibrahim Rugova Vojislav Šešelj Haris Silajdžić Franjo Tuđman Krešimir Zubak Fikret Abdić Milan Babić Mate Boban Momir Bulatović Milo Đukanović Nijaz Duraković Vuk Drašković Goran Hadžić Alija Izetbegović Janez Janša Borisav Jović Mirko Jović Radovan Karadžić Vojislav Koštunica Momčilo Krajišnik Milan Kučan Ante Marković Milan Martić Stjepan Mesić Slobodan Milošević Ante Paradžik X Dobroslav Paraga Lojze Peterle Biljana Plavšić Jadranko Prlić Jovan Rašković † Ibrahim Rugova Vojislav Šešelj Haris Silajdžić Franjo Tuđman Krešimir Zubak Top military commanders Rahim Ademi Janko Bobetko Agim Çeku Wesley Clark Rasim Delić Sefer Halilović Veljko Kadijević Ratko Mladić Mile Novaković Dragoljub Ojdanić Života Panić Nebojša Pavković Momčilo Perišić Milivoj Petković Ridvan Qazimi † Martin Špegelj Gojko Šušak Rahim Ademi Janko Bobetko Agim Çeku Wesley Clark Rasim Delić Sefer Halilović Veljko Kadijević Ratko Mladić Mile Novaković Dragoljub Ojdanić Života Panić Nebojša Pavković Momčilo Perišić Milivoj Petković Ridvan Qazimi † Martin Špegelj Gojko Šušak Other notable commanders Mehmed Alagić Tihomir Blaškić Đorđe Božović † Valentin Ćorić Jovan Divjak Atif Dudaković Ante Gotovina Zaim Imamović Adem Jashari † Blaž Kraljević X Vladimir Lazarević Veljko Milanković ( DOW ) Mile Mrkšić Naser Orić Arif Pašalić Slobodan Praljak Ivica Rajić Željko Ražnatović Ljubiša Savić Stjepan Šiber Veselin Šljivančanin Vukašin Šoškoćanin † Milan Tepić † Milorad Ulemek Dragan Vasiljković Blago Zadro † Mehmed Alagić Tihomir Blaškić Đorđe Božović † Valentin Ćorić Jovan Divjak Atif Dudaković Ante Gotovina Zaim Imamović Adem Jashari † Blaž Kraljević X Vladimir Lazarević Veljko Milanković ( DOW ) Mile Mrkšić Naser Orić Arif Pašalić Slobodan Praljak Ivica Rajić Željko Ražnatović Ljubiša Savić Stjepan Šiber Veselin Šljivančanin Vukašin Šoškoćanin † Milan Tepić † Milorad Ulemek Dragan Vasiljković Blago Zadro † Key foreign figures Robert Badinter Lord Carrington Jimmy Carter Willy Claes Pieter Feith Richard Holbrooke Lord Owen Cyrus Vance Jacques Paul Klein Peter Galbraith Javier Solana Manfred Wörner Robert Badinter Lord Carrington Jimmy Carter Willy Claes Pieter Feith Richard Holbrooke Lord Owen Cyrus Vance Jacques Paul Klein Peter Galbraith Javier Solana Manfred Wörner v t e Croatian War of Independence Part of the Yugoslav Wars Prelude Log Revolution SAO Krajina 1991 Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Siege of Kijevo Battle of Borovo Selo 1991 riot in Zadar 1991 protest in Split SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Killings of Serbs in Vukovar Sisak killings Tenja killings Operation Stinger Dalj massacre Operation Labrador SAO Western Slavonia Banija villages killings Battle of Vukovar Battle of Osijek Battle of Gospić Petrinja killings Battle of Jasenovac Berak killings Battle of Kusonje Četekovac massacre Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of Zadar Battle of Šibenik 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Korana bridge killings Tovarnik massacre Siege of Dubrovnik Novo Selo Glinsko massacre Bombing of Banski dvori Široka Kula massacre Lovas killings Gospić massacre Baćin massacre Saborsko massacre Požega villages massacre Operation Otkos 10 Battle of Logorište Poljanak and Vukovići massacres Erdut killings Pula incident Battle of the Dalmatian channels Kostrići massacre Škabrnja massacre Vukovar massacre Novska murders Vance plan Murder of the Zec family Operation Whirlwind Paulin Dvor massacre Gornje Jame massacre Operation Orkan 91 Voćin massacre Joševica massacre Operation Devil's Beam Bruška massacre Vrsar airport bombing 1992 Sarajevo Agreement 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger (1992) Operation Liberated Land Battle of Konavle Operation Vlaštica 1993–94 Operation Maslenica Daruvar Agreement Operation Backstop Operation Medak Pocket Z-4 Plan Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Operation Flash Medari massacre Zagreb rocket attack Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm Kijani killings Golubić killings Uzdolje killings Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing Dvor massacre Komić killings Gošić killings Varivode massacre Operation Maestral 2 Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence Internment camps Begejci camp Bučje camp Kerestinec camp Knin camp Kuline prison camp Lora prison camp Marino Selo camp Ovčara camp Pakračka Poljana camp Sremska Mitrovica prison camp Stajićevo camp Velepromet camp Other Independence of Croatia Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia Erdut Agreement ( UNTAES ) Category Commons v t e Croatian War of Independence v t e Part of the Yugoslav Wars Prelude Log Revolution SAO Krajina Log Revolution SAO Krajina 1991 Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Siege of Kijevo Battle of Borovo Selo 1991 riot in Zadar 1991 protest in Split SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Killings of Serbs in Vukovar Sisak killings Tenja killings Operation Stinger Dalj massacre Operation Labrador SAO Western Slavonia Banija villages killings Battle of Vukovar Battle of Osijek Battle of Gospić Petrinja killings Battle of Jasenovac Berak killings Battle of Kusonje Četekovac massacre Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of Zadar Battle of Šibenik 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Korana bridge killings Tovarnik massacre Siege of Dubrovnik Novo Selo Glinsko massacre Bombing of Banski dvori Široka Kula massacre Lovas killings Gospić massacre Baćin massacre Saborsko massacre Požega villages massacre Operation Otkos 10 Battle of Logorište Poljanak and Vukovići massacres Erdut killings Pula incident Battle of the Dalmatian channels Kostrići massacre Škabrnja massacre Vukovar massacre Novska murders Vance plan Murder of the Zec family Operation Whirlwind Paulin Dvor massacre Gornje Jame massacre Operation Orkan 91 Voćin massacre Joševica massacre Operation Devil's Beam Bruška massacre Vrsar airport bombing Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Siege of Kijevo Battle of Borovo Selo 1991 riot in Zadar 1991 protest in Split SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia Killings of Serbs in Vukovar Sisak killings Tenja killings Operation Stinger Dalj massacre Operation Labrador SAO Western Slavonia Banija villages killings Battle of Vukovar Battle of Osijek Battle of Gospić Petrinja killings Battle of Jasenovac Berak killings Battle of Kusonje Četekovac massacre Battle of the Barracks Siege of Varaždin Barracks Siege of Bjelovar Barracks Battle of Zadar Battle of Šibenik 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Korana bridge killings Tovarnik massacre Siege of Dubrovnik Novo Selo Glinsko massacre Bombing of Banski dvori Široka Kula massacre Lovas killings Gospić massacre Baćin massacre Saborsko massacre Požega villages massacre Operation Otkos 10 Battle of Logorište Poljanak and Vukovići massacres Erdut killings Pula incident Battle of the Dalmatian channels Kostrići massacre Škabrnja massacre Vukovar massacre Novska murders Vance plan Murder of the Zec family Operation Whirlwind Paulin Dvor massacre Gornje Jame massacre Operation Orkan 91 Voćin massacre Joševica massacre Operation Devil's Beam Bruška massacre Vrsar airport bombing 1992 Sarajevo Agreement 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger (1992) Operation Liberated Land Battle of Konavle Operation Vlaštica Sarajevo Agreement 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing Operation Baranja Operation Jackal Battle of the Miljevci Plateau Operation Tiger (1992) Operation Liberated Land Battle of Konavle Operation Vlaštica 1993–94 Operation Maslenica Daruvar Agreement Operation Backstop Operation Medak Pocket Z-4 Plan Operation Winter '94 Operation Maslenica Daruvar Agreement Operation Backstop Operation Medak Pocket Z-4 Plan Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Operation Flash Medari massacre Zagreb rocket attack Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm Kijani killings Golubić killings Uzdolje killings Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing Dvor massacre Komić killings Gošić killings Varivode massacre Operation Maestral 2 Operation Leap 1 Operation Flash Medari massacre Medari massacre Zagreb rocket attack Operation Leap 2 Operation Summer '95 Operation Storm Kijani killings Golubić killings Uzdolje killings Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing Dvor massacre Komić killings Gošić killings Varivode massacre Kijani killings Golubić killings Uzdolje killings Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing Dvor massacre Komić killings Gošić killings Varivode massacre Operation Maestral 2 Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence Internment camps Begejci camp Bučje camp Kerestinec camp Knin camp Kuline prison camp Lora prison camp Marino Selo camp Ovčara camp Pakračka Poljana camp Sremska Mitrovica prison camp Stajićevo camp Velepromet camp Begejci camp Bučje camp Kerestinec camp Knin camp Kuline prison camp Lora prison camp Marino Selo camp Ovčara camp Pakračka Poljana camp Sremska Mitrovica prison camp Stajićevo camp Velepromet camp Other Independence of Croatia Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia Erdut Agreement ( UNTAES ) Independence of Croatia Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia Erdut Agreement ( UNTAES ) Category Commons Category Commons v t e Bosnian War Part of the Yugoslav Wars Belligerents Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Prelude Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac massacre Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo 1992 Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Biljani massacre Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre 1993 Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica massacre Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Intra-Bosnian Muslim War Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings 1994 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre 1994 Serb Jastreb J-21 shootdown Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Mrkonjić Grad mass grave Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War ( Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War ) Category Commons v t e Bosnian War v t e Part of the Yugoslav Wars Belligerents Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Bosniak side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Bosnian mujahideen Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Bosnian mujahideen Patriotic League Green Berets Bosnian mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo-Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Western Bosnian side National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Prelude Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac massacre Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North-East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding attack Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac massacre Bijeljina massacre 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo 1992 Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Biljani massacre Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Kazani pit killings Foča ethnic cleansing Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Siege of Goražde Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Siege of Doboj Bradina massacre Sarajevo bread line massacre Bijeli Potok massacre Pionirska Street fire Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Barimo Sjeverin Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat–Bosniak War Operation Vrbas '92 Operation Corridor 92 Bikavac fire Biljani massacre Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Mičivode massacre Novoseoci massacre Gornja Jošanica massacre 1993 Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica massacre Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Intra-Bosnian Muslim War Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings Kravica attack Duša killings Skelani massacre Štrpci Siege of Mostar Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina massacre Sovići and Doljani killings Zenica massacre Vranica massacre Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Battle of Travnik (1993) Battle of Bugojno Operation Irma Operation Neretva '93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Intra-Bosnian Muslim War Stupni Do massacre Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings 1994 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre 1994 Serb Jastreb J-21 shootdown Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre 1994 Serb Jastreb J-21 shootdown Washington Agreement Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Operation "Breza '94" Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347 Operation Spider Operation Winter '94 1995 Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Mrkonjić Grad mass grave Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Vlašić Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer '95 Pale air strikes Tuzla shelling Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre Kravica Kravica Battle of Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Mrkonjić Grad mass grave Mrkonjić Grad mass grave Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs Dayton Agreement Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Vilina Vlas Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Musala Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Kamenica camp Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Bosnian genocide Bosnian genocide denial Internment camps Rape Peace plans NATO intervention Foreign support Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War ( Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War ) Category Commons Category Commons v t e Breakup of Yugoslavia Overview Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992) Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008) Background Josip Broz Tito (until 1980) Brotherhood and unity (until 1990) League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990) Croatian Spring (1967–1971) Islamic Declaration (1970) Protests in Kosovo (1981) Sarajevo Process (1983) SANU Memorandum (1986) Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987) Slovene Spring (1987–1988) Agrokomerc Affair (1987) 8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987) JBTZ trial (1988) Neum Affair [ bs ] (1988–1989) Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s) Events and actors Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989) Gazimestan speech (1989) 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990) Independence of Croatia (1989–1992) Log Revolution (1990–1991) Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991) RAM Plan (1991) Brioni Agreement (1991) Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993) v t e Independence referendums in Yugoslavia Republics and provinces Slovenia (1990) Croatia (1991) Macedonia (1991) Kosovo (1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992) Montenegro (1992) Montenegro (2006) Autonomy Krajina (1990) Sandžak (1991) Srpska (1991) Ilirida (1992) Eastern Slavonia (1997) Macedonia (2004) Consequences Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) Ethnic cleansing Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Ten-Day War (1991) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Intra-Bosnian Muslim War (1993–1995) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Graz agreement (1992) International sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2001) Hyperinflation in Serbia and Montenegro (1992–1994) Washington Agreement (1994) Dayton Agreement (1996) Joint Criminal Enterprise Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996) International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017) Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000) Nationalism Greater Albania Greater Bosnia Greater Croatia United Macedonia Greater Serbia United Slovenia Anti-Serbian sentiment Anti-Croat sentiment Islamophobia Albanian nationalism Bosniak nationalism Croatian nationalism Macedonian nationalism Montenegrin nationalism Serbian nationalism Serbian–Montenegrin unionism Slovenian nationalism Yugoslavism Category v t e Breakup of Yugoslavia v t e Overview Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992) Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008) Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992) Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008) Background Josip Broz Tito (until 1980) Brotherhood and unity (until 1990) League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990) Croatian Spring (1967–1971) Islamic Declaration (1970) Protests in Kosovo (1981) Sarajevo Process (1983) SANU Memorandum (1986) Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987) Slovene Spring (1987–1988) Agrokomerc Affair (1987) 8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987) JBTZ trial (1988) Neum Affair [ bs ] (1988–1989) Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s) Josip Broz Tito (until 1980) Brotherhood and unity (until 1990) League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990) Croatian Spring (1967–1971) Islamic Declaration (1970) Protests in Kosovo (1981) Sarajevo Process (1983) SANU Memorandum (1986) Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987) Slovene Spring (1987–1988) Agrokomerc Affair (1987) 8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987) JBTZ trial (1988) Neum Affair [ bs ] (1988–1989) Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s) Events and actors Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989) Gazimestan speech (1989) 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990) Independence of Croatia (1989–1992) Log Revolution (1990–1991) Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991) RAM Plan (1991) Brioni Agreement (1991) Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993) Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989) Gazimestan speech (1989) 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990) Independence of Croatia (1989–1992) Log Revolution (1990–1991) Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991) RAM Plan (1991) Brioni Agreement (1991) Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993) v t e Independence referendums in Yugoslavia Republics and provinces Slovenia (1990) Croatia (1991) Macedonia (1991) Kosovo (1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992) Montenegro (1992) Montenegro (2006) Autonomy Krajina (1990) Sandžak (1991) Srpska (1991) Ilirida (1992) Eastern Slavonia (1997) Macedonia (2004) v t e Independence referendums in Yugoslavia v t e Republics and provinces Slovenia (1990) Croatia (1991) Macedonia (1991) Kosovo (1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992) Montenegro (1992) Montenegro (2006) Slovenia (1990) Croatia (1991) Macedonia (1991) Kosovo (1991) Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992) Montenegro (1992) Montenegro (2006) Autonomy Krajina (1990) Sandžak (1991) Srpska (1991) Ilirida (1992) Eastern Slavonia (1997) Macedonia (2004) Krajina (1990) Sandžak (1991) Srpska (1991) Ilirida (1992) Eastern Slavonia (1997) Macedonia (2004) Consequences Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) Ethnic cleansing Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Ten-Day War (1991) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Intra-Bosnian Muslim War (1993–1995) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Graz agreement (1992) International sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2001) Hyperinflation in Serbia and Montenegro (1992–1994) Washington Agreement (1994) Dayton Agreement (1996) Joint Criminal Enterprise Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996) International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017) Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000) Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001) Ethnic cleansing Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Ten-Day War (1991) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Intra-Bosnian Muslim War (1993–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Intra-Bosnian Muslim War (1993–1995) Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) Graz agreement (1992) International sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2001) Hyperinflation in Serbia and Montenegro (1992–1994) Washington Agreement (1994) Dayton Agreement (1996) Joint Criminal Enterprise Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996) International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017) Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000) Nationalism Greater Albania Greater Bosnia Greater Croatia United Macedonia Greater Serbia United Slovenia Anti-Serbian sentiment Anti-Croat sentiment Islamophobia Albanian nationalism Bosniak nationalism Croatian nationalism Macedonian nationalism Montenegrin nationalism Serbian nationalism Serbian–Montenegrin unionism Slovenian nationalism Yugoslavism Greater Albania Greater Bosnia Greater Croatia United Macedonia Greater Serbia United Slovenia Anti-Serbian sentiment Anti-Croat sentiment Islamophobia Albanian nationalism Bosniak nationalism Croatian nationalism Macedonian nationalism Montenegrin nationalism Serbian nationalism Serbian–Montenegrin unionism Slovenian nationalism Yugoslavism Category Category Category Commons Category Commons v t e Inter-ethnic clashes in North Macedonia v t e Armed engagements Bit Pazar shooting (1992) Unrest in Gostivar and Tetovo (1997) Insurgency (2001) Operation Mountain Storm (2007) Inter-ethnic violence (2012) Smilkovci lake killings (2012) Kumanovo clashes (2015) Bit Pazar shooting (1992) Unrest in Gostivar and Tetovo (1997) Insurgency (2001) Operation Mountain Storm (2007) Inter-ethnic violence (2012) Smilkovci lake killings (2012) Kumanovo clashes (2015) Organizations National Liberation Army Albanian National Army National Liberation Army Albanian National Army Peace agreement Ohrid Framework Agreement (2001) Ohrid Framework Agreement (2001) 2001 insurgency in Macedonia 2001 in the Republic of Macedonia Conflicts in 2001 2000s rebellions Wars involving North Macedonia Wars involving the Balkans Modern history of North Macedonia Insurgencies in Europe Ethnic conflicts Albanian separatism CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2024 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2005 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:21 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.1 January 2 Scheduled events 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 2026 in science Беларуская Français 日本語 Română Русский Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item List of years in science ( table ) … 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 … … 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The following scientific events occurred, or are scheduled to occur in 2026 . Events January 1 January – Researchers operating China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) report the first experimental verification of a theorised density-free plasma operating regime, achieving stable electron densities approximately 1.3–1.65 times the Greenwald limit . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] 2 January – Researchers at the Vienna University of Technology and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology demonstrate self-sustained superradiant microwave emission, produced by interacting spins in diamond , offering potential applications in quantum communication and sensing. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] 4–8 January – 247th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society [ 5 ] 5 January – NASA announces that it has awarded contracts to seven companies to study technologies for the Habitable Worlds Observatory , a next-generation telescope that could launch in the 2040s. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] 7 January – Astronomers using data from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory report that 2025 MN 45 has the fastest spin of any known asteroid larger than 0.5 km (0.31 mi) in diameter, completing one rotation every 1.88 minutes. [ 8 ] 13 January – The European Copernicus Climate Change Service reports that 2025 was the world's third hottest year on record (2024 was the hottest and 2023 the second hottest). In Antarctica, the average annual temperature was the warmest since measurements began and in the Arctic, it was the second highest. [ 9 ] 14 January Researchers led by the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences report the first direct experimental observation of the Migdal effect, a quantum process in which a recoiling atomic nucleus ejects an electron, confirming a prediction made in 1939 and enabling new approaches to searches for light dark matter . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Researchers from the University of Copenhagen publish a Nature paper explaining little red dots as young and relatively small supermassive black holes enshrouded in a dense cocoon of ionized gas. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The Ice Memory Foundation opens its ice core archive at Concordia Station in Antarctica, storing the first samples from glaciers on Grand Combin , Switzerland and Mont Blanc , France. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The samples travelled from Trieste for more than 50 days aboard the Italian icebreaker Laura Bassi . [ 18 ] Researchers led by the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences report the first direct experimental observation of the Migdal effect, a quantum process in which a recoiling atomic nucleus ejects an electron, confirming a prediction made in 1939 and enabling new approaches to searches for light dark matter . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Researchers from the University of Copenhagen publish a Nature paper explaining little red dots as young and relatively small supermassive black holes enshrouded in a dense cocoon of ionized gas. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The Ice Memory Foundation opens its ice core archive at Concordia Station in Antarctica, storing the first samples from glaciers on Grand Combin , Switzerland and Mont Blanc , France. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The samples travelled from Trieste for more than 50 days aboard the Italian icebreaker Laura Bassi . [ 18 ] Scheduled events NASA's first crewed lunar‑orbit mission in decades is slated for early 2026. [ 19 ] See also 2026 in spaceflight 2026 in Antarctica 2026 in climate change References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Liu, Jiaxing; Zhu, Ping; Escande, Dominique Franck; Liu, Wenbin; Xue, Shiwei; Lin, Xin; Tang, Panjun; Wang, Liang; Yan, Ning; Yang, Jinju; Duan, Yanmin; Jia, Kai; Wu, Zhenwei; Cheng, Yunxin; Zhang, Ling (2 January 2026). "Accessing the density-free regime with ECRH-assisted ohmic start-up on EAST" . Science Advances . 12 (1). doi : 10.1126/sciadv.adz3040 . ISSN 2375-2548 . PMC 12757026 . PMID 41477826 . ^ Mishra, Prabhat Ranjan (1 January 2026). "China's EAST Tokamak achieves stable operation at densities beyond limits" . Interesting Engineering . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Kersten, Wenzel; de Zordo, Nikolaus; Diekmann, Oliver; Redchenko, Elena S.; Kanagin, Andrew N.; Angerer, Andreas; Munro, William J.; Nemoto, Kae; Mazets, Igor E.; Rotter, Stefan; Pohl, Thomas; Schmiedmayer, Jörg (2 January 2026). "Self-induced superradiant masing" . Nature Physics . doi : 10.1038/s41567-025-03123-0 . ISSN 1745-2473 . ^ Paleja, Ameya (2 January 2026). "First self-powered quantum microwave signal achieved in experiment" . Interesting Engineering . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Calendar" . Secretary-General’s Scientific Advisory Board . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "NASA Selects Tech Proposals to Advance Search-for-Life Mission" . NASA . 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ^ "NASA seeks to accelerate development of Habitable Worlds Observatory" . Space News . 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ^ "NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Spots Record-Breaking Asteroid in Pre-Survey Observations" . Vera C. Rubin Observatory . 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Global Climate Highlights 2025" . copernicus.eu. 14 January 2025 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Yi, Difan; Liu, Qian; Chen, Shi; Dong, Chunlai; Feng, Huanbo; Gao, Chaosong; Huang, Wenqian; Jing, Xinmei; Kong, Lingquan; Li, Jin; Li, Peirong; Liang, Enwei; Ma, Ruiting; Su, Chenguang; Su, Liangliang (15 January 2026). "Direct observation of the Migdal effect induced by neutron bombardment" . Nature . 649 (8097): 580– 583. doi : 10.1038/s41586-025-09918-8 . ISSN 0028-0836 . ^ Nuo, Xu (16 January 2026). "New finding to help probe dark matter" . global.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . ^ Communication, N. B. I. (15 January 2026). "Copenhagen researchers make the front page of Nature: Solving the mystery of the universe's 'little red dots' " . nbi.ku.dk . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Rusakov, V.; Watson, D.; Nikopoulos, G. P.; Brammer, G.; Gottumukkala, R.; Harvey, T.; Heintz, K. E.; Damgaard, R.; Sim, S. A.; Sneppen, A.; Vijayan, A. P.; Adams, N.; Austin, D.; Conselice, C. J.; Goolsby, C. M. (2026). "Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons" . Nature . 649 (8097): 574– 579. doi : 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4 . ISSN 1476-4687 . ^ "Ice from Swiss glacier is safely stored in Antarctica" . blue News . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Antarctica ice sanctuary launched to preserve the cores of dying glaciers" . Yahoo News . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Schneehöhle als Klima-Archiv der Erde: Erste Eisbohrkerne in Antarktis-Lagerstätte" . stern.de (in German). 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Stocker, Thomas (14 January 2026). "La première bibliothèque de carottes glaciaires en Antarctique pour protéger la mémoire climatique de l'humanité" . The Conversation . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Antartide: nasce archivio mondiale ghiaccio con primi campioni da Alpi - Borsa Italiana" . www.borsaitaliana.it . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Artemis II 2026: NASA prepares first crewed mission to circle around the moon in 50 years, scheduled for February" . The Times of India . 25 September 2025. ISSN 0971-8257 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to 2026 in science at Wikimedia Commons v t e 2020s articles v t e History Decade overview Africa Asia Europe Electoral data Military Economic Environmental Science and technology Social Politics Timeline of the 21st century List of nations United States Lists: List of current heads of state and government List of protests in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts Decade overview Africa Asia Europe Electoral data Africa Asia Europe Electoral data Military Economic Environmental Science and technology Social Politics Timeline of the 21st century List of nations United States Lists: List of current heads of state and government List of protests in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts Events COVID-19 Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession 2020 stock market crash 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Treaty descheduling of cannabis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine COVID-19 Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession 2020 stock market crash 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Treaty descheduling of cannabis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Govt UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size Years Politics: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Science: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Arts: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Sports: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Politics: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Science: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Arts: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Sports: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Categories General: Lists Timelines By year Historical: 2020s By country Economics Politics Women's history Trends Topical: Technology Transport Computing Science Health Arts and culture Art Paintings Sculptures Literature Music Fashion Sports Wrestling General: Lists Timelines By year Historical: 2020s By country Economics Politics Women's history Trends Topical: Technology Transport Computing Transport Computing Science Health Arts and culture Art Paintings Sculptures Literature Music Fashion Art Paintings Sculptures Literature Music Fashion Sports Wrestling Wrestling Portal:Current events v t e Overviews of the 2020s v t e History World Africa Asia Europe North America Sovereign states: United States Political history United Kingdom World Africa Asia Europe North America Sovereign states: United States Political history Political history United Kingdom Culture Film Music Latin Fashion Video games Film Music Latin Latin Fashion Video games Societal Society Economy Society Economy Science Science and technology Computing Sustainable energy Anti-aging Biotechnology Quantum IT Transportation technology Cosmology Psychology Environment Spaceflight Science and technology Computing Sustainable energy Anti-aging Biotechnology Quantum IT Transportation technology Cosmology Psychology Computing Sustainable energy Anti-aging Biotechnology Quantum IT Transportation technology Cosmology Psychology Environment Spaceflight Related Year in topic List of timelines Year in topic List of timelines Science Technology Astronomy Outer space Current events 2026 in science 21st century in science 2020s in technology 2026-related lists Science timelines by year CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2025 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 02:35 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_science#cite_note-5
|
Current Issue Previous Issues About Stay Current NLM Technical Bulletin - Stay Current with RSS feeds Get Email Updates Sign up for the NLM Technical Bulletin Listserv Subscribe to RSS NLM Technical Bulletin RSS feed NLM RSS feed ISSN 2161-2986 (Online) National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894 Connect with NLM , Web Policies , Careers , Accessibility , USA.gov , HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NIH , HHS , FOIA , NLM Support Center Last updated: 29 July 2025
|
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/stay_current.html
|
Accessibility links Skip to content Accessibility Help Accessibility links Skip to content Accessibility Help Home News Sport Weather iPlayer Sounds Bitesize CBeebies CBBC Food Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Video Live Home News Sport Weather iPlayer Sounds Bitesize CBeebies CBBC Food Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Video Live Close menu Home News Sport Weather iPlayer Sounds Bitesize CBeebies CBBC Food Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Video Live Home Film Art Books Music TV Style More Books Riders to Tackle!: Why Britain loved Jilly Cooper's raunchy books Share using Email Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Share on Linkedin (Image credit: Getty Images ) By Clare Thorp 6th October 2025 Jilly Cooper, who died yesterday, was beloved in the UK. Her irresistible sagas of sex and shenanigans among England's rural upper-middle class society – featuring dashing cads, ambitious women, and a supporting cast of horses, hounds and huge country houses – have been bestsellers since the 1980s. What made her books so enduringly appealing? D Despite being a nation with a reputation for prudishness about sex, the British don't seem to have any problem reading about it, at least not if you go by the enduring popularity of one the country's most successful writers, Jilly Cooper. Jilly Cooper, who died yesterday , was something of a national treasure in the UK. Known as the Queen of the "bonkbuster" (a British term for a popular novel stuffed with salacious storylines and frequent sexual encounters), she even counted the former British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak as one of her fans . For those who came of age in the UK in the 1980s or 90s, the covers of Cooper's raunchy books alone are forever imprinted on their memory, such was their ubiquity on bookshelves and sun loungers, or in schools, where they were shared like contraband by teenage girls. Riders, the first of her famous Rutshire Chronicles, features a woman clad in tight white jodhpurs, a man's hand intimately resting on her buttock. One of its many successful sequels, Rivals, shows a red stiletto grinding into a man's hand. So familiar are these images that when Cooper's publisher reissued Riders in 2015, readers immediately noticed – and were aghast – that the man's hand had been moved a few inches higher, to a less provocative position (Cooper herself was "livid" at the change). Her characters manage to be deeply melodramatic, while never taking themselves too seriously If the covers are iconic, it's what's beneath them that has made Cooper one of Britain's most popular and biggest-selling authors for the last four decades. Cooper wrote irresistible sagas of sex and shenanigans among England's rural upper-middle class society, featuring dashing cads, ambitious women, and a supporting cast of horses, hounds and huge country houses. The behaviour is bad, the sex copious, the parties raucous and the overall mood… well, rather jolly. Her characters manage to be deeply melodramatic, while never taking themselves too seriously. The 1985 novel Rivals was the first of the Rutshire Chronicles, a series about adultery and scandal among the British upper-class (Credit: Alamy) Over her career, Cooper wrote multiple number one bestsellers and sold more than 11 million books. In 2018 she was awarded a CBE for services to literature. In 2023, she published her 18th novel, Tackle! – the 10th in the racy Rutshire Chronicles. In it, the action – of all varieties – was set in the world of professional football (the cover image features – what else – a woman slipping a red card down the front of a man's shorts). Its release was welcomed enthusiastically by her devoted fans. For an author whose books are filled with snobbery, Cooper has attracted surprisingly little. She's read by both men and women, adored by fellow writers including Ian Rankin, Helen Fielding and Marian Keyes, and loved by Cambridge academics . When Sunak came out as a fan of Cooper's books, he explained that "you need to have escapism in your life". Her popularity recently received an extra boost from the hit TV adaptation of Rivals, which premiered on Disney+ last autumn. "People really love these books and they're quite forthright about it," says Amy Burge , associate professor in Popular Fiction at Birmingham University, who has interviewed Jilly fans for a book on the bonkbuster she is writing with Jodi McAlister , senior lecturer in Writing, Literature and Culture at Deakin University. "It's much less the guilty part and much more the pleasure part that comes out." The Rutshire Chronicles are set in a fictional English county; Cooper moved to Gloucestershire in the 1980s (Credit: Getty Images) The worlds that Cooper wrote about aren't a million miles away from her own. Born in Essex in 1937 into an upper-middle class family, she spent her childhood in Yorkshire before being sent to a boarding school. Her career didn't start off well – she got sacked from 22 consecutive jobs – but her breakthrough came when she landed a column in The Sunday Times. This led to the publication of her first book in 1969, an advice tome called How to Stay Married, followed by How to Survive from Nine to Five. In 1975, she published her first work of fiction, a romantic novel called Emily – followed by Bella, Imogen, Prudence, Harriet and Octavia. Horse and hound But it was with her 1985 novel Riders – the first of her Rutshire Chronicles – that Cooper's success skyrocketed. Set in the Cotswold countryside, Riders depicted fallouts, frolicking and fornication in the world of showjumping. Its hero, horse trainer and lothario Rupert Campbell-Black, was partly inspired by Andrew Parker-Bowles, the ex-husband of Queen Camilla . The book was an immediate hit, spawning multiple sequels, each set in a different, though equally glamorous world – art, classical music, the TV industry, polo. One thing bonkbusters did was acknowledge that sex is important. It's an important part of life. It can be fun, but it can also be all kinds of other things – Amy Burge Though the term "bonkbuster" didn't arrive until 1988 ( coined by the writer Sue Limb when her publisher asked her to write "a big, thick book with lots of bonking in it"), Cooper's books were part of a new genre of romantic fiction characterised by frequent and explicit sexual encounters. In Riders, that included one scene where the journalist Janey gets stung by nettles, causing show-jumper Billy Lloyd-Foxe to find a creative use for dock leaves. Cooper's books have been bestsellers since the 1980s (Credit: Getty Images) Daisy Buchanan , author of books including Insatiable and Limelight, host of the You're Booked podcast and Jilly Cooper superfan, first discovered the writer as a teenager. "I think I was about 13 when I fell in love with Jilly's books," she tells BBC Culture. "Riders and Rivals were being passed around at school, almost 20 years after they were first published, which is a testament to her power. Her stories are dramatic, extravagant, escapist tales – but while she sets her books in glamorous worlds, her characters are so vulnerable, loveable and human. It's only in Jilly-land where you get heroines who triumph while feeling self-conscious about their spots." As it had for millions of readers before her, the sex left a lasting impression, too. "She was the first writer I read who talked openly about women seeking pleasure," says Buchanan. "She's not the first writer to write about sex, but I think she's one of the first to show sex on the page that is tender, joyful and loving – and to say that you don't need to be perfect to seek those sexual experiences. In her stories, sex is sometimes Earth-shatteringly profound, and sometimes simply fun." Escapist and educational? This positive attitude to sex was a huge influence when Buchanan started writing her own novels. "My first novel, Insatiable, wouldn't exist if it wasn't for Jilly Cooper's novels," she says. "Jilly's books formed my emotional sex education, and Insatiable… owes an enormous debt to Rivals and Riders. I wanted to write escapist sex with real emotions." But while there is much to celebrate in Cooper's portrayals of sex, it wasn't always fun – or consensual. "There are rapes that happen in Jilly's books, and it is very rare that the rapist has any kind of comeuppance," says Burge. In one particularly disturbing scene in Riders, Rupert coerces his wife Helen into a sexual act. "It's a really horrible scene," says Burge. "Those aspects are difficult to read now." Despite Campbell-Black's frequently appalling treatment of women, he's continued to be the hero of Cooper's books. As for feminists, they are rarely sympathetic in her novels, and usually marked by their hairy legs. Cooper was, of course, of a different era– as evidenced in 2023 in an interview with The Sunday Times . She said that the #MeToo movement has made people too "tense" and "anxious" about sex. "I'm quite depressed about sex at the moment. I don't think people are having nearly as much fun." In her fictional worlds, though, there's still plenty of fun to be had. Tackle! saw the return of Campbell-Black (now a reformed and faithful husband), who buys ailing local football club Searston Rovers and propels them to the Champions League. If it sounds like Cooper has been binging Ted Lasso and Welcome to Wrexham, her interest in football was actually sparked by a lunch with Alex Ferguson, while Searston Rovers were loosely based on her local team, Forest Green Rovers, owned by eco-millionaire Dale Vince. Before writing novels, Cooper was a columnist for The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday (Credit: Getty Images) Like all of Cooper's novels, there was a huge cast of characters in Tackle! (she started each of her books with a who's who list of names). Besides Campbell-Black there are footballers called Feral Jackson, Facundo Gonzales and Midas Channing ("rather chubby but smiling Searston striker"), along with wives and girlfriends with names like Charmaine Channing and Daffodil Clark-Rogers ("a deeply daffy WAG"). What readers might have noticed slightly less of though, is the actual sex. It was still in there, but somewhat tamer than her earlier books (even though she says her publishers pushed her to include more). Cooper said she found it "quite difficult" to write sex scenes later in life. If the pressure was on for her books to be full of filth, it may be because she was the last bastion of the genre as we knew it. Collins died in 2015, Krantz in 2019, and Conran in 2024. Could the death of national treasure Cooper spell the end of the bonkbuster? Young people are apparently less entertained by sex in popular culture now. A recent study by the Center for Scholars and Storytellers (CSS) at UCLA said found that half of Gen Z would prefer to see less sex on screen and more platonic relationships. Movies already have fewer sex scenes . More like this: • 18 of the best books of the year so far • Why history's 'most controversial queen' was hated • How the blonde has symbolised desire and danger In literary fiction, sex is ever present but is often used as a device to explore issues of consent, misogyny and identity. "There are a lot of sexually explicit books that feel quite dark and gritty – and my friends and I just want pure sauce!" says Buchanan. "I love the work of writers like Abby Jimenez, Akwaeke Emezi and Melanie Blake – they are great at writing sex that is fun to read, and genuinely erotic. They are upholding Jilly's legacy, and I hope I am too." Burge points to TikTok, where the #spicybooks hashtag has billions of views. It was TikTok that helped drive the enormous success of Colleen Hoover, whose books lean more heavily into traditional romance than Cooper's, but also contain plenty of sex. The Disney+ adaptation of Rivals – starring Aidan Turner, David Tennant, Alex Hassell, Danny Dyer and Katherine Parkinson – has pulled in a whole new generation of Jilly Cooper fans, and a second series is hotly anticipated. There was so much sex in the first season, on which Cooper was an executive producer, that Disney+ hired two intimacy coordinators for the set. Turner – who played Declan O'Hara – has said making it was the most fun he's had on any job in his career . A dose of pure pleasure is always welcome, and, Cooper was an expert at spreading joy. This article was orginally published on 9 November 2023. It has been updated following the announcement of Jilly Cooper's death on 5 October 2025. -- If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week. For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook and Instagram . Share using Email Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Share on Linkedin Share {"@context":" to Tackle!: Why Britain loved Jilly Cooper s raunchy books","description":"Jilly Cooper, who died yesterday, was beloved in the UK. Her irresistible sagas of sex and shenanigans among England s rural upper-middle class society – featuring dashing cads, ambitious women, and a supporting cast of horses, hounds and huge country houses – have been bestsellers since the 1980s. What made her books so enduringly appealing?","image":[" Thorp","url":""},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"BBC"}} ; Riders to Tackle!: Why Britain loved Jilly Cooper's raunchy books By Clare Thorp 6th October 2025 Jilly Cooper, who died yesterday, was beloved in the UK. Her irresistible sagas of sex and shenanigans among England's rural upper-middle class society – featuring dashing cads, ambitious women, and a supporting cast of horses, hounds and huge country houses – have been bestsellers since the 1980s. What made her books so enduringly appealing? D Despite being a nation with a reputation for prudishness about sex, the British don't seem to have any problem reading about it, at least not if you go by the enduring popularity of one the country's most successful writers, Jilly Cooper. Jilly Cooper, who died yesterday , was something of a national treasure in the UK. Known as the Queen of the "bonkbuster" (a British term for a popular novel stuffed with salacious storylines and frequent sexual encounters), she even counted the former British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak as one of her fans . For those who came of age in the UK in the 1980s or 90s, the covers of Cooper's raunchy books alone are forever imprinted on their memory, such was their ubiquity on bookshelves and sun loungers, or in schools, where they were shared like contraband by teenage girls. Riders, the first of her famous Rutshire Chronicles, features a woman clad in tight white jodhpurs, a man's hand intimately resting on her buttock. One of its many successful sequels, Rivals, shows a red stiletto grinding into a man's hand. So familiar are these images that when Cooper's publisher reissued Riders in 2015, readers immediately noticed – and were aghast – that the man's hand had been moved a few inches higher, to a less provocative position (Cooper herself was "livid" at the change). Her characters manage to be deeply melodramatic, while never taking themselves too seriously If the covers are iconic, it's what's beneath them that has made Cooper one of Britain's most popular and biggest-selling authors for the last four decades. Cooper wrote irresistible sagas of sex and shenanigans among England's rural upper-middle class society, featuring dashing cads, ambitious women, and a supporting cast of horses, hounds and huge country houses. The behaviour is bad, the sex copious, the parties raucous and the overall mood… well, rather jolly. Her characters manage to be deeply melodramatic, while never taking themselves too seriously. The 1985 novel Rivals was the first of the Rutshire Chronicles, a series about adultery and scandal among the British upper-class (Credit: Alamy) Over her career, Cooper wrote multiple number one bestsellers and sold more than 11 million books. In 2018 she was awarded a CBE for services to literature. In 2023, she published her 18th novel, Tackle! – the 10th in the racy Rutshire Chronicles. In it, the action – of all varieties – was set in the world of professional football (the cover image features – what else – a woman slipping a red card down the front of a man's shorts). Its release was welcomed enthusiastically by her devoted fans. For an author whose books are filled with snobbery, Cooper has attracted surprisingly little. She's read by both men and women, adored by fellow writers including Ian Rankin, Helen Fielding and Marian Keyes, and loved by Cambridge academics . When Sunak came out as a fan of Cooper's books, he explained that "you need to have escapism in your life". Her popularity recently received an extra boost from the hit TV adaptation of Rivals, which premiered on Disney+ last autumn. "People really love these books and they're quite forthright about it," says Amy Burge , associate professor in Popular Fiction at Birmingham University, who has interviewed Jilly fans for a book on the bonkbuster she is writing with Jodi McAlister , senior lecturer in Writing, Literature and Culture at Deakin University. "It's much less the guilty part and much more the pleasure part that comes out." The Rutshire Chronicles are set in a fictional English county; Cooper moved to Gloucestershire in the 1980s (Credit: Getty Images) The worlds that Cooper wrote about aren't a million miles away from her own. Born in Essex in 1937 into an upper-middle class family, she spent her childhood in Yorkshire before being sent to a boarding school. Her career didn't start off well – she got sacked from 22 consecutive jobs – but her breakthrough came when she landed a column in The Sunday Times. This led to the publication of her first book in 1969, an advice tome called How to Stay Married, followed by How to Survive from Nine to Five. In 1975, she published her first work of fiction, a romantic novel called Emily – followed by Bella, Imogen, Prudence, Harriet and Octavia. Horse and hound But it was with her 1985 novel Riders – the first of her Rutshire Chronicles – that Cooper's success skyrocketed. Set in the Cotswold countryside, Riders depicted fallouts, frolicking and fornication in the world of showjumping. Its hero, horse trainer and lothario Rupert Campbell-Black, was partly inspired by Andrew Parker-Bowles, the ex-husband of Queen Camilla . The book was an immediate hit, spawning multiple sequels, each set in a different, though equally glamorous world – art, classical music, the TV industry, polo. One thing bonkbusters did was acknowledge that sex is important. It's an important part of life. It can be fun, but it can also be all kinds of other things – Amy Burge Though the term "bonkbuster" didn't arrive until 1988 ( coined by the writer Sue Limb when her publisher asked her to write "a big, thick book with lots of bonking in it"), Cooper's books were part of a new genre of romantic fiction characterised by frequent and explicit sexual encounters. In Riders, that included one scene where the journalist Janey gets stung by nettles, causing show-jumper Billy Lloyd-Foxe to find a creative use for dock leaves. Cooper's books have been bestsellers since the 1980s (Credit: Getty Images) Daisy Buchanan , author of books including Insatiable and Limelight, host of the You're Booked podcast and Jilly Cooper superfan, first discovered the writer as a teenager. "I think I was about 13 when I fell in love with Jilly's books," she tells BBC Culture. "Riders and Rivals were being passed around at school, almost 20 years after they were first published, which is a testament to her power. Her stories are dramatic, extravagant, escapist tales – but while she sets her books in glamorous worlds, her characters are so vulnerable, loveable and human. It's only in Jilly-land where you get heroines who triumph while feeling self-conscious about their spots." As it had for millions of readers before her, the sex left a lasting impression, too. "She was the first writer I read who talked openly about women seeking pleasure," says Buchanan. "She's not the first writer to write about sex, but I think she's one of the first to show sex on the page that is tender, joyful and loving – and to say that you don't need to be perfect to seek those sexual experiences. In her stories, sex is sometimes Earth-shatteringly profound, and sometimes simply fun." Escapist and educational? This positive attitude to sex was a huge influence when Buchanan started writing her own novels. "My first novel, Insatiable, wouldn't exist if it wasn't for Jilly Cooper's novels," she says. "Jilly's books formed my emotional sex education, and Insatiable… owes an enormous debt to Rivals and Riders. I wanted to write escapist sex with real emotions." But while there is much to celebrate in Cooper's portrayals of sex, it wasn't always fun – or consensual. "There are rapes that happen in Jilly's books, and it is very rare that the rapist has any kind of comeuppance," says Burge. In one particularly disturbing scene in Riders, Rupert coerces his wife Helen into a sexual act. "It's a really horrible scene," says Burge. "Those aspects are difficult to read now." Despite Campbell-Black's frequently appalling treatment of women, he's continued to be the hero of Cooper's books. As for feminists, they are rarely sympathetic in her novels, and usually marked by their hairy legs. Cooper was, of course, of a different era– as evidenced in 2023 in an interview with The Sunday Times . She said that the #MeToo movement has made people too "tense" and "anxious" about sex. "I'm quite depressed about sex at the moment. I don't think people are having nearly as much fun." In her fictional worlds, though, there's still plenty of fun to be had. Tackle! saw the return of Campbell-Black (now a reformed and faithful husband), who buys ailing local football club Searston Rovers and propels them to the Champions League. If it sounds like Cooper has been binging Ted Lasso and Welcome to Wrexham, her interest in football was actually sparked by a lunch with Alex Ferguson, while Searston Rovers were loosely based on her local team, Forest Green Rovers, owned by eco-millionaire Dale Vince. Before writing novels, Cooper was a columnist for The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday (Credit: Getty Images) Like all of Cooper's novels, there was a huge cast of characters in Tackle! (she started each of her books with a who's who list of names). Besides Campbell-Black there are footballers called Feral Jackson, Facundo Gonzales and Midas Channing ("rather chubby but smiling Searston striker"), along with wives and girlfriends with names like Charmaine Channing and Daffodil Clark-Rogers ("a deeply daffy WAG"). What readers might have noticed slightly less of though, is the actual sex. It was still in there, but somewhat tamer than her earlier books (even though she says her publishers pushed her to include more). Cooper said she found it "quite difficult" to write sex scenes later in life. If the pressure was on for her books to be full of filth, it may be because she was the last bastion of the genre as we knew it. Collins died in 2015, Krantz in 2019, and Conran in 2024. Could the death of national treasure Cooper spell the end of the bonkbuster? Young people are apparently less entertained by sex in popular culture now. A recent study by the Center for Scholars and Storytellers (CSS) at UCLA said found that half of Gen Z would prefer to see less sex on screen and more platonic relationships. Movies already have fewer sex scenes . More like this: • 18 of the best books of the year so far • Why history's 'most controversial queen' was hated • How the blonde has symbolised desire and danger In literary fiction, sex is ever present but is often used as a device to explore issues of consent, misogyny and identity. "There are a lot of sexually explicit books that feel quite dark and gritty – and my friends and I just want pure sauce!" says Buchanan. "I love the work of writers like Abby Jimenez, Akwaeke Emezi and Melanie Blake – they are great at writing sex that is fun to read, and genuinely erotic. They are upholding Jilly's legacy, and I hope I am too." Burge points to TikTok, where the #spicybooks hashtag has billions of views. It was TikTok that helped drive the enormous success of Colleen Hoover, whose books lean more heavily into traditional romance than Cooper's, but also contain plenty of sex. The Disney+ adaptation of Rivals – starring Aidan Turner, David Tennant, Alex Hassell, Danny Dyer and Katherine Parkinson – has pulled in a whole new generation of Jilly Cooper fans, and a second series is hotly anticipated. There was so much sex in the first season, on which Cooper was an executive producer, that Disney+ hired two intimacy coordinators for the set. Turner – who played Declan O'Hara – has said making it was the most fun he's had on any job in his career . A dose of pure pleasure is always welcome, and, Cooper was an expert at spreading joy. This article was orginally published on 9 November 2023. It has been updated following the announcement of Jilly Cooper's death on 5 October 2025. -- If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week. For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook and Instagram . Share using Email Share on Twitter Share on Facebook Share on Linkedin Share Despite being a nation with a reputation for prudishness about sex, the British don't seem to have any problem reading about it, at least not if you go by the enduring popularity of one the country's most successful writers, Jilly Cooper. Jilly Cooper, who died yesterday , was something of a national treasure in the UK. Known as the Queen of the "bonkbuster" (a British term for a popular novel stuffed with salacious storylines and frequent sexual encounters), she even counted the former British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak as one of her fans . For those who came of age in the UK in the 1980s or 90s, the covers of Cooper's raunchy books alone are forever imprinted on their memory, such was their ubiquity on bookshelves and sun loungers, or in schools, where they were shared like contraband by teenage girls. Riders, the first of her famous Rutshire Chronicles, features a woman clad in tight white jodhpurs, a man's hand intimately resting on her buttock. One of its many successful sequels, Rivals, shows a red stiletto grinding into a man's hand. So familiar are these images that when Cooper's publisher reissued Riders in 2015, readers immediately noticed – and were aghast – that the man's hand had been moved a few inches higher, to a less provocative position (Cooper herself was "livid" at the change). Her characters manage to be deeply melodramatic, while never taking themselves too seriously Her characters manage to be deeply melodramatic, while never taking themselves too seriously If the covers are iconic, it's what's beneath them that has made Cooper one of Britain's most popular and biggest-selling authors for the last four decades. Cooper wrote irresistible sagas of sex and shenanigans among England's rural upper-middle class society, featuring dashing cads, ambitious women, and a supporting cast of horses, hounds and huge country houses. The behaviour is bad, the sex copious, the parties raucous and the overall mood… well, rather jolly. Her characters manage to be deeply melodramatic, while never taking themselves too seriously. The 1985 novel Rivals was the first of the Rutshire Chronicles, a series about adultery and scandal among the British upper-class (Credit: Alamy) Over her career, Cooper wrote multiple number one bestsellers and sold more than 11 million books. In 2018 she was awarded a CBE for services to literature. In 2023, she published her 18th novel, Tackle! – the 10th in the racy Rutshire Chronicles. In it, the action – of all varieties – was set in the world of professional football (the cover image features – what else – a woman slipping a red card down the front of a man's shorts). Its release was welcomed enthusiastically by her devoted fans. For an author whose books are filled with snobbery, Cooper has attracted surprisingly little. She's read by both men and women, adored by fellow writers including Ian Rankin, Helen Fielding and Marian Keyes, and loved by Cambridge academics . When Sunak came out as a fan of Cooper's books, he explained that "you need to have escapism in your life". Her popularity recently received an extra boost from the hit TV adaptation of Rivals, which premiered on Disney+ last autumn. "People really love these books and they're quite forthright about it," says Amy Burge , associate professor in Popular Fiction at Birmingham University, who has interviewed Jilly fans for a book on the bonkbuster she is writing with Jodi McAlister , senior lecturer in Writing, Literature and Culture at Deakin University. "It's much less the guilty part and much more the pleasure part that comes out." The Rutshire Chronicles are set in a fictional English county; Cooper moved to Gloucestershire in the 1980s (Credit: Getty Images) The worlds that Cooper wrote about aren't a million miles away from her own. Born in Essex in 1937 into an upper-middle class family, she spent her childhood in Yorkshire before being sent to a boarding school. Her career didn't start off well – she got sacked from 22 consecutive jobs – but her breakthrough came when she landed a column in The Sunday Times. This led to the publication of her first book in 1969, an advice tome called How to Stay Married, followed by How to Survive from Nine to Five. In 1975, she published her first work of fiction, a romantic novel called Emily – followed by Bella, Imogen, Prudence, Harriet and Octavia. But it was with her 1985 novel Riders – the first of her Rutshire Chronicles – that Cooper's success skyrocketed. Set in the Cotswold countryside, Riders depicted fallouts, frolicking and fornication in the world of showjumping. Its hero, horse trainer and lothario Rupert Campbell-Black, was partly inspired by Andrew Parker-Bowles, the ex-husband of Queen Camilla . The book was an immediate hit, spawning multiple sequels, each set in a different, though equally glamorous world – art, classical music, the TV industry, polo. One thing bonkbusters did was acknowledge that sex is important. It's an important part of life. It can be fun, but it can also be all kinds of other things – Amy Burge One thing bonkbusters did was acknowledge that sex is important. It's an important part of life. It can be fun, but it can also be all kinds of other things – Amy Burge Though the term "bonkbuster" didn't arrive until 1988 ( coined by the writer Sue Limb when her publisher asked her to write "a big, thick book with lots of bonking in it"), Cooper's books were part of a new genre of romantic fiction characterised by frequent and explicit sexual encounters. In Riders, that included one scene where the journalist Janey gets stung by nettles, causing show-jumper Billy Lloyd-Foxe to find a creative use for dock leaves. Cooper's books have been bestsellers since the 1980s (Credit: Getty Images) Daisy Buchanan , author of books including Insatiable and Limelight, host of the You're Booked podcast and Jilly Cooper superfan, first discovered the writer as a teenager. "I think I was about 13 when I fell in love with Jilly's books," she tells BBC Culture. "Riders and Rivals were being passed around at school, almost 20 years after they were first published, which is a testament to her power. Her stories are dramatic, extravagant, escapist tales – but while she sets her books in glamorous worlds, her characters are so vulnerable, loveable and human. It's only in Jilly-land where you get heroines who triumph while feeling self-conscious about their spots." As it had for millions of readers before her, the sex left a lasting impression, too. "She was the first writer I read who talked openly about women seeking pleasure," says Buchanan. "She's not the first writer to write about sex, but I think she's one of the first to show sex on the page that is tender, joyful and loving – and to say that you don't need to be perfect to seek those sexual experiences. In her stories, sex is sometimes Earth-shatteringly profound, and sometimes simply fun." This positive attitude to sex was a huge influence when Buchanan started writing her own novels. "My first novel, Insatiable, wouldn't exist if it wasn't for Jilly Cooper's novels," she says. "Jilly's books formed my emotional sex education, and Insatiable… owes an enormous debt to Rivals and Riders. I wanted to write escapist sex with real emotions." But while there is much to celebrate in Cooper's portrayals of sex, it wasn't always fun – or consensual. "There are rapes that happen in Jilly's books, and it is very rare that the rapist has any kind of comeuppance," says Burge. In one particularly disturbing scene in Riders, Rupert coerces his wife Helen into a sexual act. "It's a really horrible scene," says Burge. "Those aspects are difficult to read now." Despite Campbell-Black's frequently appalling treatment of women, he's continued to be the hero of Cooper's books. As for feminists, they are rarely sympathetic in her novels, and usually marked by their hairy legs. Cooper was, of course, of a different era– as evidenced in 2023 in an interview with The Sunday Times . She said that the #MeToo movement has made people too "tense" and "anxious" about sex. "I'm quite depressed about sex at the moment. I don't think people are having nearly as much fun." In her fictional worlds, though, there's still plenty of fun to be had. Tackle! saw the return of Campbell-Black (now a reformed and faithful husband), who buys ailing local football club Searston Rovers and propels them to the Champions League. If it sounds like Cooper has been binging Ted Lasso and Welcome to Wrexham, her interest in football was actually sparked by a lunch with Alex Ferguson, while Searston Rovers were loosely based on her local team, Forest Green Rovers, owned by eco-millionaire Dale Vince. Before writing novels, Cooper was a columnist for The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday (Credit: Getty Images) Like all of Cooper's novels, there was a huge cast of characters in Tackle! (she started each of her books with a who's who list of names). Besides Campbell-Black there are footballers called Feral Jackson, Facundo Gonzales and Midas Channing ("rather chubby but smiling Searston striker"), along with wives and girlfriends with names like Charmaine Channing and Daffodil Clark-Rogers ("a deeply daffy WAG"). What readers might have noticed slightly less of though, is the actual sex. It was still in there, but somewhat tamer than her earlier books (even though she says her publishers pushed her to include more). Cooper said she found it "quite difficult" to write sex scenes later in life. If the pressure was on for her books to be full of filth, it may be because she was the last bastion of the genre as we knew it. Collins died in 2015, Krantz in 2019, and Conran in 2024. Could the death of national treasure Cooper spell the end of the bonkbuster? Young people are apparently less entertained by sex in popular culture now. A recent study by the Center for Scholars and Storytellers (CSS) at UCLA said found that half of Gen Z would prefer to see less sex on screen and more platonic relationships. Movies already have fewer sex scenes . More like this: • 18 of the best books of the year so far • Why history's 'most controversial queen' was hated • How the blonde has symbolised desire and danger In literary fiction, sex is ever present but is often used as a device to explore issues of consent, misogyny and identity. "There are a lot of sexually explicit books that feel quite dark and gritty – and my friends and I just want pure sauce!" says Buchanan. "I love the work of writers like Abby Jimenez, Akwaeke Emezi and Melanie Blake – they are great at writing sex that is fun to read, and genuinely erotic. They are upholding Jilly's legacy, and I hope I am too." Burge points to TikTok, where the #spicybooks hashtag has billions of views. It was TikTok that helped drive the enormous success of Colleen Hoover, whose books lean more heavily into traditional romance than Cooper's, but also contain plenty of sex. The Disney+ adaptation of Rivals – starring Aidan Turner, David Tennant, Alex Hassell, Danny Dyer and Katherine Parkinson – has pulled in a whole new generation of Jilly Cooper fans, and a second series is hotly anticipated. There was so much sex in the first season, on which Cooper was an executive producer, that Disney+ hired two intimacy coordinators for the set. Turner – who played Declan O'Hara – has said making it was the most fun he's had on any job in his career . A dose of pure pleasure is always welcome, and, Cooper was an expert at spreading joy. This article was orginally published on 9 November 2023. It has been updated following the announcement of Jilly Cooper's death on 5 October 2025. -- If you liked this story, sign up for The Essential List newsletter – a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week. For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on Facebook and Instagram . Explore the BBC Home News Sport Weather iPlayer Sounds Bitesize CBeebies CBBC Food Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Travel Earth Video Live Terms of Use About the BBC Privacy Policy Privacy Policy Cookies Cookies Accessibility Help Parental Guidance Contact the BBC Make an editorial complaint BBC emails for you Advertise with us
|
https://www.bbc.co.uk/culture/article/20231109-riders-to-tackle-the-raunchy-books-britain-loves
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Ancient 1.2 Legend 1.3 European exploration 1.4 Settlement 1.5 World War I 1.1 Ancient 1.2 Legend 1.3 European exploration 1.4 Settlement 1.5 World War I 2 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 2.1 Islands and islets 2.2 Peaks 2.2.1 Madeira Island 2.3 Climate 2.4 Biodiversity 2.4.1 Endemic plant and animal species 2.4.2 Madeiran wall lizard 2.4.3 Madeiran wolf spider 2.4.4 Birds 2.4.5 Mice 2.5 Levadas 2.1 Islands and islets 2.2 Peaks 2.2.1 Madeira Island 2.2.1 Madeira Island 2.3 Climate 2.4 Biodiversity 2.4.1 Endemic plant and animal species 2.4.2 Madeiran wall lizard 2.4.3 Madeiran wolf spider 2.4.4 Birds 2.4.5 Mice 2.4.1 Endemic plant and animal species 2.4.2 Madeiran wall lizard 2.4.3 Madeiran wolf spider 2.4.4 Birds 2.4.5 Mice 2.5 Levadas 3 Politics Toggle Politics subsection 3.1 Political autonomy 3.2 Status within the European Union 3.3 Foreign relations and defence 3.4 Administrative divisions 3.5 Funchal 3.6 Sister Jurisdictions 3.1 Political autonomy 3.2 Status within the European Union 3.3 Foreign relations and defence 3.4 Administrative divisions 3.5 Funchal 3.6 Sister Jurisdictions 4 Demographics Toggle Demographics subsection 4.1 Diaspora 4.2 Immigration 4.1 Diaspora 4.2 Immigration 5 Economy Toggle Economy subsection 5.1 Madeira International Business Center 5.2 Regional government 5.3 Tourism 5.3.1 Whale watching 5.4 Sustainable development 5.5 Transport 5.1 Madeira International Business Center 5.2 Regional government 5.3 Tourism 5.3.1 Whale watching 5.3.1 Whale watching 5.4 Sustainable development 5.5 Transport 6 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 6.1 Music 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Beverages 6.4 Sport 6.5 Postage stamps 6.1 Music 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Beverages 6.4 Sport 6.5 Postage stamps 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Toggle References subsection 9.1 Bibliography 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Madeira Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ العربية Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Македонски Malagasy मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws 中文 Betawi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Madeira Autonomous Regions of Portugal and outermost region of the European Union Autonomous Region of Madeira .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} Região Autónoma da Madeira ( Portuguese ) .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Flag Coat of arms Nickname(s) : Pearl of the Atlantic Motto : Das Ilhas as Mais Belas e Livres (English: "Of all islands, the most beautiful and free" ) Anthem : Hino da Região Autónoma da Madeira (English: "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira" ) Location of Madeira within Portuguese territory (dark green) and the European Union (light green) Country Portugal Appeared In Atlas 1351 Discovery 1418–1419 Claimed 1419 Settlement c. 1425 Autonomous status 30 April 1976 Named for English: wood ( Portuguese : madeira ) Capital and largest city Funchal .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 32°45′N 17°00′W / 32.75°N 17°W / 32.75; -17 Official languages Portuguese Demonym(s) English: Madeiran ( Portuguese : Madeirense ) Government • Representative of the Republic Irineu Barreto • President Miguel Albuquerque • Speaker Rubina Leal Legislature Legislative Assembly National and European representation • Assembly of the Republic 6 MPs (of 230) • European Parliament 1 MEP ( of 21 Portuguese seats ) Area • Total 801 km 2 (309 sq mi) Highest elevation ( Pico Ruivo ) 1,861 m (6,106 ft) Lowest elevation ( Atlantic Ocean ) 0 m (0 ft) Population • 2021 census 250,769 [ 1 ] • Density 313/km 2 (810.7/sq mi) GDP (nominal) 2024 [ 2 ] estimate • Total €7.486 billion • Per capita €29,012 Gini (2023) 31.1 [ 3 ] @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}} medium HDI (2022) 0.829 [ 4 ] very high Currency Euro ( € ) ( EUR ) Time zone UTC±00:00 ( WET ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC+01:00 ( WEST ) Date format yyyy-mm-dd [ 5 ] Driving side Right Calling code +351 (291) Postal code 90nn-94nn ISO 3166 code PT-30 Internet TLD .pt Most populated island Madeira Island Usual abbreviation RAM Website www.madeira.gov.pt Madeira , [ a ] officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira , [ b ] is an autonomous region of Portugal , in the Atlantic Ocean about 805 km (500 miles) southwest of mainland Portugal . Together with the Azores , it is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal and a special territory of the European Union . It is the southernmost point and region of Portugal. [ c ] Madeira is an archipelago situated in the North Atlantic Ocean , in the region of Macaronesia , just under 400 kilometres (250 mi) north of the Canary Islands , Spain , 520 kilometres (320 mi) west of Morocco and 805 kilometres (500 mi) southwest of mainland Portugal . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Madeira sits on the African Tectonic Plate , but is culturally, politically and ethnically associated with Europe, with its population predominantly descended from Portuguese settlers. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Its population was 251,060 in 2021. The capital of Madeira is Funchal , on the main island's south coast. The archipelago includes the islands of Madeira , Porto Santo , and the Desertas , administered together with the separate archipelago of the Savage Islands . Roughly half of the population lives in Funchal. [ 14 ] The region has political and administrative autonomy through the Administrative Political Statute of the Autonomous Region of Madeira provided for in the Portuguese Constitution . The region is an integral part of the European Union as an outermost region . [ 15 ] Madeira generally has a mild/moderate subtropical climate with Mediterranean summer droughts and winter rain. Many microclimates are found at different elevations. Madeira, uninhabited at the time, was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1419 and settled after 1420. The archipelago is the first territorial discovery of the exploratory period of the Age of Discovery . Madeira is a year-round resort, particularly for Portuguese, British (148,000 visits in 2021), and German tourists (113,000). [ 16 ] It is by far the most populous and densely populated Portuguese island. The region is noted for its Madeira wine , flora , and fauna , with its pre-historic laurel forest , classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The destination is certified by EarthCheck . [ 17 ] The main harbour in Funchal has long been the leading Portuguese port in cruise ship dockings, an important stopover for Atlantic passenger cruises between Europe, the Caribbean and North Africa . [ 18 ] In addition, the International Business Centre of Madeira , also known as the Madeira Free Trade Zone, was established in the 1980s. It includes (mainly tax-related) incentives. [ 19 ] History Ancient Plutarch in his Parallel Lives ( Sertorius , 75 AD) referring to the military commander Quintus Sertorius (d. 72 BC), relates that after his return to Cádiz , he met sailors who spoke of idyllic Atlantic islands: "The islands are said to be two in number separated by a very narrow strait and lie 10,000 furlongs [2,000 km] from Africa. They are called the Isles of the Blessed ." [ 20 ] Archaeological evidence suggests that the islands may have been visited by the Vikings sometime between 900 and 1030. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Accounts by Muhammad al-Idrisi state that the Mugharrarin ("the adventurers" – seafarers from Lisbon) came across an island where they found "a huge quantity of sheep, the meat of which was bitter and inedible" before going to the more inhabited Canary Islands , in Spain . This island, possibly Madeira or Hierro , must have been inhabited or previously visited by people for livestock to be present. [ 23 ] Legend During the reign of King Edward III of England , lovers Robert Machim and Anna d'Arfet were said to have fled from England to France in 1346. Driven off course by a violent storm, their ship ran aground along the coast of an island that may have been Madeira. Later, this legend was the basis of the naming of the city of Machico on the island, in memory of the young lovers. [ 24 ] European exploration Madeira appears in several medieval manuscripts, including the Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms from the early 14th century, the Medici-Laurentian Atlas from 1351, the Soleri Portolani from 1380 and 1385 and Corbitis Atlas from the late 14th century. These texts refer to Madeira as Lecmane , Lolegname, Legnami (the isle of wood), Puerto or Porto Santo, deserte or deserta, and desierta . [ 25 ] It is widely accepted that knowledge of these Atlantic islands existed before their better-documented discovery and successful settlement by the Kingdom of Portugal . [ 26 ] In 1418, two captains, João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira , while exploring the African coast in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator , were driven off course by a storm to an island which they named Porto Santo (English: "holy harbour") in gratitude for divine deliverance from a shipwreck. The following year, Zarco and Vaz organised an expedition with Bartolomeu Perestrello . The trio travelled to the island of Porto Santo, claimed it on behalf of the Portuguese Crown, and established a settlement. The new settlers observed "a heavy black cloud suspended to the southwest" and upon investigation discovered the larger island they called Madeira [ 27 ] [ 28 ] ( Portuguese : madeira , lit. ' wood ' ). Settlement The first Portuguese settlers began colonizing the islands around 1420 or 1425. [ 29 ] The three governors, knights of the Order of Christ and navigators: João Gonçalves Zarco, Tristão Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrelo, along with their respective families, became the first settlers of the archipelago, divided by three captaincies (respectively Funchal, Machico and Porto Santo). This colonization process began in 1425, by order of King João I, with people of modest means, some former prisoners of the Kingdom and a group of people from the lower nobility, including fishermen and peasant farmers who willingly left Portugal for a new life on the islands, a better one, they hoped, than was possible in a Portugal which had been ravaged by the Black Death , and where the nobility strictly controlled the best farmlands. [ 30 ] Initially, the settlers produced wheat for their own sustenance. Still, they later began to export wheat to mainland Portugal. [ 31 ] In earlier times, fish and vegetables were the settlers' main means of subsistence. [ 32 ] Grain production began to fall, and the ensuing crisis forced Henry the Navigator to order other commercial crops to be planted so that the islands could be profitable. [ citation needed ] These specialised plants, and their associated industrial technology, created one of the major revolutions on the islands and fuelled Portuguese industry. Following the introduction of the first water-driven sugar mill on Madeira, sugar production increased to over 6,000 arrobas (an arroba was equal to 11 to 12 kilograms or 24 to 26 pounds) by 1455, [ 33 ] using advisers from Sicily and financed by Genoese capital (Genoa acted as an integral part of the island economy until the 17th century). The accessibility of Madeira attracted Genoese and Flemish traders, who were keen to bypass Venetian monopolies. By 1480 Antwerp had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar. [ 34 ] By 1480 Antwerp had some seventy ships engaged in the Madeira sugar trade, with the refining and distribution concentrated in Antwerp. By the 1490s Madeira had overtaken Cyprus as a producer of sugar. [ 34 ] Sugarcane production was the primary engine of the island's economy, which quickly afforded the Funchal metropolis economic prosperity. The production of sugar cane attracted adventurers and merchants from all parts of Europe, especially Italians , Basques , Catalans , and Flemish . This meant that, in the second half of the fifteenth century, the city of Funchal became a mandatory port of call for European trade routes. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Slaves were used during the island's period of sugar trade to cultivate sugar cane alongside paid workers. However, slave owners were only a small minority of the Madeiran population, and those who did own slaves owned only a few. Slaves consisted of Guanches from the nearby Canary Islands. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Barbary corsairs from North Africa, who enslaved Europeans from ships and coastal communities throughout the Mediterranean region, captured 1,200 people in Porto Santo in 1617. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Until the first half of the sixteenth century, Madeira was one of the major sugar markets of the Atlantic. Apparently, it is in Madeira that, in the context of sugar production, slave labour was applied for the first time. The colonial system of sugar production was put into practice on the island of Madeira, on a much smaller scale, and later transferred, on a large scale, to other overseas production areas. [ 41 ] Sugar mills were gradually abandoned, with few remaining, which gave way to other markets in Madeira. In the 17th century, as Portuguese sugar production shifted to Brazil, São Tomé and Príncipe, and elsewhere, Madeira's most important commodity became its wine. [ 42 ] Sugar plantations were replaced by vineyards, originating in the so-called 'Wine Culture', which acquired international fame and provided the rise of a new social class, the Bourgeoisie . With the increase of commercial treaties with England, important English merchants settled on the Island and, ultimately, controlled the increasingly important island wine trade. The English traders settled in Funchal in the seventeenth century, consolidating the markets from North America, the West Indies and England itself. The Madeira wine became very popular in the markets, and it is also said to have been used in a toast during the Declaration of Independence by the Founding Fathers of the United States . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Due to high demand during the season, there was a need to prepare guides for visitors. The first tourist guide to Madeira appeared in 1850 and focused on the island's history, geology, flora , fauna and customs. [ 45 ] Regarding hotel infrastructures, the British and the Germans were the first to launch the Madeiran hotel chain. [ citation needed ] The historic Belmond Reid's Palace opened in 1891 as the "Reid's New Hotel" [ 46 ] and is still open to this day. The British first amicably occupied the island in 1801, whereafter Colonel William Henry Clinton became governor. [ 47 ] A detachment of the 85th Regiment of Foot under Lieutenant-colonel James Willoughby Gordon garrisoned the island. [ 48 ] After the Peace of Amiens , British troops withdrew in 1802, only to reoccupy Madeira in 1807 until the end of the Peninsular War in 1814. [ 49 ] In 1846, James Julius Wood wrote a series of seven sketches of the island. In 1856, British troops recovering from cholera , and widows and orphans of soldiers fallen in the Crimean War , were stationed in Funchal, Madeira. [ citation needed ] World War I During the Great War on 3 December 1916, a German U-boat , SM U-38 , captained by Max Valentiner , entered Funchal harbour on Madeira. U-38 torpedoed and sank three ships, bringing the war to Portugal by extension. The ships sunk were: CS Dacia (1,684 tonnes or 1,856 short tons), a British cable-laying vessel. [ 50 ] Dacia had previously undertaken war work off the coast of Casablanca and Dakar . It was in the process of diverting the German South American cable into Brest, France. [ 51 ] SS Kanguroo (2,262 tonnes or 2,493 short tons), a French specialized "heavy-lift" transport. [ 52 ] Surprise (620 tonnes or 680 short tons), a French gunboat . Her commander and 34 crewmen (including 7 Portuguese) were killed. [ 53 ] After attacking the ships, U-38 bombarded Funchal for two hours from a range of about 3 kilometres (2 mi). Batteries on Madeira returned fire and eventually forced U-38 to withdraw. [ 54 ] On 12 December 1917, two German U-boats, SM U-156 and SM U-157 (captained by Max Valentiner ), again bombarded Funchal. [ 55 ] This time the attack lasted around 30 minutes. The U-boats fired 40 120 and 150 mm (4.7 and 5.9 in) shells. There were three fatalities and 17 wounded; several houses and the Santa Clara church were hit. [ 56 ] The last Austrian Emperor , Charles I , was exiled to Madeira after the war. Determined to prevent an attempt to restore Charles to the throne, the Council of Allied Powers agreed he could go into exile on Madeira because it was isolated in the Atlantic and easily guarded. [ 57 ] He died there on 1 April 1922 and his coffin lies in a chapel of the Church of Our Lady of Monte . Geography The Madeira archipelago is located 520 km (280 nmi) from the African coast, 805 km (430 nmi) from the closest point in the European coast (the Portuguese town of Sagres , in Algarve ) and 1,000 km (540 nmi) from the capital of Portugal, Lisbon (approximately a one-and-a-half-hour flight). [ 58 ] Madeira inhabits the extreme south of the Madeira-Tore Rise , a bathymetric structure oriented along a north-northeast to south-southwest axis that extends for 1,000 kilometres (540 nmi). This structure consists of long geomorphological relief that extends from the abyssal plain to 3,500 m (11,500 ft); its highest submerged point reaches a depth of about 150 m (490 ft) (around latitude 36°N). The origins of the Madeira-Tore Rise are not clearly established, but may have resulted from a buckling of the lithosphere . [ 59 ] [ 60 ] Islands and islets Madeira (740.7 km 2 or 286 sq mi), including Ilhéu de Agostinho, Ilhéu de São Lourenço, Ilhéu Mole (northwest); Total population: 262,456 (2011 Census). Porto Santo (42.5 km 2 or 16.4 sq mi), including Ilhéu de Baixo ou da Cal , Ilhéu de Ferro, Ilhéu das Cenouras, Ilhéu de Fora, Ilhéu de Cima; Total population: 5,483 (2011 Census). Desertas Islands (14.2 km 2 or 5.5 sq mi), including the three uninhabited islands: Deserta Grande Island , Bugio Island and Ilhéu de Chão . Savage Islands (3.6 km 2 or 1.4 sq mi), archipelago 280 km south-southeast of Madeira Island including three main uninhabited islands and 16 islets in two groups: the Northeast Group ( Selvagem Grande Island , Ilhéu de Palheiro da Terra, Ilhéu de Palheiro do Mar) and the Southwest Group ( Selvagem Pequena Island , Ilhéu Grande, Ilhéu Sul, Ilhéu Pequeno, Ilhéu Fora, Ilhéu Alto, Ilhéu Comprido, Ilhéu Redondo, Ilhéu Norte). Comprehensive map of Madeira's main island Comprehensive map of Madeira's outlying island of Porto Santo Map of the Ilhas Desertas Map of the Ilhas Selvagens Peaks The ten tallest peaks in Madeira exemplify the island's diverse topography. Pico Ruivo is the highest at 1,862 metres (6,109 ft). [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Madeira's mountaintops offer vistas of rugged terrain and the Atlantic Ocean and attract hikers and nature enthusiasts. [ 63 ] Rank Peak Name m ft 1. Pico Ruivo 1862 6109 2. Pico das Torres 1847 6060 3. Pico do Areeiro 1818 5965 4. Pico do Cidrão 1801 5909 5. Pico do Gato 1780 5840 6. Pico Grande 1655 5430 7. Pico Ruivo do Paul da Serra 1649 5410 8. Queimadas 1500 4921 9. Pico do Serradinho 1436 4711 10. Chao dos Terreiros 1436 4711 Madeira Island Madeira Island is at the top of a massive shield volcano that rises about 6 km (20,000 ft) from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, on the Tore underwater mountain range. [ 64 ] The volcano formed atop an east–west rift [ 65 ] [ 66 ] in the oceanic crust along the African Plate , beginning during the Miocene epoch (5 million years ago), continuing into the Pleistocene (700,000 years ago). [ 67 ] This was followed by extensive erosion , producing two large amphitheatres opening southward in the central part of the island. Volcanic activity later resumed, producing scoria cones and lava flows atop the eroded shield. The most recent volcanic eruptions were on the west-central part of the island 6,500 years ago, creating more cinder cones and lava flows. [ 67 ] It is the largest island of the group with an area of 741 km 2 (286 sq mi), a length of 57 km (35 mi) (from Ponte de São Lourenço to Ponta do Pargo). It is approximately 22 km (14 mi) at its widest point (from Ponta da Cruz to Ponta de São Jorge), with a coastline of 150 km (90 mi). It has a mountain ridge that extends along the centre of the island, reaching 1,862 metres (6,109 feet) at its highest point ( Pico Ruivo ), staying below 200 metres along its eastern extent. The primitive volcanic foci responsible for the central mountainous area consisted of the peaks: Ruivo (1,862 m), Torres (1,851 m), Arieiro (1,818 m), Cidrão (1,802 m), Cedro (1,759 m), Casado (1,725 m), Grande (1,657 m), Ferreiro (1,582 m). At the end of this eruptive phase, reefs encircled the island, and its marine vestiges are evident in a calcareous layer at Lameiros, in São Vicente. Sea cliffs, such as Cabo Girão , valleys and ravines extend from this central spine, leaving the interior generally inaccessible. [ 68 ] Daily life is concentrated in the many villages at the mouths of the ravines, through which the heavy autumn and winter rains travel to the sea. [ 69 ] Climate Madeira has many different bioclimates. [ 70 ] Based on differences in sun exposure, humidity, and annual mean temperature, clear variations distinguish north- and south-facing regions, as well as some islands. The islands are strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream and Canary Current , giving it mild to warm year-round temperatures. According to the Instituto de Meteorologia (IPMA), the average annual temperature at Funchal weather station is 19.6 °C (67.3 °F) for the 1981–2010 period. Relief is a determinant factor on precipitation levels; areas such as the Madeira Natural Park can get as much as 2,800 mm (110 in) of precipitation a year. [ 71 ] Madeira hosts lush laurel forests , while Porto Santo , a much flatter island, has a semiarid climate ( BSh ). In most winters, snowfall occurs in the mountains. Climate data for Funchal Observatory, 1991-2020, altitude: 58 m (190 ft) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 25.6 (78.1) 28.6 (83.5) 30.5 (86.9) 32.6 (90.7) 34.2 (93.6) 33.9 (93.0) 37.7 (99.9) 38.2 (100.8) 34.3 (93.7) 34.3 (93.7) 29.5 (85.1) 27.1 (80.8) 38.2 (100.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 20.0 (68.0) 19.9 (67.8) 20.6 (69.1) 21.0 (69.8) 22.0 (71.6) 23.7 (74.7) 25.4 (77.7) 26.8 (80.2) 26.6 (79.9) 25.2 (77.4) 22.8 (73.0) 21.0 (69.8) 22.9 (73.2) Daily mean °C (°F) 17.1 (62.8) 16.8 (62.2) 17.4 (63.3) 17.9 (64.2) 19.1 (66.4) 20.9 (69.6) 22.6 (72.7) 23.7 (74.7) 23.5 (74.3) 22.2 (72.0) 19.9 (67.8) 18.3 (64.9) 20.0 (67.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 14.3 (57.7) 13.9 (57.0) 14.3 (57.7) 14.9 (58.8) 16.2 (61.2) 18.2 (64.8) 19.7 (67.5) 20.7 (69.3) 20.4 (68.7) 19.2 (66.6) 17.0 (62.6) 15.5 (59.9) 17.0 (62.7) Record low °C (°F) 9.2 (48.6) 8.7 (47.7) 8.5 (47.3) 11.1 (52.0) 9.7 (49.5) 14.5 (58.1) 16.3 (61.3) 17.5 (63.5) 17.9 (64.2) 13.5 (56.3) 11.2 (52.2) 11.0 (51.8) 8.5 (47.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 67.1 (2.64) 72.4 (2.85) 62.3 (2.45) 45.2 (1.78) 27.2 (1.07) 7.8 (0.31) 1.7 (0.07) 1.3 (0.05) 23.1 (0.91) 91.2 (3.59) 80.3 (3.16) 94.8 (3.73) 574.4 (22.61) Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 6.2 5.5 5.8 4.7 3.3 1.0 0.3 0.4 3.1 7.0 7.3 8.6 53.2 Average relative humidity (%) 71 70 68 68 70 73 73 72 71 71 70 70 71 Mean monthly sunshine hours 160.9 166.8 197.7 194.8 208.6 194.0 232.5 236.7 210.8 194.3 165.9 151.1 2,314.1 Percentage possible sunshine 50 54 53 50 48 45 55 57 57 55 53 49 52 Average ultraviolet index 4.0 5.9 8.0 9.7 10.4 11.0 10.8 10.1 8.6 7.2 4.7 3.4 7.8 Source 1: Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera [ 72 ] (average daily max UV recorded in 2015-2020) [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1961–1990), [ 75 ] German Meteorological Service (sunshine 1991-2020) [ 76 ] [ 77 ] Biodiversity Endemic plant and animal species In the south, little is left of the indigenous subtropical rainforest that once covered the island [ citation needed ] (the original settlers set fires to clear the land for farming) and named it ( madeira means "wood" in Portuguese). However, in the north, the valleys harbor native trees. These laurisilva forests , notably those on the northern slopes, are designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Madeira's paleobotanical record reveals that laurissilva forest has existed for at least 1.8 million years. [ 78 ] Critically endangered species such as the vine Jasminum azoricum [ 79 ] and the rowan Sorbus maderensis are endemic. The Madeiran large white butterfly was an endemic subspecies of the large white that inhabited the laurissilva forests but has not been seen since 1977. Madeiran wall lizard The Madeiran wall lizard ( Teira dugesii ), being the only species in the genus Teira , is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae with four recognized subspecies . The species is endemic to the Madeira Archipelago, Portugal . In the Azores , this lizard has become naturalized after an involuntary introduction by the shipping trade between the two archipelagos . The species is both endemic and common, ranging from sea coasts to altitudes of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft). Madeiran wolf spider Hogna ingens , the Deserta Grande wolf spider, is endemic to the Madeira archipelago, specifically Deserta Grande Island . It is critically endangered. It is considered the largest member of its family . Restoration efforts are underway. [ 80 ] Birds Three species of birds are endemic to Madeira: the Trocaz pigeon , the Madeira chaffinch and the Madeira firecrest . In addition extinct species include the Madeiran scops owl , two rail species, Rallus adolfocaesaris and R. lowei , [ 81 ] and two quail species, Coturnix lignorum and C. alabrevis , [ 82 ] and the Madeiran wood pigeon , a subspecies of the common wood pigeon and which was last seen in the early 20th century. A great auk bone is known from the Selvagens , suggesting this seabird visited at least sporadically. [ 83 ] Mice Madeira is home to six distinct chromosomal varieties of house mice , believed to be descendants of common European house mice brought to the island by Vikings in the 9th century (or conceivably by 15th century Portuguese settlers), but diversified to the point where at least some likely cannot interbreed with their continental relatives or with one another. They have essentially the same genes, but rearranged to give different chromosome numbers: the ancestral species has 40 chromosomes, whereas the Madeira populations have from 22 to 30. [ 84 ] The deep valleys of Madeira are separated by high ground, and the different lineages of mice do not encounter each other. [ 85 ] Levadas A levada is an irrigation channel or aqueduct specific to the Portuguese Atlantic region of Madeira. Madeira island is wet in the northwest, but dry in the southeast. In the 16th century the Portuguese started building levadas ( aqueducts ) to carry water to the agricultural regions in the south. Due to the island's mountainous landscape, building levadas promised to be a difficult venture, often tasked to criminals and convicts from continental Portugal. [ 86 ] Many are cut into the mountainsides, accompanied by 40 km (25 mi) of tunnels, some of which are still accessible. Today levadas supply water and also provide hydro-electric power . [ 87 ] Over 2,170 km (1,350 mi) of levadas were built and later provided a network of walking paths. Paths can provide easy and relaxing walks through the countryside, while others are narrow, crumbling ledges where a slip could result in injury or death. Some improvements have been made to these pathways following the 2010 Madeira floods and mudslides . [ 88 ] Such improvements involved the continuous maintenance of streams, paving trails, and establishing safety fences on dangerous stretches. [ 89 ] Politics Political autonomy Due to its distinct geography, economy, social and cultural situation, and the historical autonomous aspirations of its population, the Autonomous Region of Madeira was established in 1976. [ 90 ] Although it is a politico-administrative autonomous region, the Portuguese constitution specifies both a regional and national connection, obliging their administrations to maintain democratic principles and promote regional interests, while reinforcing national unity. As defined by the Portuguese constitution and other laws, Madeira has its own political and administrative statute and government . The branches of Government are the Regional Government and the Legislative Assembly , the latter elected by universal suffrage , using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation . The Representative of the Republic appoints the president of the Regional Government according to the results of the election to the legislative assemblies. The sovereignty of the Portuguese Republic is represented in Madeira by the Representative of the Republic, appointed by the President of the Republic on the advice of the Government of the Republic . The tasks of the Representative of the Republic are to sign and order the publication of regional legislative decrees and regional regulatory decrees or to exercise the right of veto over regional laws, should these laws be unconstitutional. Before the sixth amendment to the Portuguese Constitution passed in 2006, this responsibility was held by a more powerful Minister of the Republic, who was proposed by the Government and appointed by the President. [ citation needed ] Status within the European Union Madeira is an Outermost Region (OMR) of the European Union , meaning that due to its geographical situation, it is entitled to derogation from some EU policies. According to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union , both primary and secondary European Union law applies to Madeira, with possible derogations to take account of its "structural social and economic situation (...) which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development". [ 91 ] An example of such derogation is seen in the approval of the International Business Centre of Madeira and other state aid policies to help the rum industry. It forms part of the European Union customs area , the Schengen Area and the European Union Value Added Tax Area . Foreign relations and defence Foreign affairs and defence are the responsibility of the national government. The Madeira Military Zone is the Portuguese Army 's command for ground forces stationed in the islands, centred on the 3rd Garrison Regiment based at Funchal. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] The Navy tasks the patrol vessels Tejo and Mondego specifically to Madeira, as well as other vessels as required, to patrol Portugal's large economic zone . [ 94 ] [ 95 ] [ 96 ] [ 97 ] To support search and rescue, the Portuguese Air Force maintains a staging base on Porto Santo Island incorporating detachments of C-295 aircraft and Merlin helicopters. [ 98 ] Administrative divisions Administratively, Madeira is divided into fifty four parishes and eleven municipalities : [ 99 ] Municipality Population (2011) [ 100 ] Area Main settlement Parishes Funchal [ 101 ] 111,892 75.7 km 2 (29.2 sq mi) Funchal 10 Santa Cruz [ 102 ] 43,005 68.0 km 2 (26.3 sq mi) Santa Cruz 5 Câmara de Lobos 35,666 52.6 km 2 (20.3 sq mi) Câmara de Lobos 5 Machico 21,828 67.6 km 2 (26.1 sq mi) Machico 5 Ribeira Brava 13,375 64.9 km 2 (25.1 sq mi) Ribeira Brava 4 Calheta 11,521 110.3 km 2 (42.6 sq mi) Calheta 8 Ponta do Sol 8,862 46.8 km 2 (18.1 sq mi) Ponta do Sol 3 Santana 7,719 93.1 km 2 (35.9 sq mi) Santana 6 São Vicente 5,723 80.8 km 2 (31.2 sq mi) São Vicente 3 Porto Santo [ 103 ] 5,483 42.4 km 2 (16.4 sq mi) Vila Baleira 1 Porto Moniz 2,711 82.6 km 2 (31.9 sq mi) Porto Moniz 4 Funchal Funchal ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Portuguese pronunciation: [fũˈʃal] ⓘ ), officially City of Funchal ( Portuguese : Cidade do Funchal ), is the capital, largest city and a municipality in Portugal 's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean . The city has a population of 105,795, [ 104 ] making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of its high cultural and historical value, Funchal is one of Portugal's main tourist attractions; it is also popular as a destination for New Year's Eve , and it is the leading Portuguese port on cruise liner dockings. [ 104 ] Sister Jurisdictions Madeira Island has the following sister jurisdictions: Demographics The island was settled by Portuguese people , especially farmers from the Minho region, [ 108 ] meaning that Madeirans ( Portuguese : Madeirenses ), as they are called, are ethnically Portuguese, though they have developed a distinct regional identity and cultural traits. In 2023, 94.5% of the population of Madeira were born in Portugal; the total Madeiran population was 256,622. [ 109 ] Diaspora Madeirans migrated to the United States, Venezuela , Brazil , Guyana , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , South Africa and Trinidad and Tobago . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] Madeiran immigrants in North America mostly clustered in New England and mid-Atlantic states , Toronto, Northern California, and Hawaii . The city of New Bedford is especially rich in Madeirans, and it hosts the Museum of Madeira Heritage. The annual Madeiran and Luso-American celebration, the Feast of the Blessed Sacrament , the world's largest celebration of Madeiran heritage, regularly draws crowds of tens of thousands to the city's Madeira Field. In the 1846 famine, over 6,000 inhabitants migrated to British Guiana . In 1891, they numbered 4.3% of the population. [ 112 ] In 1902, 5,000 Portuguese people, mostly Madeirans, lived in Honolulu , Hawaii. By 1910, this grew to 21,000. [ 113 ] In 1849, Protestant religious exiles from Madeira emigrated to the United States, by way of Trinidad and elsewhere in the West Indies . Most of them settled in Illinois [ 114 ] with financial and physical aid of the American Protestant Society, headquartered in New York City. In the late 1830s, physician and Presbyterian minister Reverend Robert Reid Kalley , from Scotland, made a stop at Funchal, Madeira, on his way to a mission in China, with his wife, so that she could recover from an illness. Kalley and his wife stayed on Madeira, where he began preaching the Protestant gospel and converting islanders from Catholicism. [ 115 ] Eventually, he was arrested and imprisoned for his religious conversion activities. Another Scottish missionary, William Hepburn Hewitson, took on Protestant ministerial activities in Madeira. By 1846, about 1,000 Protestant Madeirenses, who were discriminated against and the subjects of mob violence because of their religious conversions, chose to immigrate to Trinidad and elsewhere in the West Indies in answer to a call for sugar plantation workers. [ 116 ] The exiles did not fare well there. The tropical climate was unfamiliar, and they found themselves in serious economic difficulties. By 1848, the American Protestant Society raised money and sent Rev. Manuel J. Gonsalves, a Baptist minister and a naturalized U.S. citizen from Madeira, to work with Rev. Arsénio da Silva, who had emigrated with the exiles from Madeira, to arrange to resettle those who wanted to come to the United States. Rev. da Silva died in early 1849. Later in 1849, Rev. Gonsalves was then charged with escorting the exiles from Trinidad to settle in Sangamon and Morgan counties in Illinois on land purchased with funds raised by the American Protestant Society. Accounts state that between 700 and 1,000 exiles arrived in the United States at this time. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Several large Madeiran communities continue around the world, including in the UK and Jersey . [ 119 ] The Portuguese British community, made up mostly of Madeirans, celebrate Madeira Day . In Venezuela the Madeiran Portuguese settled in cities such as Caracas [ 120 ] and rural areas of the interior. According to figures from the 1990s, around 70% of the Portuguese diaspora in that country was made up of Madeirans and their descendants, initially dedicated to activities such as agriculture , but later, due to the lack of government support, the emigrants concentrated on commerce [ 120 ] in the large Venezuelan cities. Among the companies founded by Madeirans are the supermarkets Central Madeirense, Excelsior Gama, Supermercados Unicasa, and Automercados Plaza, as well as many renowned bakeries. [ 120 ] A state in Venezuela called Portuguesa was named after its large Portuguese population. Immigration Madeira is part of the Schengen Area . In 2023, Madeira had a population of 256,622, of whom 14,060, or 5.5%, were foreign-born. The most common nationalities were Venezuelans (commonly of Portuguese origins) 1,182 (15.5%), the United Kingdom 1,451 (10.3%), Brazilians 1,450 (10.3%), Germans 1,410 (10.0%), Italians 738 (5.2%), Russians 593, Americans 452 and French 426. [ 121 ] Previously reaching 253,259 in 2022, of whom the majority are locals. But Madeira has witnessed a rising foreign population for many years. As of 31 December 2022, immigrants in the region totalled 11,793 people, an increase of 13.3% from 2021. "Nationals from Venezuela (19.7%), the United Kingdom (11.8%), Germany (9.4%) and Brazil (9.2%) continue to represent the main foreign communities in the region", [ 122 ] according to the DREM (Madeira Statistics Department). [ 123 ] Economy The gross domestic product (GDP) reached nearly 7.5 billion euros in 2024, accounting for 2.6% of Portugal's economic output. GDP per capita was of 29,012 euros or 73% of the EU27 average. The GDP per employee was 71% of the EU average. [ 2 ] [ 124 ] Madeira embraced Bitcoin by implementing policies that exempt Bitcoin investors from paying personal income taxes in the region. Madeira Regional Government President Miguel Albuquerque confirmed the inauguration of a business hub focused solely on Bitcoin and related innovations. Speaking in a dialogue with Prince Filip Karađorđević of Serbia at Bitcoin Amsterdam 2023, he framed the move as a significant step toward technological advancements and international partnerships. [ 125 ] Madeira International Business Center The Madeira International Business Center (MIBC) free trade zone has led to additional infrastructure, production shops and essential services for small and medium-sized industrial enterprises. MIBC comprises three sectors of investment: the Industrial Free Trade Zone, the International Shipping Register – MAR and International Services. Madeira's tax regime has been approved by the European Commission as legal State Aid and its deadline was extended through 2027. MIBC was created formally in the 1980s as a tool of regional economic policy. [ citation needed ] It consists of (mainly tax) incentives, granted with the objective of attracting investment into Madeira. Favorable operational and fiscal conditions were approved by the European Commission under Article 299 of the Treaty on European Union . The MIBC is integrated in the Portuguese and EU legal systems and is regulated and supervised by Portuguese and EU authorities in a transparent and stable business environment, clearly distinguished from so-called "tax havens" and "offshore jurisdictions". In 2015, the EC authorized a state aid regime for companies incorporated between 2015 and 2020 and extended the regime of tax reductions through 2027. The tax regime is outlined in Article 36°-A of the Portuguese Tax Incentives Statute. Available data demonstrates that this programme aided the local labor market, through the creation of qualified jobs and for professionals who have returned to Madeira; increased productivity; expanded business tourism from the visits of investors and their clients and suppliers, and other sectors such as real estate. Telecommunications and other services benefit from a larger client base. Companies attracted by MIBC represent over 40% of revenue in terms of corporate income tax for the Government of Madeira and nearly 3.000 jobs. Salaries there are above average in comparison with the wages paid in other sectors. [ 126 ] Regional government This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( February 2025 ) Madeira has been a significant recipient of European Union funding, totaling €2 billion. In 2012, it was reported that despite a population of just 250,000, the local administration owed some €6 billion. [ 127 ] The Portuguese treasury (IGCP) assumed Madeira's debt management between 2012 and 2015. The region works with the central government on a long-term plan to reduce debt levels and commercial debt stock. Moody's noted that the region made significant fiscal consolidation efforts and that its tax revenue collection has improved. Tax revenues increased by 41% between 2012 and 2016, helping the region to reduce its deficit to operating revenue ratio to 10% in 2016 from 77% in 2013. [ 128 ] Tourism Pearl of the Atlantic, island of eternal spring... Madeira well deserves its fanciful nicknames and the affection visitors and locals alike feel for this tiny volcanic island that offers so much. Pearl of the Atlantic, island of eternal spring... Madeira well deserves its fanciful nicknames and the affection visitors and locals alike feel for this tiny volcanic island that offers so much. Tourism is an important sector in the region's economy, contributing 20% [ 130 ] to the region's GDP, providing support throughout the year for commercial, transport and other activities and constituting a significant market for local products. The share in Gross Value Added of hotels and restaurants (9%) also highlights this phenomenon. The island of Porto Santo, with its 9-kilometre-long (5.6 mi) beach and its climate, is entirely devoted to tourism. Visitors are mainly from Europe, with Portuguese, British, German and French tourists providing the main contingents (2021). [ 16 ] The average annual occupancy rate was 60.3% in 2008, [ 131 ] reaching its maximum in March and April, when it exceeds 70%. [ citation needed ] The best time to visit Madeira is during spring and autumn for mild weather and fewer crowds, making it ideal for outdoor activities. Summer is perfect for beach lovers but can be crowded, while winter offers mild temperatures and fewer tourists, making it ideal for experiencing the island's waterfalls. [ 132 ] Whale watching Whale watching has become very popular in recent years. Many species of dolphins, such as common dolphin , Atlantic spotted dolphin , striped dolphin , bottlenose dolphin , short-finned pilot whale , and whales such as Bryde's whale , sei whale , [ 133 ] fin whale , sperm whale , and beaked whales can be spotted near the coast or offshore. [ 134 ] Sustainable development Electricity on Madeira is provided solely through EEM (Empresa de Electricidade da Madeira, SA, which holds a monopoly for the provision of electrical supply on the autonomous region) and consists largely of fossil fuels, but with a significant supply of seasonal hydroelectricity from the levada system, wind power and a small amount of solar. Energy production comes from conventional thermal and hydropower, as well as wind and solar energy. [ 135 ] The Ribeira dos Soccoridos hydropower plant, rated at 15MW, utilises a pumped hydropower reservoir to recycle mountain water during the dry summer. [ 136 ] Battery technologies are being tested to minimise Madeira's reliance on fossil fuel imports. [ 137 ] Renault SA and EEM piloted the Sustainable Porto Santo—Smart Fossil Free Island project on Porto Santo to demonstrate how fossil fuels can be entirely replaced with renewable energy, [ 138 ] using a 3.3 MWh battery. Madeira operates a 15 MW 1-hour lithium iron phosphate battery with black start capability. [ 139 ] In the first half of 2022, 33% of the electricity consumed on the Portuguese archipelago of Madeira was sourced from renewable energy, a milestone achieved through a collaborative initiative co-funded by the European Union (EU). [ 140 ] Central to this accomplishment are the centuries-old stone pipes known as levadas, spanning thousands of kilometers and dating back to the fifteenth century. These levadas efficiently transport rainwater from northern regions to the south, serving various purposes such as human consumption, agriculture, and electricity production. [ 140 ] The Socorridos hydroelectric power station, fueled by water conveyed through the levadas, stands as the island's principal hydraulic system, providing power consistently throughout the year. A significant aspect of the EU-funded multi-million euro project involved enhancing water storage capacity, including the construction of a 5.4-kilometer tunnel and additional mountain tunnels, presenting formidable engineering challenges. [ 140 ] Wind power complements the system, facilitating the movement of stored water uphill during peak demand periods. The treated water serves dual purposes—human consumption and agriculture—while also functioning as a renewable energy source. Nuno Jorge Pereira, Water Production Director for Wood, Water, and Waste (ARM), elucidates the strategic use of water volumes to adapt to energy production levels. [ 140 ] This €34.7 million project, with €17.3 million co-financed by the European Cohesion Policy, not only mitigates concerns about drought but also earned acclaim as one of the best EU co-funded projects in the EGIOSTAR Awards. [ 140 ] The optimized Socorridos plant has notably alleviated water-related challenges for local farmers. [ 140 ] Transport The islands have two airports, Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport and Porto Santo Airport , on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo respectively. From Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport the most frequent flights are to Lisbon . There are also direct flights to over 30 other airports in Europe and nearby islands. [ 141 ] Transport between the two main islands is by plane, or ferries from the Porto Santo Line, [ 142 ] the latter also carrying vehicles. Visiting the interior of the islands is now easy thanks to construction of the Vias Rápidas , major roads that cross the island. Modern roads reach all points of interest on the islands. Funchal has an extensive public transportation system. Bus companies, including Horários do Funchal , which has been operating for over a hundred years, have regularly scheduled routes to all points of interest on the island. Culture Music Folklore music in Madeira is widespread and mainly uses local musical instruments such as the machete , rajão , brinquinho and cavaquinho , which are used in traditional folkloric dances like the bailinho da Madeira . Emigrants from Madeira also influenced the creation of new musical instruments. In the 1880s, the ukulele was created, based on two small guitar-like instruments of Madeiran origin, the cavaquinho and the rajão . The ukulele was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands by Portuguese immigrants from Madeira and Cape Verde. [ 143 ] Three immigrants in particular, Madeiran cabinet makers Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, are generally credited as the first ukulele makers. [ 144 ] Two weeks after they disembarked from the SS Ravenscrag in late August 1879, the Hawaiian Gazette reported that "Madeira Islanders recently arrived here, have been delighting the people with nightly street concerts." [ 145 ] The Madeiran band NAPA represented Portugal in the 2025 Eurovision Song Contest with the song Deslocado . Cuisine Because of the geographic situation of Madeira in the Atlantic Ocean, the island has an abundance of fish of various kinds. The species that are consumed the most are espada ( black scabbardfish ), blue fin tuna , swordfish , white marlin , blue marlin , albacore , bigeye tuna , wahoo , spearfish , skipjack tuna and many others are found in the local dishes as they are found along the coast of Madeira. [ 146 ] Espada is usually fried in a batter and accompanied by fried banana ( Espada com banana ) and sometimes a passionfruit sauce. [ 147 ] Bacalhau is also popular, as it is in Mainland Portugal . There are many different meat dishes on Madeira, one of the most popular being espetada . [ 148 ] Espetada is traditionally made of large chunks of beef rubbed in garlic, salt and bay leaf and marinated for 4 to 6 hours in Madeira wine, red wine vinegar and olive oil then skewered onto a bay laurel stick and left to grill over smouldering wood chips. These are so integral a part of traditional eating habits that a special iron stand is available with a T-shaped end, each branch of the "T" having a slot in the middle to hold a brochette (espeto in Portuguese); a small plate is then placed underneath to collect the juices. The brochettes are very long and have a V-shaped blade in order to pierce the meat more easily. It is usually accompanied with the local bread called bolo do caco . A traditional holiday dish is "Carne de Vinho e Alhos", which is most closely associated with the pig slaughter that was held a few weeks before Christmas. A big event, traditionally it was attended by everyone in the village. The dish is made of pork which marinates for three days in white wine, vinegar, salt, and pepper and is then cooked with small potatoes, sliced carrots, and turnip. Another common meat dish is "Picado" – cubed beef cooked in a mushroom sauce and accompanied by fries. [ 147 ] Other popular dishes in Madeira include açorda , feijoada and carne de vinha d'alhos . Traditional pastries in Madeira usually contain local ingredients, one of the most common being mel de cana , literally "sugarcane honey" ( molasses ). The traditional cake of Madeira is called Bolo de Mel , which translates as (Sugarcane) "Honey Cake" and according to custom, is never cut with a knife, but broken into pieces by hand. It is a rich and heavy cake. The cake commonly known as " Madeira cake " in England is named after Madeira wine . Malasadas are a local confection which are mainly consumed during the Carnival of Madeira . Pastéis de nata , as in the rest of Portugal, are also very popular. [ citation needed ] Milho frito is a popular dish in Madeira that is similar to the Italian dish polenta fritta. Açorda Madeirense is another popular local dish. [ citation needed ] Madeira is known for the high quality of its cherimoya fruits. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] The Annona Festival is traditional and held annually in the parish of Faial. This event encourages the consumption of this fruit and its derivatives, such as liqueurs, puddings, ice cream and smoothies. [ 151 ] Beverages Madeira wine is a fortified wine produced in the Madeira Islands; varieties may be sweet or dry. It has a history dating back to the Age of Exploration when Madeira was a standard port of call for ships heading to the New World or East Indies . To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral grape spirits were added. However, wine producers of Madeira discovered, when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip, that the flavour of the wine had been transformed by exposure to heat and movement. Today, Madeira is noted for its unique winemaking process that involves heating the wine and deliberately exposing the wine to some levels of oxidation . [ 153 ] Most countries limit the use of the term Madeira to those wines that come from the Madeira Islands, to which the European Union grants Protected designation of origin (PDO) status. [ 154 ] A local beer called Coral is produced by the Madeira Brewery , which dates from 1872. It has achieved 2 Monde Selection Grand Gold Medals, 24 Monde Selection Gold Medals and 2 Monde Selection Silver Medals. [ 152 ] Other alcoholic drinks are also popular in Madeira, such as the locally created Poncha , Niquita, Pé de Cabra, and Aniz, as well as Portuguese drinks such as Macieira Brandy , Licor Beirão . Laranjada is a type of carbonated soft drink with an orange flavour, its name being derived from the Portuguese word laranja ("orange"). Launched in 1872 it was the first soft drink to be produced in Portugal, and remains very popular to the present day. [ citation needed ] Brisa drinks , a brand name, are also very popular and come in a range of flavours. Sport Football is the most popular sport in Madeira and the island was indeed the first place in Portugal to host a match, organised by British residents in 1875. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] The island is the birthplace of international star Cristiano Ronaldo and is home to two prominent teams, C.S. Marítimo and C.D. Nacional , the latter of which he played youth football for before leaving to join Sporting CP . As well as football, the island is also home to professional sports teams in basketball ( CAB Madeira ) and handball ( Madeira Andebol SAD , who were runners up in the 2019 European Challenge Cup ). [ 157 ] Madeira was also the host of the 2003 World Handball Championship . The Rally Vinho da Madeira is a rally race held annually since 1959, considered one of the biggest sporting events on the island [ 158 ] It was part of the European Rally Championship from 1979 to 2012 and the Intercontinental Rally Challenge from 2006 to 2010. Other popular sporting activities include golf at one of the island's two courses (plus one on Porto Santo ), surfing , scuba diving , and hiking . Postage stamps Portugal has issued postage stamps for Madeira during several periods, beginning in 1868. See also Geology of Madeira " Have Some Madeira M'Dear " Islands of Macaronesia Azores – Portuguese archipelago in the North Atlantic Cabo Verde – Island country in West Africa Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Canary Islands – Spanish archipelago and region in the Atlantic Ocean Azores – Portuguese archipelago in the North Atlantic Cabo Verde – Island country in West Africa Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Canary Islands – Spanish archipelago and region in the Atlantic Ocean List of birds of Madeira Madeira Islands Open – An annual European Tour golf tournament Surfing in Madeira Cristiano Ronaldo – A footballer born in Madeira Portugal Geography Notes ^ / m ə ˈ d ɪər ə / mə- DEER -ə or / m ə ˈ d ɛər ə / mə- DAIR -ə ; [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] European Portuguese: [mɐˈðɐjɾɐ] ^ Portuguese : Região Autónoma da Madeira ^ As measured from the geographic center of Portugal . References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Resident population (No.) by Place of residence, Sex and Age group; Decennial – Statistics Portugal, Population and housing census – 2021" . INE . Archived from the original on 11 November 2020 . Retrieved 17 November 2022 . ^ a b "Em 2024, a maioria das regiões registou um crescimento do PIB semelhante ao do país, conduzindo a uma ligeira redução da disparidade regional do PIB per capita - 2024" . www.ine.pt . 17 December 2025 . Retrieved 17 December 2025 . ^ "Coeficiente de Gini do rendimento monetário líquido por adulto equivalente (%) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013); Anual" [Gini coefficient of net monetary income per adult equivalent (%) by Place of residence (NUTS - 2013); Annual]. ine.pt (in European Portuguese). National Institute of Statistics . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab" . hdi.globaldatalab.org . Retrieved 17 May 2025 . ^ Guimarães, Paula; Martins, Susana (March 2005). "Guia de estilo" [Style guide] (PDF) . Eurocid - Informação europeia ao cidadão (in European Portuguese). Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors. p. 41 . Retrieved 6 December 2025 . ^ "Madeira" . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins . Retrieved 19 April 2019 . ^ "Madeira" . Lexico UK English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. ^ "Madeira" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 18 April 2019 . ^ Bowler, John (2018). Wildlife of Madeira and the Canary Islands . Princeton University Press. p. 5 . The Madeira archipelago belongs to Portugal and lies just under 400 km to the north of the Canary Island of Tenerife and 520 km west of Morocco. ^ Beron, Petar (2018). Zoogeography of Arachnida . Springer. p. 363 . Another archipelago, a Portugal territory, is Madeira, comprising the islands of Madeira, Porto Santo, Degeltas, and Selvagens, 520 km from the African coast. ^ Ibpuk (2019). Madeira: Doing Business, Investing in Madeira Guide Volume 1 . Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications. p. 14. ^ Passinhas, Sandra (2012). Property and Trust Law in Portugal . Wolsters Kluver. ^ "Magical Madeira Island" . AYS . Archived from the original on 13 June 2019 . Retrieved 13 March 2020 . ^ Mullen, Tom. "Why Madeira Island Is A World Apart" . Forbes . Archived from the original on 25 October 2022 . Retrieved 29 October 2022 . ^ "EUR-Lex – 12002E299 – EN" . eur-lex.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . ^ a b "Tourists in Madeira, Portugal by country 2021" . Archived from the original on 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 16 August 2022 . ^ "Madeira begins sustainable certification process with EarthCheck | News | Island Innovation" . islandinnovation.co . 23 February 2022. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023 . Retrieved 4 December 2023 . ^ "14-02-2018 – In 2017, Madeira's hotel industry registered new records in overnight stays and revenue" . estatistica.madeira.gov.pt. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ "About IBC" . ibc-madeira.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ^ Plutarch , The Parallel Lives: Sertorius, ch. 8 , archived from the original on 16 May 2023 , retrieved 19 February 2021 ^ Rando, Juan Carlos; Pieper, Harald; Alcover, Josep Antoni (7 April 2014). "Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 281 (1780): 3. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2013.3126 . ISSN 0962-8452 . PMC 4027395 . PMID 24523273 . The mtDNA haplotypes from current populations of house mouse M. m. domesticus of Madeira, [...] show similarities with those of Scandinavia and northern Germany (but not with the Portuguese mainland). This [...] suggests that northern Europe was the source area, and raises the intriguing possibility that the Vikings could have brought the house mouse to the island, although to date there are no historical references of Viking voyages to Macaronesia. ^ Gündüz, İ.; Auffray, J.-C.; Britton-Davidian, J.; Catalan, J.; Ganem, G.; Ramalhinho, M. G.; Mathias, M. L.; Searle, J. B. (August 2001). "Molecular studies on the colonization of the Madeiran archipelago by house mice" . Molecular Ecology . 10 (8): 2023– 2029. Bibcode : 2001MolEc..10.2023G . doi : 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01346.x . ISSN 0962-1083 . PMID 11555245 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2021 . Retrieved 11 April 2024 . Similarities between the sequences found in the Madeiras and those in Scandinavia and northern Germany suggest that northern Europe was the source area, and there is the intriguing possibility that the Vikings may have accidentally brought house mice to the archipelago. ^ Idrisi, La première géographie de l'Occident, NEF, Paris 1999 ^ Nicholas Cayetano de Bettencourt Pitta, 1812, pp. 11–17 ^ de Zurara, Gomes Eanes (2010) [1841]. "Introduction" . The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea . Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. lxxxiv. ISBN 978-1-108-01390-1 . Retrieved 28 June 2022 . ^ Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2004). "Machim (supp. fl. 14th cent.)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Vol. 1 (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/17535 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 September 2009 . (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.) ^ The discoveries of Porto Santo and Madeira were first described by Gomes Eanes de Zurara in Chronica da Descoberta e Conquista da Guiné . (Eng. version by Edgar Prestage in 2 vols. issued by the Hakluyt Society , London, 1896–1899: The Chronicle of Discovery and Conquest of Guinea .) French author Arkan Simaan refers to these discoveries in his historical novel based on Azurara's Chronicle: L'Écuyer d'Henri le Navigateur (2007), published by Éditions l'Harmattan, Paris. ^ Nicholas Cayetano de Bettencourt Pitta, 1812, p.20 ^ Dervenn, Claude (1957). Madeira . Translated by Hogarth-Gaute, Frances. London, UK: George G. Harrap and Co. p. 20. OCLC 645870163 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . And when he returned in May 1420 to take possession of "his" island, it was with his wife and the sons and daughters that the virtuous Constanga had given him. ^ "História da Madeira" . Visit Madeira (in Portuguese) . Retrieved 20 February 2019 . ^ "600 Years of Madeira: Discovery and Settlement" . Portuguese Historical Museum . Retrieved 21 June 2025 . ^ "History" . www.visitmadeira.pt . Archived from the original on 22 September 2021 . Retrieved 2 October 2021 . ^ Alfred W. Crosby (2015). Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900 (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-107-56987-4 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2020 . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . ^ Ponting, Clive (2000). World history: a new perspective . London: Chatto & Windus. p. 482. ISBN 0-7011-6834-X . ^ "The 'White Gold' Era" . www.visitmadeira.pt . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 . Retrieved 2 October 2021 . ^ davide. "Madeira Ruled the Sugar Trade" . Archived from the original on 11 November 2021 . Retrieved 11 November 2021 . ^ Godinho, V. M. Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial , Arcádia, 1965, Vol 1 and 2, Lisboa ^ "madeira history" . www.sanpedroassociation.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 . Retrieved 11 November 2021 . ^ Fernando Augusto da Silva & Carlos Azevedo de Menezes, "Porto Santo", Elucidário Madeirense , vol. 3 (O-Z), Funchal, DRAC, p. 124. ^ Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800 Archived 31 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Robert Davis (2004). p. 7. ISBN 1-4039-4551-9 . ^ Systems, Wow. "Sugar Cane and Madeira Island" . Madeira Sugar Cane History . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 . Retrieved 11 November 2021 . ^ Systems, Wow. "Sugar Cane and Madeira Island" . Madeira Sugar Cane History . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 . Retrieved 3 October 2021 . ^ "The Wine Cicle" . www.visitmadeira.pt . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 . Retrieved 3 October 2021 . ^ "USA celebrated independence with Madeira Wine" . www.visitmadeira.pt . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 . Retrieved 3 October 2021 . ^ "The early days of Tourism" . www.visitmadeira.pt . Archived from the original on 3 October 2021 . Retrieved 3 October 2021 . ^ "Fachada sul e jardins do Reid's New Hotel (atual Belmond Reid's Palace), Freguesia de São Martinho, Concelho do Funchal" . ABM . ^ "Officer's presentation sword given to Brigadier General William Henry Clinton from the British Consul and Factory in Madeira, 1802" . National Army Museum . Archived from the original on 17 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . ^ "Gordon, Sir James Willoughby, 1st bt. (1772–1851), of Niton, I.o.W" . UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . ^ "The Map Room: Africa: Madeira" . British Empire. Archived from the original on 20 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . ^ "Cable ship Dacia" . Ships hit by U-boats – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine . uboat.net. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 8 February 2016 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . ^ Glover, Bill (10 July 2015). "CS Dacia" . History of the Atlantic Cable & Undersea Communications . Archived from the original on 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . ^ "Submarine carrier Kanguroo" . Ships hit by U-boats – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine . uboat.net. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . ^ "Gunboat Surprise" . Ships hit by U-boats – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine . uboat.net. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . ^ "A bit of History" . 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . ^ Valentiner, Max (1917). 300000 tonnen versenkt! Meine U-boots-fahrten (50. bis 100. tausend. ed.). Berlin: Ullstein & co. p. 118. Archived from the original on 20 September 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Brandão, Miguel (2016). "German Submarine war in Portuguese Waters: Esposende–a Smuggling Network". British Journal of Military History : 8. hdl : 10400.26/17890 . ^ The New York Times Archived 8 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine , 6 November 1921 (accessed 4 May 2009) ^ "Madeira Islands Tourism" . Madeiraislands.travel. Archived from the original on 30 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . ^ Ribeiro et al., 1996 ^ Kullberg & Kullberg, 2000 ^ "Madeira - Peakbagger.com" . www.peakbagger.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024 . Retrieved 1 April 2024 . ^ "Madeira Peaks – Visit Madeira | Madeira Islands Tourism Board official website" . visitmadeira.com . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024 . Retrieved 1 April 2024 . ^ "Madeira Peaks" . Discovering Madeira . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024 . Retrieved 1 April 2024 . ^ Carracedo, Juan Carlos; Troll, Valentin R. (1 January 2021), "North-East Atlantic Islands: The Macaronesian Archipelagos" , in Alderton, David; Elias, Scott A. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Geology (Second Edition) , Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 674– 699, doi : 10.1016/b978-0-08-102908-4.00027-8 , ISBN 978-0-08-102909-1 , S2CID 226588940 , archived from the original on 21 January 2021 , retrieved 16 March 2021 ^ Geldemacher et al., 2000 ^ Ribeiro, 2001 ^ a b "Madeira" . Global Volcanism Program . Smithsonian Institution . ^ "MadeiraHelp.com" . MadeiraHelp.com. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . ^ Robert White, 1851, p. 4 ^ "Mapas bioclimáticos y biogeográficos" . Globalbioclimatics.org . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . ^ "Precipitation of Madeira Island" . IPMA . Archived from the original on 26 September 2020 . Retrieved 8 October 2020 . ^ "Normal Climatológica – Funchal 1991-2020" (PDF) . IPMA . Retrieved 1 June 2025 . ^ "Índice Ultravioleta, na Estação Meteorológica Funchal / Observatório - 2015-2020" . Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira . Retrieved 10 January 2022 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ "Série retrospetiva da informação meteorológica (1976-2019)" . Direção Regional de Estatística da Madeira . Retrieved 19 December 2021 . ^ "Funchal Climate Normals 1961–1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( FTP ) . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . (To view documents see Help:FTP ) ^ "Monthly Averages for Funchal" . DwD. ^ "Monthly Averages for Funchal" . DwD. ^ Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Madeira, José; Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel (7 February 2017). "Inventory and review of the Mio–Pleistocene São Jorge flora (Madeira Island, Portugal): palaeoecological and biogeographical implications". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology . 16 (2): 159– 177. doi : 10.1080/14772019.2017.1282991 . hdl : 10400.13/4191 . S2CID 132935444 . ^ Fernandes, F. (2011). " Jasminum azoricum " . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2011 e.T162250A5564173. doi : 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T162250A5564173.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021 . ^ "Bristol zoo gives rare spiders a leg-up with breeding programme" . The Guardian . Press Association. 8 August 2017. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ Alcover, J.; Pieper, H.; Pereira, Fernando; Rando, J. (2015). "Five new extinct species of rails (Aves: Gruiformes: Rallidae) from the Macaronesian Islands (North Atlantic Ocean)". Zootaxa . 4057 (2): 151– 190. doi : 10.11646/zootaxa.4057.2.1 . PMID 26701473 . ^ Rando, Juan C.; Alcover, Josep A.; Pieper, Harald; Olson, Storrs L.; Hernández, C. Nayra; López-Jurado, L. Felipe (April 2020). "Unforeseen diversity of quails (Galliformes: Phasianidae: Coturnix ) in oceanic islands provided by the fossil record of Macaronesia" . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 188 (4): 1296– 1317. doi : 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz107 . ^ Pieper, H. (1985). The fossil land birds of Madeira and Porto Santo. Bocagiana. Museu de História Natural do Funchal, N ^ Förster, D. W.; Mathias; Britton-Davidian, J.; Searle (2013). "Origin of the chromosomal radiation of Madeiran house mice: a microsatellite analysis of metacentric chromosomes" . Heredity . 110 (4): 380– 388. Bibcode : 2013Hered.110..380F . doi : 10.1038/hdy.2012.107 . PMC 3607181 . PMID 23232832 . ^ Cornish-Bowden, A. (2016). Biochemical Evolution: the Pursuit of Perfection (2 ed.). Garland Science. pp. 43– 44. ISBN 978-0-8153-4552-7 . ^ Hancock, Matthew (13 November 2000). "Madeira: Walking a heavenly tightrope" . Telegraph Travel . Telegraph Media Group. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Levadas of Madeira Island – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" . UNESCO. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Secção Regional da Madeira, Tribunal de Contas (5 February 2011). "Relatório n.º 6/2011-FC/SRMTC" (PDF) . tcontas.pt/index.shtm . Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2019 . Retrieved 6 April 2019 . ^ APCA, Aprender Madeira. "Políticas Ecológicas" . Aprender Madeira . Archived from the original on 6 April 2019 . Retrieved 6 April 2019 . ^ "Art.255", Constituição da República Portuguesa (PDF) (in Portuguese) (VII Revisão Constituicional ed.), Lisbon, Portugal: Assembleia da República , 2005, archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2009 , retrieved 5 August 2005 ^ Article 349 [ dead link ] of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . ^ "Quartel-General da Zona Militar da Madeira" . Portuguese Army . Archived from the original on 24 July 2023 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 . ^ "Regimento de Guarnição N.º 3" . Portuguese Army . Archived from the original on 24 July 2023 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 . ^ "NRP Tejo" . Portuguese Navy . Archived from the original on 26 January 2023 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 . ^ "NRP Mondego" . Portuguese Navy . Archived from the original on 20 September 2023 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 . ^ "Lanchas" . Portuguese Navy . Archived from the original on 24 July 2023 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 . ^ "NRP Figueira da Foz" . Portuguese Navy . Archived from the original on 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 24 July 2023 . ^ "Aeródromo de Manobra Nº 3" . Portuguese Air Force . Archived from the original on 23 July 2023 . Retrieved 25 July 2023 . ^ Map of municipalities Archived 1 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine at FreguesiasDePortugas l.com ^ "Censos 2021 Resultados Preliminares 2021" . INE. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023 . Retrieved 8 August 2021 . ^ Statistics include Savage Islands , which are administered by the parish of Sé ^ Statistics include the mainland parish of Santa Cruz and the islands of the Desertas ^ Statistics represent island population; Porto Santo is the second largest island in the archipelago of Madeira ^ a b "Cruise tourism in Portugal | PIANC Mediterranean Days" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . ^ a b c "Acordos de geminação nunca passam do papel | Funchal Notícias | Notícias da Madeira – Informação de todos para todos! | Notícias da Madeira e do Porto Santo" . Funchal Notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 March 2021 . Retrieved 29 December 2024 . ^ Moura, Sara. "Madeira e Jeju reafirmam geminação" . ccmm.madeira.gov.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 16 January 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2024 . ^ "Gibraltar" . Archived from the original on 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . ^ "Alberto Ceha: Madeira Vieira, O Infante e a Madeira: dúvidas e certezas , Centro Estudos História Atlântico" . Ceha-madeira.net. Archived from the original on 31 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . ^ "In 2023 Foreign resident population in the Autonomous Region of Madeira reached once again a record high" . Estatistica.madeira.gov.pt . December 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2025 . ^ " Madeiran Portuguese Migration to Guyana, St. Vincent, Antigua and Trinidad as well as South Africa: A Comparative Overview Archived 6 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine " (PDF). Jo-Anne S. Ferreira, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine ^ " Madeira and Emigration Archived 1 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine " ^ " Portuguese emigration from Madeira to British Guiana Archived 18 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine " ^ "Portuguese Immigrants in the United States: Chronology, 1900–1919" . Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . ^ "Protestant Exiles from Madeira in Illinois" . loc.gov . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . ^ "Portuguese Immigration To Jacksonville in 1849" . orgsites.com . Archived from the original on 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . ^ "History of Sangamon County, Illinois" . 1881. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 . Retrieved 16 November 2020 . ^ Bateman, Newton; Selby, Paul (1906). Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois . Munsell Publishing Company. p. 678 . The Portuguese Colony. ^ "The Christian World" . 1850. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020 . Retrieved 16 November 2020 . ^ " BBC – Jersey Voices Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine " ^ a b c Dinneen, Mark (1 June 2015). "El transnacionalismo de los inmigrantes: los portugueses y luso-venezolanos en Caracas" . Terra (in Spanish). 31 (49): 49– 69. ISSN 1012-7089 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 3 June 2023 . ^ "In 2023 Foreign resident population in the Autonomous Region of Madeira reached once again a record high" . Estatistica.madeira.gov.pt . December 2023 . Retrieved 17 October 2025 . ^ "27-10-2023 – DREM releases the publication "Demographic Statistics of the Autonomous Region of Madeira 2022" and updated the time series" . estatistica.madeira.gov.pt . Archived from the original on 19 March 2024 . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ Pearls, of Portugal (12 February 2024). "Madeira: Get to know Portugal's Atlantic Pearl" . The best of Portugal on one site . Archived from the original on 19 March 2024 . Retrieved 19 March 2024 . ^ "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018" . Eurostat . Archived from the original on 17 April 2020 . Retrieved 7 March 2020 . ^ "Madeira Bitcoin adoption announced" . The Portugal News . Archived from the original on 4 October 2023 . Retrieved 20 January 2024 . ^ "International Business Centre of Madeira – About IBC" . ibc-madeira.com . Archived from the original on 17 January 2014 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . ^ Freeman, Colin (7 April 2012). "Billions of euros of EU money yet Madeira has built up massive debts" . Archived from the original on 10 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ "Moody's changes outlook to positive on the ratings of Azores and Madeira; ratings affirmed" . Moody's. 5 September 2017. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . ^ "Madeira travel" . Lonely Planet . Archived from the original on 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 25 June 2021 . ^ Govan, Fiona (23 February 2010). "Telegraph article" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . ^ "Statistics from DRE of Madeira tourism (2008)" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . ^ "The Best Time to Visit Madeira: Tips and Insights by Sergio - Madeira, Portugal - Rexby" . www.rexby.com . Retrieved 15 March 2025 . ^ Sei Whale, Balaenoptera borealis off Madeira, Portugal . 3 January 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Madeira whale and Dolphin watching" . madeirawindbirds.com. 30 August 2010. Archived from the original on 26 August 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2010 . ^ Miguel, Miguel; Nogueira, Teresa; Martins, Florinda (1 October 2017). "Energy storage for renewable energy integration: the case of Madeira Island, Portugal" . Energy Procedia . 4th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research ICEER 2017. 136 : 251– 257. Bibcode : 2017EnPro.136..251M . doi : 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.277 . hdl : 10400.22/10795 . ISSN 1876-6102 . ^ "Madeira". Islands of the Future . Season 1. Episode 2. 2014. Event occurs at 48:03. Netflix . ^ Stringer, David (3 August 2019). "A Deluge of Batteries Is About to Rewire the Power Grid" . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 21 August 2019 . Retrieved 21 August 2019 . ^ Casey, JP (22 February 2018). "Renault aims to power Portuguese island entirely by renewable energy" . Power Technology | Energy News and Market Analysis . Archived from the original on 21 August 2019 . Retrieved 21 August 2019 . ^ Murray, Cameron (17 November 2022). "Fluence 16.4MWh BESS inaugurated in Madeira, Portugal" . Energy Storage News . Archived from the original on 17 November 2022 . Retrieved 17 November 2022 . ^ a b c d e f "How did Madeira become the EU's poster child for renewable energy?" . euronews . 3 July 2023. Archived from the original on 29 October 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ "Madeira > Departures > Destinations and Airlines > Destinations and Airlines" . July 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Administrator. "Porto Santo Line" . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Nidel, Richard (2004). World Music: The Basics . Routledge. p. 312 . ISBN 978-0-415-96800-3 . ^ Roberts, Helen (1926). Ancient Hawaiian Music . Bernice P. Bishop Museum . pp. 9– 10. ^ King, John (2000). "Prolegomena to a History of the 'Ukulele" . Ukulele Guild of Hawaiʻi. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . ^ "Fish that can be found in Madeira Archipelago undersea" . Madeira Birdwatching . 10 October 2006. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . ^ a b "A Comprehensive Guide to Food and Drink in Madeira" . Go Ask A Local . 22 September 2022. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022 . Retrieved 19 December 2022 . ^ "Madeira Espetada" . theworldwidegourmet.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . ^ "Caderno de Especificações – Anona da Madeira – Denominação de Origem" [Specification Notebook – Anona da Madeira – Denomination of Origin] (PDF) . Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Agripérola, Cooperativa Agrícola CRL. 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2020 . Retrieved 18 March 2019 . ^ "Anona da Madeira DOP" . Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020 . Retrieved 18 March 2019 . ^ "Festa da Anona" [The Annona Festival]. Visit Madeira (in Portuguese). Direcção Regional do Turismo da Madeira. 2019. Archived from the original on 12 November 2019 . Retrieved 18 March 2019 . ^ a b "Coral Branca" . Archived from the original on 16 February 2020 . Retrieved 11 May 2020 . ^ T. Stevenson "The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" pg 340–341 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0-7566-1324-8 ^ "Labelling of wine and certain other wine sector products" . Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . ^ Madeira: The islands and their Wines – Page 17 "The son of William Hinton, Harry Hinton was educated in England and as an 18-year-old student, brought the first football to Madeira in 1875. The first game of football in Portugal was played near the Hinton family quinta in Camacha." ^ "The first football match in Portugal" . Visitmadeira.pt . Archived from the original on 23 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 June 2021 . ^ "Madeira SAD perde final da Taça Challenge para o CSM Bucareste" . Record.pt . Archived from the original on 21 June 2021 . Retrieved 20 June 2021 . ^ "Madeira Wine Rally" . Visitmadeira.pt . Archived from the original on 17 September 2021 . Retrieved 20 June 2021 . Bibliography Pitta, Nicholas Cayetano de Bettencourt (1812). Account of the Island of Madeira . London: C. Stewart Printer. hdl : 2027/hvd.hxjfzu . Koebel, William Henry (1909). Madeira: Old and New . London: Francis Griffiths. Dervenn, Claude (1957). Madeira . Translated by Hogarth-Gaute, Frances. London: George G. Harrap and Co. Walvin, James (2000). Making the Black Atlantic: Britain and the African Diaspora . London: Cassell. External links Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel information from Wikivoyage World History Encyclopedia – The Portuguese Colonization of Madeira . Archived 21 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine . Wikimedia Atlas of Madeira Madeira's Government Website . Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine . "Madeira" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 280– 283. Geographic locale .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Regional divisions of Portugal North Region Metropolitan areas Porto Intermunicipal communities Alto Minho Alto Tâmega Ave Cávado Douro Tâmega e Sousa Terras de Trás-os-Montes Centro Region Intermunicipal communities Beira Baixa Beiras e Serra da Estrela Região de Aveiro Região de Coimbra Região de Leiria Viseu Dão Lafões Oeste e Vale do Tejo Region Intermunicipal communities Médio Tejo Oeste Lezíria do Tejo Greater Lisbon Metropolitan areas Lisbon Intermunicipal communities Greater Lisbon Setúbal Peninsula Intermunicipal communities Setúbal Peninsula Alentejo Region Intermunicipal communities Alentejo Central Alentejo Litoral Alto Alentejo Baixo Alentejo Algarve Region Intermunicipal communities Algarve Autonomous Regions Azores Madeira All these divisions are further subdivided into municipalities and parishes . v t e Districts and Autonomous Regions of Portugal Districts Aveiro Beja Braga Bragança Castelo Branco Coimbra Évora Faro Guarda Leiria Lisboa Portalegre Porto Santarém Setúbal Viana do Castelo Vila Real Viseu Autonomous Regions Azores Madeira v t e Countries and territories of North Africa Sovereign states Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Partially recognized state Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Territories Morocco / SADR Western Sahara 1 Spain Canary Islands Ceuta 2 Melilla 2 Alboran Alhucemas 2 Chafarinas 2 Vélez de la Gomera 2 Portugal Madeira Savage Islands 3 Sudan / Egypt Hala'ib Triangle 4 Wadi Halfa Salient 4 Bir Tawil 5 Sudan / South Sudan Abyei 6 Kafia Kingi 6 Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Libya / Chad Aouzou Strip 7 Morocco / Spain Perejil 8 1 Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the SADR . 2 Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3 Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 4 Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 5 Unclaimed territory located between Egypt and the Sudan. 6 Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 7 Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 8 Disputed between Morocco and Spain .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Regional divisions of Portugal v t e North Region Metropolitan areas Porto Intermunicipal communities Alto Minho Alto Tâmega Ave Cávado Douro Tâmega e Sousa Terras de Trás-os-Montes Metropolitan areas Porto Porto Intermunicipal communities Alto Minho Alto Tâmega Ave Cávado Douro Tâmega e Sousa Terras de Trás-os-Montes Alto Minho Alto Tâmega Ave Cávado Douro Tâmega e Sousa Terras de Trás-os-Montes Centro Region Intermunicipal communities Beira Baixa Beiras e Serra da Estrela Região de Aveiro Região de Coimbra Região de Leiria Viseu Dão Lafões Intermunicipal communities Beira Baixa Beiras e Serra da Estrela Região de Aveiro Região de Coimbra Região de Leiria Viseu Dão Lafões Beira Baixa Beiras e Serra da Estrela Região de Aveiro Região de Coimbra Região de Leiria Viseu Dão Lafões Oeste e Vale do Tejo Region Intermunicipal communities Médio Tejo Oeste Lezíria do Tejo Intermunicipal communities Médio Tejo Oeste Lezíria do Tejo Médio Tejo Oeste Lezíria do Tejo Greater Lisbon Metropolitan areas Lisbon Intermunicipal communities Greater Lisbon Metropolitan areas Lisbon Lisbon Intermunicipal communities Greater Lisbon Greater Lisbon Setúbal Peninsula Intermunicipal communities Setúbal Peninsula Intermunicipal communities Setúbal Peninsula Setúbal Peninsula Alentejo Region Intermunicipal communities Alentejo Central Alentejo Litoral Alto Alentejo Baixo Alentejo Intermunicipal communities Alentejo Central Alentejo Litoral Alto Alentejo Baixo Alentejo Alentejo Central Alentejo Litoral Alto Alentejo Baixo Alentejo Algarve Region Intermunicipal communities Algarve Intermunicipal communities Algarve Algarve Autonomous Regions Azores Madeira Azores Madeira All these divisions are further subdivided into municipalities and parishes . v t e Districts and Autonomous Regions of Portugal v t e Districts Aveiro Beja Braga Bragança Castelo Branco Coimbra Évora Faro Guarda Leiria Lisboa Portalegre Porto Santarém Setúbal Viana do Castelo Vila Real Viseu Aveiro Beja Braga Bragança Castelo Branco Coimbra Évora Faro Guarda Leiria Lisboa Portalegre Porto Santarém Setúbal Viana do Castelo Vila Real Viseu Autonomous Regions Azores Madeira Azores Madeira v t e Countries and territories of North Africa v t e Sovereign states Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Partially recognized state Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Territories Morocco / SADR Western Sahara 1 Spain Canary Islands Ceuta 2 Melilla 2 Alboran Alhucemas 2 Chafarinas 2 Vélez de la Gomera 2 Portugal Madeira Savage Islands 3 Sudan / Egypt Hala'ib Triangle 4 Wadi Halfa Salient 4 Bir Tawil 5 Sudan / South Sudan Abyei 6 Kafia Kingi 6 Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Libya / Chad Aouzou Strip 7 Morocco / Spain Perejil 8 Morocco / SADR Western Sahara 1 Spain Canary Islands Ceuta 2 Melilla 2 Alboran Alhucemas 2 Chafarinas 2 Vélez de la Gomera 2 Canary Islands Ceuta 2 Melilla 2 Alboran Alhucemas 2 Chafarinas 2 Vélez de la Gomera 2 Portugal Madeira Savage Islands 3 Madeira Savage Islands 3 Sudan / Egypt Hala'ib Triangle 4 Wadi Halfa Salient 4 Bir Tawil 5 Hala'ib Triangle 4 Wadi Halfa Salient 4 Bir Tawil 5 Sudan / South Sudan Abyei 6 Kafia Kingi 6 Abyei 6 Kafia Kingi 6 Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Libya / Chad Aouzou Strip 7 Aouzou Strip 7 Morocco / Spain Perejil 8 Perejil 8 1 Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the SADR . 2 Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3 Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 4 Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 5 Unclaimed territory located between Egypt and the Sudan. 6 Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 7 Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 8 Disputed between Morocco and Spain International membership v t e Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information). Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands .mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}} v t e Portuguese Empire North Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1 1471–1975 Príncipe 1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 2 Madagascar 3 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 4 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 4 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Cabinda 5 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. 2 Or 1600. 3 A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases. 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s. Middle East [Persian Gulf] 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq • Manama ) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong South Asia 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi) • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur) • 1502–1658 1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam) • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima) • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam) • 1510–1961 Goa • 1512–1525 1750 Calicut (Kozhikode) • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat) • 1521–1740 Chaul (Portuguese India) • 1523–1662 Mylapore • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala) • 1531–1571 Chaul • 1531–1571 Chalé • 1534–1601 Salsette Island • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai) • 1535 Ponnani • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur) • 1540–1612 Surat • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu • 1568–1659 Mangalore (Portuguese India) • 1579–1632 Hugli • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia] 1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia] • 1522–1575 Ternate • 1576–1605 Ambon • 1578–1650 Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar [Indonesia] 1515–1859 Larantuka [Indonesia] 1557–1999 Macau [China] 1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan] 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 1 19th century Portuguese Macau • 1864–1999 Coloane • 1851–1999 Taipa • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. North America and North Atlantic 15th century [Atlantic islands] 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century [Canada] 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia South America and Caribbean 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil • 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil • 1549–1572 Brazil • 1572–1578 Bahia • 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro • 1578–1607 Brazil • 1621–1815 Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) Armorial of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Lusotropicalism Pluricontinentalism Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago Portuguese India Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia v t e Outermost regions of European Union states Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands France French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Saint-Martin v t e Outlying territories of European countries v t e Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information). Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands Greenland Faroe Islands France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands v t e Portuguese Empire v t e North Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah) North Africa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah) 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 15th century 1415–1640 Ceuta 1458–1550 Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550 Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662 Tangier 1485–1550 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487–16th century Ouadane 1488–1541 Safim (Safi) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah) 16th century 1505–1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525 Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525 Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769 Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541 Azamor (Azemmour) 1515–1541 São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589 Arzila (Asilah) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1 1471–1975 Príncipe 1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 2 Madagascar 3 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 4 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 4 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Cabinda 5 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. 2 Or 1600. 3 A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases. 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s. Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1 1471–1975 Príncipe 1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 2 Madagascar 3 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 4 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 4 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Cabinda 5 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. 2 Or 1600. 3 A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases. 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s. 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1 1471–1975 Príncipe 1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 15th century 1455–1633 Arguim 1462–1975 Cape Verde 1470–1975 São Tomé 1 1471–1975 Príncipe 1 1474–1778 Annobón 1478–1778 Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637 Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1498–1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 2 Madagascar 3 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 4 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 16th century 1500–1630 Malindi 1501–1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502–1659 Saint Helena 1503–1698 Zanzibar 1505–1512 Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511 Socotra 1508–1547 2 Madagascar 3 1557–1578 Accra 1575–1975 Portuguese Angola 1588–1974 Cacheu 4 1593–1698 Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 4 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Cabinda 5 17th century 1645–1888 Ziguinchor 1680–1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin 1687–1974 Bissau 4 18th century 1728–1729 Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885–1974 Cabinda 5 1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753. 2 Or 1600. 3 A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases. 4 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. 5 Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s. Middle East [Persian Gulf] 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq • Manama ) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong Middle East [Persian Gulf] 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq • Manama ) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq • Manama ) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 16th century 1506–1615 Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1507–1643 Sohar 1515–1622 Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648 Quriyat 1515–? Qalhat 1515–1650 Muscat 1515?–? Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq • Manama ) 1521–1529? Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551 Qatif 1588–1648 Matrah 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong 17th century 1620–? Khor Fakkan 1621?–? As Sib 1621–1622 Qeshm 1623–? Khasab 1623–? Libedia 1624–? Kalba 1624–? Madha 1624–1648 Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–? Bandar-e Kong South Asia 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi) • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur) • 1502–1658 1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam) • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima) • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam) • 1510–1961 Goa • 1512–1525 1750 Calicut (Kozhikode) • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat) • 1521–1740 Chaul (Portuguese India) • 1523–1662 Mylapore • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala) • 1531–1571 Chaul • 1531–1571 Chalé • 1534–1601 Salsette Island • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai) • 1535 Ponnani • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur) • 1540–1612 Surat • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu • 1568–1659 Mangalore (Portuguese India) • 1579–1632 Hugli • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli South Asia 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi) • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur) • 1502–1658 1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam) • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima) • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam) • 1510–1961 Goa • 1512–1525 1750 Calicut (Kozhikode) • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat) • 1521–1740 Chaul (Portuguese India) • 1523–1662 Mylapore • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala) • 1531–1571 Chaul • 1531–1571 Chalé • 1534–1601 Salsette Island • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai) • 1535 Ponnani • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur) • 1540–1612 Surat • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu • 1568–1659 Mangalore (Portuguese India) • 1579–1632 Hugli • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi) • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur) • 1502–1658 1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam) • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima) • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam) • 1510–1961 Goa • 1512–1525 1750 Calicut (Kozhikode) • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat) • 1521–1740 Chaul 15th century 1498–1545 Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India • 1500–1663 Cochim (Kochi) • 1501–1663 Cannanore (Kannur) • 1502–1658 1659–1661 Quilon (Coulão / Kollam) • 1502–1661 Pallipuram (Cochin de Cima) • 1507–1657 Negapatam (Nagapatnam) • 1510–1961 Goa • 1512–1525 1750 Calicut (Kozhikode) • 1518–1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost (Pulicat) • 1521–1740 Chaul (Portuguese India) • 1523–1662 Mylapore • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala) • 1531–1571 Chaul • 1531–1571 Chalé • 1534–1601 Salsette Island • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai) • 1535 Ponnani • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur) • 1540–1612 Surat • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu • 1568–1659 Mangalore (Portuguese India) • 1523–1662 Mylapore • 1528–1666 Chittagong (Porto Grande De Bengala) • 1531–1571 Chaul • 1531–1571 Chalé • 1534–1601 Salsette Island • 1534–1661 Bombay (Mumbai) • 1535 Ponnani • 1535–1739 Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) • 1536–1662 Cranganore (Kodungallur) • 1540–1612 Surat • 1548–1658 Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) • 1559–1961 Daman and Diu • 1568–1659 Mangalore (Portuguese India) • 1579–1632 Hugli • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli (Portuguese India) • 1579–1632 Hugli • 1598–1610 Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521 Maldives 1518–1658 Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India • 1687–1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India • 1779–1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia] 1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia] • 1522–1575 Ternate • 1576–1605 Ambon • 1578–1650 Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar [Indonesia] 1515–1859 Larantuka [Indonesia] 1557–1999 Macau [China] 1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan] 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 1 19th century Portuguese Macau • 1864–1999 Coloane • 1851–1999 Taipa • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia] 1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia] • 1522–1575 Ternate • 1576–1605 Ambon • 1578–1650 Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar [Indonesia] 1515–1859 Larantuka [Indonesia] 1557–1999 Macau [China] 1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan] 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 1 19th century Portuguese Macau • 1864–1999 Coloane • 1851–1999 Taipa • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia] 1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia] • 1522–1575 Ternate • 1576–1605 Ambon • 1578–1650 Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar [Indonesia] 1515–1859 Larantuka [Indonesia] 1557–1999 Macau [China] 1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan] 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 1 16th century 1511–1641 Portuguese Malacca [Malaysia] 1512–1621 Maluku [Indonesia] • 1522–1575 Ternate • 1576–1605 Ambon • 1578–1650 Tidore 1512–1665 Makassar [Indonesia] 1515–1859 Larantuka [Indonesia] 1557–1999 Macau [China] 1580–1586 Nagasaki [Japan] 17th century 1642–1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 1 19th century Portuguese Macau • 1864–1999 Coloane • 1851–1999 Taipa • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 19th century Portuguese Macau • 1864–1999 Coloane • 1851–1999 Taipa • 1890–1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau • 1938–1941 Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized. North America and North Atlantic 15th century [Atlantic islands] 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century [Canada] 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia North America and North Atlantic 15th century [Atlantic islands] 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century [Canada] 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia 15th century [Atlantic islands] 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 15th century [Atlantic islands] 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century [Canada] 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia 16th century [Canada] 1500–1579? Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579? Labrador 1516–1579? Nova Scotia South America and Caribbean 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil • 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil • 1549–1572 Brazil • 1572–1578 Bahia • 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro • 1578–1607 Brazil • 1621–1815 Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) South America and Caribbean 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil • 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil • 1549–1572 Brazil • 1572–1578 Bahia • 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro • 1578–1607 Brazil • 1621–1815 Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil • 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil • 1549–1572 Brazil • 1572–1578 Bahia • 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro • 1578–1607 Brazil • 1621–1815 Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 16th century 1500–1822 Brazil • 1534–1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil • 1549–1572 Brazil • 1572–1578 Bahia • 1572–1578 Rio de Janeiro • 1578–1607 Brazil • 1621–1815 Brazil 1536–1620 Barbados 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 17th century 1621–1751 Maranhão 1680–1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751–1772 Grão-Pará and Maranhão 1772–1775 Grão-Pará and Rio Negro 1772–1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) 19th century 1808–1822 Cisplatina (Uruguay) 1809–1817 Portuguese Guiana (Amapá) 1822 Upper Peru (Bolivia) Armorial of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Lusotropicalism Pluricontinentalism Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago Portuguese India Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia Armorial of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Lusotropicalism Pluricontinentalism Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago Portuguese India Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia v t e Outermost regions of European Union states v t e Portugal Azores Madeira Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Canary Islands France French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Saint-Martin French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Saint-Martin Authority control databases National Czech Republic Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Madeira Madeira Island 1420s establishments in the Portuguese Empire 1976 disestablishments in the Portuguese Empire 1976 establishments in Portugal Autonomous Regions of Portugal Integral overseas territories Islands of Macaronesia Outermost regions of the European Union Populated places established in the 1420s States and territories established in 1976 Volcanoes of Portugal Wine regions of Portugal Islands of Africa NUTS 1 statistical regions of the European Union Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with European Portuguese IPA Articles containing Portuguese-language text CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2025 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2024 CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1: unfit URL Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2020 Pages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with excerpts Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2025 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2025 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022 Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Pages using Sister project links with default search Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 20:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira
|
Heafodtramet Gemǣnscipes Ingang Se Þorpes Wella Bewitendas Nīwlica andwendunga Hlīetlic tramet Help Giefan feoh Scypp wisboc Foh to wisbec Giefan feoh Scypp wisboc Foh to wisbec Wikipǣdia : Gemǣnscipes Ingang Qafár af Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил Pangcah Aragonés Obolo अंगिका العربية الدارجة অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Нохчийн Chamoru Chahta anumpa کوردی Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Hiri Motu Magyar Otsiherero Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo ꆇꉙ Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Kongo Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Ligure Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Madhurâ Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Ebon Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം ဘာသာမန် मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь Dorerin Naoero Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pangasinan Papiamentu Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Sakizaya தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Weorces tramet Motung Rædan Adiht fruman Seoh stær Rædan Adiht fruman Seoh stær Hwæt bindaþ hider Sibba andwendunga Hlad ymelan forþ Fæst bend Trametes gefræge Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Wyrce boc Hlad on spearctellend to PDF Gemǣlendlicu fadung Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata wiht Ƿikipǣdia is bū ƿīsdōmbōc and wiki -gemǣnscipe. Þu canst adihtan and sceapan geƿritu on Ƿikipǣdie efne nū. Leornie hū tō forðienne mid þǣm tutorial (oððer efne plega abuton ūre sand-trog ). For mare ascungea, on-sende monunga to Þorpes Ƿella , read the Help directory and our policies , contact other Wikipedians , and keep track of what's going on . If you haven't already, you may want to create an account ( hƿȳ? ). Get involved Directory FAQ Þing þā þe þu canst dōn Hér sind sume Open Tasks : Ádihtan : Flyhthæfen , Toronto , Europe , Wikify : Deadend Pages Áreccan : mónaþ , Mǽdmónaþ , Wéodmónaþ , Géolmónaþ , Sunnandæg , Crístemæsse , Englaland , As of 1911 gadrian : nán , nán , nán , nán , nán , nán Willan : Írland , Europa , Norþ America , Súþ America , Dæg , Géar , Most Wanted Styccu : Mónandæg , Tíwesdæg , Wódnesdæg , Þunresdæg , Frígedæg , Sæternesdæg , Understyccu Máran weorc cunnon béon gefunden on trametum, þe brúcaþ attention , gebrǽdunge , peer review , parenting , oþþe clǽnsunge . Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce Ƿilt þū forðian? Help tō ādihtenne Crīstemæssan , Wikipedia's current Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce ! Please help to improve it to featured article standard. Snippet from the article: Crīstemæsse (rihte, sēo Cristes mæsse ) is geþēaƿe hāligdæg in þǣm crīstenum gerimbōcum þæt gǣþ æt Gēolmōnaþes ende and gebrēmaþ þā cennesse Iesus Cristes . Ēac gebrēmaþ man hīe sƿā ƿoruldes symbeldæg in manigum stedum þǣre ƿorulde, geinniande rīcu mid gehƿǣdum Crīstenum folce, tō bisne Japane . Sēo sōþtīd and se stǣr Iesuses cennesse is uncūþ and under cnēatung (sēo Iesus ) ... You can still help with last week's article Congo Civil War ( see how it improved ), look at previous collaborations , or help pick next week's article . Forðie! Help æt Wikibōcum Helpaþ tō īecenne copyright tags to the list of untagged images . Hƿā ƿille bēon ūser ambihtsecg tō þǣre Ƿikipǣdie ambihtsecghofe ? Ƿrīt ǣrendan and sēo ūser ambihtsecghof ! Upcoming Wikipedia meetups in Chicago and Seattle Goings-on in the Wikipedia universe Hot Discussions : Should some bureaucrats have that status removed, subject to reapplication through the current process? Ƿikipǣdia sēcþ Copyeditors , Proofreaders , and Translators to help improve quality and coverage. Nooks and corners of Wikipedia Nēosaþ Ƿikifun for some wikitainment Rǣd þæs dæges Hwonne þú wrítst gewritu, þu sceoldest "nemniendlicne casum" brúcan for gewrita naman. Wrít "Ælfréd se Gréata," ne "Ælfrédes þæs Gréatan," asf. More info: Wikipedia:Tools Wikipedia:Tip of the day archive Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie Nīƿe brūcere information Ƿilcume! – Tutorial – Sandbox – Help – New user log Frequently asked questions FAQ list and Overview – Administration – Forðaþ – Ādihtoþ – Scōla – Misc – PHP script – Problems – Readers' – Talk Etiquette – Technical – Wordhord – What Wikipedia is not Ways to communicate Contact (overview) – Se Þorpes Ƿella – Discussion pages – Mailing lists – IRC chat – Instant Messaging – In person meetings – User pages . Gemǣnscipe information Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie – About Wiki media – Ƿikibōceras – Friends of Wikipedia – Donations Wikipedia highlights Featured articles and pictures – Collaboration of the week – Announcements and other Goings-on – Wikipedia in the media and Press releases – Stats – Milestones Gemǣne procedures Featuring an article or picture – Peer review – Deleting a page ( full policy ) – Protecting a page ( full policy ) – Reverting a page – Administrator nominations Help mid Meta-Wiki Brūceres Handbōc – Table format – TeX, math and formulae – Images and embedding Account maintenance Account benefits – Choosing and Changing a username – Logging in – User preferences – Changing attribution for edits – Account deletion Downloads Wikipedia database download Syndrig:Export Wrītung/Reference Resources Regolas and Ƿīsan Overview of policies – Neutral point of view ( NPOV ) – Copyright – Editing – Manual of Style ( Layout , Naming conventions , Disambiguation , Captions ) – Image use Behavioral guidelines Wikipedia etiquette – Be bold! but Stay cool! – Be nice to newcomers – Dispute resolution – Arbitration policy – Association of Members' Advocates - Administrators' noticeboard Resources Help desk – Reference desk – Special pages – Utilities – Basic topics – Contributing – Improving articles – Writing a great article – Public domain and other research resources – Boilerplate text – Boilerplate permission to copy – Custom messages – Image list Projects WikiProjects – Requested articles and pictures – Article series – Infoboxes – Captions – WikiMoney – Maintenance ( Pages needing attention , Cleanup , Expansion , Categorization ) – Transwiki – Regional notice boards Technical information The MediaWiki software – Requests and bug reports – Browser notes – User styles (customizing your display with CSS) – Multimedia – Bots – SQL dumps ( TomeRaider format ) Related communities Other Wikipedia languages – Start a new language Bysen:Wikipediasister-list Ƿikipǣdia is bū ƿīsdōmbōc and wiki -gemǣnscipe. Þu canst adihtan and sceapan geƿritu on Ƿikipǣdie efne nū. Leornie hū tō forðienne mid þǣm tutorial (oððer efne plega abuton ūre sand-trog ). For mare ascungea, on-sende monunga to Þorpes Ƿella , read the Help directory and our policies , contact other Wikipedians , and keep track of what's going on . If you haven't already, you may want to create an account ( hƿȳ? ). Get involved Directory FAQ Ƿikipǣdia is bū ƿīsdōmbōc and wiki -gemǣnscipe. Þu canst adihtan and sceapan geƿritu on Ƿikipǣdie efne nū. Leornie hū tō forðienne mid þǣm tutorial (oððer efne plega abuton ūre sand-trog ). For mare ascungea, on-sende monunga to Þorpes Ƿella , read the Help directory and our policies , contact other Wikipedians , and keep track of what's going on . If you haven't already, you may want to create an account ( hƿȳ? ). For mare ascungea, on-sende monunga to Þorpes Ƿella , read the Help directory and our policies , contact other Wikipedians , and keep track of what's going on . If you haven't already, you may want to create an account ( hƿȳ? ). Get involved Directory FAQ Get involved Directory FAQ Þing þā þe þu canst dōn Hér sind sume Open Tasks : Ádihtan : Flyhthæfen , Toronto , Europe , Wikify : Deadend Pages Áreccan : mónaþ , Mǽdmónaþ , Wéodmónaþ , Géolmónaþ , Sunnandæg , Crístemæsse , Englaland , As of 1911 gadrian : nán , nán , nán , nán , nán , nán Willan : Írland , Europa , Norþ America , Súþ America , Dæg , Géar , Most Wanted Styccu : Mónandæg , Tíwesdæg , Wódnesdæg , Þunresdæg , Frígedæg , Sæternesdæg , Understyccu Máran weorc cunnon béon gefunden on trametum, þe brúcaþ attention , gebrǽdunge , peer review , parenting , oþþe clǽnsunge . Þing þā þe þu canst dōn Hér sind sume Open Tasks : Ádihtan : Flyhthæfen , Toronto , Europe , Wikify : Deadend Pages Áreccan : mónaþ , Mǽdmónaþ , Wéodmónaþ , Géolmónaþ , Sunnandæg , Crístemæsse , Englaland , As of 1911 gadrian : nán , nán , nán , nán , nán , nán Willan : Írland , Europa , Norþ America , Súþ America , Dæg , Géar , Most Wanted Styccu : Mónandæg , Tíwesdæg , Wódnesdæg , Þunresdæg , Frígedæg , Sæternesdæg , Understyccu Máran weorc cunnon béon gefunden on trametum, þe brúcaþ attention , gebrǽdunge , peer review , parenting , oþþe clǽnsunge . Þing þā þe þu canst dōn Hér sind sume Open Tasks : Ádihtan : Flyhthæfen , Toronto , Europe , Wikify : Deadend Pages Áreccan : mónaþ , Mǽdmónaþ , Wéodmónaþ , Géolmónaþ , Sunnandæg , Crístemæsse , Englaland , As of 1911 gadrian : nán , nán , nán , nán , nán , nán Willan : Írland , Europa , Norþ America , Súþ America , Dæg , Géar , Most Wanted Styccu : Mónandæg , Tíwesdæg , Wódnesdæg , Þunresdæg , Frígedæg , Sæternesdæg , Understyccu Máran weorc cunnon béon gefunden on trametum, þe brúcaþ attention , gebrǽdunge , peer review , parenting , oþþe clǽnsunge . Ádihtan : Flyhthæfen , Toronto , Europe , Wikify : Deadend Pages Áreccan : mónaþ , Mǽdmónaþ , Wéodmónaþ , Géolmónaþ , Sunnandæg , Crístemæsse , Englaland , As of 1911 gadrian : nán , nán , nán , nán , nán , nán Willan : Írland , Europa , Norþ America , Súþ America , Dæg , Géar , Most Wanted Styccu : Mónandæg , Tíwesdæg , Wódnesdæg , Þunresdæg , Frígedæg , Sæternesdæg , Understyccu Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce Ƿilt þū forðian? Help tō ādihtenne Crīstemæssan , Wikipedia's current Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce ! Please help to improve it to featured article standard. Snippet from the article: Crīstemæsse (rihte, sēo Cristes mæsse ) is geþēaƿe hāligdæg in þǣm crīstenum gerimbōcum þæt gǣþ æt Gēolmōnaþes ende and gebrēmaþ þā cennesse Iesus Cristes . Ēac gebrēmaþ man hīe sƿā ƿoruldes symbeldæg in manigum stedum þǣre ƿorulde, geinniande rīcu mid gehƿǣdum Crīstenum folce, tō bisne Japane . Sēo sōþtīd and se stǣr Iesuses cennesse is uncūþ and under cnēatung (sēo Iesus ) ... You can still help with last week's article Congo Civil War ( see how it improved ), look at previous collaborations , or help pick next week's article . Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce Ƿilt þū forðian? Help tō ādihtenne Crīstemæssan , Wikipedia's current Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce ! Please help to improve it to featured article standard. Snippet from the article: Crīstemæsse (rihte, sēo Cristes mæsse ) is geþēaƿe hāligdæg in þǣm crīstenum gerimbōcum þæt gǣþ æt Gēolmōnaþes ende and gebrēmaþ þā cennesse Iesus Cristes . Ēac gebrēmaþ man hīe sƿā ƿoruldes symbeldæg in manigum stedum þǣre ƿorulde, geinniande rīcu mid gehƿǣdum Crīstenum folce, tō bisne Japane . Sēo sōþtīd and se stǣr Iesuses cennesse is uncūþ and under cnēatung (sēo Iesus ) ... You can still help with last week's article Congo Civil War ( see how it improved ), look at previous collaborations , or help pick next week's article . Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce Ƿilt þū forðian? Help tō ādihtenne Crīstemæssan , Wikipedia's current Midƿeorc þǣre ƿuce ! Please help to improve it to featured article standard. Snippet from the article: You can still help with last week's article Congo Civil War ( see how it improved ), look at previous collaborations , or help pick next week's article . Forðie! Help æt Wikibōcum Helpaþ tō īecenne copyright tags to the list of untagged images . Hƿā ƿille bēon ūser ambihtsecg tō þǣre Ƿikipǣdie ambihtsecghofe ? Ƿrīt ǣrendan and sēo ūser ambihtsecghof ! Upcoming Wikipedia meetups in Chicago and Seattle Goings-on in the Wikipedia universe Hot Discussions : Should some bureaucrats have that status removed, subject to reapplication through the current process? Ƿikipǣdia sēcþ Copyeditors , Proofreaders , and Translators to help improve quality and coverage. Nooks and corners of Wikipedia Nēosaþ Ƿikifun for some wikitainment Forðie! Help æt Wikibōcum Helpaþ tō īecenne copyright tags to the list of untagged images . Hƿā ƿille bēon ūser ambihtsecg tō þǣre Ƿikipǣdie ambihtsecghofe ? Ƿrīt ǣrendan and sēo ūser ambihtsecghof ! Upcoming Wikipedia meetups in Chicago and Seattle Goings-on in the Wikipedia universe Hot Discussions : Should some bureaucrats have that status removed, subject to reapplication through the current process? Ƿikipǣdia sēcþ Copyeditors , Proofreaders , and Translators to help improve quality and coverage. Nooks and corners of Wikipedia Nēosaþ Ƿikifun for some wikitainment Forðie! Help æt Wikibōcum Helpaþ tō īecenne copyright tags to the list of untagged images . Hƿā ƿille bēon ūser ambihtsecg tō þǣre Ƿikipǣdie ambihtsecghofe ? Ƿrīt ǣrendan and sēo ūser ambihtsecghof ! Upcoming Wikipedia meetups in Chicago and Seattle Goings-on in the Wikipedia universe Hot Discussions : Should some bureaucrats have that status removed, subject to reapplication through the current process? Ƿikipǣdia sēcþ Copyeditors , Proofreaders , and Translators to help improve quality and coverage. Nooks and corners of Wikipedia Nēosaþ Ƿikifun for some wikitainment Help æt Wikibōcum Helpaþ tō īecenne copyright tags to the list of untagged images . Hƿā ƿille bēon ūser ambihtsecg tō þǣre Ƿikipǣdie ambihtsecghofe ? Ƿrīt ǣrendan and sēo ūser ambihtsecghof ! Upcoming Wikipedia meetups in Chicago and Seattle Goings-on in the Wikipedia universe Hot Discussions : Should some bureaucrats have that status removed, subject to reapplication through the current process? Ƿikipǣdia sēcþ Copyeditors , Proofreaders , and Translators to help improve quality and coverage. Nooks and corners of Wikipedia Nēosaþ Ƿikifun for some wikitainment Rǣd þæs dæges Hwonne þú wrítst gewritu, þu sceoldest "nemniendlicne casum" brúcan for gewrita naman. Wrít "Ælfréd se Gréata," ne "Ælfrédes þæs Gréatan," asf. More info: Wikipedia:Tools Wikipedia:Tip of the day archive Rǣd þæs dæges Hwonne þú wrítst gewritu, þu sceoldest "nemniendlicne casum" brúcan for gewrita naman. Wrít "Ælfréd se Gréata," ne "Ælfrédes þæs Gréatan," asf. More info: Wikipedia:Tools Wikipedia:Tip of the day archive Rǣd þæs dæges Hwonne þú wrítst gewritu, þu sceoldest "nemniendlicne casum" brúcan for gewrita naman. Wrít "Ælfréd se Gréata," ne "Ælfrédes þæs Gréatan," asf. More info: Wikipedia:Tools Wikipedia:Tip of the day archive Hwonne þú wrítst gewritu, þu sceoldest "nemniendlicne casum" brúcan for gewrita naman. Wrít "Ælfréd se Gréata," ne "Ælfrédes þæs Gréatan," asf. More info: Wikipedia:Tools Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie Nīƿe brūcere information Ƿilcume! – Tutorial – Sandbox – Help – New user log Frequently asked questions FAQ list and Overview – Administration – Forðaþ – Ādihtoþ – Scōla – Misc – PHP script – Problems – Readers' – Talk Etiquette – Technical – Wordhord – What Wikipedia is not Ways to communicate Contact (overview) – Se Þorpes Ƿella – Discussion pages – Mailing lists – IRC chat – Instant Messaging – In person meetings – User pages . Gemǣnscipe information Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie – About Wiki media – Ƿikibōceras – Friends of Wikipedia – Donations Wikipedia highlights Featured articles and pictures – Collaboration of the week – Announcements and other Goings-on – Wikipedia in the media and Press releases – Stats – Milestones Gemǣne procedures Featuring an article or picture – Peer review – Deleting a page ( full policy ) – Protecting a page ( full policy ) – Reverting a page – Administrator nominations Help mid Meta-Wiki Brūceres Handbōc – Table format – TeX, math and formulae – Images and embedding Account maintenance Account benefits – Choosing and Changing a username – Logging in – User preferences – Changing attribution for edits – Account deletion Downloads Wikipedia database download Syndrig:Export Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie Nīƿe brūcere information Ƿilcume! – Tutorial – Sandbox – Help – New user log Frequently asked questions FAQ list and Overview – Administration – Forðaþ – Ādihtoþ – Scōla – Misc – PHP script – Problems – Readers' – Talk Etiquette – Technical – Wordhord – What Wikipedia is not Ways to communicate Contact (overview) – Se Þorpes Ƿella – Discussion pages – Mailing lists – IRC chat – Instant Messaging – In person meetings – User pages . Gemǣnscipe information Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie – About Wiki media – Ƿikibōceras – Friends of Wikipedia – Donations Wikipedia highlights Featured articles and pictures – Collaboration of the week – Announcements and other Goings-on – Wikipedia in the media and Press releases – Stats – Milestones Gemǣne procedures Featuring an article or picture – Peer review – Deleting a page ( full policy ) – Protecting a page ( full policy ) – Reverting a page – Administrator nominations Help mid Meta-Wiki Brūceres Handbōc – Table format – TeX, math and formulae – Images and embedding Account maintenance Account benefits – Choosing and Changing a username – Logging in – User preferences – Changing attribution for edits – Account deletion Downloads Wikipedia database download Syndrig:Export Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie Nīƿe brūcere information Ƿilcume! – Tutorial – Sandbox – Help – New user log Nīƿe brūcere information Ƿilcume! – Tutorial – Sandbox – Help – New user log Frequently asked questions FAQ list and Overview – Administration – Forðaþ – Ādihtoþ – Scōla – Misc – PHP script – Problems – Readers' – Talk Etiquette – Technical – Wordhord – What Wikipedia is not Frequently asked questions FAQ list and Overview – Administration – Forðaþ – Ādihtoþ – Scōla – Misc – PHP script – Problems – Readers' – Talk Etiquette – Technical – Wordhord – What Wikipedia is not Ways to communicate Contact (overview) – Se Þorpes Ƿella – Discussion pages – Mailing lists – IRC chat – Instant Messaging – In person meetings – User pages . Ways to communicate Contact (overview) – Se Þorpes Ƿella – Discussion pages – Mailing lists – IRC chat – Instant Messaging – In person meetings – User pages . Gemǣnscipe information Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie – About Wiki media – Ƿikibōceras – Friends of Wikipedia – Donations Gemǣnscipe information Ymbe Ƿikipǣdie – About Wiki media – Ƿikibōceras – Friends of Wikipedia – Donations Wikipedia highlights Featured articles and pictures – Collaboration of the week – Announcements and other Goings-on – Wikipedia in the media and Press releases – Stats – Milestones Wikipedia highlights Featured articles and pictures – Collaboration of the week – Announcements and other Goings-on – Wikipedia in the media and Press releases – Stats – Milestones Gemǣne procedures Featuring an article or picture – Peer review – Deleting a page ( full policy ) – Protecting a page ( full policy ) – Reverting a page – Administrator nominations Gemǣne procedures Featuring an article or picture – Peer review – Deleting a page ( full policy ) – Protecting a page ( full policy ) – Reverting a page – Administrator nominations Help mid Meta-Wiki Brūceres Handbōc – Table format – TeX, math and formulae – Images and embedding Help mid Meta-Wiki Brūceres Handbōc – Table format – TeX, math and formulae – Images and embedding Account maintenance Account benefits – Choosing and Changing a username – Logging in – User preferences – Changing attribution for edits – Account deletion Account maintenance Account benefits – Choosing and Changing a username – Logging in – User preferences – Changing attribution for edits – Account deletion Downloads Wikipedia database download Syndrig:Export Downloads Wikipedia database download Syndrig:Export Wrītung/Reference Resources Regolas and Ƿīsan Overview of policies – Neutral point of view ( NPOV ) – Copyright – Editing – Manual of Style ( Layout , Naming conventions , Disambiguation , Captions ) – Image use Behavioral guidelines Wikipedia etiquette – Be bold! but Stay cool! – Be nice to newcomers – Dispute resolution – Arbitration policy – Association of Members' Advocates - Administrators' noticeboard Resources Help desk – Reference desk – Special pages – Utilities – Basic topics – Contributing – Improving articles – Writing a great article – Public domain and other research resources – Boilerplate text – Boilerplate permission to copy – Custom messages – Image list Projects WikiProjects – Requested articles and pictures – Article series – Infoboxes – Captions – WikiMoney – Maintenance ( Pages needing attention , Cleanup , Expansion , Categorization ) – Transwiki – Regional notice boards Technical information The MediaWiki software – Requests and bug reports – Browser notes – User styles (customizing your display with CSS) – Multimedia – Bots – SQL dumps ( TomeRaider format ) Related communities Other Wikipedia languages – Start a new language Bysen:Wikipediasister-list Wrītung/Reference Resources Regolas and Ƿīsan Overview of policies – Neutral point of view ( NPOV ) – Copyright – Editing – Manual of Style ( Layout , Naming conventions , Disambiguation , Captions ) – Image use Behavioral guidelines Wikipedia etiquette – Be bold! but Stay cool! – Be nice to newcomers – Dispute resolution – Arbitration policy – Association of Members' Advocates - Administrators' noticeboard Resources Help desk – Reference desk – Special pages – Utilities – Basic topics – Contributing – Improving articles – Writing a great article – Public domain and other research resources – Boilerplate text – Boilerplate permission to copy – Custom messages – Image list Projects WikiProjects – Requested articles and pictures – Article series – Infoboxes – Captions – WikiMoney – Maintenance ( Pages needing attention , Cleanup , Expansion , Categorization ) – Transwiki – Regional notice boards Technical information The MediaWiki software – Requests and bug reports – Browser notes – User styles (customizing your display with CSS) – Multimedia – Bots – SQL dumps ( TomeRaider format ) Related communities Other Wikipedia languages – Start a new language Bysen:Wikipediasister-list Wrītung/Reference Resources Regolas and Ƿīsan Overview of policies – Neutral point of view ( NPOV ) – Copyright – Editing – Manual of Style ( Layout , Naming conventions , Disambiguation , Captions ) – Image use Behavioral guidelines Wikipedia etiquette – Be bold! but Stay cool! – Be nice to newcomers – Dispute resolution – Arbitration policy – Association of Members' Advocates - Administrators' noticeboard Regolas and Ƿīsan Overview of policies – Neutral point of view ( NPOV ) – Copyright – Editing – Manual of Style ( Layout , Naming conventions , Disambiguation , Captions ) – Image use Behavioral guidelines Wikipedia etiquette – Be bold! but Stay cool! – Be nice to newcomers – Dispute resolution – Arbitration policy – Association of Members' Advocates - Administrators' noticeboard Behavioral guidelines Wikipedia etiquette – Be bold! but Stay cool! – Be nice to newcomers – Dispute resolution – Arbitration policy – Association of Members' Advocates - Administrators' noticeboard Resources Help desk – Reference desk – Special pages – Utilities – Basic topics – Contributing – Improving articles – Writing a great article – Public domain and other research resources – Boilerplate text – Boilerplate permission to copy – Custom messages – Image list Resources Help desk – Reference desk – Special pages – Utilities – Basic topics – Contributing – Improving articles – Writing a great article – Public domain and other research resources – Boilerplate text – Boilerplate permission to copy – Custom messages – Image list Projects WikiProjects – Requested articles and pictures – Article series – Infoboxes – Captions – WikiMoney – Maintenance ( Pages needing attention , Cleanup , Expansion , Categorization ) – Transwiki – Regional notice boards Projects WikiProjects – Requested articles and pictures – Article series – Infoboxes – Captions – WikiMoney – Maintenance ( Pages needing attention , Cleanup , Expansion , Categorization ) – Transwiki – Regional notice boards Technical information The MediaWiki software – Requests and bug reports – Browser notes – User styles (customizing your display with CSS) – Multimedia – Bots – SQL dumps ( TomeRaider format ) Technical information The MediaWiki software – Requests and bug reports – Browser notes – User styles (customizing your display with CSS) – Multimedia – Bots – SQL dumps ( TomeRaider format ) Related communities Other Wikipedia languages – Start a new language Bysen:Wikipediasister-list Related communities Other Wikipedia languages – Start a new language Bysen:Wikipediasister-list Wikipǣdia Man niwanost wende þisne tramet on þære 23:53 tide þæs 3 Þrimilcemonað 2018. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details. Digolnesse rihta bocung Ymbe Wikipǣdian Ætsacunga Dædlagu Wyrhtan Gewissung Gecwed be Cookie Handrīmeres sihþ
|
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C7%A3dia:Gem%C7%A3nscipes_Ingang
|
News Movies Money Health Videos E-Paper Subscription Buy Books Magazines Classifieds Archives Movie News Interview Movies Music Gossips Events Review Noted music composer S Balakrishnan passes away He was composed the music for many Malayalam movies including In Harihar Nagar, Godfather, Ramji Rao Speaking, Kilukkampetti, Vietnam Colony and Mazhavilkoodaram Wedding bells for actress Vidhya Unni, pre-wedding pics out Chennai: Noted music composer S Balakrishnan passed away in Chennai on Thursday. He was 69 and was under treatment for cancer for the past one year. The death occurred at 11 am at his residence in Neelankarai. Palakkad Chittlancherry native Balakrishnan had won the best student award in western guitar from London Trinity College. He started his career in music as assistant to Guna Singh, and Rajan-Nagendra duo. He has composed the music for many Malayalam movies including In Harihar Nagar, Godfather, Ramji Rao Speaking, Kilukkampetti, Vietnam Colony and Mazhavilkoodaram. The funeral will take place at the electric crematorium in Besant Nagar in the evening at 4.30 pm. He is survived by wife Rajalakshmi and children Sreevalsan and Vimal Sankar. Tags : Music composer S Balakrishnan passes away Music composer S Balakrishnan passes away Related Articles
|
https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174240/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/noted-music-composer-s-balakrishnan-passes-away-1.3489865
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Basic information Toggle Basic information subsection 1.1 How big is too big? 1.2 Creating and improving a stub article 1.3 How to mark an article as a stub 1.4 Removing stub status 1.5 Locating stubs 1.1 How big is too big? 1.2 Creating and improving a stub article 1.3 How to mark an article as a stub 1.4 Removing stub status 1.5 Locating stubs 2 Creating stub types Toggle Creating stub types subsection 2.1 Example 2.2 Guidelines 2.3 New stub templates 2.4 New stub categories 2.1 Example 2.2 Guidelines 2.3 New stub templates 2.4 New stub categories 3 Stubbing existing articles 4 Stub types, WikiProjects, and assessment templates 5 See also 6 Notes Wikipedia : Stub Afrikaans Alemannisch Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Dolnoserbski Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kurdî Ladino Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių La .lojban. Luganda Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malti مصرى Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសាខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This page documents an English Wikipedia editing guideline . Editors should generally follow it, though exceptions may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect consensus . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:STUB WP:STUB WP:STUBS WP:STUBS WP:STB WP:STB WP:STUB WP:STUB WP:STUBS WP:STUBS WP:STB WP:STB This page in a nutshell: An article too short and incomplete to provide more than rudimentary information about a subject should be marked as a stub by adding an appropriate stub template to the end of the article. Unless the page is protected , anyone can edit a stub article, including the removal of the stub template if the article has reached a level of maturity to justify the removal. Manual of Style Content Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Accessibility Biography Disambiguation pages Organizing by subject Organizing by subject Gender identity Hidden text Infoboxes Linking Self-references Words to watch Formatting Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Abbreviations Capitalization Dates and numbers Pronunciation Spelling Superscripts and subscripts Text formatting Titles of works Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Captions Image placement Icons Images Layout Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Layout Lead section Tables Trivia sections Lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists Lists Lists of works Road junctions Stand-alone lists By topic area Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: Naming conventions (geographic names) WikiProject style advice Science and technology Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Mathematics Medicine Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Other Blazons Cue sports ( Snooker ) Islam Latter Day Saints Legal Military history Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games Arts Anime and manga Comics Film Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Anime and manga Comics Film Music Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Music samples Record charts Stringed instruments Novels Television Video games Visual arts Writing about fiction See also: WikiProject style advice Regional Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: Naming conventions (geographic names) WikiProject style advice Canada China (and Chinese) France (and French) Hawaii India Indonesia Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia Pakistan Philippines Poland Singapore See also: Naming conventions (geographic names) WikiProject style advice Science and technology Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Mathematics Medicine Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Chemistry Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Compound classes Chemicals References and external links Safety Structure drawing Computer science Mathematics Medicine Taxonomy See also: WikiProject style advice Other Blazons Cue sports ( Snooker ) Islam Latter Day Saints Legal Military history Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games Blazons Cue sports ( Snooker ) Islam Latter Day Saints Legal Military history Trademarks See also: WikiProject style advice history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games history legal and cultural religion and education sports and games Related guidelines Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Article size Article titles Categories, lists, and navigation templates Categorization Hatnotes Subpages Understandability Simplified Contents Tips Simplified Contents Tips .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Article creation Introductory Getting started with Wikipedia Article wizard Your first article Getting started with Wikipedia Article wizard Your first article Suggested articles Most-wanted articles Requested articles Images needing articles Most-wanted articles Requested articles Images needing articles Concepts and guidelines Standard layout Lead section Sections Stub articles Categorization Standard layout Lead section Sections Stub articles Categorization Development processes Article development Moving a page Merging articles Featured article criteria The perfect article Article development Moving a page Merging articles Featured article criteria The perfect article Meta tools and groups WikiProject: Articles for creation Special:NewPages Special:NewPagesFeed New pages patrol New articles by topic Recent additions ( DYK ) WikiProject: Articles for creation Special:NewPages Special:NewPagesFeed New pages patrol New articles by topic Recent additions ( DYK ) v t e v t e A stub is an article that is deemed too short and incomplete to provide in-depth encyclopedic coverage of a subject. As of 2025 [update] , almost half of Wikipedia's articles could be considered stubs. This page provides a general guide for dealing with stubs: the first section, Basic information , contains information that is recommended for most users; and the second section, Creating stub types , contains more specialized material. Existing stub categories can be found at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types , as maintained by the WikiProject Stub improvement collaborative. Basic information WP:STUBDEF WP:STUBDEF A stub is an article that lacks the breadth of coverage expected from an encyclopedia but still provides some useful information and is capable of expansion. Non-article pages, such as disambiguation pages, lists , categories, templates , talk pages, and redirects , are not regarded as stubs. If a stub has little verifiable information, or if its subject has no apparent notability , it may be deleted or be merged into another relevant article. Sizable articles are usually not considered stubs, even if they have significant problems or are noticeably incomplete. With these larger articles, a cleanup template is usually added instead of a stub template. How big is too big? WP:STUBLENGTH WP:STUBLENGTH Over the years, different editors have followed different rules of thumb to help them decide when an article is likely to be a stub. Editors may decide that an article with more than ten sentences is too big to be a stub, or that the threshold for another article may be 250 words. Others follow the Did you know? standard of 1,500 characters in the main text , which is usually around 300 words. There is no set size at which an article stops being a stub. While very short articles are very likely to be stubs, there are some subjects about which very little can be written. Conversely, there are subjects about which a lot could be written, and their articles may still be stubs even if they are a few paragraphs long. As such, it is impossible to state whether an article is a stub based solely on its length, and any decision on the article has to come down to an editor's best judgment. The user essay on the Croughton-London rule may be of use when trying to judge whether an article is a stub. Similarly, stub status usually depends on the length of prose text alone; lists, templates , images, and other such peripheral parts of an article are usually not considered when judging whether an article is a stub. [ 1 ] That said, AutoWikiBrowser is frequently set to automatically remove stub tags from any article with more than 500 words. This threshold was chosen because it is very unlikely that any article containing more than 500 words is correctly classified as a stub. Creating and improving a stub article WP:PSA WP:PSA WP:IDEALSTUB WP:IDEALSTUB A stub should contain enough information for other editors to expand upon it. The key is to provide adequate context —articles with little or no context usually end up being speedily deleted . Your initial research may be done either through books or reliable websites. You may also contribute knowledge acquired from other sources, but it is useful to conduct some research beforehand to ensure that your facts are accurate and unbiased . Use your own words: directly copying other sources without giving them credit is plagiarism , and may in some cases be a violation of copyright . Begin by defining or describing your topic. Avoid fallacies of definition . Write clearly and informatively. State what a person is famous for, where a place is located and what it is known for, or the basic details of an event and when it happened. As of 2024, most stubs contain two to seven sentences (50–150 words). Next, try to expand upon this basic definition. Internally link relevant words, so that users unfamiliar with the subject can understand what you have written. Avoid linking words needlessly; instead, consider which words may require further definition for a casual reader to understand the article. Most stubs link out to 5–20 other Wikipedia articles, often averaging about two links per sentence. Lastly, a critical step: add sources for the information you have put into the stub; see citing sources for information on how to do so in Wikipedia. Most stub articles have one to three inline citations ; some also list sources at the end of the page, as general references . How to mark an article as a stub WP:STUBSPACING WP:STUBSPACING WP:SVSP WP:SVSP WP:TAGSTUB WP:TAGSTUB After writing a short article, or finding an unmarked stub, you should insert a stub template . Choose from among the templates listed at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types , or if you are unsure what template to use, just use a generic {{ stub }} , which others can sort later. Stubs should never be manually added to stub categories—always use a template. Per the Manual of Style , the stub template is placed at the end of the article, after the External links section , any navigation templates , and the category tags , so that the stub category will appear after all article content. Until December 2024, it was the standard to leave two blank lines between the first stub template on a page and whatever preceded it (see Wikipedia talk:Stub#Replace double-blank-line method with CSS ). This is now unnecessary, and the extra line should be removed when encountered. As with all templates, stub templates are added by simply placing the name of the template in the text between double pairs of curly brackets (e.g., {{ Wikipedia-stub }} ). Stub templates are transcluded , not substituted . Stub templates have two parts: a short message noting the stub's topic and encouraging editors to expand it, and a category link, which places the article in a stub category alongside other stubs on the same topic. For example, inclusion of the {{ Art-historian-stub }} template adds the article to the Category:Art historian stubs category; an explicit [[Category:Art historian stubs]] link is not needed and should be removed if present. The naming for stub templates is usually topic-stub ; a list of these templates may be found here . You need not learn all the templates—even simply adding {{ stub }} helps (see this essay for more information). The more accurately an article is tagged, however, the less work it is for other sorters later, and the more useful it is for editors looking for articles to expand. If a more specific stub template than is currently on an article exists and completely covers the subject of the article, remove the more general template and replace it with the more specific type (for example, an article on Morocco may be stubbed with {{ Africa-stub }} . If it is solely about Morocco, remove the template and replace it with {{ Morocco-stub }} – don't simply add {{ Morocco-stub }} and leave {{ Africa-stub }} in place). One specific template can often replace multiple more general types (for example, {{ UK-sport-bio-stub }} can replace both {{ UK-bio-stub }} and {{ sport-bio-stub }} ). If an article overlaps several stub categories, more than one template may be used, but it is strongly recommended that only those relating to the subject's main notability be used. A limit of three or, if really necessary, four stub templates is advised. Stub-related activities are centralised at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting ( shortcut Wikipedia:WSS ). This project should be your main reference for stub information, and is where new stub types should be proposed for discussion prior to creation. Removing stub status WP:DESTUB WP:DESTUB Once a stub has been properly expanded and becomes a larger article, any editor may remove its stub template. No administrator action or formal permission is needed. Stub templates are usually located at the bottom of the page, and usually have a name like {{something-stub}} if you are using the classic wikitext editor rather than VisualEditor . Many articles still marked as stubs have in fact been expanded beyond what is regarded as stub size. If an article is too large to be considered a stub but still needs expansion, the stub template may be removed and appropriate {{ expand section }} templates may be added (no article should contain both a stub template and an expand template). When removing stub templates, users should also visit the talk page and update the WikiProject classifications as necessary. Be bold in removing stub tags that are clearly no longer applicable. Locating stubs Category:Stub categories the main list of stub categories and of articles contained within them Category:Stubs deprecated, but still receives a few articles periodically Special:Shortpages These categories can be used with AutoWikiBrowser (AWB) to make bulk changes to stub types, or the sub-program within AWB called DataBase Scanner can be used to find articles by number of characters or words to locate potential stubs needing categorization or other tagging and/or expansion. This stand-alone application requires the operator be approved and the installation of the program on a personal computer (Linux, Mac, or PC). An alternate process using the web-based tool PetScan (no installation required) can also be used to locate articles by minimum or maximum size, the intersection of stub categories along with another category of interest, templates on the page, date of last edit, and namespace. Creating stub types WP:NEWSTUB WP:NEWSTUB WikiProject Stub sorting Information Project page talk - Stub types (sections) talk - Stub types (full list) talk - To do talk - Naming conventions talk - Redirects category talk Wikipedia:Stub talk Discussion Proposals (A) talk - Current month Discussion talk Criteria (A) (discontinued) talk Deletion (Log) (discontinued) talk Category v t e v t e Please propose new stub types at WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals so that they may be discussed before creating them. In general, a stub type consists of a stub template and a dedicated stub category , although "upmerged" templates are also occasionally created which feed into more general stub categories. If you identify a group of stub articles that do not fit an existing stub type, or if an existing stub category is growing very large, you can propose the creation of a new stub type which is debated at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals . Example An example of a stub template is {{ Website-stub }} , which produces: This website-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . This website-related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information . v t e The stub category, Category:Website stubs , lists all articles containing the {{ Website-stub }} template. Guidelines Several guidelines are used to decide whether a new stub type is useful. These include the following: Is there a stub type for this topic already? (Check Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types .) Will the new type be well-defined? (Stub categories are a tool used by editors to expand articles. Good topic definition makes stubs easier to sort accurately.) Does the new stub type cover ground not covered by other type, or create a well-defined subtype that does? Will there be a significant number of existing stubs in this category? (Ideally, a newly created stub type has 100–300 articles. In general, any new stub category should have a minimum of 60 articles. This threshold is modified in the case of the main stub category used by a WikiProject .) Would your new stub type overlap with other stub types? (Stub types form a hierarchy and as such are usually split in specific ways. Compare other stub splits at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types .) If you are breaking a subtype out of an existing type, will the new creation reduce the size of the parent by a significant amount? (This is not an absolute necessity, but is often a catalyst for the creation of stub categories. Stub categories containing over 800 articles are typically considered to be "over-sized", and in need of such sub-types.) If you think you have satisfied these guidelines, it is highly recommended that you propose the new stub type at stub type proposals page . This allows for debate on matters relating to the stub type that may not have occurred to the proposer, and also allows for objections if the split does not satisfy stub guidelines. If there are no objections within five days, you may create the new stub type. New stub templates After the creation of a new stub type has been discussed at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals and agreed upon, a template can be created. The name of this should follow the stub type naming conventions , and will usually be decided during the discussion process. All stub templates should link to a stub category. This may be a category specific to the topic of the template, or the template might be "upmerged" to one or more less specific categories – for example, a template for Andorran history might link to a stub category for European history and a general Andorran stub category. This is often thought to be desirable when a stub type is proposed in anticipation of future use, but is not currently over the size threshold; or where an existing stub type has a finite number of well-defined subdivisions, with some numerically viable as subtypes, and others not. As stub templates can sort articles into more general categories, the bar for the creation of a stub template is not as high as the bar for the creation of a dedicated stub category; a template should still be used on more than just one or two pages, but does not necessarily require 60. In fact, the creation of a stub template may be a helpful tracking tool for determining whether the topic is approaching the 60-article minimum to justify a category, as the template's "what links here" can be used to count how many articles are using the template. Adding a small image to the stub template (the "stub icon") is permitted, so long as the image is public domain or has a free license— fair use images must not be used in templates. Stub icons should be small, preferably no more than about 40px in size. The standard code for stub templates is found at: {{ asbox }} . This template can be used ( without substitution). New stub categories The name of the stub category should also have been decided during the proposal process and will also follow the naming guidelines . The text of a stub category should contain a definition of what type of stubs are contained in it and an indication of what template is used to add stubs to it. The {{ WPSS-cat }} template should also be placed on the category, to indicate that it has been created after debate at Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Proposals . The new stub category should also be added to the Wikipedia:WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types list. The new stub category should be correctly added into other categories. These should include at least three specific categories: The analogous permanent category ("permcat") At least one higher level ("parent") stub category Category:Stub categories Thus, for example, Category:France stubs , should be in an equivalent permcat ( Category:France ), parent stub category ( Category:Europe stubs ), and Category:Stub categories . The creation of stub categories can be partially automated by using {{ Stub category }} as follows: {{Stub category|article=[[A]]|newstub=B|category=C}} In the example given above, the formatting would look like this: {{Stub category|article=[[France]]|newstub=France-stub|category=France}} which would produce this: This syntax also automatically adds the new category to Category:Stub categories , though parent stub categories and {{ WPSS-cat }} still need to be added manually. It also automatically pipes the stub category with "Σ", so that appears at the end of the list of subcategories in non-stub category C. This effectively moves it away from navigation categories to place it alongside other editing- and cleanup-related categories. If you have some doubts or comments regarding any part of the process, do not hesitate to address them or ask for assistance at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Stub sorting . Stubbing existing articles WP:STUBBIFY WP:STUBBIFY On occasion, an article may have significant problems that create opportunities to remove most of its content. This may be done in response to an article that is heavily biased , either for or against its subject; in response to an article that has some verifiable material but is otherwise full of original research , self-published , or primary sources; in response to a VRT complaint ; to remove extensive copyright violations from articles with a few salvageable sentences; or for a variety of other reasons. If enough content is removed that all that remains is a stub, a stub template should be added to the article, if it does not already have one. Additionally, check the article's Talk page WikiProject "Class" for a status of "Stub", and update if needed. Stub types, WikiProjects, and assessment templates WP:PROJSTUB WP:PROJSTUB When a new WikiProject commences, one of the first things its creators often do is decide whether or not a specific stub type should be created for it. Often there is no real problem, as WikiProject topics frequently coincide with subjects of specific stub types. On other occasions, there will be no specific stub type, and thus a new type should be proposed. Occasionally, a WikiProject will seek to have a stub category which is too small, or a stub type which runs contrary to the way stubs are normally split. This can create conflict between that project and WikiProject Stub sorting, or, more importantly, between that one stub type and one or more other stub types. Even where there is an existing stub type, there may be conflict, as often the definition of a topic as used for stub sorting may not be identical to that used by its specific WikiProject. It should be remembered in cases like this that, while a specific WikiProject may be looking for a solution for its concerns, WikiProject Stub sorting is attempting to make a coherent and cohesive system that works for all editors. The system needs to be as compatible as possible with the needs of all WikiProjects, and also with the needs of casual editors, and others who are participants in any WikiProject. Assessment templates are a way around this problem, and more often than not a far more useful tool for WikiProjects. Assessment templates have several distinct advantages over stub types for WikiProjects. The templates are placed on article talk pages, where they are less likely to be seen as controversial (the placing of stub templates on controversial articles has frequently been a source of edit warring ). They allow all articles within a topic area to be assessed and catalogued by a related project—not just stub articles. They allow an indication to be made of exactly what work needs to be done on an article. They also allow workgroups that are subgroups of WikiProjects to have their own specific templates that are better suited to their tasks. See also Wikipedia:Requested articles – articles requested by users Wikipedia:Most-wanted articles – target of a common red link Popular low quality articles – stubs with the most pageviews Wikipedia:Content assessment – Wikipedia editing guideline WikiProject Stub improvement WikiProject Stub sorting List of stub types List of stubs List of stub types List of stubs Category:Wikipedia essays about stubs , including: Wikipedia:Make stubs Wikipedia:Permastub Wikipedia:Stub Makers Wikipedia:When to use the generic stub tag Wikipedia:Writing better articles Wikipedia:Make stubs Wikipedia:Permastub Wikipedia:Stub Makers Wikipedia:When to use the generic stub tag Wikipedia:Writing better articles Notes ^ In 2004 and 2005, the community had a guideline on substubs . Substubs contain only widely known information (e.g., "Airplanes are flying machines") or a dictionary definition. See the examples . Wikipedia editing guidelines Wikipedia how-to Stub categories Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project pages Pages using sidebar with the child parameter This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 16:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:STUB
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 17 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}} << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 17 in recent years 2025 (Friday) 2024 (Wednesday) 2023 (Tuesday) 2022 (Monday) 2021 (Sunday) 2020 (Friday) 2019 (Thursday) 2018 (Wednesday) 2017 (Tuesday) 2016 (Sunday) January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 348 days remain until the end of the year (349 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla , ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey . [ 1 ] 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea. [ 2 ] 1377 – Pope Gregory XI reaches Rome, after deciding to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon . [ 3 ] 1524 – Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean. [ 4 ] 1562 – France grants religious toleration to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain . [ 5 ] 1595 – During the French Wars of Religion , Henry IV of France declares war on Spain. [ 6 ] 1601–1900 1608 – Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men. [ 7 ] 1648 – England's Long Parliament passes the " Vote of No Addresses ", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War . [ 8 ] 1649 – The Second Ormonde Peace creates an alliance between the Irish Royalists and Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms . The coalition was then decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland . [ 9 ] 1773 – Captain James Cook leads the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle . [ 10 ] 1781 – American Revolutionary War : Battle of Cowpens : Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina . [ 11 ] 1799 – Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri , along with a number of other patriots, is executed. [ 12 ] 1811 – Mexican War of Independence : In the Battle of Calderón Bridge , a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries. [ 13 ] 1852 – The United Kingdom signs the Sand River Convention with the South African Republic . [ 14 ] 1873 – A group of Modoc warriors defeats the United States Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold , part of the Modoc War . [ 15 ] 1885 – A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan . [ 16 ] 1893 – Lorrin A. Thurston , along with the Citizens' Committee of Public Safety , led the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the government of Queen Liliʻuokalani . [ 17 ] 1899 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean. [ 18 ] 1901–present 1903 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. 1904 – Anton Chekhov 's The Cherry Orchard receives its premiere performance at the Moscow Art Theatre . [ 19 ] 1912 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole , one month after Roald Amundsen . 1915 – Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey in the Battle of Sarikamish during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I . 1917 – The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands . [ 20 ] 1918 – Finnish Civil War : The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and the White Guard . 1920 – Alcohol Prohibition begins in the United States as the Volstead Act goes into effect. [ 21 ] 1941 – Franco-Thai War : Vichy French forces inflict a decisive defeat over the Royal Thai Navy . 1943 – World War II : Greek submarine Papanikolis captures the 200-ton sailing vessel Agios Stefanos and mans her with part of her crew. 1944 – World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties. 1945 – World War II: The Vistula–Oder Offensive forces German troops out of Warsaw . 1945 – The SS-Totenkopfverbände begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as the Red Army closes in. 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg is taken into Soviet custody while in Hungary; he is never publicly seen again. [ 22 ] 1946 – The UN Security Council holds its first session. 1948 – The Renville Agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesia is ratified. 1950 – The Great Brink's Robbery : Eleven thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car company's offices in Boston . [ 23 ] 1950 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 79 relating to arms control is adopted. 1961 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers a televised farewell address to the nation three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the " military–industrial complex " as well as the dangers of massive spending, especially deficit spending. 1961 – Former Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba is murdered together with former Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of the Congo Maurice Mpolo and former Senator from Kasai Province Joseph Okito in circumstances suggesting the support and complicity of the governments of Belgium and the United States. 1966 – Palomares incident : A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, killing seven airmen, and dropping three 70-kiloton nuclear bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea. 1969 – Black Panther Party members Bunchy Carter and John Huggins are killed during a meeting in Campbell Hall on the campus of UCLA . 1977 – Capital punishment in the United States resumes after a ten-year hiatus, as convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by firing squad in Utah. 1981 – President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law eight years and five months after declaring it. 1991 – Gulf War : Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning as aircraft strike positions across Iraq, it is also the first major combat sortie for the F-117 . LCDR Scott Speicher's F/A-18C Hornet from VFA-81 is shot down by a Mig-25 and is the first American casualty of the War. Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation. 1991 – Crown Prince Harald of Norway becomes King Harald V , following the death of his father, King Olav V . 1992 – During a visit to South Korea, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. 1994 – The 6.7 M w Northridge earthquake shakes the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ), leaving 57 people dead and more than 8,700 injured. 1995 – The 6.9 M w Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of 7, leaving 5,502–6,434 people dead, and 251,301–310,000 displaced. 1996 – The Czech Republic applies for membership in the European Union . 1997 – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station : A Delta II carrying the GPS IIR-1 satellite explodes 13 seconds after launch, dropping 250 tons of burning rocket remains around the launch pad. 1998 – Clinton–Lewinsky scandal : Matt Drudge breaks the story of the Bill Clinton – Monica Lewinsky affair on his Drudge Report website. 2002 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , displacing an estimated 400,000 people. 2007 – The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes to midnight in response to North Korea 's nuclear testing. 2008 – British Airways Flight 38 crashes short of the runway at Heathrow Airport , injuring 47. [ 24 ] 2010 – Rioting begins between Muslim and Christian groups in Jos, Nigeria , results in at least 200 deaths. 2013 – Former cyclist Lance Armstrong confesses to his doping in an airing of Oprah's Next Chapter . [ 25 ] 2013 – Shahzad Luqman is murdered by members of Golden Dawn in Petralona , Athens , leading the creation of new measures to combat race-based attacks in Greece . [ 26 ] 2016 – President Barack Obama announces the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement intended to limit Iran's nuclear program. [ 27 ] 2017 – The search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 is announced to be suspended. [ 28 ] 2023 – An avalanche strikes Nyingchi, Tibet , killing 28 people. [ 29 ] Births Pre-1600 1342 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (died 1404) 1429 – Antonio del Pollaiuolo , Italian artist (diedc. 1498 ) 1463 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (died 1525) 1463 – Antoine Duprat , French cardinal (died 1535) 1472 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro , Italian captain (died 1508) 1484 – George Spalatin , German priest and reformer (died 1545) 1501 – Leonhart Fuchs , German physician and botanist (died 1566) 1504 – Pope Pius V (died 1572) [ 30 ] 1517 – Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk , English Duke (died 1554) 1560 – Gaspard Bauhin , Swiss botanist, physician, and academic (died 1624) 1574 – Robert Fludd , English physician, astrologer, and mathematician (died 1637) 1593 – William Backhouse , English alchemist and astrologer (died 1662) 1600 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca , Spanish playwright and poet (died 1681) 1601–1900 1612 – Thomas Fairfax , English general and politician (died 1671) 1640 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham , American settler (died 1724) 1659 – Antonio Veracini , Italian violinist and composer (died 1745) 1666 – Antonio Maria Valsalva , Italian anatomist and physician (died 1723) 1686 – Archibald Bower , Scottish historian and author (died 1766) 1693 – Melchor de Navarrete , Spanish colonial governor of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia, 1739 – 1742); of Spanish Florida (1749 – 1752); and of Yucatán (Mexico, 1754 – 1758) (died 1761) [ 31 ] 1706 – Benjamin Franklin , American publisher, inventor, and politician, 6th President of Pennsylvania (died 1790) 1712 – John Stanley , English organist and composer (died 1786) 1719 – William Vernon , American businessman (died 1806) 1728 – Johann Gottfried Müthel , German pianist and composer (died 1788) 1732 – Stanisław August Poniatowski , Polish-Lithuanian king (died 1798) 1734 – François-Joseph Gossec , French composer and conductor (died 1829) 1761 – Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet , Scottish geologist and geophysicist (died 1832) 1789 – August Neander , German historian and theologian (died 1850) 1793 – Antonio José Martínez , Spanish-American priest, rancher and politician (died 1867) 1814 – Ellen Wood , English author (died 1887) 1820 – Anne Brontë , English author and poet (died 1849) 1828 – Lewis A. Grant , American lawyer and general, Medal of Honor recipient (died 1918) 1828 – Ede Reményi , Hungarian violinist and composer (died 1898) 1832 – Henry Martyn Baird , American historian and academic (died 1906) 1834 – August Weismann , German biologist, zoologist, and geneticist (died 1914) 1850 – Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti , Brazilian cardinal (died 1930) 1850 – Alexander Taneyev , Russian pianist and composer (died 1918) 1851 – A. B. Frost , American author and illustrator (died 1928) 1853 – Alva Belmont , American suffragist (died 1933) [ 32 ] 1853 – T. Alexander Harrison , American painter and academic (died 1930) 1857 – Wilhelm Kienzl , Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1941) 1857 – Eugene Augustin Lauste , French-American engineer (died 1935) 1858 – Tomás Carrasquilla , Colombian author (died 1940) 1860 – Douglas Hyde , Irish academic and politician, 1st President of Ireland (died 1949) 1863 – David Lloyd George , Welsh lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1945) 1863 – Konstantin Stanislavski , Russian actor and director (died 1938) 1865 – Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet , English general and politician, 3rd Governor-General of New Zealand (died 1951) 1867 – Carl Laemmle , German-born American film producer, co-founded Universal Studios (died 1939) 1867 – Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet , English colonel, pilot, and polo player (died 1934) 1871 – David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty , English admiral (died 1936) 1871 – Nicolae Iorga , Romanian historian and politician, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (died 1940) 1875 – Florencio Sánchez , Uruguayan journalist and playwright (died 1910) 1876 – Frank Hague , American lawyer and politician, 30th Mayor of Jersey City (died 1956) 1877 – Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková , Czech botanist and zoologist (died 1937) [ 33 ] 1877 – May Gibbs , English-Australian author and illustrator (died 1969) 1880 – Mack Sennett , Canadian-American actor, director, and producer (died 1960) 1881 – Antoni Łomnicki , Polish mathematician and academic (died 1941) 1881 – Harry Price , English psychologist and author (died 1948) 1882 – Noah Beery, Sr. , American actor (died 1946) 1883 – Compton Mackenzie , English-Scottish author, poet, and playwright (died 1972) 1886 – Glenn L. Martin , American pilot and businessman, founded the Glenn L. Martin Company (died 1955) 1887 – Ola Raknes , Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist (died 1975) 1888 – Babu Gulabrai , Indian philosopher and author (died 1963) 1897 – Marcel Petiot , French physician and serial killer (died 1946) 1898 – Lela Mevorah , Serbian librarian (died 1972) [ 34 ] 1899 – Al Capone , American mob boss (died 1947) 1899 – Robert Maynard Hutchins , American philosopher and academic (died 1977) 1899 – Nevil Shute , English engineer and author (died 1960) 1901–present 1901 – Aron Gurwitsch , Lithuanian-American philosopher and author (died 1973) 1904 – Hem Vejakorn , Thai painter and illustrator (died 1969) 1905 – Ray Cunningham , American baseball player (died 2005) 1905 – Peggy Gilbert , American saxophonist and bandleader (died 2007) 1905 – Eduard Oja , Estonian composer, conductor, educator, and critic (died 1950) 1905 – Guillermo Stábile , Argentinian footballer and manager (died 1966) 1905 – Jan Zahradníček , Czech poet and translator (died 1960) 1907 – Henk Badings , Indonesian-Dutch composer and engineer (died 1987) 1907 – Alfred Wainwright , British fellwalker, guidebook author and illustrator (died 1991) 1908 – Cus D'Amato , American boxing manager and trainer (died 1985) 1911 – Busher Jackson , Canadian ice hockey player (died 1966) 1911 – John S. McCain Jr. , American admiral (died 1981) 1911 – George Stigler , American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1991) 1914 – Anacleto Angelini , Italian-Chilean businessman (died 2007) 1914 – Irving Brecher , American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2008) 1914 – Howard Marion-Crawford , English actor (died 1969) [ 35 ] 1914 – Paul Royle , Australian lieutenant and pilot (died 2015) 1914 – William Stafford , American poet and author (died 1993) 1916 – Peter Frelinghuysen Jr. , American lieutenant and politician (died 2011) 1917 – M. G. Ramachandran , Indian actor, director, and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (died 1987) 1918 – Keith Joseph , English lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Education (died 1994) 1918 – George M. Leader , American soldier and politician, 36th Governor of Pennsylvania (died 2013) 1920 – Georges Pichard , French author and illustrator (died 2003) 1921 – Jackie Henderson , Scottish footballer (died 2005) [ 36 ] 1921 – Asghar Khan , Pakistani general and politician (died 2018) 1921 – Charlie Mitten , English footballer and manager (died 2002) [ 37 ] 1921 – Antonio Prohías , Cuban cartoonist (died 1998) 1922 – Luis Echeverría , Mexican academic and politician, 50th President of Mexico (died 2022) [ 38 ] 1922 – Nicholas Katzenbach , American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 65th United States Attorney General (died 2012) 1922 – Betty White , American actress, game show panelist, television personality, and animal rights activist (died 2021) [ 39 ] 1923 – Rangeya Raghav , Indian author and playwright (died 1962) 1924 – Rik De Saedeleer , Belgian footballer and journalist (died 2013) 1924 – Jewel Plummer Cobb , American biologist, cancer researcher, and academic (died 2017) 1925 – Gunnar Birkerts , Latvian-American architect (died 2017) 1925 – Robert Cormier , American author and journalist (died 2000) 1925 – Abdul Hafeez Kardar , Pakistani cricketer and author (died 1996) 1926 – Newton N. Minow , American lawyer and politician (died 2023) [ 40 ] 1926 – Moira Shearer , Scottish-English ballerina and actress (died 2006) 1926 – Clyde Walcott , Barbadian cricketer (died 2006) 1927 – Thomas Anthony Dooley III , American physician and humanitarian (died 1961) 1927 – Eartha Kitt , American actress and singer (died 2008) [ 41 ] 1927 – Harlan Mathews , American lawyer and politician (died 2014) 1927 – E. W. Swackhamer , American director and producer (died 1994) 1928 – Jean Barraqué , French composer (died 1973) 1928 – Vidal Sassoon , English-American hairdresser and businessman (died 2012) [ 42 ] 1929 – Philip Latham , British actor (died 2020) [ 43 ] 1929 – Jacques Plante , Canadian-Swiss ice hockey player, coach, and sportscaster (died 1986) 1929 – Tan Boon Teik , Malaysian-Singaporean lawyer and politician, Attorney-General of Singapore (died 2012) 1931 – James Earl Jones , American actor (died 2024) [ 44 ] 1931 – Douglas Wilder , American sergeant and politician, 66th Governor of Virginia [ 42 ] 1931 – Don Zimmer , American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 2014) 1932 – John Cater , English actor (died 2009) [ 45 ] 1932 – Sheree North , American actress and dancer (died 2005) [ 46 ] 1933 – Dalida , Egyptian-French singer and actress (died 1987) 1933 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan , French-Pakistani diplomat, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (died 2003) 1933 – Shari Lewis , American actress, puppeteer/ventriloquist, and television host (died 1998) [ 42 ] 1934 – Donald Cammell , Scottish-American director and screenwriter (died 1996) [ 47 ] 1935 – Ruth Ann Minner , American businesswoman and politician, 72nd Governor of Delaware (died 2021) 1936 – John Boyd , English academic and diplomat, British ambassador to Japan (died 2019) 1936 – A. Thangathurai , Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (died 1997) 1937 – Alain Badiou , French philosopher and academic 1938 – John Bellairs , American author and academic (died 1991) 1938 – Toini Gustafsson , Swedish cross country skier 1939 – Christodoulos of Athens , Greek archbishop (died 2008) 1939 – Maury Povich , American talk show host and producer [ 48 ] 1940 – Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni , Egyptian-Armenian patriarch (died 2015) 1940 – Kipchoge Keino , Kenyan athlete [ 42 ] 1940 – Tabaré Vázquez , Uruguayan physician and politician, 39th President of Uruguay (died 2020) 1941 – István Horthy, Jr. , Hungarian physicist and architect 1942 – Muhammad Ali , American boxer and activist (died 2016) [ 49 ] 1942 – Ita Buttrose , Australian journalist and author 1942 – Ulf Hoelscher , German violinist and educator 1942 – Nigel McCulloch , English bishop 1943 – Chris Montez , American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1943 – René Préval , Haitian agronomist and politician, 52nd President of Haiti (died 2017) 1944 – Ann Oakley , English sociologist, author, and academic 1945 – Javed Akhtar , Indian poet, playwright, and composer 1945 – Anne Cutler , Australian psychologist and academic (died 2022) 1947 – Joanna David , English actress [ 48 ] 1947 – Jane Elliot , American actress [ 48 ] 1948 – Davíð Oddsson , Icelandic politician, 21st Prime Minister of Iceland 1949 – Anita Borg , American computer scientist and academic (died 2003) 1949 – Gyude Bryant , Liberian businessman and politician (died 2014) 1949 – Augustin Dumay , French violinist and conductor 1949 – Andy Kaufman , American actor and comedian (died 1984) [ 42 ] 1949 – Mick Taylor , English singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 42 ] 1950 – Luis López Nieves , Puerto Rican-American author and academic 1952 – Tom Deitz , American author (died 2009) [ 50 ] 1952 – Darrell Porter , American baseball player and sportscaster (died 2002) 1952 – Ryuichi Sakamoto , Japanese pianist, composer, and producer (died 2023) [ 51 ] 1953 – Jeff Berlin , American bass player and educator 1953 – Carlos Johnson , American singer and guitarist 1954 – Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. , American environmental lawyer, writer, and conspiracy theorist 1955 – Steve Earle , American singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, author and actor [ 48 ] 1955 – Pietro Parolin , Italian cardinal 1955 – Steve Javie , American basketball player and referee 1956 – Damian Green , English journalist and politician 1956 – Paul Young , English singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 48 ] 1957 – Steve Harvey , American actor, comedian, television personality and game show host [ 52 ] 1957 – Ann Nocenti , American journalist and author 1958 – Tony Kouzarides , English biologist, cancer researcher 1959 – Susanna Hoffs , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress [ 48 ] 1960 – John Crawford , American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1960 – Chili Davis , Jamaican-American baseball player and coach 1961 – Brian Helgeland , American director, producer, and screenwriter [ 48 ] 1962 – Jun Azumi , Japanese broadcaster and politician, 46th Japanese Minister of Finance 1962 – Jim Carrey , Canadian-American actor, comedian, and producer [ 48 ] 1962 – Sebastian Junger , American journalist and author [ 42 ] 1962 – Denis O'Hare , American actor and singer [ 48 ] 1963 – Colin Gordon , English footballer, agent, manager and chief executive [ 53 ] 1963 – Kai Hansen , German singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1964 – Michelle Obama , American lawyer and activist, 44th First Lady of the United States [ 48 ] 1964 – John Schuster , Samoan-New Zealand rugby player 1965 – Sylvain Turgeon , Canadian ice hockey player 1966 – Trish Johnson , English golfer 1966 – Joshua Malina , American actor [ 48 ] 1966 – Shabba Ranks , Jamaican rapper, musician, and songwriter [ 48 ] 1967 – Richard Hawley , English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1968 – Rowan Pelling , English journalist and author 1968 – Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer , Dutch author, poet, and scholar 1969 – Naveen Andrews , English actor [ 48 ] 1969 – Lukas Moodysson , Swedish director, screenwriter, and author 1969 – Tiësto , Dutch DJ and producer [ 48 ] 1970 – Cássio Alves de Barros , Brazilian footballer 1970 – Jeremy Roenick , American ice hockey player and actor 1970 – Genndy Tartakovsky , Russian-American animator, director, and producer [ 54 ] 1971 – Giorgos Balogiannis , Greek basketball player 1971 – Richard Burns , English race car driver (died 2005) 1971 – Kid Rock , American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor [ 48 ] 1971 – Sylvie Testud , French actress, director, and screenwriter 1973 – Cuauhtémoc Blanco , Mexican footballer and actor 1973 – Chris Bowen , Australian politician, 37th Treasurer of Australia 1973 – Liz Ellis , Australian netball player and sportscaster 1973 – Aaron Ward , Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster 1974 – Yang Chen , Chinese footballer and manager 1974 – Vesko Kountchev , Bulgarian viola player, composer, and producer 1974 – Derrick Mason , American football player 1975 – Freddy Rodriguez , American actor [ 48 ] 1977 – Leigh Whannell , Australian actor, director, screenwriter, and producer [ 48 ] 1978 – Lisa Llorens , Australian Paralympian [ 55 ] 1978 – Ricky Wilson , English singer-songwriter 1980 – Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Ukrainian-American dancer and choreographer [ 42 ] 1980 – Zooey Deschanel , American singer-songwriter and actress [ 48 ] 1980 – Modestas Stonys , Lithuanian footballer 1981 – Warren Feeney , Northern Irish footballer and manager 1981 – Ray J , American singer, actor, and television personality [ 56 ] 1981 – Michael Zigomanis , Canadian ice hockey player [ 57 ] 1982 – Dwyane Wade , American basketball player [ 42 ] 1982 – Andrew Webster , Australian rugby league player and coach [ 58 ] 1982 – Amanda Wilkinson , Canadian singer [ 48 ] 1983 – Álvaro Arbeloa , Spanish footballer 1983 – Ryan Gage , English actor [ 48 ] 1983 – Johannes Herber , German basketball player 1983 – Rick Kelly , Australian race car driver 1983 – Marcelo Garcia , Brazilian martial artist 1984 – Calvin Harris , Scottish singer-songwriter, DJ, and producer [ 48 ] 1984 – Dexter Lumis , American wrestler [ 59 ] 1985 – Pablo Barrientos , Argentinian footballer 1985 – Simone Simons , Dutch singer-songwriter 1986 – Viktor Stålberg , Swedish ice hockey player [ 60 ] 1987 – Cody Decker , American baseball player 1987 – Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer [ 61 ] 1988 – Andrea Antonelli , Italian motorcycle racer (died 2013) 1988 – Earl Clark , American basketball player [ 62 ] 1988 – Will Genia , Australian rugby player 1988 – Jonathan Keltz , American actor [ 48 ] 1988 – Héctor Moreno , Mexican footballer 1989 – Taylor Jordan , American baseball player 1989 – Kelly Marie Tran , American actress [ 48 ] 1990 – Santiago Tréllez , Colombian footballer 1990 – Tyler Zeller , American basketball player [ 63 ] 1991 – Trevor Bauer , American baseball player 1991 – Willa Fitzgerald , American actress [ 42 ] 1991 – Esapekka Lappi , Finnish rally driver 1991 – Alise Post , American BMX rider 1992 – Stanislav Galiev , Russian ice hockey player [ 64 ] 1994 – Lucy Boynton , American-English actress [ 42 ] 1994 – Mark Steketee , Australian cricketer 1995 – Indya Moore , American actor and model [ 65 ] 1996 – Allonzo Trier , American basketball player [ 66 ] 1997 – Jake Paul , American boxer, actor, rapper, and social media personality [ 67 ] 1997 – Kyle Tucker , American baseball player [ 68 ] 1998 – Sophie Molineux , Australian cricketer 1998 – Jeff Reine-Adélaïde , French footballer 1999 – Isa Briones , American actor and singer [ 69 ] 2000 – Kang Chan-hee , South Korean singer and actor [ 70 ] 2000 – Devlin DeFrancesco , Canadian race car driver [ 71 ] 2000 – Ayo Dosunmu , American basketball player [ 72 ] 2001 – Enzo Fernández , Argentinian footballer [ 73 ] 2002 – Samuel , American singer based in South Korea. [ 74 ] 2003 – Robin Roefs , Dutch footballer [ 75 ] 2005 – Peio Canales , Spanish footballer [ 76 ] Deaths Pre-1600 395 – Theodosius I , Roman emperor (born 347) 644 – Sulpitius the Pious , French bishop and saint 764 – Joseph of Freising , German bishop 1040 – Mas'ud I of Ghazni , Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (born 998) 1156 – André de Montbard , fifth Grand Master of the Knights Templar 1168 – Thierry, Count of Flanders (born 1099) 1229 – Albert of Riga , German bishop (born 1165) 1329 – Roseline of Villeneuve , Carthusian nun (born 1263) 1334 – John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond (born 1266) 1345 – Henry of Asti , Greek patriarch 1345 – Martino Zaccaria , Genoese Lord of Chios 1369 – Peter I of Cyprus (born 1328) 1456 – Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont , French translator (born 1395) 1468 – Skanderbeg , Albanian soldier and politician (born 1405) 1523 – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg , German landgravine (born 1466) [ 77 ] [ 78 ] 1588 – Qi Jiguang , Chinese general (born 1528) 1598 – Feodor I of Russia (born 1557) 1601–1900 1617 – Fausto Veranzio , Croatian bishop and lexicographer (born 1551) 1705 – John Ray , English botanist and historian (born 1627) 1718 – Benjamin Church , American colonel (born 1639) 1737 – Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann , German architect (born 1662) 1738 – Jean-François Dandrieu , French organist and composer (born 1682) 1751 – Tomaso Albinoni , Italian violinist and composer (born 1671) 1826 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga , Spanish-French composer (born 1806) 1834 – Giovanni Aldini , Italian physicist and academic (born 1762) 1850 – Elizabeth Simcoe , English-Canadian painter and author (born 1762) [ 79 ] 1861 – Lola Montez , Irish actress and dancer (born 1821) 1863 – Horace Vernet , French painter (born 1789) 1869 – Alexander Dargomyzhsky , Russian composer (born 1813) 1878 – Edward Shepherd Creasy , English historian and jurist (born 1812) 1884 – Hermann Schlegel , German ornithologist and herpetologist (born 1804) 1887 – William Giblin , Australian lawyer and politician, 13th Premier of Tasmania (born 1840) 1888 – Big Bear , Canadian tribal chief (born 1825) 1891 – George Bancroft , American historian and politician, 17th United States Secretary of the Navy (born 1800) 1893 – Rutherford B. Hayes , American general, lawyer, and politician, 19th President of the United States (born 1822) 1896 – Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover , Welsh writer and patron of the arts (born 1802) [ 80 ] 1901–present 1903 – Ignaz Wechselmann , Hungarian architect and philanthropist (born 1828) 1908 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1835) 1909 – Agathon Meurman , Finnish politician and journalist (born 1826) [ 81 ] 1909 – Francis Smith , Australian lawyer, judge, and politician, 4th Premier of Tasmania (born 1819) 1911 – Francis Galton , English polymath, anthropologist, and geographer (born 1822) 1927 – Juliette Gordon Low , American founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA (born 1860) 1930 – Gauhar Jaan , One of the first performers to record music on 78 rpm records in India. (born 1873) 1931 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (born 1864) 1932 – Ahmet Derviş , Turkish general (born 1881) 1932 – Albert Jacka , Australian captain, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1893) 1933 – Louis Comfort Tiffany , American stained glass artist (born 1848) 1936 – Mateiu Caragiale , Romanian journalist, author, and poet (born 1885) 1942 – Walther von Reichenau , German field marshal (born 1884) 1947 – Pyotr Krasnov , Russian historian and general (born 1869) 1947 – Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve , Canadian cardinal (born 1883) 1951 – Jyoti Prasad Agarwala , Indian poet, playwright, and director (born 1903) 1952 – Walter Briggs Sr. , American businessman (born 1877) 1961 – Patrice Lumumba , Congolese politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (born 1925) 1970 – Simon Kovar , Russian-American bassoon player and educator (born 1890) 1970 – Billy Stewart , American rhythm and blues singer and pianist (born 1937) 1972 – Betty Smith , American author and playwright (born 1896) 1977 – Dougal Haston , Scottish mountaineer (born 1940) 1977 – Gary Gilmore , American murderer (born 1940) 1981 – Loukas Panourgias , Greek footballer and lawyer (born 1899) 1984 – Kostas Giannidis , Greek pianist, composer, and conductor (born 1903) 1987 – Hugo Fregonese , Argentinian director and screenwriter (born 1908) 1987 – Lawrence Kohlberg , American psychologist and author (born 1927) [ 82 ] 1988 – Percy Qoboza , South African journalist and author (born 1938) 1990 – Panka Pelishek , Bulgarian pianist and music teacher (born 1899) [ 83 ] 1991 – Olav V of Norway (born 1903) 1992 – Frank Pullen , English soldier and businessman (born 1915) 1993 – Albert Hourani , English-Lebanese historian and academic (born 1915) 1994 – Yevgeni Ivanov , Russian spy (born 1926) 1994 – Helen Stephens , American runner, shot putter, and discus thrower (born 1918) 1996 – Barbara Jordan , American lawyer and politician (born 1936) 1996 – Sylvia Lawler , English geneticist (born 1922) 1997 – Bert Kelly , Australian farmer and politician, 20th Australian Minister for the Navy (born 1912) 1997 – Clyde Tombaugh , American astronomer and academic, discovered Pluto (born 1906) 2000 – Philip Jones , English trumpet player and educator (born 1928) 2000 – Ion Rațiu , Romanian journalist and politician (born 1917) 2002 – Camilo José Cela , Spanish author and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1916) 2002 – Roman Personov , Russian physicist and academic (born 1932) 2003 – Richard Crenna , American actor and director (born 1926) 2004 – Raymond Bonham Carter , English banker (born 1929) 2004 – Harry Brecheen , American baseball player and coach (born 1914) 2004 – Ray Stark , American film producer (born 1915) 2004 – Noble Willingham , American actor (born 1931) 2005 – Charlie Bell , Australian businessman (born 1960) 2005 – Virginia Mayo , American actress, singer, and dancer (born 1920) 2005 – Albert Schatz , American microbiologist and academic (born 1920) 2005 – Zhao Ziyang , Chinese politician, 3rd Premier of the People's Republic of China (born 1919) 2006 – Pierre Grondin , Canadian surgeon (born 1925) 2007 – Art Buchwald , American journalist and author (born 1925) 2007 – Yevhen Kushnaryov , Ukrainian engineer and politician (born 1951) 2007 – Uwe Nettelbeck , German record producer, journalist and film critic (born 1940) [ 84 ] 2008 – Bobby Fischer , American chess player and author (born 1943) [ 85 ] 2008 – Ernie Holmes , American football player, wrestler, and actor (born 1948) 2009 – Anders Isaksson , Swedish journalist and historian (born 1943) 2010 – Gaines Adams , American football player (born 1983) 2010 – Jyoti Basu , Indian politician and 9th Chief Minister of West Bengal (born 1914) 2010 – Michalis Papakonstantinou , Greek journalist and politician, Foreign Minister of Greece (born 1919) 2010 – Erich Segal , American author and screenwriter (born 1937) 2011 – Don Kirshner , American songwriter and producer (born 1934) 2012 – Julius Meimberg , German soldier and pilot (born 1917) 2012 – Johnny Otis , American singer-songwriter and producer (born 1921) 2012 – Marty Springstead , American baseball player and umpire (born 1937) 2013 – Mehmet Ali Birand , Turkish journalist and author (born 1941) 2013 – Jakob Arjouni , German author (born 1964) 2013 – Yves Debay , Belgian journalist (born 1954) 2013 – John Nkomo , Zimbabwean politician, Vice President of Zimbabwe (born 1934) 2013 – Lizbeth Webb , English soprano and actress (born 1926) 2014 – Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin , Indian spiritual leader, 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq (born 1915) 2014 – Francine Lalonde , Canadian educator and politician (born 1940) 2014 – Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green , English businessman and politician (born 1942) 2014 – John J. McGinty III , American captain, Medal of Honor recipient (born 1940) 2014 – Sunanda Pushkar , Indian-Canadian businesswoman (born 1962) 2014 – Suchitra Sen , Indian film actress (born 1931) [ 86 ] 2015 – Ken Furphy , English footballer and manager (born 1931) 2015 – Faten Hamama , Egyptian actress and producer (born 1931) 2015 – Don Harron , Canadian actor and screenwriter (born 1924) 2016 – Blowfly , American singer-songwriter and producer (born 1939) 2016 – Melvin Day , New Zealand painter and historian (born 1923) 2016 – V. Rama Rao , Indian lawyer and politician, 12th Governor of Sikkim (born 1935) 2016 – Sudhindra Thirtha , Indian religious leader (born 1926) 2017 – Tirrel Burton , American football player and coach (born 1929) 2017 – Colo , American western lowland gorilla , first gorilla born in captivity and oldest recorded (born 1956) [ 87 ] [ 88 ] 2019 – S. Balakrishnan , Malayalam movie composer (born 1948) [ 89 ] 2020 – Derek Fowlds , British actor (born1937) [ 90 ] 2021 – Rasheed Naz , Pakistani film and television actor (born 1948) [ 91 ] 2022 – Birju Maharaj , Indian dancer (born 1937) [ 92 ] 2023 – Lucile Randon , French supercentenarian (born 1904) [ 93 ] 2025 – Didier Guillaume , French politician, 25th Minister of State of Monaco (born 1959) [ 94 ] 2025 – Jules Feiffer , American cartoonist, playwright, screenwriter, and educator (born 1929) [ 95 ] 2025 – Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat , Mongolian politician, 1st President of Mongolia (born 1942) [ 96 ] 2025 – Denis Law , Scottish footballer (born 1940) [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Holidays and observances Christian feast day : Anthony the Great Blessed Angelo Paoli Blessed Gamelbert of Michaelsbuch Charles Gore ( Church of England ) Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo (one of Saints of the Cristero War ) Mildgyth Our Lady of Pontmain Sulpitius the Pious January 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Anthony the Great Blessed Angelo Paoli Blessed Gamelbert of Michaelsbuch Charles Gore ( Church of England ) Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo (one of Saints of the Cristero War ) Mildgyth Our Lady of Pontmain Sulpitius the Pious January 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) National Day ( Menorca , Spain ) The opening ceremony of Patras Carnival , celebrated until Clean Monday . ( Patras , Greece ) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Anthony A. Barrett (4 January 2002). Agrippina: Mother of Nero . Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-134-61863-7 . ^ Stephen Moss (2011-01-20). "Weatherwatch: The Grote Mandrenke" . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014-01-23 . ^ Philippe Levillain (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies . Psychology Press. p. 660. ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2 . ^ Shaw, Edward Richard (1900). Discoverers and Explorers . American Book Company. p. 103 . ISBN 1-4353-8990-5 . Verrazzano january 17. {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 2 . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 239– 240. ISBN 9780313337338 . ^ Lesaffer, Randall (2017). "Between Faith and Empire: The Justification of the Spanish Intervention in the French Wars of Religion in the 1590s". In Koskenniemi, Martti; Rech, Walter; Fonseca, Manuel Jiménez (eds.). International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780198795575 . ^ Bruce, James (1790). Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773. Volume II . London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. 277– 278. ^ Ashton, Robert (1994). Counter-Revolution: The Second Civil War and Its Origins, 1646-8 . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780300061147 . ^ Nolan, Cathal J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2 . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p.651 ^ Bastmeijer, Kees (2003). The Antarctic Environmental Protocol and Its Domestic Legal Implementation . The Hague: Kluwer Law International. p. 4. ISBN 9789041120649 . ^ Buchanan, John (1997). The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas . New York: Wiley. pp. 320– 322. ISBN 9780471164029 . ^ Vassallo, Mario (1979). From Lordship to Stewardship: Religion and Social Change in Malta . The Hague: Mouton. p. 29. ISBN 9789027979674 . ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2018). The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars: Conflicts That Changed World History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC=CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 9781440855986 . ^ Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 326. ISBN 9781576079256 . ^ Thompson, Erwin N. (1967). The Modoc War, 1872-73, Lava Beds National Monument . Washington, D.C.: Division of History, Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service. p. 51. OCLC 4989984 . ^ Archer, Thomas (1886). The War in Egypt and the Soudan: An Episode in the History of the British Empire . London: Blackie. pp. 17– 19. OCLC 5628196 . ^ Juvik, Sonia P.; Juvik, James O.; Paradise, Thomas R. (1998). Atlas of Hawai'i . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824817459 . ^ Moran, Jim (2011). Wake Island 1941: A Battle to Make the Gods Weep . New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 9781849086035 . ^ Kirk, Irina (1981). Anton Chekov . Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 9780805764109 . ^ Evans, Waldo A. (1928). The Virgin Islands of the United States: A General Report by the Governor . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 29 . ^ "History of Alcohol Prohibition" . National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse . Retrieved November 7, 2013 . ^ Felix, Christopher (2001). A Short Course in the Secret War . Lanham, Md.: Madison Books. p. 267. ISBN 9781568331799 . ^ Stickle, Benjamin F. (2016). "Great Brink's Robbery (1950)". In Chermak, Steven M.; Bailey, Frankie Y. (eds.). Crimes of the Centuries: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 9781610695930 . ^ "Report on the accident to Boeing 777-236ER, G-YMMM, at London Heathrow Airport on 17 January 2008" (PDF) . Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 9 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Goldman, Russell (January 17, 2013). "Lance Armstrong Admits to Doping" . United States: ABC News . Retrieved 2013-01-18 . ^ "Δικάζονται στο Εφετείο οι δολοφόνοι του Σαχζάτ Λουκμάν" . efsyn.gr. 2018-04-16 . Retrieved 2018-09-16 . ^ "Barack Obama – Key Events | Miller Center" . millercenter.org . 2016-10-07 . Retrieved 2022-01-11 . ^ CARVALHO, NEVILLE SPYKERMAN and MARTIN (17 January 2017). "MH370 underwater search suspended" . The Star . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ "Tibet avalanche kills 28 as search called off" . BBC News. 21 January 2023. ^ "Saint Pius V | pope | Britannica" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 23 April 2022 . ^ Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent (1979). Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago, siglo XVIII . Ediciones Hidalguia. p. 95. ISBN 978-84-00-04412-1 . ^ Viens, Katheryn P. (2000). "Belmont, Alva Erskine Smith Vanderbilt (1853-1933), social leader and suffragist" . American National Biography . doi : 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500052 . ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7 . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ Brabencová, Jana. "BABOROVÁ-ČIHÁKOVÁ, Marie Zdenka" . Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands (in Czech) . Retrieved 2019-08-11 . ^ Kovačević-Ristanović, Ružica (2014-07-10). "Lela Mevorah: A Professional Jewish Woman's Contribution to the Practice of Medicine in Serbia in the Aftermath of the Holocaust" . Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies . 25 (2): 199– 211. doi : 10.1353/ser.2011.0042 . ISSN 1941-9511 . S2CID 144369420 . ^ McMullen, Kieran E. (2012). The Many Watsons . London: MX Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 9781780923031 . ^ "Jackie Henderson: the Arsenal man who moved to my village" . woolwicharsenal.co.uk . 2 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ "Charlie Mitten" . The Independent . London. 8 January 2002 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ Kandell, Jonathan (9 July 2022). "Luis Echeverría Alvarez, Former President of Mexico, Dies at 100" . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . ^ Blistein, Jon (31 December 2021). "Beloved TV Icon Betty White Dead on Cusp of 100th Birthday" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 31, 2021 . ^ Bernstein, Adam (May 6, 2023). "Newton Minow, FCC chairman who assailed 'vast wasteland' of TV, dies at 97" . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 6, 2023 . ^ Jack, Adrian (26 December 2008). "Obituary: Eartha Kitt" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 December 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Famous birthdays for Jan. 17: Dwyane Wade, Jim Carrey" . UPI . 17 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Stage, television and film actor dies" (PDF) . The Old Felstedian . December 2020. p. 25 . Retrieved 19 January 2024 . ^ "James Earl Jones, renowned actor and voice of Darth Vader, dies at 93" . Reuters . Retrieved 9 September 2024 . ^ Coveney, Michael (13 May 2009). "Obituary: John Cater" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 January 2024 . ^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 553. ISBN 9780786479924 . ^ Shail, Robert (2007). British Film Directors: A Critical Guide . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780748622313 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Rose, Mike (17 January 2023). "Today's famous birthdays list for January 17, 2023 includes celebrities James Earl Jones, Jim Carrey" . The Plain Dealer . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Muhammad Ali" . Biography . 22 October 2021 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ "Thomas Deitz, 1952-2009" . Locus Magazine . April 28, 2009 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ Sweeting, Adam (3 April 2023). "Ryuichi Sakamoto obituary" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ Smith, Jessie Carney (17 December 2010). Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture [4 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 650. ISBN 978-0-313-35797-8 . ^ "Colin Gordon" . neilbrown.newcastlefans.com . Retrieved 12 April 2025 . ^ Lenberg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film and TV Award-Winning and Legendary Animators . New York: Applause. p. 331. ISBN 9781557836717 . ^ Australian Media Guide : 2000 Paralympic Games Sydney . Sydney: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2000. p. 30. ^ Heching, Dan (17 January 2022). "Brandy Wishes 'Genius' Brother Ray J a Happy Birthday: He 'Can Do It All' " . People . Retrieved 17 January 2023 . ^ "Mike Zigomanis" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Andrew Webster" . 22 October 2023. ^ "Dexter Lumis" . ESPN . 1 November 2022 . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Viktor Stalberg" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ Donald McRae (6 February 2023). "Oleksandr Usyk: 'There had been laughter in that gym. When I got there, only darkness and death' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 2023-02-06 . ^ "Earl Clark" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Tyler Zeller" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Stanislav Galiev" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ Moore, Indya [@IndyaMoore] (January 17, 2020). "Thank you all so much for the birthday love!!" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 30, 2020 – via Twitter . ^ "Allonzo Trier" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Jake Paul – Rotten Tomatoes" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2021-06-14 . ^ "Kyle Tucker" . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 13 January 2023 . ^ Nepales, Ruben V. (January 30, 2020). "Fil-Am Isa Briones went from Hamilton to a female lead role in Picard —and she's just 21" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. 1 . Retrieved April 6, 2020 . ^ "찬희 프로필" (in Korean). Naver. ^ "Devlin DeFrancesco" . Retrieved 2 October 2018 . ^ "Ayo Dosunmu" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Enzo Fernández" . Premier League . Retrieved 18 January 2024 . ^ "사무엘, '0117 생일' 특별 이벤트 진행" . 더팩트 (in Korean). 8 December 2023 . Retrieved 17 March 2025 . ^ "The official website for European football" . ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup Chile 2025™ Squad List: Spain (ESP)" (PDF) . FIFA . 27 September 2025. p. 22 . Retrieved 16 December 2025 . ^ Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch). Zaltbommel : Europese Bibliotheek. p. 70. ^ Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch). Leiden & Utrecht : A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers. p. 95. ^ Beacock Fryer, Mary (1989). Elizabeth Postuma Simcoe, 1762-1850: A Biography . Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-55002-064-9 . ^ Laurence, Anya (1978). Women of Notes: 1,000 Women Composers Born Before 1900 . New York: Richards Rosen Press. p. 91. OCLC 252454075 . ^ Agathon Meurman – Agathon Meurmanin sukuseura (in Finnish) ^ Rest, James; Power, Clark; Brabeck, Mary (May 1988). "Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)". American Psychologist . 43 (5): 399– 400. doi : 10.1037/h0091958 . ^ Bozhikova, Milena (2001). "Pelishek, Panka" . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online. doi : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.2274258 . Retrieved 19 August 2025 . ^ Boyd, J (13 February 2007). "Obituary: Uwe Nettelbeck" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ "Bobby Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) – The U.S. Chess Trust" . uschesstrust.org . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ "Suchitra Sen, India's Greta Garbo, dies aged 82" . The National . January 18, 2014. ^ Lyttle, Jeff (1997). Gorillas in Our Midst: The Story of the Columbus Zoo Gorillas . Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 9780814207666 . ^ "Colo, the oldest gorilla in captivity, dies aged 60" . BBC News. January 18, 2017 . Retrieved June 20, 2023 . ^ "Noted music composer S Balakrishnan passes away" . Mathrubhumi . Archived from the original on 2019-01-19 . Retrieved 2019-01-17 . ^ Louise Randell. "Yes Minister and Heartbeat star Derek Fowlds dead at 82" . MSN . Retrieved 2020-01-18 . ^ "Veteran actor Rashid Naz passes away at 73" . Images . 2022-01-17 . Retrieved 2025-08-07 . ^ "Leading Indian dancer Birju Maharaj dies" . Reuters . 2022-01-17 . Retrieved 2022-01-18 . ^ "The world's oldest known person, French nun Lucile Randon, dead at 118" . France 24 . 2023-01-17 . Retrieved 2023-03-05 . ^ Beaudet, Florence (January 17, 2025). "Drôme : Didier Guillaume, ancien président du département et ancien ministre de l'Agriculture, est mort" . France Bleu (in French) . Retrieved January 18, 2025 . ^ Webster, Andy (January 21, 2025). "Jules Feiffer, Acerbic Cartoonist, Writer and Much Else, Dies at 95" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 21, 2025 . ^ "Mongolian ex-president passes away" . XinhauNet . January 18, 2025 . Retrieved January 18, 2025 . ^ "Denis Law obituary" . The Guardian, UK . January 19, 2025 . Retrieved January 19, 2025 . ^ "Man Utd and Scotland legend Law dies aged 84" . BBC Sport . January 17, 2025 . Retrieved January 24, 2025 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 17 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles using Mw magnitude scale Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 03:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_17#cite_note-77
|
Unang Panid Tubaan Mga bag-ong giusab Bisan unsang panid Tabang Mga donasyon Paghimo og akawnt Sulod Mga donasyon Paghimo og akawnt Sulod Mga sulod Sinugdanan 1 Piniling artikulo 2 Mga Panghitabo Unang Panid Unang Panid Panaghisgot-hisgot Basaha Tan-awa ang tinubdan Tan-awa ang kaagi Basaha Tan-awa ang tinubdan Tan-awa ang kaagi Unsay mga misumpay dinhi Mga may kalabotang kausaban Pagsumiter og payl Permanenteng sumpay Impormasyon kabahin sa panid Kutloa kining maong artikulo Pagkuha og pinamubo nga URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Paghimo og libro I-download isip PDF Mapatik nga bersiyon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Aytem sa Wikidata Dayon Wikipedya , ang libre ug gawasnong ensiklopedya. Ang Sinugboanong Wikipedya nag-inusarang ensiklopedya sa Binisaya walay bayad (tan-awa ang atong copyright ) Kini ang among damgo: Maapod-apod sa matag Bisaya/Sugboanon ang usa ka libreng ensiklopedya. 6,115,889 ka mga artikulo ug 3 file gisugdan Hunyo 22, 2005 . Biyernes , Enero 16 , 2026 ; 13:59 ( GMT+8 ) karon Bag-oha Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Makatabang ka sa pagkab-ot sa maong tinguha! Pagpuno og artikulo : Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Panindota ang mga eksisting nga artikulo . Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Mga Ganghaan : Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Kinsa kami? Ang mga serber nga nagapadagan sa Sinugboanong Wikipedya gipanag-iya sa Wikimedia Foundation . Ang Wikimedia Pilipinas mao ang lokal nga tsapter sa nasod. Tan-awa dinhi ang talaan sa mga nag-una ug kanunayng tigtampohan . Mahimo kaming makontak pinaagi sa indibidwal nga panid sa tiggamit . Pwede usab sa Tubaan . Don't speak Cebuano? You can post messages at our Embassy . Di nagse-Sebwano? Maaari kang mag-iwan ng mensahe sa aming Pasuguan . Ang Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan Mga Wikipedya sa Pilipinas : Binikol - Iniloko - Kinapampangan - Pinanggasinan - Tinagalog - Tsinabakano - Winaray Mga Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan : May total nga 273 ka mga wikipedya. Pipila sa labing dako mao kining mosunod. Labaw sa 100,000 artikulo: · Kinatsila (Español) · Pinlandes (Suomi) · Ukranyano (Українська) · Inebreo (עברית) · Binyetnamita (Tiếng Việt) · Winaray Labaw sa 20,000 artikulo: · Inestonyo (Eesti) · Minalayo (Bahasa Melayu) · Iningles (simple) · Ginalyego (Galego) · Bag-ong Ninorwego (Nynorsk) · Linatin (Latina) · Hinabanes (Basa Jawa) · Lineton (Latviešu) · Binosniyo (Bosanski) · Inislandes (Íslenska) · Ginales (Cymraeg) · Binyeloruso (Беларуская) · Inoksitano (Occitan) · tanang pinulongan Mga kaubang proyekto sa Wikipedya : Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wikibooks (libro) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikinews (balita) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Commons (mga file ) Meta (koordinasyon) Dayon Wikipedya , ang libre ug gawasnong ensiklopedya. Ang Sinugboanong Wikipedya nag-inusarang ensiklopedya sa Binisaya walay bayad (tan-awa ang atong copyright ) nag-inusarang ensiklopedya sa Binisaya walay bayad (tan-awa ang atong copyright ) Kini ang among damgo: Maapod-apod sa matag Bisaya/Sugboanon ang usa ka libreng ensiklopedya. 6,115,889 ka mga artikulo ug 3 file gisugdan Hunyo 22, 2005 . Biyernes , Enero 16 , 2026 ; 13:59 ( GMT+8 ) karon Bag-oha Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Makatabang ka sa pagkab-ot sa maong tinguha! Kini ang among damgo: Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Piniling artikulo Piniling artikulo Piniling artikulo Si Adolf Hitler. (Hulagway gikan sa Arkibo Pederal sa Alemanya) Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . padayo'g pag-basa... Ang ubang maayong mga artikulo – Mga sugyot – Mga kinahanglanon Si Adolf Hitler ( Kiling 20 , 1889 - Kiling 30 , 1945 ) usa ka Alemang lugayna kinsa nangulo sa Nasodnong Sosyalistang Hugpong sa mga Mamumuong Aleman . Siya nahimong Chancellor sa Alemanya (1933-1945) ug Führer sa Alemanya (1934-1945). Human ang Gubat Kalibotanon I , ang Partidong Nazi nakakuha'g gahom sa panahon sa krisis didto sa Alemanya pinaagi sa paggamit sa nasyonalismo , antisemitismo , antikomunismo , propaganda , ug sa karismatikong oratoryo ni Hitler. Gipadakop ug gipapatay sa mga Nazi ang kadaghanan sa ilang mga kaaway, giusab ang pang-estadong ekonomiya , girearmahan ang kasundalohan ( Wehrmacht ), ug nagtukod og usa ka totalitaryano ug pasistang diktadorya . Gisulong ni Hitler ang mga polisiya nga ang tumong mao ang pagkuha og Lebenstraum . Ang pagsulong nila sa Poland niadtong 1939 maoy nagtukmod sa mga imperyong Briton ug Pranses sa pagdeklara og gubat batok sa mga Aleman, nga epektibong nakasugod sa Gubat Kalibotanon II . Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Mga Panghitabo Mga Panghitabo Mga Panghitabo Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Coronavirus pandemya . Uban pang panghitabo... Pagpuno og artikulo : Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Pagpuno og artikulo : Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Mahimong orihinal nga sinulat o hinubad gikan sa ubang Wikipedya. Niay among sugyot nga sulatonong mga artikulo . Panindota ang mga eksisting nga artikulo . Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Panindota ang mga eksisting nga artikulo . Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Unaha ang imong (mga) hilig: kompyuter , internet , ang imong lungsod , ang imong paboritong banda nga BisRock . Pipila sa imong mahimo: butangi'g hulagway ( unsaon ?) , hinloa ang espeling, ayoha ang pagkasulat. Mga Ganghaan : Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Mga Ganghaan : Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Kabisay-an Mga arte Matematika Heyograpiya Kasaysayan Siyensiya Bayograpiya Katitikan Teknolohiya Pilosopiya Katilingban Uban pa Kinsa kami? Ang mga serber nga nagapadagan sa Sinugboanong Wikipedya gipanag-iya sa Wikimedia Foundation . Ang Wikimedia Pilipinas mao ang lokal nga tsapter sa nasod. Tan-awa dinhi ang talaan sa mga nag-una ug kanunayng tigtampohan . Mahimo kaming makontak pinaagi sa indibidwal nga panid sa tiggamit . Pwede usab sa Tubaan . Don't speak Cebuano? You can post messages at our Embassy . Di nagse-Sebwano? Maaari kang mag-iwan ng mensahe sa aming Pasuguan . Ang mga serber nga nagapadagan sa Sinugboanong Wikipedya gipanag-iya sa Wikimedia Foundation . Ang Wikimedia Pilipinas mao ang lokal nga tsapter sa nasod. Don't speak Cebuano? You can post messages at our Embassy . Di nagse-Sebwano? Maaari kang mag-iwan ng mensahe sa aming Pasuguan . Ang Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan Mga Wikipedya sa Pilipinas : Binikol - Iniloko - Kinapampangan - Pinanggasinan - Tinagalog - Tsinabakano - Winaray Mga Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan : May total nga 273 ka mga wikipedya. Pipila sa labing dako mao kining mosunod. Labaw sa 100,000 artikulo: · Kinatsila (Español) · Pinlandes (Suomi) · Ukranyano (Українська) · Inebreo (עברית) · Binyetnamita (Tiếng Việt) · Winaray Labaw sa 20,000 artikulo: · Inestonyo (Eesti) · Minalayo (Bahasa Melayu) · Iningles (simple) · Ginalyego (Galego) · Bag-ong Ninorwego (Nynorsk) · Linatin (Latina) · Hinabanes (Basa Jawa) · Lineton (Latviešu) · Binosniyo (Bosanski) · Inislandes (Íslenska) · Ginales (Cymraeg) · Binyeloruso (Беларуская) · Inoksitano (Occitan) · tanang pinulongan Mga kaubang proyekto sa Wikipedya : Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wikibooks (libro) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikinews (balita) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Commons (mga file ) Meta (koordinasyon) Ang Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan Mga Wikipedya sa Pilipinas : Binikol - Iniloko - Kinapampangan - Pinanggasinan - Tinagalog - Tsinabakano - Winaray Mga Wikipedya sa ubang pinulongan : May total nga 273 ka mga wikipedya. Pipila sa labing dako mao kining mosunod. Labaw sa 100,000 artikulo: · Kinatsila (Español) · Pinlandes (Suomi) · Ukranyano (Українська) · Inebreo (עברית) · Binyetnamita (Tiếng Việt) · Winaray Labaw sa 20,000 artikulo: · Inestonyo (Eesti) · Minalayo (Bahasa Melayu) · Iningles (simple) · Ginalyego (Galego) · Bag-ong Ninorwego (Nynorsk) · Linatin (Latina) · Hinabanes (Basa Jawa) · Lineton (Latviešu) · Binosniyo (Bosanski) · Inislandes (Íslenska) · Ginales (Cymraeg) · Binyeloruso (Беларуская) · Inoksitano (Occitan) · tanang pinulongan Mga kaubang proyekto sa Wikipedya : Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wiktionary (diksiyonaryo) Wikibooks (libro) Wikibooks (libro) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikiquote ( quotes ) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikisource (dokumento) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikispecies (organismo) Wikinews (balita) Wikinews (balita) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Wikiversity (tulunghaan) Commons (mga file ) Commons (mga file ) Meta (koordinasyon) Meta (koordinasyon) العربية Bikol Central Chavacano de Zamboanga English Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano 日本語 한국어 Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Pangasinan Kapampangan Simple English Tagalog Winaray 中文 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Kining maong panid kataposang giusab niadtong 3 Mayo 2025 sa 02:58. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Ang teksto anaa ubos sa Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; dugang mga termino mahimong magamit. Tan-awa ang Termino sa Paggamit alang sa mga detalye. Palisiya sa personal nga impormasyon Mahitungod sa Wikipedia Mga pagpasabot Code of Conduct Mga tig-ugmad Estadistika Pahayag sa cookie Alang sa <em>mobile</em>
|
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Panid#bodyContent
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Career 2 Members Toggle Members subsection 2.1 1977–1979 2.2 1982–1993 2.1 1977–1979 2.2 1982–1993 3 Discography Toggle Discography subsection 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 12" EPs 3.3 Singles 3.4 Compilations 3.5 Live albums 3.6 Radio 3.7 Songs on compilations 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 12" EPs 3.3 Singles 3.4 Compilations 3.5 Live albums 3.6 Radio 3.7 Songs on compilations 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Skrewdriver Беларуская Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikiquote Wikidata item Skrewdriver Background information Origin Poulton-le-Fylde , Lancashire , England Genres .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Punk rock Oi! Punk rock Oi! Years active 1976–1979; 1982–1993 Labels Chiswick Rock-O-Rama White Noise Chiswick Rock-O-Rama White Noise Past members Ian Stuart Donaldson Martin Cross Merv Shields Phil Walmsley Ron Hartley Kevin McKay John "Grinny" Grinton Jim "Sturmfuhrer" Rice Mark Radcliffe [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Part of a series on Far-right politics in the United Kingdom Ideologies British fascism English Defence League National Front British fascism English Defence League National Front History Battle of De Winton Field Battle of Cable Street National Front British National Party Battle of Lewisham 1999 London nail bombings Question Time BNP controversy Murder of Jo Cox 2024 riots 2025 anti-immigration protests Operation Raise the Colours Battle of De Winton Field Battle of Cable Street National Front British National Party Battle of Lewisham 1999 London nail bombings Question Time BNP controversy Murder of Jo Cox 2024 riots 2025 anti-immigration protests Operation Raise the Colours Principles Remigration Europe a Nation Greater Britain Political Soldier White genocide conspiracy theory Remigration Europe a Nation Greater Britain Political Soldier White genocide conspiracy theory Politicians Anderson Barnbrook Beackon Bean Beckett Brons Buckby Cotterill Edmonds Fountaine Golding Griffin Hamm Hawkins Kemp Leese Mosley (Oswald) Ramsay O'Brien Parker Read Webster Weston Wingfield Wood Anderson Barnbrook Beackon Bean Beckett Brons Buckby Cotterill Edmonds Fountaine Golding Griffin Hamm Hawkins Kemp Leese Mosley (Oswald) Ramsay O'Brien Parker Read Webster Weston Wingfield Wood Activists Amery Bonehill-Paine Chesterton Collett Dowson Harrington Hopkins Hutchison Lintorn-Orman Morrison Renshaw Robinson Sheppard Southgate Tyndall Waters Yiannopoulos Amery Bonehill-Paine Chesterton Collett Dowson Harrington Hopkins Hutchison Lintorn-Orman Morrison Renshaw Robinson Sheppard Southgate Tyndall Waters Yiannopoulos Intellectuals Clarke Donaldson Hancock Irving Jenks Michell Mosley (Diana) Pearson Pitt-Rivers Reed Thomson Williamson Clarke Donaldson Hancock Irving Jenks Michell Mosley (Diana) Pearson Pitt-Rivers Reed Thomson Williamson Active organisations Advance UK Blood & Honour Britain First British Democratic Party British National Party Combat 18 English Democrats Homeland Party League of Saint George London Forum National Action National Front Patriotic Alternative Turning Point UK UK Independence Party Advance UK Blood & Honour Britain First British Democratic Party British National Party Combat 18 English Democrats Homeland Party League of Saint George London Forum National Action National Front Patriotic Alternative Turning Point UK UK Independence Party Defunct organisations British Democratic Party British Fascists British National Party (1960) British People's Party 1939 2005 British Union of Fascists Column 88 English Defence League England First Party For Britain Movement Greater Britain Movement Imperial Fascist League League of Empire Loyalists Liberty GB National Democrats National Socialist Movement 1962 1997 Patriotic Party Union Movement Western Goals Institute British Democratic Party British Fascists British National Party (1960) British People's Party 1939 2005 1939 2005 British Union of Fascists Column 88 English Defence League England First Party For Britain Movement Greater Britain Movement Imperial Fascist League League of Empire Loyalists Liberty GB National Democrats National Socialist Movement 1962 1997 1962 1997 Patriotic Party Union Movement Western Goals Institute Media Action The Blackshirt Candour The Light Redwatch Skrewdriver Spearhead Action The Blackshirt Candour The Light Redwatch Skrewdriver Spearhead Related topics List of far-right groups (1945–present) List of fascist parties Right-wing terrorism White power skinhead List of far-right groups (1945–present) List of fascist parties Right-wing terrorism White power skinhead United Kingdom portal Politics portal United Kingdom portal Politics portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Skrewdriver were an English punk rock band formed by Ian Stuart Donaldson in Poulton-le-Fylde , Lancashire , in 1976. Originally a punk band, [ 5 ] Skrewdriver changed into a white power skinhead rock band after reuniting in the 1980s. [ 6 ] Their original line-up split in January 1979 and Donaldson reformed the band with different musicians in 1982. [ 7 ] The new iteration of the band played a leading role in the Rock Against Communism movement. [ 8 ] The band broke up after Donaldson died in a car crash in 1993. Career Ian Stuart Donaldson, formerly of the cover band Tumbling Dice, formed Skrewdriver as a punk rock band in Poulton-le-Fylde in 1976. [ 9 ] At first, Skrewdriver sported a punk appearance , but they later changed their image to a skinhead look. In 1978, Donaldson moved to Manchester , where he recruited guitarist Glenn Jones and drummer Martin Smith. With Kevin MacKay on bass, this lineup toured extensively and built a strong following, although certain venues were reluctant to book the band because of their reputation as a violent skinhead band. Boomtown Rats frontman Bob Geldof was reportedly knocked unconscious by a friend of Donaldson who believed that Skrewdriver's sound had been sabotaged [ 10 ] Performing largely for a skinhead audience, the first versions of the band released one album and two singles on Chiswick Records . Skrewdriver briefly adopted a rocker / biker -influenced look around the time they released the EP Built Up Knocked Down (1979). [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Donaldson resurrected the band name Skrewdriver in 1982 with a new band line-up. The new band espoused an openly nationalist ideology [ 13 ] and eventually became openly supportive of white nationalist groups, after a lengthy period of publicly denying such support. [ 14 ] The band released the single "White Power" in 1983 and their second album, Hail the New Dawn , in 1984. Although both Skrewdriver and the band Sham 69 had skinhead followings and racist fans early in their careers, Sham 69 denounced racism and performed at Rock Against Racism concerts. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Donaldson eventually aligned himself with neo-Nazism , saying: "I would describe myself as a British National Socialist , not a German one , and so don't think I'm at odds with British patriots ." [ 17 ] The band became associated with the National Front and British National Party , raising funds for them (and affiliated organisations) through the White Noise record label. They released records on Rock-O-Rama , a label that became known for National Socialist sympathies. Skrewdriver was instrumental in setting up Blood & Honour , a neo-Nazi music promotion network. Their song "Smash the IRA" became popular amongst Loyalists in Northern Ireland. It was one of a number of Skrewdriver songs covered by a Belfast band called Offensive Weapon , who also covered songs by Black artists such as Chuck Berry . [ 18 ] Some members of the original Skrewdriver line-up objected strongly to the new direction in which Donaldson took the band. Roger Armstrong of Chiswick Records said: It is a shame that the name was dragged through the gutter like that. The other three guys in the band were really pissed off too. Grinny the drummer came from solid Northern socialist stock. When they made records for us Ian Stuart showed no signs of fascism . The skinhead image was a—maybe in hindsight misconceived—fashion thing. It was cooked up by a bunch of us, including the band's then-management and the photographer Peter Kodik. [ 19 ] It is a shame that the name was dragged through the gutter like that. The other three guys in the band were really pissed off too. Grinny the drummer came from solid Northern socialist stock. When they made records for us Ian Stuart showed no signs of fascism . The skinhead image was a—maybe in hindsight misconceived—fashion thing. It was cooked up by a bunch of us, including the band's then-management and the photographer Peter Kodik. [ 19 ] However, John "Grinny" Grinton later stated in an interview that he had no problem with the new Skrewdriver, and that he became a member of the National Front along with Donaldson. [ 1 ] Donaldson died in a car crash on 24 September 1993. A friend and fellow Neo-Nazi, Stephen Lee Flint, died from injuries sustained in the crash the following day. [ 20 ] Donaldson's death catalyzed the demise of Skrewdriver, and had a strong impact on the white power rock scene. [ 21 ] John "Grinny" Grinton died from cancer in June 2005. [ 22 ] [ unreliable fringe source? ] Members 1977–1979 Ian Stuart Donaldson – guitar, vocals Kevin "Kev" McKay – bass (1976–1978, 1978) John Grinton – drums (1976–1978, 1979) Phil Walmsley – bass, guitar (1976–1977, 1978) Ron Hartley – guitar (1977–1978) Mark Radcliffe – drums (1978–1979) Gary "Gaz" Chammings – guitar (1978) Pete Corley – guitar (1978) Chris Cummings – guitar (1978–1979) Glen Jones – guitar (1979) Martin Smith – drums (1979) 1982–1993 Ian Stuart Donaldson – guitar, vocals Mark French – bass (1982–1984) Mark Meeson – guitar (1982–1983) Geoff Williams – drums (1982–1983) Mark Sutherland – drums (1984–1987) Scotty – drums (1984–1987) Adam Douglas – guitar (1984–1986) Murray Holmes – bass (1984) Paul Swain – guitar (1984–1987) Steve "Stiv / Iena / A." Roda – bass (1985–1986) Mervyn "Big Merv" Shields – bass (1986–1989) Martin Cross – guitar (1987–1988) Ross McGarry – guitar (?) John Burnley – drums (1987–1991) Steve "Stigger" Calladine – guitar, piano (1990–1993) Jon "Smiley / Icky" Hickson – bass (1990–1993) Paul "Mushy" Marshall – drums (1991–1993) Mark French Geoff Williams Mark Neeson Joseph Smith Murray Holmes Dave Wane Colin Smith Mike French Andrew Skinner Ford Freemantle Discography Studio albums All Skrewed Up (1977) ( Chiswick ) (later re-issued as The Early Years with extra tracks) White Power (1983) (Chiswick Records) Hail the New Dawn (1984) ( Rock-O-Rama ) Blood & Honour (1985) (Rock-O-Rama) White Rider (1987) (Rock-O-Rama) After the Fire (1988) (Rock-O-Rama) Warlord (1989) (Rock-O-Rama) The Strong Survive (1990) (Rock-O-Rama) Freedom What Freedom (1992) (Rock-O-Rama) Hail Victory (1994) (Asgard Records – A division of Rock-O-Rama) 12" EPs Back with a Bang / I Don't Like You (1982) (SKREW1 label) Boots & Braces (1987) (previously released tracks) (Rock-O-Rama) Voice of Britain (1987) (previously released tracks) (Rock-O-Rama) Singles "You're So Dumb" / "Better Off Crazy" (1977) (Chiswick) "Antisocial" / "Breakdown" (1977) (Chiswick) "Street Fight" / "Unbeliever" (1977) (Chiswick – recorded but not released) "Built Up, Knocked Down" / "Case of Pride" / "Breakout" (1979) (TJM label) "White Power" / "Smash the IRA" / "Shove the Dove" (1983) (White Noise) "Voice of Britain" / "Sick Society" (1984) (White Noise) "Invasion" / "On the Streets" (1984) (Rock-O-Rama) "After the Fire" / " Sweet Home Alabama (cover version of Lynyrd Skynyrd )" (1988) (Street Rock'n'Roll) "Land of Ice" / "Retaliate" (1988) (Street Rock'n'Roll) "Their Kingdom Will Fall" / "Simple Man" (1989) (Street Rock'n'Roll) "The Evil Crept In" / "Glory" (1989) (Street Rock'n'Roll) "The Showdown" / "Deep Inside" (1990) (White Pride Records) "You're So Dumb" / "The Only One" (1990) (Street Rock'n'Roll) "Streetfight" / "Where's It Gonna End" (1990) (Street Rock'n'Roll) "Stand Proud" / "Backstabber" (1991) (Street Rock'n'Roll) "Warzone" / "Shining Down" (1991) (Street Rock'n'Roll) Compilations Undercover (2007) (collection of cover songs) [ 23 ] Live albums Live Marquee (1977) We've Got the Power (1987) (Viking) (live) (reissued on CD with bonus live & demo tracks) Live and Kicking (1991) (Rock-O-Rama) (double album) Live at Waterloo (1995) (ISD/White Terror) (recorded 12 September 1992) This One's for the Skinheads (live, recorded 23 April 1987) The Last Gig in Germany (1996) Radio Peel Session (1977) [ 24 ] BBC Radio 1 Songs on compilations "Government Action" on Catch a Wave (1978) – 10-inch 2×LP by NICE "You're So Dumb" on Long Shots, Dead Certs and Odds On Favorites (Chiswick Chartbusters Vol.2) (1978) – LP by Chiswick "When the Boat Comes In" on This Is White Noise (1983) – 7-inch EP featuring three other bands "Boots & Braces" and "Antisocial" on United Skins (1982) – LP by The Last Resort shop "Don't Let Them" and "Tearing Down the Wall" on No Surrender (1985) – LP by Rock-O-Rama "Land of Ice", "Free Men" and "The New Boss" on Gods of War 1 (1987) – LP by Street Rock & Roll "Rising" and "We Can't Be Beaten" on Gods of War 2 (1989) – LP by Street Rock & Roll "Antisocial" on The Ugly Truth About Blackpool (2005) – CD by Just Say No to Government Music "Night Trains" on Ballads of Blood and Honor (?) – CD by Unknown Grito sudaka See also List of neo-Nazi bands References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "An Interview with Grinny from Skrewdriver" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Radcliffe, Mark. Showbusiness: The Diary of a Rock 'n' Roll Nobody . Sceptre; new edition (20 May 1999). ISBN 0-340-71567-7 , ISBN 978-0-340-71567-3 . ^ "Waptrick" . Criticsmob.com . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Useless Mark Radcliffe & Lard Facts" . Scrawnandlard.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ White Rider at AllMusic ^ "Skrewdriver – Raw early punk and oi on Chiswick Records. A Punk Rock History and Pictures" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Brown, Timothy S. (2004). "Subcultures, pop music and politics: skinheads and 'Nazi rock' in England and Germany" . Journal of Social History . ^ "Rock Against Communism | ADL" . www.adl.org . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Shaffer, Ryan (2013). "The soundtrack of neo-fascism: youth and music in the National Front". Patterns of Prejudice . 47 ( 4– 5): 458– 482. doi : 10.1080/0031322X.2013.842289 . S2CID 144461518 . ^ "Boomtown Rats vs Skrewdriver" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Skrewdriver Discography" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Skrewdriver Information and Photos" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Skrewdriver Interview" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Skrewdriver Press Cuttings" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Skrewdriver Interview" . AinaSkin.com . Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Punk and the Swastika" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Diamond in the Dust – The Ian Stuart Biography" . Skrewdriver.org . Archived from the original on 27 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ Bailie, Stuart (2018). Trouble Songs . Belfast: Bloomfield. pp. 179– 180. ISBN 978-1-5272-2047-8 . ^ "Skrewdriver – Roger Armstrong Interview" . Punk77.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . ^ "Ian Stuart Donaldson and a legacy of hate" . Channel4.com. 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . ^ "Skrewdriver" . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . ^ "Skrewdriver Timeline" . NS Revolt . 10 August 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . ^ "Skrewdriver – Undercover" . Discogs . ^ "BBC – Radio 1 – Keeping It Peel – 19/10/1977 Skrewdriver" . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Further reading White Noise: Inside the International Nazi Skinhead Scene . Edited by Nick Lowles and Steve Silver, London 1998. ISBN 0-9522038-3-9 . Skrewdriver: The First Ten Years – The Way It's Got to Be! by Joe Pearce. Skrewdriver Services, London 1987. Ian Stuart – His Message Across to You. Everlasting Songs . Excalibur Services, Antwerp 1995. Diamond in the Dust – The Ian Stuart Biography . Blood and Honour England, London 2002. Nazi Rock Star – Ian Stuart-Skrewdriver Biography by Paul London (a.k.a. Paul Burnley of No Remorse). Midgård, Gothenburg 2002. Ian Stuart Donaldson – Memories by Mark Green. PC Records, Chemnitz 2007. Ian Stuart Donaldson – Rock'n Roll Patriot (Memories II) by Mark Green. Mark Green, 2012. External links Skrewdriver.com Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Artists MusicBrainz MusicBrainz 1976 establishments in England 1993 disestablishments in England Anti-communist organizations British neo-Nazis British political music artists Chiswick Records artists English punk rock groups Musical groups disestablished in 1979 Musical groups disestablished in 1993 Musical groups established in 1976 Musical groups reestablished in 1982 Neo-Nazi musical groups Oi! groups Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2021 Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2022 This page was last edited on 21 December 2025, at 12:52 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrewdriver
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Artificial Intelligence Authors and titles for recent submissions Fri, 16 Jan 2026 Thu, 15 Jan 2026 Wed, 14 Jan 2026 Tue, 13 Jan 2026 Mon, 12 Jan 2026 See today's new changes Fri, 16 Jan 2026 (continued, showing 25 of 168 entries ) About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/list/cs.AI/recent?skip=75&show=25
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Contamination of historic books 2 See also 3 References 4 Publications 5 External links Title page Беларуская Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The title page of a book , thesis or other written work is the page at or near the front which displays its title , subtitle, author, publisher, and edition, often artistically decorated. (A half title , by contrast, displays only the title of a work.) The title page is one of the most important parts of the " front matter " or "preliminaries" of a book, as the data on it and its verso (together known as the "title leaf") are used to establish the "title proper and usually, though not necessarily, the statement of responsibility and the data relating to publication". [ 1 ] This determines the way the book is cited in library catalogs and academic references. The title page often shows the title of the work, the person or body responsible for its intellectual content, and the imprint, which contains the name and address of the book's publisher and its date of publication. [ 2 ] Particularly in paperback editions it may contain a shorter title than the cover or lack a descriptive subtitle . Further information about the publication of the book, including its copyright information, is frequently printed on the verso of the title page. Also often included there are the ISBN and a " printer's key ", also known as the "number line", which indicates the print run to which the volume belongs. The first printed books, or incunabula , did not have title pages: the text simply begins on the first page, and the book is often identified by the initial words—the incipit —of the text proper. Other older books may have bibliographic information on the colophon at the end of the book. [ 2 ] The Bulla Cruciatae contra Turcos (1463) is the earliest use of a title on the first page. [ 3 ] Margaret M. Smith's The Title-Page, Its Early Development, 1460-1510 [ 4 ] provides the genesis and development of the title page. [ 5 ] Contamination of historic books In the 19th century, Paris green and similar arsenic pigments were often used on front and back covers , top, fore and bottom edges, title pages, book decorations, and in printed or manual colorations of illustrations of books. Since February 2024, several German libraries started to block public access to their stock of 19th century books to check for the degree of poisoning. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] See also Colophon Book design Half title Printer's key References ^ Gorman, Michael and Paul W. Winkler (eds.), Anglo-American cataloguing rules, 2nd ed., London, Library Association, 1978, 'Glossary', p.571 ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Cowley, John Duncan (1939), Bibliographical description and cataloguing , London: Grafton & Co., p. 77, hdl : 2027/mdp.39015030342920 , OCLC 902053242 ^ Cole, Garold L. "Historical Development of the Title Page". The Journal of Library History . 6 (1971): 303–316. ^ Smith, Margaret M. 2000. The Title-Page, Its Early Development, 1460-1510. London, New Castle, DE: British Library; Oak Knoll Press. ^ "The Title Page." The Book Collector 52 (no 4) Winter 2003: 447-458. ^ dbv-Kommission Bestandserhaltung (December 2023). "Information zum Umgang mit potentiell gesundheitsschädigenden Pigmentbestandteilen an historischen Bibliotheksbeständen (hier: arsenhaltige Pigmente)" (PDF) . www.bibliotheksverband.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-17 . Retrieved 2024-03-17 . (6 pages) ^ "Arsenbelastete Bücher" [Arsen contaminated books]. www.uni-bielefeld.de (in German). Universität Bielefeld . 2024. Archived from the original on 2024-03-11 . Retrieved 2024-03-06 . ^ "Werke aus dem 19. Jahrhundert: Arsenverdacht – Unibibliothek überprüft 15.000 Bücher" . www.spiegel.de (in German). 2024-03-06. Archived from the original on 2024-03-17 . Retrieved 2024-03-06 . ^ dbv-Kommission Bestandserhaltung (2024-02-29). "Aktuelles: Information zum Umgang mit potentiell gesundheitsschädigenden Pigmentbestandteilen, wie arsenhaltigen Pigmenten, an historischen Bibliotheksbeständen" . www.bibliotheksverband.de (in German) . Retrieved 2024-03-06 . ^ Pilz, Michael (2024-03-04). "Warum von grünen Büchern eine Gefahr ausgeht" [Why green books are dangerous]. Kultur > Arsen. Welt (in German). Archived from the original on 2024-03-04 . Retrieved 2024-03-17 . Publications Bertram, Gitta, Nils Büttner, and Claus Zittel, eds. 2021. Gateways to the Book: Frontispieces and Title Pages in Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Brill. Fowler, Alastair. 2017. The Mind of the Book: Pictorial Title Pages. First edition. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Gilmont, J.-F, Vanautgaerden, A., Deraedt, F. (2008). La page de titre à la Renaissance : treize études suivies de cinquante-quatre pages de titre commentées et d'un lexique des termes relatifs à la page de titre . Brepols. Morison, Stanley, Brooke Crutchley, and Kenneth Day. 1963. The Typographic Book, 1450-1935: A Study of Fine Typography through Five Centuries, Exhibited in Upwards of Three Hundred and Fifty Title and Text Pages Drawn from Presses Working in the European Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Smith, Margaret M. (2000). The title-page : its early development, 1460-1510 . Oak Knoll. External links Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures , an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on title pages Glasgow University Library, Special Collections Department, Book of the Month .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Book design v t e Page layout and typography Annotation Footnote Gloss Marginal note Scholia Canons of page construction Catchword Column Footer Header Headpiece Illumination Initial Historiated Inhabited Margin Miniature Ornament Page numbering Pull quote Recto and verso Rubric Rubrication Typeface Font Annotation Footnote Gloss Marginal note Scholia Footnote Gloss Marginal note Scholia Canons of page construction Catchword Column Footer Header Headpiece Illumination Initial Historiated Inhabited Historiated Inhabited Margin Miniature Ornament Page numbering Pull quote Recto and verso Rubric Rubrication Rubrication Typeface Font Font Front and back covers Anthropodermic bibliopegy Bookbinding Buckram Dust jacket Hardcover Leather Paperback Picture cover Treasure binding Anthropodermic bibliopegy Bookbinding Buckram Dust jacket Hardcover Leather Paperback Picture cover Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Marbled Front matter Half-title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Imprimi potest Nihil obstat Imprimatur Dedication Epigraph Table of contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer's mark Half-title bastard title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Imprimi potest Nihil obstat Imprimatur Dedication Epigraph Table of contents Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer's mark Body matter Body text Chapters Illustrations Parts Sections Tipped-in pages Body text Chapters Illustrations Parts Sections Tipped-in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Addendum/Appendix Endnotes Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Author page Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Outro Postscript Addendum/Appendix Endnotes Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Author page Other elements Book curse Bookplate ex-librīs Book rhyme Die-cutting Endband Extra-illustration Fore-edge painting Intentionally blank page Pop-ups Slipcase Thumb index Book curse Bookplate ex-librīs ex-librīs Book rhyme Die-cutting Endband Extra-illustration Fore-edge painting Intentionally blank page Pop-ups Slipcase Thumb index Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Book design Typography CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text This page was last edited on 14 March 2025, at 02:10 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_page
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Types 2 Protecting the power system from outages Toggle Protecting the power system from outages subsection 2.1 Key performance indicators 2.1 Key performance indicators 3 Protecting computer systems from power outages 4 Restoring power after a wide-area outage 5 Theories Toggle Theories subsection 5.1 Self-organized criticality 5.2 OPA model 5.2.1 Mitigation of power outage frequency 5.1 Self-organized criticality 5.2 OPA model 5.2.1 Mitigation of power outage frequency 5.2.1 Mitigation of power outage frequency 6 Major power outages 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Power outage العربية Azərbaycanca 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikidata item A power outage , also called a blackout , a power failure , [ 1 ] a power blackout , [ citation needed ] a power loss , a power cut , or a power out is the complete loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user . There are many causes of power failures in an electricity network. Examples of these causes include faults at power stations , damage to electric transmission lines , substations or other parts of the distribution system, a short circuit , cascading failure , fuse or circuit breaker operation. Power failures are particularly critical at sites where the environment and public safety are at risk. Institutions such as hospitals , sewage treatment plants , and mines will usually have backup power sources such as standby generators , which will automatically start up when electrical power is lost. Other critical systems, such as telecommunication , are also required to have emergency power. The battery room of a telephone exchange usually has arrays of lead–acid batteries for backup and also a socket for connecting a generator during extended periods of outage. During a power outage, there is a disruption in the supply of electricity, resulting in a loss of power to homes, businesses, and other facilities. Power outages can occur for various reasons, including severe weather conditions (e.g. storms, hurricanes, or blizzards), earthquakes, equipment failure, or grid overload. Types Power outages are categorized into three different phenomena, relating to the duration and effect of the outage: A transient fault is a loss of power typically caused by a fault on a power line, e.g. a short circuit or flashover. Power is automatically restored once the fault is cleared. A brownout is a drop in voltage in an electrical power supply. The term brownout comes from the dimming experienced by incandescent lighting when the voltage sags. Brownouts can cause poor performance of equipment or even incorrect operation. A blackout is the total loss of power to a wider area and of long duration. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It is the most severe form of power outage that can occur. Blackouts which result from or result in power stations tripping are particularly difficult to recover from quickly. Outages may last from a few minutes to a few weeks depending on the nature of the blackout and the configuration of the electrical network. Rolling blackouts occur when demand for electricity exceeds supply, and allow some customers to receive power at the required voltage at the expense of other customers who get no power at all. They are a common occurrence in developing countries , and may be scheduled in advance or occur without warning. They have also occurred in developed countries, for example in the California electricity crisis of 2000–2001, when government deregulation destabilized the wholesale electricity market. Blackouts are also used as a public safety measure, such as to prevent a gas leak from catching fire (for example, power was cut to several towns in response to the Merrimack Valley gas explosions ), or to prevent wildfires around poorly maintained transmission lines (such as during the 2019 California power shutoffs ). Protecting the power system from outages In power supply networks , the power generation and the electrical load (demand) must be very close to equal every second to avoid overloading of network components, which can severely damage them. Protective relays and fuses are used to automatically detect overloads and to disconnect circuits at risk of damage. Under certain conditions, a network component shutting down can cause current fluctuations in neighboring segments of the network leading to a cascading failure of a larger section of the network. This may range from a building, to a block, to an entire city, to an entire electrical grid . Modern power systems are designed to be resistant to this sort of cascading failure due to redundancy . Since in some cases there is no short-term economic benefit from investing to prevent rare large-scale failures, researchers have expressed concern that there is a tendency to erode the resilience of the network over time, which is only corrected after a major failure occurs. [ 4 ] In a 2003 publication, Carreras and co-authors claimed that reducing the likelihood of small outages only increases the likelihood of larger ones. [ 5 ] In that case, the short-term economic benefit of keeping the individual customer happy increases the likelihood of large-scale blackouts. The Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held a hearing in October 2018 to examine " black start ", the process of restoring electricity after a system-wide power loss. The hearing's purpose was for Congress to learn about what the backup plans are in the electric utility industry in the case that the electric grid is damaged. Threats to the electrical grid include cyberattacks, solar storms, and severe weather, among others. For example, the " Northeast Blackout of 2003 " was caused when overgrown trees touched high-voltage power lines. Around 55 million people in the U.S. and Canada lost power, and restoring it cost around $6 billion. [ 6 ] Key performance indicators Utilities are measured on three specific performance measures: System Average Interruption Duration Index , measured in minutes Customer Average Interruption Duration Index , measured in minutes Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index Protecting computer systems from power outages Computer systems and other electronic devices containing logic circuitry are susceptible to data loss or hardware damage that can be caused by the sudden loss of power. These can include data networking equipment, video projectors, alarm systems as well as computers. To protect computer systems against this, the use of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can provide a constant flow of electricity if a primary power supply becomes unavailable for a short period of time. To protect against surges (events where voltages increase for a few seconds), which can damage hardware when power is restored, a special device called a surge protector that absorbs the excess voltage can be used. Restoring power after a wide-area outage Restoring power after a wide-area outage can be difficult, as power stations need to be brought back online. Normally, this is done with the help of power from the rest of the grid. In the total absence of grid power, a so-called black start needs to be performed to bootstrap the power grid into operation. The means of doing so will depend greatly on local circumstances and operational policies, but typically transmission utilities will establish localized 'power islands' which are then progressively coupled together. To maintain supply frequencies within tolerable limits during this process, demand must be reconnected at the same pace that generation is restored, requiring close coordination between power stations, transmission and distribution organizations. Theories Self-organized criticality It has been argued on the basis of historical data [ 7 ] and computer modeling [ 8 ] [ 9 ] that power grids are self-organized critical systems . These systems exhibit unavoidable [ 10 ] disturbances of all sizes, up to the size of the entire system. This phenomenon has been attributed to steadily increasing demand/load, the economics of running a power company, and the limits of modern engineering. [ 11 ] While blackout frequency has been shown to be reduced by operating it further from its critical point, it generally is not economically feasible, causing providers to increase the average load over time or upgrade less often resulting in the grid moving itself closer to its critical point. Conversely, a system past the critical point will experience too many blackouts leading to system-wide upgrades moving it back below the critical point. The term critical point of the system is used here in the sense of statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics, representing the point where a system undergoes a phase transition ; in this case the transition from a steady reliable grid with few cascading failures to a very sporadic unreliable grid with common cascading failures. Near the critical point the relationship between blackout frequency and size follows a power-law distribution. [ 9 ] [ 11 ] Cascading failure becomes much more common close to this critical point. The power-law relationship is seen in both historical data and model systems. [ 11 ] The practice of operating these systems much closer to their maximum capacity leads to magnified effects of random, unavoidable disturbances due to aging, weather, human interaction etc. While near the critical point, these failures have a greater effect on the surrounding components due to individual components carrying a larger load. This results in the larger load from the failing component having to be redistributed in larger quantities across the system, making it more likely for additional components not directly affected by the disturbance to fail, igniting costly and dangerous cascading failures. [ 11 ] These initial disturbances causing blackouts are all the more unexpected and unavoidable due to actions of the power suppliers to prevent obvious disturbances (cutting back trees, separating lines in windy areas, replacing aging components etc.). The complexity of most power grids often makes the initial cause of a blackout extremely hard to identify. Leaders are dismissive of system theories that conclude that blackouts are inevitable, but do agree that the basic operation of the grid must be changed. The Electric Power Research Institute champions the use of smart grid features such as power control devices employing advanced sensors to coordinate the grid. [ 12 ] Others advocate greater use of electronically controlled high-voltage direct current (HVDC) firebreaks to prevent disturbances from cascading across AC lines in a wide area grid . [ 13 ] OPA model In 2002, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Power System Engineering Research Center of the University of Wisconsin (PSerc), [ 14 ] and the University of Alaska Fairbanks proposed a mathematical model for the behavior of electrical distribution systems. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] This model has become known as the OPA model, a reference to the names of the authors' institutions. OPA is a cascading failure model. Other cascading failure models include Manchester, Hidden failure, CASCADE, and Branching. [ 17 ] The OPA model was quantitatively compared with a complex networks model of a cascading failure – Crucitti–Latora–Marchiori (CLM) model, [ 18 ] showing that both models exhibit similar phase transitions in the average network damage (load shed/demand in OPA, path damage in CLM), with respect to transmission capacity. [ 19 ] Mitigation of power outage frequency The effects of trying to mitigate cascading failures near the critical point in an economically feasible fashion are often shown to not be beneficial and often even detrimental. Four mitigation methods have been tested using the OPA blackout model: [ 5 ] Increase critical number of failures causing cascading blackouts – Shown to decrease the frequency of smaller blackouts but increase that of larger blackouts. Increase individual power line max load – Shown to increase the frequency of smaller blackouts and decrease that of larger blackouts. Combination of increasing critical number and max load of lines – Shown to have no significant effect on either size of blackout. The resulting minor reduction in the frequency of blackouts is projected to not be worth the cost of the implementation. Increase the excess power available to the grid – Shown to decrease the frequency of smaller blackouts but increase that of larger blackouts. In addition to the finding of each mitigation strategy having a cost-benefit relationship with regards to frequency of small and large blackouts, the total number of blackout events was not significantly reduced by any of the above-mentioned mitigation measures. [ 5 ] A complex network-based model to control large cascading failures (blackouts) using local information only was proposed by A. E. Motter. [ 20 ] In 2015, one of the solutions proposed to reduce the impact of power outage was introduced by M. S. Saleh. [ 12 ] Major power outages List of major power outages 2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout 2024–2025 Cuba blackouts 2024 Venezuelan blackouts 2023 Pakistan blackout 2022 Bangladesh blackout February 13–17, 2021 North American winter storm 2019 California power shutoffs 2019 Venezuelan blackouts 2019 Java blackout 2015 Turkey blackout 2012 India blackouts 2011 Southwest blackout 2009 Brazil and Paraguay blackout 2006 European blackout 2003 Italy blackout Northeast blackout of 2003 1999 Southern Brazil blackout New York City blackout of 1977 Northeast blackout of 1965 See also Energy portal Energy crisis Brittle Power Coronal mass ejection Critical infrastructure protection Cyberattack Dumsor Dunkelflaute Electromagnetic pulse (EMP) Energy conservation Internet outage List of energy storage projects Outage management system Proactive cyber defence Renewable energy Rolling blackout Self-organized criticality control Single point of failure Smart grid Uninterruptible power supply References ^ Holloway & Holloway 2020 , p. 123, Blackout. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Petermann, Thomas; Bradke, Harald; Lüllmann, Arne; Poetzsch, Maik; Riehm, Ulrich (2011). What happens during a blackout – Consequences of a prolonged and wide-ranging power outage . Berlin: Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag. doi : 10.5445/IR/1000103292 . ISBN 978-3-7322-9329-2 . ^ "Incident Classification Scale" (PDF) . European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity . April 11, 2018. p. 6. loss of more than 50% of demand in the concerned TSO's control area; or total absence of voltage for at least three minutes in the concerned TSO's control area, leading to the triggering of restoration plans. ^ Koç, Yakup; Warnier, Martijn; Van Mieghem, Piet; Kooij, Robert E.; Brazier, Frances M.T. (July 18, 2014). "Electron and photon energy calibration with the ATLAS detector using LHC Run 1 data". The European Physical Journal C . 74 (10) 3071. arXiv : 1407.5063 . doi : 10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3071-4 . ^ a b c Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Newman, D. E.; Dobson, I. (2003). "Blackout Mitigation Assessment in Power Transmission Systems" (PDF) . 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences . Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 1, 2011. ^ Kovaleski, Dave (October 15, 2018). "Senate Hearing Examines Electric Industry's Ability to Restore Power after System-wide Blackouts" . Daily Energy Insider . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . ^ Dobson, I.; Chen, J.; Thorp, J.; Carreras, B.; Newman, D. Examining Criticality of Blackouts in Power System Models with Cascading Events . 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02), January 7–10, 2002. Big Island, Hawaii. Archived from the original on September 12, 2003 . Retrieved August 17, 2003 . ^ Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Dobson, I.; Newman, D. E. Dynamics, Criticality and Self-organization in a Model for Blackouts in Power Transmission Systems (PDF) . Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, January 2002, Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2003. ^ a b Hoffmann, H.; Payton, D. W. (2014). "Suppressing cascades in a self-organized-critical model with non-contiguous spread of failures" (PDF) . Chaos, Solitons and Fractals . 67 : 87– 93. Bibcode : 2014CSF....67...87H . doi : 10.1016/j.chaos.2014.06.011 . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. ^ Carreras, B. A.; Newman, D. E.; Dobson, I.; Poole, A. B. (2000). Initial Evidence for Self-Organized Criticality in Electric Power System Blackouts (PDF) . Proceedings of Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 4–7, 2000, Maui, Hawaii. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 29, 2003 . Retrieved August 17, 2003 . ^ a b c d Dobson, Ian; Carreras, Benjamin A.; Lynch, Vickie E.; Newman, David E. (2007). "Complex systems analysis of series of blackouts: Cascading failure, critical points, and self-organization" . Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science . 17 (2): 026103. Bibcode : 2007Chaos..17b6103D . doi : 10.1063/1.2737822 . PMID 17614690 . ^ a b Saleh, M. S.; Althaibani, A.; Esa, Y.; Mhandi, Y.; Mohamed, A. A. (October 2015). Impact of clustering microgrids on their stability and resilience during blackouts . 2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies (ICSGCE). pp. 195– 200. doi : 10.1109/ICSGCE.2015.7454295 . ISBN 978-1-4673-8732-3 . S2CID 25664994 . ^ Fairley, Peter (2004). "The Unruly Power Grid" . IEEE Spectrum . 41 (8): 22– 27. doi : 10.1109/MSPEC.2004.1318179 . S2CID 19389285 . Retrieved June 24, 2012 . ^ "Power Systems Engineering Research Center" . Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. 2014. Archived from the original on June 12, 2015 . Retrieved June 23, 2015 . ^ Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Dobson, I.; Newman, D. E. (2002). "Critical points and transitions in an electric power transmission model for cascading failure blackouts" (PDF) . Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science . 12 (4): 985– 994. Bibcode : 2002Chaos..12..985C . doi : 10.1063/1.1505810 . ISSN 1054-1500 . PMID 12779622 . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 5, 2016. ^ Dobson, I.; Carreras, B. A.; Lynch, V. E.; Newman, D. E. (2001). "An initial model for complex dynamics in electric power system blackouts". Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences . p. 710. doi : 10.1109/HICSS.2001.926274 . ISBN 978-0-7695-0981-5 . S2CID 7708994 . ^ Nedic, Dusko P.; Dobson, Ian; Kirschen, Daniel S.; Carreras, Benjamin A.; Lynch, Vickie E. (2006). "Criticality in a cascading failure blackout model". International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems . 28 (9): 627. Bibcode : 2006IJEPE..28..627N . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.375.2146 . doi : 10.1016/j.ijepes.2006.03.006 . ^ Crucitti, P.; Latora, V.; Marchiori, M. (2004). "TModel for cascading failures in complex networks" (PDF) . Physical Review E . 69 (4 Pt 2) 045104. arXiv : cond-mat/0309141 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvE..69d5104C . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevE.69.045104 . PMID 15169056 . S2CID 3824371 . Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2017. ^ Cupac, V.; Lizier, J.T.; Prokopenko, M. (2013). "Comparing dynamics of cascading failures between network-centric and power flow models". International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems . 49 : 369– 379. Bibcode : 2013IJEPE..49..369C . doi : 10.1016/j.ijepes.2013.01.017 . ^ Motter, Adilson E. (2004). "Cascade Control and Defense in Complex Networks". Physical Review Letters . 93 (9) 098701. arXiv : cond-mat/0401074 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvL..93i8701M . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.098701 . PMID 15447153 . S2CID 4856492 . Sources Holloway, M.D.; Holloway, E. (2020). Dictionary of Industrial Terminology . Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-36344-6 . Retrieved May 12, 2025 . External links .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Electricity delivery v t e Concepts Automatic generation control Backfeeding Base load Demand factor Droop speed control Electric power Electric power quality Electrical fault Energy demand management Energy return on investment Grid code Grid energy storage Grid strength Home energy storage Load-following Merit order Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power factor Power-flow study Power system reliability Repowering Utility frequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid Automatic generation control Backfeeding Base load Demand factor Droop speed control Electric power Electric power quality Electrical fault Energy demand management Energy return on investment Grid code Grid energy storage Grid strength Home energy storage Load-following Merit order Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power factor Power-flow study Power system reliability Repowering Utility frequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid Sources Non-renewable Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Renewable Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Non-renewable Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Renewable Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Dispatchable Energy storage Battery Induction generator Inertial response Inverter-based resource Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three-phase electric power Virtual power plant AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Dispatchable Energy storage Battery Battery Induction generator Inertial response Inverter-based resource Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three-phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmission and distribution Ancillary services Balancing authority Contingency (electrical grid) Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical busbar system Electrical grid Electricity retailing Grid balancing High-voltage direct current High-voltage shore connection Interconnector Load management Mains electricity by country Overhead power line Conductor gallop Power station Pumped hydro Single-wire earth return Smart grid Substation Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator (TSO) Transmission tower Utility pole Voltage control and reactive power management Ancillary services Balancing authority Contingency (electrical grid) Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical busbar system Electrical grid Electricity retailing Grid balancing High-voltage direct current High-voltage shore connection Interconnector Load management Mains electricity by country Overhead power line Conductor gallop Conductor gallop Power station Pumped hydro Single-wire earth return Smart grid Substation Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator (TSO) Transmission tower Utility pole Voltage control and reactive power management Failure modes Black start Brownout Cascading failure Islanding Power outage List Rolling blackout Black start Brownout Cascading failure Islanding Power outage List List Rolling blackout Protective devices Arc-fault circuit interrupter Circuit breaker Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Generator interlock kit Numerical relay Power system protection Protective relay Residual-current device (GFI) Arc-fault circuit interrupter Circuit breaker Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Generator interlock kit Numerical relay Power system protection Protective relay Residual-current device (GFI) Economics and policies Availability factor Capacity factor Carbon offsets and credits Cost of electricity by source Energy subsidies Environmental tax Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Load factor Net metering Pigouvian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy commercialization Renewable Energy Payments Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread Availability factor Capacity factor Carbon offsets and credits Cost of electricity by source Energy subsidies Environmental tax Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Load factor Net metering Pigouvian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy commercialization Renewable Energy Payments Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread Statistics and production Electric energy consumption List of electricity sectors Electric energy consumption List of electricity sectors Category Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States Japan Czech Republic 2 Israel United States Japan Czech Republic 2 2 Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Power outages Electric power quality Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from March 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from March 2021 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2025 Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 19 December 2025, at 20:18 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Category : Wikipedia contents 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí فارسی မြန်မာဘာသာ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ සිංහල اردو Category Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This category contains Wikipedia:Contents and its active subpages, which index the contents of Wikipedia (i.e., its articles) in different ways. If you came here looking for articles on a certain topic or of a certain type (lists, outlines, glossaries, etc.), you probably want to be at Wikipedia:Contents instead of here. Pages in category "Wikipedia contents" The following 21 pages are in this category, out of 21 total. This list may not reflect recent changes . Wikipedia:Contents C Wikipedia:Contents/Categories Wikipedia:Contents/Culture and the arts G Wikipedia:Contents/Geography and places Wikipedia:Contents/Glossaries H Wikipedia:Contents/Health and fitness Wikipedia:Contents/History and events Wikipedia:Contents/Human activities I Wikipedia:Contents/Indices L Wikipedia:Contents/Lists M Wikipedia:Contents/Mathematics and logic N Wikipedia:Contents/Natural and physical sciences O Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines Wikipedia:Contents/Overviews P Wikipedia:Contents/People and self Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy and thinking Wikipedia:Contents/Portals R Wikipedia:Contents/Reference Wikipedia:Contents/Religion and belief systems S Wikipedia:Contents/Society and social sciences T Wikipedia:Contents/Technology and applied sciences Wikipedia navigation This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 06:33 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_contents#
|
Unang pahina Mga nilalaman Napiling nilalaman Alinmang artikulo Patungkol sa Wikipedia Mga kaganapan Pamayanan Kapihan Mga huling binago Makipag-ugnayan Tulong Donasyon Gumawa ng account Mag-login Donasyon Gumawa ng account Mag-login Maligayang pagdating sa Wikipedia! Unang Pahina Usapan Basahin Tingnan ang source Tingnan ang kasaysayan Basahin Tingnan ang source Tingnan ang kasaysayan Mga nakaturo rito Kaugnay na pagbabago Mag-upload ng file Permanenteng link Impormasyon ng pahina Sumangguni Kumuha ng pinaikling URL I-download ang QR code Switch to legacy parser Lumikha ng isang aklat I-download bilang PDF Bersyong mapi-print Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikiquote Wikisource Wiktionary Item na Wikidata Wikipedia , ang malayang ensiklopedyang maaaring baguhin ninuman . Bersiyong mobile Magtanong sa pamayanan Paano magsimula? Tulong sa nilalaman Mga paksa Mabilisang indeks For non-Tagalog speakers Napiling artikulo Isang mapa ng elebasyon ng Karagatang Pasipiko na pinapakita ang lalim ng karagatan na kinulayan ng bughaw. Ang Karagatang Pasipiko (mula sa salitang Latin na Mare Pacificum , na ang ibig sabihin ay payapang dagat , na iginawad ng manggagalugad na Portuges na si Fernando Magallanes sa korona ng Espanya ) ay ang pinakamalaki at pinamalalim sa limang hatian ng karagatan sa daigdig . Kinabibilangan ito ng isang katlo ng buong kalatagan ng Lupa at may sukat na 165.25 milyon km² (63.8 milyon milya kwadrado). Umaabot ito ng mga 15,500 km (9,600 mi) mula sa Dagat Bering sa Karagatang Artiko hanggang sa mayelong lugar ng Dagat Ross ng Antartika sa timog. May kalaparang silangan-kanluran na mga 5 gradong H latitud , nakalatag ito sa mga 19,800 km (12,300 mi) mula Indonesia hanggang sa baybayin ng Colombia . Ang kanlurang hangganan ng karagatan sa kadalasan ay ang Kipot ng Malaka . Matatagpuan ang pinakamababang dako sa mundo sa Bambang ng Marianas sa ilalim ng Pasipiko na nasa 10,928 metro (35,853 tal) mababa sa pantay dagat. Naglalaman ang Karagatang Pasipiko ng mga 25,000 pulo (mahigit ito sa kabuuang bilang ng buong pinagsamang mga karagatan sa mundo; silipin: Mga Isla ng Pasipiko ). Marami rito ay matatagpuan sa timog ng ekwador . Maraming laot ang nasa kanlurang baybayin ng Pasipiko. Pinamalalaki rito ang Dagat Selebes , Dagat Korales, Dagat Timog Tsina , Dagat Silangang Tsina , Dagat Hapon , Dagat Luzon , Dagat Sulu , Dagat Tasman at Dagat Dilaw . Ang Kipot ng Malaka ay sumasama sa Pasipiko at ang Karagatang Indiyo sa kanluran at ang Kipot ng Magallanes ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Atlantiko sa silangan. Sa timog, ang Kipot ng Bering ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Artiko . Ang manunuklas na Portuges na si Ferdinand Magellan ang nagpangalan sa karagatan dahil sa napansin niyang kalmadong tubig nito at naging mapayapa ang kanyang paglalayag mula Kipot ni Magallanes hanggang Pilipinas . Subalit, hindi laging mapaya ang Pasipiko. Maraming bagyo at unos (o hurricane ) ang tumatama sa mga pulo nito. Ang mga lupain din sa paligid ng Pasipiko ay puno ng mga bulkan at kadalasang niyayanig ng lindol . Dulot naman ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig ang tsunami na nakapagpawasak na ng maraming pulo at nakapagpabura ng maraming bayan nito. Ang tsunami ( daluyong ), na dulot ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig, ay nagdulot ng kapahamakan sa maraming mga pulo na gumunaw sa buong kabayanan. Mga napiling artikulo Pamantayan Magnomina Alam ba ninyo ... ...na kabilang ang mga pinakabagong dagdag na Domus de Janas at Daang Apia ( nakalarawan ang mapa ), ang bansang Italya ang may pinakamaraming Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook sa buong daigdig na kasalukuyang nasa 61? ...na ikalawang pinakamalaking sistema ng ilog sa Pilipinas ang Ilog Mindanao na tinatawag ding Rio Grande de Mindanao? ...na isinama ng magasin na Time noong 2011 ang mga tao-tauhang sundalo sa kanilang talaan ng 100 pinakasikat na laruan sa lahat ng panahon? Mga nagdaang napili Mga pinakabagong artikulo Magsimula ng bagong artikulo Sa araw na ito ( Enero 10 ) Enero 10 Robert Guiscard 1072 — Sinakop ni Robert Guiscard ang Palermo . 1645 — Si arsobispong William Laud ay napugutan sa Tore ng Londres . Mga huling araw: Enero 9 — Enero 8 — Enero 7 Sinupan Sa e-liham Talaan ng mga makasaysayang anibersaryo Napiling larawan Si Sally Kristen Ride (Mayo 26, 1951 – Hulyo 23, 2012) ay isang Amerikanong astronauta at pisiko . Ipinanganak sa Los Angeles , sumali siya sa NASA noong 1978, at noong 1983 naging unang babaeng Amerikano at pangatlong babae na lumipad sa kalawakan , pagkatapos ng mga kosmonauta na sina Valentina Tereshkova noong 1963 at Svetlana Savitskaya noong 1982. Siya ang pinakabatang Amerikanong astronauta na lumipad sa kalawakan, na nagawa ito sa edad na 32. May-akda ng larawan: NASA Marami pang napiling larawan Mga dekalidad na larawan sa Wikimedia Commons Patungkol Ang Wikipedia ay isang proyektong online na ensiklopedya na panlahat, nakasulat sa maraming wika, at pinagtutulungan ang paggawa ng mga artikulo sa prinsipyong wiki . Naglalayon ang proyektong ito na mag-alok ng mga nilalaman na malayang muling magagamit , walang pinapanigan, at napapatunayan, na maaring baguhin at mapabuti ninuman. Nakikilala ang Wikipedia sa pamamagitan ng mga naitatag na prinsipyo . Nakalisensiya ang nilalaman nito sa ilalim ng Creative Commons BY-SA . Maari itong kopyahin at muling gamitin sa ilalim ng parehong lisensiya, na sumasailalim sa paggalang sa mga kondisyon. Ibinbigay ng Wikipedia ang mga nilalaman nito ng walang bayad, walang patalastas, at hindi nagsasamantala sa paggamit ng personal na datos ng mga gumagamit nito. Mga boluntaryo ang nag-aambag o patnugot ng mga artikulo sa Wikipedia. Nakikipag-ugnayan sila sa isa't isa tungkol sa kanilang mga pagsisikap sa loob ng pamayanang nagtutulungan at walang pinuno. Sa ngayon, mayroon ang Wikipediang Tagalog na: 48,716 artikulo 240 aktibong tagapag-ambag Paano makapag-ambag? Maaring maglathala ng online na nilalaman ang kahit sino basta't sundin nila ang mga pangunahing alintuntuning itinakda ng Pundasyong Wikimedia at ng pamayanan; halimbawa, pagpapatunay ng nilalaman , notabilidad , at pagkamagalang . Maraming mga pahinang pantulong ang mababasa mo, partikular sa paglikha ng artikulo , pagbago ng artikulo o pagpasok ng litrato . Huwag mag-atubiling magtanong para sa iyong unang mga hakbang, partikular sa isa sa mga proyektong tematiko o sa iba't ibang espasyo para sa mga usapan Ginagamit ang mga pahinang usapan upang isentralisado ang mga naiisip at kumento para mapabuti ang isang partikular na artikulo o pahina. Mayroon din sentrong portal o puntahan ng pamayanan, ang Kapihan , kung saan puwedeng pag-usapan ang pangkalahatang alalahanin sa pamayanang Wikipediang Tagalog. Pindutin ito upang magtanong o maghayag ng iyong naiisip para mapabuti pa ang Wikipediang Tagalog . Babasahin para sa mga baguhan Kaganapan Agad na pinapalitan ng Malacañang ang Heneral na Pulis na si Nicolas Torre III bilang hepe ng Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas (PNP), ayon sa dokumentong nilagdaan ni Kalihim Tagapagpaganap Lucas Bersamin . Sa tenis , naging unang manlalarong Pilipino si Alexandra Eala ( nakalarawan ) na nakapanalo sa isang main draw match (laban sa pangunahing paligsahan) sa isang Grand Slam (Pambihirang Tropeo) sa Open Era (Panahong Bukas) matapos talunin ang taga- Dinamarka na si Clara Tauson sa unang rawmd ng 2025 US Open – torneong singles ng mga Kababaihan. Nagpahayag si Mayor Vico Sotto ng Pasig sa isang paskil sa Facebook ng pagdududa sa mga midyang nagbibigay ng plataporma sa mag-asawang Discaya, na inaakusahan ng pakikinabang sa mga pumalyang proyekto sa kontrol ng baha , sa pamamagitan ng pagbabahagi ng screenshot ng kanilang panayam kina Korina Sanchez at Julius Babao . Bilang tugon, ipinagtanggol ng mga beteranong mamamahayag ang kanilang ulat at iginiit na isinagawa ang mga panayam para sa interes ng publiko at hindi bilang bayad na promosyon. Wikinews Iba pang mga kamakailang pangyayari... Pinapaandar ang Wikipedia ng Pundasyong Wikimedia , isang organisasyong 'di-kumikinabang na pinapatakbo din ang iba pang mga proyekto : .mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}} Commons Repositoryo ng midya Wikidata Datos ng kaalaman Wikikawikaan Mga sipi Wiksiyonaryo Diksiyonaryo Wikispecies Direktoryo ng mga espesye Wikivoyage Gabay sa paglalakbay Wikisource Aklatan Wikiversity Kurso at aralin Wikinews Balita at kaganapan Wikibooks Aklat-aralin at manwal Wikifunctions Librerya ng mga punsyon MediaWiki Paggawa ng software na wiki Meta-Wiki Koordinasyon ng proyektong Wikimedia Mga Wikipedia sa iba pang mga wika .mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-complete{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages ul a{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages>ul{list-style:none;text-align:center;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count-container{width:90%;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding-top:1em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-prettybars{width:100%;height:1px;margin:0.5em 0;background-color:#c8ccd1;flex-shrink:1;align-self:center}.mw-parser-output .wikipedia-languages-count{padding:0 1em;white-space:nowrap} Nakasulat ang Wikipedia na ito sa Tagalog , isa sa mga pangunahing wika sa Pilipinas. Mayroon din ibang Wikipedia na nakasulat sa ibang wika na mula sa Pilipinas na nakatala sa sumusunod. Mga Wikipedia sa mga wika sa Pilipinas Bikol Central Chavacano de Zamboanga Cebuano Ilokano Kapampangan Pangasinan Winaray Maraming iba pang Wikipedia ; nakatala sa ibaba ang ilan sa mga malalaking Wikipedia. 1,000,000+ artikulo العربية Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 250,000+ artikulo Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Català Čeština Dansk Esperanto Euskara فارسی עברית 한국어 Magyar Norsk Bokmål Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe 50,000+ artikulo Asturianu Bosanski Eesti Ελληνικά Simple English Galego Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Wikipedia , ang malayang ensiklopedyang maaaring baguhin ninuman . Wikipedia , ang malayang ensiklopedyang maaaring baguhin ninuman . Magtanong sa pamayanan Paano magsimula? Tulong sa nilalaman Mga paksa Mabilisang indeks For non-Tagalog speakers Napiling artikulo Isang mapa ng elebasyon ng Karagatang Pasipiko na pinapakita ang lalim ng karagatan na kinulayan ng bughaw. Ang Karagatang Pasipiko (mula sa salitang Latin na Mare Pacificum , na ang ibig sabihin ay payapang dagat , na iginawad ng manggagalugad na Portuges na si Fernando Magallanes sa korona ng Espanya ) ay ang pinakamalaki at pinamalalim sa limang hatian ng karagatan sa daigdig . Kinabibilangan ito ng isang katlo ng buong kalatagan ng Lupa at may sukat na 165.25 milyon km² (63.8 milyon milya kwadrado). Umaabot ito ng mga 15,500 km (9,600 mi) mula sa Dagat Bering sa Karagatang Artiko hanggang sa mayelong lugar ng Dagat Ross ng Antartika sa timog. May kalaparang silangan-kanluran na mga 5 gradong H latitud , nakalatag ito sa mga 19,800 km (12,300 mi) mula Indonesia hanggang sa baybayin ng Colombia . Ang kanlurang hangganan ng karagatan sa kadalasan ay ang Kipot ng Malaka . Matatagpuan ang pinakamababang dako sa mundo sa Bambang ng Marianas sa ilalim ng Pasipiko na nasa 10,928 metro (35,853 tal) mababa sa pantay dagat. Naglalaman ang Karagatang Pasipiko ng mga 25,000 pulo (mahigit ito sa kabuuang bilang ng buong pinagsamang mga karagatan sa mundo; silipin: Mga Isla ng Pasipiko ). Marami rito ay matatagpuan sa timog ng ekwador . Maraming laot ang nasa kanlurang baybayin ng Pasipiko. Pinamalalaki rito ang Dagat Selebes , Dagat Korales, Dagat Timog Tsina , Dagat Silangang Tsina , Dagat Hapon , Dagat Luzon , Dagat Sulu , Dagat Tasman at Dagat Dilaw . Ang Kipot ng Malaka ay sumasama sa Pasipiko at ang Karagatang Indiyo sa kanluran at ang Kipot ng Magallanes ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Atlantiko sa silangan. Sa timog, ang Kipot ng Bering ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Artiko . Ang manunuklas na Portuges na si Ferdinand Magellan ang nagpangalan sa karagatan dahil sa napansin niyang kalmadong tubig nito at naging mapayapa ang kanyang paglalayag mula Kipot ni Magallanes hanggang Pilipinas . Subalit, hindi laging mapaya ang Pasipiko. Maraming bagyo at unos (o hurricane ) ang tumatama sa mga pulo nito. Ang mga lupain din sa paligid ng Pasipiko ay puno ng mga bulkan at kadalasang niyayanig ng lindol . Dulot naman ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig ang tsunami na nakapagpawasak na ng maraming pulo at nakapagpabura ng maraming bayan nito. Ang tsunami ( daluyong ), na dulot ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig, ay nagdulot ng kapahamakan sa maraming mga pulo na gumunaw sa buong kabayanan. Mga napiling artikulo Pamantayan Magnomina Napiling artikulo Ang Karagatang Pasipiko (mula sa salitang Latin na Mare Pacificum , na ang ibig sabihin ay payapang dagat , na iginawad ng manggagalugad na Portuges na si Fernando Magallanes sa korona ng Espanya ) ay ang pinakamalaki at pinamalalim sa limang hatian ng karagatan sa daigdig . Kinabibilangan ito ng isang katlo ng buong kalatagan ng Lupa at may sukat na 165.25 milyon km² (63.8 milyon milya kwadrado). Umaabot ito ng mga 15,500 km (9,600 mi) mula sa Dagat Bering sa Karagatang Artiko hanggang sa mayelong lugar ng Dagat Ross ng Antartika sa timog. May kalaparang silangan-kanluran na mga 5 gradong H latitud , nakalatag ito sa mga 19,800 km (12,300 mi) mula Indonesia hanggang sa baybayin ng Colombia . Ang kanlurang hangganan ng karagatan sa kadalasan ay ang Kipot ng Malaka . Matatagpuan ang pinakamababang dako sa mundo sa Bambang ng Marianas sa ilalim ng Pasipiko na nasa 10,928 metro (35,853 tal) mababa sa pantay dagat. Naglalaman ang Karagatang Pasipiko ng mga 25,000 pulo (mahigit ito sa kabuuang bilang ng buong pinagsamang mga karagatan sa mundo; silipin: Mga Isla ng Pasipiko ). Marami rito ay matatagpuan sa timog ng ekwador . Maraming laot ang nasa kanlurang baybayin ng Pasipiko. Pinamalalaki rito ang Dagat Selebes , Dagat Korales, Dagat Timog Tsina , Dagat Silangang Tsina , Dagat Hapon , Dagat Luzon , Dagat Sulu , Dagat Tasman at Dagat Dilaw . Ang Kipot ng Malaka ay sumasama sa Pasipiko at ang Karagatang Indiyo sa kanluran at ang Kipot ng Magallanes ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Atlantiko sa silangan. Sa timog, ang Kipot ng Bering ang nagkakabit sa Pasipiko sa Karagatang Artiko . Ang manunuklas na Portuges na si Ferdinand Magellan ang nagpangalan sa karagatan dahil sa napansin niyang kalmadong tubig nito at naging mapayapa ang kanyang paglalayag mula Kipot ni Magallanes hanggang Pilipinas . Subalit, hindi laging mapaya ang Pasipiko. Maraming bagyo at unos (o hurricane ) ang tumatama sa mga pulo nito. Ang mga lupain din sa paligid ng Pasipiko ay puno ng mga bulkan at kadalasang niyayanig ng lindol . Dulot naman ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig ang tsunami na nakapagpawasak na ng maraming pulo at nakapagpabura ng maraming bayan nito. Ang tsunami ( daluyong ), na dulot ng lindol sa ilalim ng tubig, ay nagdulot ng kapahamakan sa maraming mga pulo na gumunaw sa buong kabayanan. Mga napiling artikulo Pamantayan Magnomina Alam ba ninyo ... ...na kabilang ang mga pinakabagong dagdag na Domus de Janas at Daang Apia ( nakalarawan ang mapa ), ang bansang Italya ang may pinakamaraming Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook sa buong daigdig na kasalukuyang nasa 61? ...na ikalawang pinakamalaking sistema ng ilog sa Pilipinas ang Ilog Mindanao na tinatawag ding Rio Grande de Mindanao? ...na isinama ng magasin na Time noong 2011 ang mga tao-tauhang sundalo sa kanilang talaan ng 100 pinakasikat na laruan sa lahat ng panahon? Mga nagdaang napili Mga pinakabagong artikulo Magsimula ng bagong artikulo Alam ba ninyo ... ...na kabilang ang mga pinakabagong dagdag na Domus de Janas at Daang Apia ( nakalarawan ang mapa ), ang bansang Italya ang may pinakamaraming Pandaigdigang Pamanang Pook sa buong daigdig na kasalukuyang nasa 61? ...na ikalawang pinakamalaking sistema ng ilog sa Pilipinas ang Ilog Mindanao na tinatawag ding Rio Grande de Mindanao? ...na isinama ng magasin na Time noong 2011 ang mga tao-tauhang sundalo sa kanilang talaan ng 100 pinakasikat na laruan sa lahat ng panahon? Mga nagdaang napili Mga pinakabagong artikulo Magsimula ng bagong artikulo Sa araw na ito ( Enero 10 ) Enero 10 Robert Guiscard 1072 — Sinakop ni Robert Guiscard ang Palermo . 1645 — Si arsobispong William Laud ay napugutan sa Tore ng Londres . Mga huling araw: Enero 9 — Enero 8 — Enero 7 Sinupan Sa e-liham Talaan ng mga makasaysayang anibersaryo Sa araw na ito ( Enero 10 ) Enero 10 1072 — Sinakop ni Robert Guiscard ang Palermo . 1645 — Si arsobispong William Laud ay napugutan sa Tore ng Londres . Mga huling araw: Enero 9 — Enero 8 — Enero 7 Sinupan Sa e-liham Talaan ng mga makasaysayang anibersaryo Napiling larawan Si Sally Kristen Ride (Mayo 26, 1951 – Hulyo 23, 2012) ay isang Amerikanong astronauta at pisiko . Ipinanganak sa Los Angeles , sumali siya sa NASA noong 1978, at noong 1983 naging unang babaeng Amerikano at pangatlong babae na lumipad sa kalawakan , pagkatapos ng mga kosmonauta na sina Valentina Tereshkova noong 1963 at Svetlana Savitskaya noong 1982. Siya ang pinakabatang Amerikanong astronauta na lumipad sa kalawakan, na nagawa ito sa edad na 32. May-akda ng larawan: NASA Marami pang napiling larawan Mga dekalidad na larawan sa Wikimedia Commons Napiling larawan Si Sally Kristen Ride (Mayo 26, 1951 – Hulyo 23, 2012) ay isang Amerikanong astronauta at pisiko . Ipinanganak sa Los Angeles , sumali siya sa NASA noong 1978, at noong 1983 naging unang babaeng Amerikano at pangatlong babae na lumipad sa kalawakan , pagkatapos ng mga kosmonauta na sina Valentina Tereshkova noong 1963 at Svetlana Savitskaya noong 1982. Siya ang pinakabatang Amerikanong astronauta na lumipad sa kalawakan, na nagawa ito sa edad na 32. May-akda ng larawan: NASA Marami pang napiling larawan Mga dekalidad na larawan sa Wikimedia Commons Patungkol Ang Wikipedia ay isang proyektong online na ensiklopedya na panlahat, nakasulat sa maraming wika, at pinagtutulungan ang paggawa ng mga artikulo sa prinsipyong wiki . Naglalayon ang proyektong ito na mag-alok ng mga nilalaman na malayang muling magagamit , walang pinapanigan, at napapatunayan, na maaring baguhin at mapabuti ninuman. Nakikilala ang Wikipedia sa pamamagitan ng mga naitatag na prinsipyo . Nakalisensiya ang nilalaman nito sa ilalim ng Creative Commons BY-SA . Maari itong kopyahin at muling gamitin sa ilalim ng parehong lisensiya, na sumasailalim sa paggalang sa mga kondisyon. Ibinbigay ng Wikipedia ang mga nilalaman nito ng walang bayad, walang patalastas, at hindi nagsasamantala sa paggamit ng personal na datos ng mga gumagamit nito. Mga boluntaryo ang nag-aambag o patnugot ng mga artikulo sa Wikipedia. Nakikipag-ugnayan sila sa isa't isa tungkol sa kanilang mga pagsisikap sa loob ng pamayanang nagtutulungan at walang pinuno. Sa ngayon, mayroon ang Wikipediang Tagalog na: 48,716 artikulo 240 aktibong tagapag-ambag Patungkol Ang Wikipedia ay isang proyektong online na ensiklopedya na panlahat, nakasulat sa maraming wika, at pinagtutulungan ang paggawa ng mga artikulo sa prinsipyong wiki . Naglalayon ang proyektong ito na mag-alok ng mga nilalaman na malayang muling magagamit , walang pinapanigan, at napapatunayan, na maaring baguhin at mapabuti ninuman. Nakikilala ang Wikipedia sa pamamagitan ng mga naitatag na prinsipyo . Nakalisensiya ang nilalaman nito sa ilalim ng Creative Commons BY-SA . Maari itong kopyahin at muling gamitin sa ilalim ng parehong lisensiya, na sumasailalim sa paggalang sa mga kondisyon. Ibinbigay ng Wikipedia ang mga nilalaman nito ng walang bayad, walang patalastas, at hindi nagsasamantala sa paggamit ng personal na datos ng mga gumagamit nito. Mga boluntaryo ang nag-aambag o patnugot ng mga artikulo sa Wikipedia. Nakikipag-ugnayan sila sa isa't isa tungkol sa kanilang mga pagsisikap sa loob ng pamayanang nagtutulungan at walang pinuno. Sa ngayon, mayroon ang Wikipediang Tagalog na: 48,716 artikulo 240 aktibong tagapag-ambag Paano makapag-ambag? Maaring maglathala ng online na nilalaman ang kahit sino basta't sundin nila ang mga pangunahing alintuntuning itinakda ng Pundasyong Wikimedia at ng pamayanan; halimbawa, pagpapatunay ng nilalaman , notabilidad , at pagkamagalang . Maraming mga pahinang pantulong ang mababasa mo, partikular sa paglikha ng artikulo , pagbago ng artikulo o pagpasok ng litrato . Huwag mag-atubiling magtanong para sa iyong unang mga hakbang, partikular sa isa sa mga proyektong tematiko o sa iba't ibang espasyo para sa mga usapan Ginagamit ang mga pahinang usapan upang isentralisado ang mga naiisip at kumento para mapabuti ang isang partikular na artikulo o pahina. Mayroon din sentrong portal o puntahan ng pamayanan, ang Kapihan , kung saan puwedeng pag-usapan ang pangkalahatang alalahanin sa pamayanang Wikipediang Tagalog. Pindutin ito upang magtanong o maghayag ng iyong naiisip para mapabuti pa ang Wikipediang Tagalog . Babasahin para sa mga baguhan Paano makapag-ambag? Maaring maglathala ng online na nilalaman ang kahit sino basta't sundin nila ang mga pangunahing alintuntuning itinakda ng Pundasyong Wikimedia at ng pamayanan; halimbawa, pagpapatunay ng nilalaman , notabilidad , at pagkamagalang . Maraming mga pahinang pantulong ang mababasa mo, partikular sa paglikha ng artikulo , pagbago ng artikulo o pagpasok ng litrato . Huwag mag-atubiling magtanong para sa iyong unang mga hakbang, partikular sa isa sa mga proyektong tematiko o sa iba't ibang espasyo para sa mga usapan Ginagamit ang mga pahinang usapan upang isentralisado ang mga naiisip at kumento para mapabuti ang isang partikular na artikulo o pahina. Mayroon din sentrong portal o puntahan ng pamayanan, ang Kapihan , kung saan puwedeng pag-usapan ang pangkalahatang alalahanin sa pamayanang Wikipediang Tagalog. Pindutin ito upang magtanong o maghayag ng iyong naiisip para mapabuti pa ang Wikipediang Tagalog . Kaganapan Agad na pinapalitan ng Malacañang ang Heneral na Pulis na si Nicolas Torre III bilang hepe ng Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas (PNP), ayon sa dokumentong nilagdaan ni Kalihim Tagapagpaganap Lucas Bersamin . Sa tenis , naging unang manlalarong Pilipino si Alexandra Eala ( nakalarawan ) na nakapanalo sa isang main draw match (laban sa pangunahing paligsahan) sa isang Grand Slam (Pambihirang Tropeo) sa Open Era (Panahong Bukas) matapos talunin ang taga- Dinamarka na si Clara Tauson sa unang rawmd ng 2025 US Open – torneong singles ng mga Kababaihan. Nagpahayag si Mayor Vico Sotto ng Pasig sa isang paskil sa Facebook ng pagdududa sa mga midyang nagbibigay ng plataporma sa mag-asawang Discaya, na inaakusahan ng pakikinabang sa mga pumalyang proyekto sa kontrol ng baha , sa pamamagitan ng pagbabahagi ng screenshot ng kanilang panayam kina Korina Sanchez at Julius Babao . Bilang tugon, ipinagtanggol ng mga beteranong mamamahayag ang kanilang ulat at iginiit na isinagawa ang mga panayam para sa interes ng publiko at hindi bilang bayad na promosyon. Wikinews Iba pang mga kamakailang pangyayari... Kaganapan Agad na pinapalitan ng Malacañang ang Heneral na Pulis na si Nicolas Torre III bilang hepe ng Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas (PNP), ayon sa dokumentong nilagdaan ni Kalihim Tagapagpaganap Lucas Bersamin . Sa tenis , naging unang manlalarong Pilipino si Alexandra Eala ( nakalarawan ) na nakapanalo sa isang main draw match (laban sa pangunahing paligsahan) sa isang Grand Slam (Pambihirang Tropeo) sa Open Era (Panahong Bukas) matapos talunin ang taga- Dinamarka na si Clara Tauson sa unang rawmd ng 2025 US Open – torneong singles ng mga Kababaihan. Nagpahayag si Mayor Vico Sotto ng Pasig sa isang paskil sa Facebook ng pagdududa sa mga midyang nagbibigay ng plataporma sa mag-asawang Discaya, na inaakusahan ng pakikinabang sa mga pumalyang proyekto sa kontrol ng baha , sa pamamagitan ng pagbabahagi ng screenshot ng kanilang panayam kina Korina Sanchez at Julius Babao . Bilang tugon, ipinagtanggol ng mga beteranong mamamahayag ang kanilang ulat at iginiit na isinagawa ang mga panayam para sa interes ng publiko at hindi bilang bayad na promosyon. Wikinews Iba pang mga kamakailang pangyayari... Commons Repositoryo ng midya Wikidata Datos ng kaalaman Wikikawikaan Mga sipi Wiksiyonaryo Diksiyonaryo Wikispecies Direktoryo ng mga espesye Wikivoyage Gabay sa paglalakbay Wikisource Aklatan Wikiversity Kurso at aralin Wikinews Balita at kaganapan Wikibooks Aklat-aralin at manwal Wikifunctions Librerya ng mga punsyon MediaWiki Paggawa ng software na wiki Meta-Wiki Koordinasyon ng proyektong Wikimedia Mga Wikipedia sa mga wika sa Pilipinas Bikol Central Chavacano de Zamboanga Cebuano Ilokano Kapampangan Pangasinan Winaray Bikol Central Chavacano de Zamboanga Cebuano Ilokano Kapampangan Pangasinan Winaray 1,000,000+ artikulo العربية Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 العربية Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 250,000+ artikulo Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Català Čeština Dansk Esperanto Euskara فارسی עברית 한국어 Magyar Norsk Bokmål Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Български Català Čeština Dansk Esperanto Euskara فارسی עברית 한국어 Magyar Norsk Bokmål Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe 50,000+ artikulo Asturianu Bosanski Eesti Ελληνικά Simple English Galego Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Asturianu Bosanski Eesti Ελληνικά Simple English Galego Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Mga artikulong may tekstong nasa wikang Ingles Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Huling pagbabago: 02:33, 20 Hunyo 2025. Ni-render ang pahina gamit ng Parsoid . Magagamit ang teksto sa ilalim ng Lisensyang Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike ; maaaring mailapat ang karagdagang termino. Tingnan ang Takdang Gamit para sa mga detalye. Patakaran sa Pagkapribado Patungkol sa Wikipedia Pagtatanggi Kodigo ng Paggawi Mga Developer Estadistika Tungkol sa Cookie Itsura sa mobile
|
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Pahina#bodyContent
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 2 Collaborative editing Toggle Collaborative editing subsection 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 3 Policies and content Toggle Policies and content subsection 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 4 Governance Toggle Governance subsection 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 5 Community Toggle Community subsection 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 6 Language editions Toggle Language editions subsection 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 7 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 8 Operation Toggle Operation subsection 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 9 Access to content Toggle Access to content subsection 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 10 Cultural influence Toggle Cultural influence subsection 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 11 Related projects 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 15 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 16 External links Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item The logo of Wikipedia , a globe made out of puzzle pieces featuring glyphs from various writing systems .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Screenshot Wikipedia's desktop homepage Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in 342 languages Headquarters San Francisco , California, US Country of origin United States Owner Wikimedia Foundation (since 2003) Created by .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger URL wikipedia .org Commercial No Registration Optional [ a ] Users 126 million (as of January 16, 2026) Launched January 15, 2001 (25 years ago) ( 2001-01-15 ) Current status Active Content license CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0 [ b ] Written in PHP OCLC number 52075003 Wikipedia [ c ] is a free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers , known as Wikipedians , through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki . Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. [ 1 ] Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Initially available only in English , Wikipedia exists in over 340 languages and is one of the world's most visited websites . The English Wikipedia , with over 7 million articles , remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 66 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about five edits per second on average) as of April 2024 [update] . [ W 1 ] As of December 2025 [update] , over 25% of Wikipedia's traffic comes from the United States, while Japan accounts for nearly 7%, and the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia each represent around 5%. [ 4 ] Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the democratization of knowledge , its extensive coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site, sometimes due to its criticism of the government or by content otherwise considered blasphemous. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Although Wikipedia's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, the encyclopedia has also been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and a geographical bias against the Global South . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward. [ 2 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for up-to-date information about those events. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] History Nupedia Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. [ 13 ] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. [ 14 ] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis , a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman . [ W 2 ] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, [ 17 ] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. [ 18 ] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. [ W 3 ] Launch and growth Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as "Wikipedia Day"), [ 19 ] as a single English language edition with the domain name www.wikipedia.com , [ W 4 ] and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. [ 17 ] The name, proposed by Sanger to forestall any potential damage to the Nupedia name, [ 20 ] originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Its integral policy of " neutral point of view " arose within its first year. [ 23 ] Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. [ 17 ] Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business. [ 24 ] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. [ W 5 ] [ W 6 ] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years. [ 25 ] Due to fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. [ W 7 ] Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org . [ 26 ] [ W 8 ] After an early period of exponential growth, [ 27 ] the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors appears to have peaked around early 2007. [ 28 ] The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. [ W 9 ] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". [ 27 ] Others suggested that the growth flattened naturally because articles that could be called " low-hanging fruit "—topics that clearly merit an article—had already been created and built up extensively. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain, found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. [ 34 ] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. [ 35 ] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". [ 36 ] A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. [ 37 ] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline. [ 38 ] In November 2013, New York magazine stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." [ 39 ] The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." [ 42 ] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users." [ 42 ] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky , associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]." [ 42 ] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. [ 43 ] As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, [ 44 ] from which cloud computing was the most cited page. [ 45 ] Sister projects Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation . These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary , a dictionary project launched in December 2002, [ W 10 ] Wikiquote , a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, [ 46 ] Wikibooks , a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, [ W 11 ] Wikimedia Commons , a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, [ W 12 ] Wikinews , for collaborative journalism, [ W 13 ] and Wikiversity , a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities. [ W 14 ] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies , is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing. [ 47 ] In 2012, Wikivoyage , an editable travel guide, [ 48 ] and Wikidata , an editable knowledge base, launched. [ W 15 ] Milestones In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. [ 49 ] With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked ninth, surpassing The New York Times (No. 10) and Apple (No. 11). [ 49 ] This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. [ 50 ] In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. [ W 16 ] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". [ 51 ] As of March 2023 [update] , it ranked sixth in popularity, according to Similarweb . [ 52 ] Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through " stigmergic accumulation". [ 53 ] [ 54 ] On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress —the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours . [ 55 ] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content. [ 56 ] [ W 17 ] In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia , an asteroid , was named after Wikipedia; [ 57 ] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument ; [ 58 ] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia . [ 59 ] In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander , Beresheet , crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA . [ 62 ] On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called " Vector 2022 ". [ 63 ] [ 64 ] It featured a redesigned menu bar , moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar , and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. [ 64 ] [ W 18 ] The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes. [ 63 ] [ 65 ] Both Sanger and Wales have given public interviews in late 2025 about their reflections about the status and state of Wikipedia leading up to its 25 years of operation on January 15, 2026; Wales appeared on the PBS television news show GZERO World interviewed by Ian Bremmer [ 66 ] and Sanger has appeared on the FOX news network interviewed by Ashley Rindsberg . [ 67 ] Wales's book The Seven Rules of Trust was published in October 2025 by Penguin Random House . It was described by the publisher as a "sweeping reflection on the global crisis of credibility and knowledge" with the book examining the "rules of trust" that enabled the growth and success of Wikipedia. [ 68 ] Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views Since January 2024, the Wikimedia Foundation has reported a roughly 50 percent increase in bandwidth use from downloads of multimedia content across its projects. According to the foundation, this growth is largely attributed to automated programs, or "scraper" bots, that collect large volumes of data from Wikimedia sites for use in training large language models and related applications. [ 69 ] In October 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported an estimated 8 percent decline in traffic as compared to the same months in 2024 in human page views. They speculate it reflects the use of generative AI and social media on how people tend to search for information. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Collaborative editing Restrictions Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only users with 10 edits that have an account that is four days old may create a new article. [ W 19 ] On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. [ 72 ] A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. [ 73 ] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. [ W 20 ] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas". [ 74 ] Wikipedia has delegated some functions to bots . Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors. [ 75 ] Bots must be approved by the community before their tasks are implemented. [ 76 ] In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. [ W 21 ] Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. [ 77 ] Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. [ 78 ] However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community. [ 79 ] Articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are placed under extended-confirmed protection. [ 80 ] Editors also can make only one revert per day across the entire field and can be banned from editing related articles. These restrictions were introduced in 2008. [ 81 ] In January 2025, the Arbitration Committee introduced the "balanced editing restriction", which requires sanctioned users to devote only a third of their edits to articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict even when no misconduct rules have been violated. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Review of changes Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. [ e ] [ 84 ] On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. [ W 22 ] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems. [ W 23 ] In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction". [ 85 ] Vandalism Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. [ 86 ] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively. [ W 24 ] Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair. [ 89 ] In the Seigenthaler biography incident , an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . [ 89 ] It remained uncorrected for four months. [ 89 ] Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University , called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". [ 89 ] The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people. [ 92 ] Disputes and edit warring Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". [ W 25 ] [ 93 ] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, [ 94 ] and criticized as creating a competitive [ 95 ] and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles . [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes, [ 98 ] [ 99 ] the influence of rival editing camps, [ 100 ] [ 101 ] the conversational structure, [ 102 ] and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush , anarchism , and Muhammad . [ 106 ] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia , Scientology , and 9/11 conspiracy theories . [ 106 ] In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia. [ 104 ] Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Wikipedia , with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies. [ 107 ] Policies and content External videos Jimmy Wales , The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, TED talks , 20 minutes Katherine Maher , What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks , 15 minutes Wikipedia is composed of 11 different namespaces , with its articles being present in mainspace . Other namespaces have a prefix before their page title and fulfill various purposes. For example, the project namespace uses the Wikipedia prefix and is used for self-governance related discussions. Most readers are not aware of these other namespaces. [ 108 ] The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. [ W 26 ] The five pillars are: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility Wikipedia has no firm rules The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. [ 109 ] Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent. [ W 21 ] Content policies and guidelines According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. [ W 27 ] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standards of "notability" , which generally means that the topic has been covered extensively in reliable sources that are independent of the article's subject. [ 110 ] Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized and therefore must not present original research. [ 111 ] Some subjects such as politicians and academics have specialized notability requirements. [ 110 ] Finally, Wikipedia must reflect a neutral point of view. This is accomplished through summarizing reliable sources, using impartial language, and ensuring that multiple points of view are presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable. [ 112 ] Information without citations may be tagged or removed entirely. [ 113 ] This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced. [ 114 ] As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages. [ 75 ] Governance Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article. [ W 28 ] Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights , granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. Some user rights are granted automatically, such as the autoconfirmed and extended confirmed groups, when thresholds for account age and edits are met. [ 73 ] Administrators Experienced editors can choose to run for " adminship ", [ 117 ] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. [ W 29 ] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits. [ W 29 ] By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. [ 38 ] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship. [ 118 ] Dispute resolution Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment", [ W 25 ] in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the discussion from the list after 30 days. [ W 30 ] However, editors have the discretion to close (and delist) the discussion early or late. If the result of a discussion is not obvious, a closer—an uninvolved editor usually in good standing—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side. [ 119 ] Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for logical negation and pronounced "not". [ 120 ] Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. [ 121 ] Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers . [ 121 ] : 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings. [ 121 ] : 83 Arbitration Committee The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. [ 122 ] Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, [ 123 ] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. [ 122 ] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). [ f ] Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). [ 122 ] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and antisocial behavior . [ W 31 ] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings. [ 122 ] Community Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. [ 124 ] Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike , [ 125 ] although not always with entirely negative connotations. [ 126 ] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials , has been referred to as " anti-elitism ". [ W 32 ] Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. [ 127 ] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there. [ 128 ] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". [ 129 ] Since Wikipedia relies on volunteer labour, editors frequently focus on topics that interest them. [ 130 ] The English Wikipedia has 7,122,774 articles, 51,074,164 registered editors, and 267,090 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. [ W 33 ] Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". [ 131 ] Editors who do not log in are in some sense " second-class citizens " on Wikipedia, [ 131 ] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", [ 132 ] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty. [ 132 ] New editors often struggle to understand Wikipedia's complexity. Experienced editors are encouraged to not "bite" the newcomers in order to create a more welcoming atmosphere. [ 133 ] Research A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". [ 134 ] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." [ 129 ] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders". [ 129 ] In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that "one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits." [ 135 ] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz , who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts. [ 136 ] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, [ 137 ] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. [ 138 ] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content". [ 139 ] Diversity Several studies have shown that most volunteer Wikipedia contributors are male. The results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female. [ 140 ] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors. [ 141 ] Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown , gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. [ 141 ] Andrew Lih , a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". [ 142 ] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors. [ 143 ] Language editions English (10.7%) Cebuano (9.20%) German (4.70%) French (4.10%) Swedish (4.00%) Dutch (3.30%) Spanish (3.10%) Russian (3.10%) Italian (2.90%) Polish (2.50%) Egyptian Arabic (2.50%) Chinese (2.30%) Japanese (2.20%) Ukrainian (2.10%) Vietnamese (2.00%) Arabic (2.00%) Waray (1.90%) Portuguese (1.90%) Persian (1.60%) Catalan (1.20%) Other (32.7%) There are currently 342 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias ). As of January 2026, the six largest, in order of article count, are the English , Cebuano , German , French , Swedish , and Dutch Wikipedias. [ W 35 ] The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot , which as of 2013 [update] had created about half the articles on the Swedish Wikipedia , and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias . The latter are both languages of the Philippines . In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ( Spanish , Russian , Italian , Polish , Egyptian Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Ukrainian , Vietnamese , Arabic , Waray , and Portuguese ), seven more have over 500,000 articles ( Persian , Catalan , Indonesian , Korean , Chechen , Serbian , and Norwegian ), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. [ W 36 ] [ W 35 ] The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 7.1 million articles. As of January 2021, [update] the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic. [ W 37 ] Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2024 Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color ) [ W 38 ] or points of view. [ W 39 ] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use . [ W 40 ] [ 145 ] The content of articles on the same subject can differ significantly between languages, depending on the sources editors use and other factors. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". [ W 41 ] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others). [ W 42 ] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia, [ W 43 ] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. [ W 44 ] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. [ W 44 ] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects. [ W 45 ] Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. [ 149 ] [ W 46 ] A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the Simple English Wikipedia . [ 148 ] English Wikipedia editor numbers On March 1, 2014, The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." [ 150 ] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014. [ 150 ] In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia. [ 150 ] Reception Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation , which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014. [update] [ 151 ] [ 121 ] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias . In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". [ 152 ] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's " undue-weight policy ", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic. [ 152 ] [ 156 ] A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin . [ 157 ] In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online." [ 158 ] Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased . In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much " leftist bias". [ 159 ] Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger , who left Wikipedia in 2002 to establish competing websites, has said that Wikipedia had become "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics. [ 162 ] Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western cultural bias " (or "pro-western bias") [ 163 ] or "Eurocentric bias", [ 164 ] reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship [ 165 ] and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors. [ 166 ] In October 2025, Larry Sanger published his Nine Theses , a critical assessment and reform agenda for Wikipedia. The proposal is part of his broader effort to address what Sanger perceives as systemic issues within Wikipedia, which include ideological bias, lack of transparency in the editor hierarchies and an ineffective consensus-based decision making procedure. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Accuracy of content External audio The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1 , Ideas with Paul Kennedy , CBC , January 15, 2014 Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts , lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. [ 169 ] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica , about three." [ 170 ] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects." [ 171 ] [ failed verification ] Others raised similar critiques. [ 172 ] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica , [ 173 ] [ 174 ] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica . [ 175 ] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature ' s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals ), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size , 42 or 4 × 10 1 articles compared, vs >10 5 and >10 6 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively). [ 176 ] As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it. [ W 47 ] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information, [ 177 ] vandalism , and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources". [ 178 ] Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them. [ 179 ] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created". [ 180 ] In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica , summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty." [ 181 ] Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. [ 182 ] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear. [ 183 ] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. [ 184 ] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles. [ 185 ] External videos Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry , Deutsche Welle , 7:13 mins [ 186 ] Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia. [ 84 ] [ W 48 ] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing. [ 187 ] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia. ' " [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report . [ 192 ] Discouragement in education Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; [ 193 ] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. [ 196 ] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said. [ 197 ] In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change. [ 198 ] In June 2007, Michael Gorman , former president of the American Library Association , condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". [ 199 ] A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education " flipped classroom ", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education. [ 200 ] Medical information On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information." [ 201 ] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues , as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process. [ 201 ] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference." [ 202 ] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed." [ 202 ] Coverage of topics and systemic bias Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. [ W 49 ] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism ). [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. [ W 50 ] The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. [ 205 ] The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China [ 206 ] and Pakistan, [ 207 ] among other countries. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles. [ 211 ] A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science". [ 212 ] An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers . [ 213 ] Systemic biases Wikipedia's policies may limit "its capacity for truly representing global knowledge". For example, Wikipedia only considers published sources to be reliable. Oral knowledge of Indigenous cultures is not always reflected in print. Marginalized topics are also more likely to lack significant coverage in reliable sources. Wikipedia's content is therefore limited as a result of larger systemic biases. [ 214 ] Academic studies of Wikipedia have shown that the average contributor to the English Wikipedia is an educated, technically inclined white male, aged 15–49, from a developed, predominantly Christian country. [ 215 ] The corresponding point of view (POV) is over-represented. [ 216 ] [ 165 ] This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias , gender bias , and geographical bias on Wikipedia . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references). [ 216 ] Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view . [ 217 ] In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare". [ 36 ] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors . [ 37 ] Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, with Africa being the most underrepresented. [ 219 ] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events. [ 220 ] Explicit content Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. [ 221 ] Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces , cadaver , human penis , vulva , and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. [ W 51 ] The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation , illustrations of zoophilia , and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children . [ W 52 ] The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer —a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions —features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers. [ 222 ] In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law . [ 223 ] [ 224 ] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon , were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003 . [ 225 ] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law . [ 225 ] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools. [ 226 ] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation, [ 227 ] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it." [ 227 ] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted". [ 228 ] Critics, including Wikipediocracy , noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared. [ 229 ] Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia regards one's right to remain a private citizen rather than a public figure in the eyes of the law. [ 230 ] [ g ] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life . The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment". [ W 53 ] In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated. [ 231 ] Wikipedia has a " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Volunteer Response Team " that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [ W 54 ] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project. [ W 55 ] In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers. [ 232 ] Sexism Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment . [ 233 ] [ 234 ] The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship. [ 235 ] Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics. [ 236 ] In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media. [ W 56 ] [ 237 ] Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou . [ 237 ] Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation." [ 239 ] Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage. [ 239 ] A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University 's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men." [ 240 ] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks . [ W 57 ] The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. [ 241 ] [ W 58 ] The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million. [ W 59 ] In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner. [ W 60 ] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free." [ 242 ] [ 243 ] The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue ( paid advocacy ) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said. [ 242 ] Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, [ W 61 ] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016. [ W 62 ] Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words." [ 142 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021. [ 244 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community. [ 245 ] Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates . These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. [ W 63 ] Software operations and support The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. [ W 64 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . [ W 65 ] MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. [ W 64 ] [ W 66 ] Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. [ W 67 ] Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. [ W 68 ] In April 2005, a Lucene extension [ W 69 ] [ W 70 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch . [ W 71 ] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor , was opened to public use. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". [ 249 ] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward. [ W 72 ] Automated editing Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. [ W 73 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson , created articles with his bot Lsjbot , which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days. [ 252 ] Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses). [ W 74 ] Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. [ 250 ] Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government. [ 253 ] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation. [ W 75 ] According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots. [ 254 ] Hardware operations and support As of 2021, [update] page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server . [ W 76 ] Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. [ W 76 ] The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. [ 255 ] Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. [ W 77 ] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia . [ W 78 ] [ 256 ] A second application data center was created in 2014 in Carrollton, Texas , to improve Wikipedia's reliability. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one, in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 259 ] In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ W 79 ] In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille , France. [ W 80 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ W 81 ] As of November 2024, [update] caching clusters are located in Amsterdam , San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo. [ W 82 ] [ W 83 ] Internal research and operational development Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits, [ 37 ] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. [ 260 ] Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition. [ 37 ] [ 249 ] The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe , who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment. [ 261 ] At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, [ W 84 ] the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually. [ 261 ] In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually, [ W 85 ] updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually. [ 261 ] Internal news publications Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia 's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wikipedia's sister projects . [ W 86 ] The Wikipedia Library Wikipedia editors sometimes struggle to access paywalled sources needed to improve a subject. [ 264 ] The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications , so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers." [ 267 ] Access to content Content licensing When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. [ W 87 ] The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL . This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. [ 268 ] In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. [ W 88 ] Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. [ W 89 ] In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009. [ W 90 ] [ W 91 ] [ W 92 ] [ W 93 ] The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, [ W 94 ] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law ). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. [ W 95 ] Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text. [ 269 ] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] Methods of access Since Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. [ W 96 ] The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Thousands of " mirror sites " exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com . [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Another example is Wapedia , which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did. [ W 97 ] Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset ) [ 274 ] and DuckDuckGo . Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs . An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles. [ W 98 ] The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles, [ W 99 ] the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles, [ W 100 ] and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles. [ W 101 ] Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and SOS Children , is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen. [ W 102 ] There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form. [ 275 ] [ W 103 ] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM . [ 276 ] The website DBpedia , begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. [ 277 ] Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF . [ W 104 ] As of February 2023, [update] it has over 101 million items. [ W 105 ] WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009. [ W 106 ] Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. [ W 107 ] Wikipedia publishes " dumps " of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, [update] there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images. [ W 108 ] Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this. [ 278 ] Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk , with an accuracy of 55 percent. [ 279 ] Mobile access Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection . Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller , deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. [ 51 ] By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees. [ 1 ] Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. [ W 97 ] In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone , Android -based devices, or WebOS -based devices. [ W 109 ] Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata like geoinformation . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google. [ W 110 ] [ W 111 ] The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews. [ W 112 ] Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access. [ W 113 ] [ 282 ] It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators. [ W 113 ] Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years, [ 283 ] and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. [ 37 ] Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Chinese access Access to Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015. [ 6 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult. [ 287 ] Cultural influence Trusted source to combat fake news In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] Noam Cohen , writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out ' fake news '." [ 289 ] [ 290 ] Readership In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors." [ 51 ] However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping. [ 43 ] The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022. [ 43 ] In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, [ W 114 ] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001. [ 291 ] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009. [ W 115 ] The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia. [ 292 ] In 2011, Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements. [ 293 ] According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization. [ W 116 ] As of February 2023, [update] Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion pageviews each month. [ W 1 ] COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic , Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Wikipedia's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet." [ 295 ] In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects. [ 298 ] There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021. [update] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Cultural significance Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. [ W 117 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] The Parliament of Canada 's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act . [ 303 ] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization [ 304 ] —though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. [ 305 ] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports. [ 306 ] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia. [ 307 ] Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism, [ 308 ] [ 309 ] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia . [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit , MySpace , and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. [ 314 ] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign , saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day." [ 315 ] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability. [ 316 ] One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama . He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues. [ 317 ] A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford -based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence ) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth". [ 318 ] [ 319 ] In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired , Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web " and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services , the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than " sapere aude " ( lit. ' dare to know ' ), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know." [ 320 ] Awards Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004. [ W 118 ] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category. [ 321 ] In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić , Eckart Höfling , and Peter Gabriel . The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger . [ 322 ] In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize , which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, [ 323 ] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation. [ 324 ] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Wikipedia users. [ 325 ] Satire Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on". [ 192 ] Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion , [ 326 ] as well as the 2010 The Onion article " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today". [ 327 ] In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office , office manager ( Michael Scott ) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee. [ 328 ] Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page. [ 329 ] " My Number One Doctor ", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs , played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide . [ 330 ] In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. [ 331 ] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia." [ 332 ] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia , which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. [ 333 ] Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles. [ 334 ] On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?" [ 335 ] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman . [ 336 ] In June 2024, nature.com published a fictional Wikipedia Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level. [ 337 ] Publishing The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica , which were unable to compete with a free alternative. [ 338 ] [ 339 ] [ 340 ] Nicholas Carr 's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0 " criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening." [ 341 ] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson , the former editor-in-chief of Wired , wrote in Nature that the " wisdom of crowds " approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes. [ 342 ] Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply". [ 343 ] Kathryn Hughes , professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" [ 343 ] Research use Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics , information retrieval and natural language processing . [ 344 ] [ 345 ] In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification", [ 346 ] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation . [ 347 ] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia. [ 348 ] In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] They used PageRank , CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)". [ 351 ] [ 352 ] The study was updated in 2019. [ 353 ] In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had "never caught it out". He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it. [ 354 ] A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications. [ 355 ] Studies related to Wikipedia have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence [ 319 ] to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism [ 356 ] [ 357 ] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] Related projects Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project , which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008. [ 360 ] Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2 ), [ 361 ] with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE ). [ W 119 ] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2 , which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. [ 362 ] Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review , such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium . [ 363 ] [ 364 ] The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] See also Internet portal Wikipedia portal Democratization of knowledge Interpedia – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of films about Wikipedia List of online encyclopedias List of Wikipedia controversies List of wikis Missing Links and Secret Histories Network effect Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Portal:Contents/Outlines QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Notes ^ Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files. ^ Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL ; media licensing varies. ^ Pronounced / ˌ w ɪ k ɪ ˈ p iː d i ə / ⓘ WIK -ih- PEE -dee-ə or / ˌ w ɪ k i -/ ⓘ WIK -ee- PEE -dee-ə in English ^ Available as an archive at the Nostalgia Wikipedia ^ Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely. ^ The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate. ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction. References Footnotes ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa (October 23, 2023). "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ a b "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ Anderson, Chris (May 8, 2006). "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100" . Time . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ "wikipedia.org" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on June 5, 2020 . Retrieved January 9, 2026 . ^ Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war" . NPR . Archived from the original on December 2, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ a b Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again" . International Business Times UK . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Noor, Poppy (July 29, 2018). "Wikipedia biases" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020 . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ Hern, Alex (September 15, 2015). "Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Wikipedia" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 17, 2022 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . ^ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (May 20, 2022). "Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started" . CNN . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved May 24, 2022 . ^ McNamee, Kai (September 15, 2022). "Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death" . NPR . Archived from the original on January 15, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Garber, Megan (October 12, 2011). "The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Kock, Ned ; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). "Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF) . International Journal of e-Collaboration . 12 (2). IGI Global: 1– 8. doi : 10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 . ISSN 1548-3681 . Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2016. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on October 11, 2007 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2007 . 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be" . Mid-day . January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 7. ^ Larry Sanger (January 11, 2001). "Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki..." Nupedia mailing list. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. ^ Miliard, Mike (March 1, 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?" . Salt Lake City Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2, 2009 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . ^ Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved May 5, 2009 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 29. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257– 286. ^ Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations . The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273 . ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H. ; Pirolli, Peter (October 25, 2009). "The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . WikiSym '09. ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . Archived from the original on September 26, 2024 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). "Wikipedia approaches its limits" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). "Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia" . Boston Review . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. ^ Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). "Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. ^ Gibbons, Austin; Vetrano, David; Biancani, Susan (2012). "Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow" (PDF) . Stanford Network Analysis Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . ^ Ortega Soto, José Felipe (2009). Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis (PhD thesis). Rey Juan Carlos University. hdl : 10115/11239 . Archived from the original on March 14, 2023 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Angwin, Julia (November 27, 2009). "Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 4, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ a b Rawlinson, Kevin (August 8, 2011). "Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors" . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 21, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2012 . ^ a b c d e Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Archived from the original on July 31, 2022 . Retrieved November 30, 2013 . ^ a b Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Ward, Katherine (November 25, 2013). New York Magazine. p. 18. ^ F., G. (May 5, 2013). "Who really runs Wikipedia?" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ Mandiberg, Michael (February 23, 2020). "Mapping Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on November 15, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Wikipedia page views?" . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on December 11, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2014 . ^ a b c "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites" . Alexa Internet . Archived from the original on February 3, 2021 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . ^ "Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ "Citations of Cloud Computing" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ Woods, Dan; Theony, Peter (2007). "3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis". Wikis for dummies (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . p. 58. ISBN 978-1-118-05066-8 . OCLC 1300481129 . OL 5741003W . ^ "NET News: Calling All Taxonomists" . Science . 307 (5712): 1021. February 18, 2005. doi : 10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a . S2CID 220095354 . ^ Luyt, Brendan (January 1, 2020). "A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia". Online Information Review . 45 (2): 356– 371. doi : 10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104 . ^ a b "New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic" (PDF) . Comscore . February 15, 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Perez, Juan Carlos (February 17, 2007). "Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites" . PCWorld . Archived from the original on March 19, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Similarweb. "Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on February 10, 2022 . Retrieved March 4, 2023 . ^ Loveland, Jeff; Reagle, Joseph (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production". New Media & Society . 15 (8): 1294. doi : 10.1177/1461444812470428 . ISSN 1461-4448 . S2CID 27886998 . ^ Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion?" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 9, 2013 . ^ Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves" . BBC News . January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ Workman, Robert (January 5, 2013). "Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia' " . Space.com . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Katz, Leslie (October 27, 2014). "A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)" . CNET . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Sawers, Paul (June 18, 2015). "You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000" . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on October 17, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 24, 2022 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun" . Vox . Archived from the original on November 29, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). "Startup packs all 16 GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes" . CNET . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved August 15, 2023 . ^ a b Pearl, Mike (January 18, 2023). "Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out" . Mashable . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Tech Desk (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Rauwerda, Annie (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point" . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ GZERO World. Ian Bremmer. "Why we still trust Wikipedia, with cofounder Jimmy Wales". Dec. 13, 2025. [1] ^ "Wikipedia's co-founder on anonymous editors, why the site is biased against conservatives and how to fix it: Larry Sanger criticizes 'reliable sources' system and anonymous administrators." By Ashley Rindsberg and Nora Moriarty, Fox News, October 9, 2025. [2] ^ "The Seven Rules of Trust" . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Weaver, Tanya (April 4, 2025). "AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure" . eandt.theiet.org . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Ha, Anthony (October 18, 2025). "Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video" . TechCrunch . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Miller, Marshall (October 17, 2025). "New User Trends on Wikipedia" . Diff . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). "Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 12, 2022 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 12–13. ^ Harrison, Stephen; Benjakob, Omer (January 14, 2021). "Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better" . Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 15, 2021 . ^ a b Ren, Yuqing; Zhang, Haifeng; Kraut, Robert E. (February 29, 2024). "How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors" . ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction . 31 (1): 1– 48. doi : 10.1145/3617369 . ISSN 1073-0516 . Archived from the original on September 12, 2024 . Retrieved September 12, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 36. ^ Henderson, William (December 10, 2012). "Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing" . BBC News . Archived from the original on November 27, 2022 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ Ajmani, Leah; Vincent, Nicholas; Chancellor, Stevie (September 28, 2023). "Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 7 (CSCW2): 1– 33. doi : 10.1145/3610198 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2023). "Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2023 . Retrieved December 20, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (October 4, 2020). "The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on January 8, 2024 . Retrieved March 6, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (February 5, 2025). "Project 2025's Creators Want to Dox Wikipedia Editors. The Tool They're Using Is Horrifying" . Slate . Archived from the original on July 19, 2025 . Retrieved February 5, 2025 . ^ Elia-Shalev, Asaf (January 24, 2025). "Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides" . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Archived from the original on June 10, 2025 . Retrieved May 27, 2025 . ^ a b Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF) . Linux Magazine . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007 . Retrieved July 13, 2007 . The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. ^ Ciffolilli, Andrea (December 2003). "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia" . First Monday . 8 (12). doi : 10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 . ^ West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup (2011). "Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit" . Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 . 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference. pp. 152– 161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.222.7963 . doi : 10.1145/2030376.2030394 . ISBN 978-1-4503-0788-8 . Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). "The palm zire 71 camera interface". CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF) . pp. 575– 582. doi : 10.1145/985921.985953 . ISBN 978-1-58113-702-6 . S2CID 10351688 . Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2006 . Retrieved January 24, 2007 . ^ Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (November 4, 2007). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007 . Retrieved October 13, 2007 . ^ a b c d Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Wikipedia 'biography' " . USA Today . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat . Farrar, Straus & Giroux . p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2 . ^ Buchanan, Brian (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace" . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on December 21, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress" " . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on July 8, 2012 . Retrieved July 26, 2012 . ^ Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study" . Technology. NBC News . Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. ^ Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D. (December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached". 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) . Huntington Beach, CA: IEEE. pp. 276– 287. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.2758 . doi : 10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 . ISBN 978-1-4673-9743-8 . S2CID 9353425 . ^ Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). "The singularity is not near". Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . Orlando, FL: ACM Press. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . ^ Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016). "Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?" . Harvard Business Review . ISSN 0017-8012 . Archived from the original on June 17, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia". Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6): 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . ^ Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (February 7, 2020). " "Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice" . Journal of Pragmatics . 163 : 46– 65. doi : 10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 1, 2023). Ognyanova, Katherine (ed.). "Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia" . PNAS Nexus . 2 (12) pgad385. doi : 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 . ISSN 2752-6542 . PMC 10697426 . PMID 38059265 . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Lerner, Jürgen; Lomi, Alessandro (December 21, 2020). "The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles" . Social Networks . 60 : 11– 25. doi : 10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A.; Strotmann, Andreas; Zhao, Dangzhi (April 4, 2023). "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps" . Journal of Documentation . 79 (3): 784– 810. doi : 10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 . ISSN 0022-0418 . Archived from the original on October 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 14, 2023 . ^ Ziembowicz, Karolina; Roszczyńska-Kurasińska, Magdalena; Rychwalska, Agnieszka; Nowak, Andrzej (October 3, 2022). "Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia" . Information, Communication & Society . 25 (13): 1987– 2005. doi : 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 . ISSN 1369-118X . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Chhabra, Anamika; Kaur, Rishemjit; Iyengar, S. R.S. (August 25, 2020). "Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration . ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/3412569.3412585 . ISBN 978-1-4503-8779-8 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ a b Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (September 9, 2020). "Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure" . Applied Network Science . 5 (1) 61. doi : 10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y . ISSN 2364-8228 . ^ "Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology . July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ a b c Yasseri, Taha ; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertész, János (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N. (eds.). The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis . Scarecrow Press. arXiv : 1305.5566 . doi : 10.2139/SSRN.2269392 . S2CID 12133330 . SSRN 2269392 . ^ Mayfield, Elijah; Black, Alan W. (November 7, 2019). "Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 3 (CSCW): 1– 26. doi : 10.1145/3359308 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 3. ^ "Who's behind Wikipedia?" . PC World . February 6, 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008 . Retrieved February 7, 2008 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 53–54. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 32. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 5–7. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 33. ^ Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune . p. 18. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Archived from the original on May 25, 2009 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). "Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists" . First Monday . 15 (3). Archived from the original on March 10, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause" . Boston Globe . Retrieved March 25, 2007 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (June 16, 2022). "Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" " . Slate . Archived from the original on August 24, 2022 . Retrieved July 22, 2022 . ^ Bandler, Aaron (June 21, 2024), "Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned' " , Jewish Journal , archived from the original on June 22, 2024 , retrieved May 3, 2025 ^ Harrison, Stephen (July 1, 2021), "Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail" , Slate , ISSN 1091-2339 , archived from the original on July 1, 2021 , retrieved May 13, 2025 ^ a b c d Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . doi : 10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 . ISBN 978-0-8047-9120-5 . JSTOR j.ctvqsdrf9 . ^ a b c d Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (March 5, 2009). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder" . Emory Law Journal . 59 (1). SSRN 1354424 . Archived from the original on June 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (1): 181. SSRN 1354424 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. ; Wattenberg, Martin M. ; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (January 3, 2007). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site" . CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Goodwin, Jean (2009). "The Authority of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2011 . Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers ^ Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Viktoria Institute. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.8218 . ^ a b c Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 61–62. ^ a b Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences" . Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . Archived from the original on January 26, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. ^ a b Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007). "Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education". Journal of Legal Education . 57 (1). Association of American Law Schools : 3– 9. JSTOR 42894005 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 10–11. ^ "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money" . Scientific American . October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones" . Slate . Archived from the original on September 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . ^ Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2014 . Retrieved February 23, 2008 . ^ Amichai-Hamburger, Yair; Lamdan, Naama; Madiel, Rinat; Hayat, Tsahi (2008). "Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members". CyberPsychology & Behavior . 11 (6). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 679– 681. doi : 10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 . PMID 18954273 . ^ McGreal, Scott A. (March 11, 2013). "The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members" . Psychology Today . Archived from the original on July 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). "After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?" . New Scientist . Archived from the original on April 21, 2015 . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ Cohen, Noam (January 31, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 6, 2013 . Retrieved October 28, 2013 . ^ a b "OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall" . CBC News . August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b Kessenides, Dimitra; Chafkin, Max (December 22, 2016). "Is Wikipedia Woke?" . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 15, 2022 . Retrieved September 21, 2022 . ^ Walker, Andy (June 21, 2018). "The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps" . memeburn . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ "List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. (January 3, 2007). "The Visual Side of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2006 . Retrieved October 30, 2007 . ^ Fians, Guilherme (September 16, 2025). "Wikipedia: Editing the narrative" . Chartered Institute of Linguists . Archived from the original on September 24, 2025 . Retrieved September 27, 2025 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (February 16, 2021). "Israeli 'rule,' not 'occupation': In a sign of the times, Hebrew Wikipedia renames a key article" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved March 16, 2024 . ^ a b Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (January 17, 2012). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS One . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . ^ Massa, Paolo; Scrinzi, Federico (January 4, 2013). "Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities" . First Monday . 18 (1). doi : 10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 . ^ a b c "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?" . The Economist . March 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 11, 2014 . ^ Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). "The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia" . Slate . Archived from the original on August 13, 2014 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ a b Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010). "Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge" . History News Network . Columbian College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Messer-Krusse, Timothy (February 12, 2012). "The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia" . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on December 18, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Colón Aguirre, Mónica; Fleming-May, Rachel A. (November 2012). " "You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia" (PDF) . The Journal of Academic Librarianship . 38 (6). Elsevier : 391– 399. doi : 10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013 . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia experience sparks national debate" . BGSU News . Bowling Green State University . February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds" . The Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. ^ Petrilli, Michael J. (Spring 2008). "Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?" . What Next. Education Next . 8 (2). Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2014 . ^ Benjakob, Omer; Harrison, Stephen (October 13, 2020). "From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades" . Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 . ISBN 978-0-262-36059-3 . Archived from the original on September 11, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2021 . ^ Lott, Maxim (February 18, 2021). "Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried" . Fox News . Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schwartz, Zach (November 11, 2015). "Wikipedia's Co-Founder Is Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic" . Vice . Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. ^ Brown, Lee (July 16, 2021). "Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' " . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 16, 2021 . Retrieved May 31, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Bias" . StosselTV . April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hube, Christoph (2017). "Bias in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . New York, New York, US: ACM Press. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia Archived November 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . ^ a b Bjork-James, Carwil (July 3, 2021). "New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia . 27 (3): 207– 228. Bibcode : 2021NRvHM..27..207B . doi : 10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 . S2CID 234286415 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784–810. ^ "Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' " . The New York Sun . October 4, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Nine Theses on Wikipedia" . LarrySanger.org . December 11, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up" . Wired . Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 8, 2015 . ^ Giles, Jim (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head" . Nature . 438 (7070): 900– 901. Bibcode : 2005Natur.438..900G . doi : 10.1038/438900a . PMID 16355180 . (subscription required) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. ^ Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2016. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response" (PDF) . March 23, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2006 . Retrieved July 13, 2010 . ^ " Nature ' s responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica " . Nature . March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2018 . ^ Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Rung, András; Kornai, András; Kertész, János (June 20, 2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia" . PLOS ONE . 7 (6) e38869. arXiv : 1202.3643 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...738869Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 . PMC 3380063 . PMID 22745683 . ^ Raphael, JR (August 26, 2009). "The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders" . PC World . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022 . Retrieved September 2, 2009 . ^ Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). Legal Research in a Nutshell (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters. pp. 32–34 . ISBN 978-0-314-26408-4 – via Internet Archive . ^ Cowen, Tyler (March 14, 2008). "Cooked Books" . The New Republic . Archived from the original on March 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Stuart, S.C. (June 3, 2021). "Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?" . PCMag . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ Mannix, Liam (September 13, 2022). "Evidence suggests Wikipedia is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously?" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schiff, Stacy (July 23, 2006). "Know It All" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 22, 2008 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Boyd, Danah (January 4, 2005). "Academia and Wikipedia" . Many 2 Many: A Group We blog on Social Software . Corante. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . [The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society [at Harvard Law School .] ^ McHenry, Robert (November 15, 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia" . Tech Central Station . Archived from the original on January 7, 2006. ^ Shapiro, Ari (April 27, 2018). "Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era" . NPR . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved May 1, 2018 . ^ "Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry" . Deutsche Welle . June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014 . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (June 16, 2014). "Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). "Politicians notice Wikipedia" . CNET . Archived from the original on July 30, 2009 . Retrieved January 28, 2007 . ^ Bergstein, Brian (January 23, 2007). "Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit" . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 19, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hafner, Katie (August 19, 2007). "Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Colbert, Stephen (July 30, 2006). "Wikiality" . Archived from the original on September 11, 2015 . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . ^ "Wide World of Wikipedia" . The Emory Wheel . April 21, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007 . Retrieved October 17, 2007 . ^ Waters, Neil L. (September 2007). "Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class" (PDF) . Communications of the ACM . 50 (9): 15– 17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.4996 . doi : 10.1145/1284621.1284635 . S2CID 11757060 . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Jaschik, Scott (January 26, 2007). "A Stand Against Wikipedia" . Inside Higher Ed . Archived from the original on July 8, 2007 . Retrieved January 27, 2007 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). "Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' " . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 21, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2007 . ^ Buis, Kyle (February 25, 2007). "Wikipedia sucks students in with reliable information" . The Orion . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Child, Maxwell L. (February 26, 2007). "Professors Split on Wiki Debate" . The Harvard Crimson . Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. ^ Chloe Stothart. "Web threatens learning ethos" Archived December 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Times Higher Education Supplement , 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2. ^ Zou, Di; Xie, Haoran; Wang, Fu Lee; Kwan, Reggie (April 10, 2020). "Flipped learning with Wikipedia in higher education" . Studies in Higher Education . 45 (5). Routledge : 1026– 1045. doi : 10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 . S2CID 216534736 . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (March 5, 2014). "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on October 24, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (May 7, 2014). "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ "The battle for Wikipedia's soul" . The Economist . March 6, 2008. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 7, 2008 . ^ Douglas, Ian (November 10, 2007). "Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2010 . ^ Cohen, Noam (February 5, 2008). "Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Taylor, Sophie (April 5, 2008). "China allows access to English Wikipedia" . Reuters . Archived from the original on December 29, 2020 . Retrieved July 29, 2008 . ^ Bruilliard, Karin (May 21, 2010). "Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 27, 2020 . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ Moon, Mariella (March 12, 2022). "Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus" . Yahoo! . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Mokhtar, Hassna'a (July 19, 2006). "What Is Wrong With Wikipedia?" . Arab News . Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. ^ Arthur, Charles (December 8, 2008). "Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Petrusich, Amanda (October 20, 2011). "Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020 . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ Lam, Shyong (Tony) K.; Uduwage, Anuradha; Dong, Zhenhua; Sen, Shilad; Musicant, David R.; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (October 3–5, 2011). WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance (PDF) . WikiSym'2011. Mountain View, California: ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ "The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth" . The Guardian . August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 37, 38, 47. ^ Livingstone, Randall M. (November 23, 2010). "Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality" . M/C Journal . 13 (6). doi : 10.5204/mcj.315 . ISSN 1441-2616 . Archived from the original on November 21, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . ^ a b Hube, Christoph (April 3, 2017). "Bias in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . S2CID 10472970 . ^ a b Ackerly, Brooke A.; Michelitch, Kristin (2022). "Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives" . PS: Political Science & Politics . 55 (2): 429– 433. doi : 10.1017/S1049096521001463 . S2CID 247795102 . ^ Beytía, Pablo (April 20, 2020). "The Positioning Matters" . Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 . WWW '20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 806– 810. doi : 10.1145/3366424.3383569 . ISBN 978-1-4503-7024-0 . S2CID 218523099 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ Graham, Mark (November 12, 2009). "Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content" . Zerogeography . Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. ^ Strohmaier, Markus (March 6, 2017). "KAT50 Society, Culture". Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia . GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences . doi : 10.7802/1411 . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). ^ Maxton, Richard (September 9, 2008). "Wikipedia attacked over porn pages" . Macquarie Network . Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. ^ Metz, Cade (December 7, 2008). "Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover" . The Register . Archived from the original on May 13, 2020 . Retrieved May 10, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . ^ Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI" . The Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 1, 2010 . Retrieved October 9, 2010 . ^ a b Metz, Cade (April 9, 2010). "Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn' " . The Register . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ "Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website" . The Economic Times . India. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved April 29, 2010 . ^ a b Agence France-Presse (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights" . BBC News . May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved May 19, 2010 . ^ Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). "Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break" . XBIZ.com . Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . ^ McStay, Andrew (2014). Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol . Digital Formation. Vol. 86. Peter Lang . doi : 10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 . ISBN 978-1-4541-9163-6 . ^ Kleinz, Torsten (September 2, 2006). "Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]" [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]]. Heise Online (in German). Heinz Heise . Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks" . BBC . April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ Paling, Emma (October 21, 2015). "Wikipedia's Hostility to Women" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Auerbach, David (December 11, 2014). "Encyclopedia Frown" . Slate . Archived from the original on October 23, 2015 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Murphy, Dan (August 1, 2013). "In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on December 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Kueppers, Courtney (March 23, 2020). "High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ a b c Schlanger, Zoë; Purtill, Corinne (October 2, 2018). "Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough" . Quartz . Archived from the original on October 25, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018" . The Nobel Prize . October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2018). "Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media" . Quartz . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (January 4, 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia" . Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6). Springer Science : 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ McGregor, Jena (March 17, 2020). "Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 21, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (May 1, 2014). "Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (May 1, 2014). "Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Salmon, Felix (February 4, 2021). "Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia" . Axios . Archived from the original on February 4, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ Lima, Cristiano (September 14, 2021). "Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 14, 2021 . ^ Protalinski, Emil (July 2, 2013). "Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English" . TNW . Archived from the original on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Curtis, Sophie (July 23, 2013). "Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ L. M. (December 13, 2011). "Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things" . The Economist . Archived from the original on June 9, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ a b Orlowski, Andrew (August 1, 2013). "Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 4, 2013 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ a b Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). "Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia" . BBC News . Archived from the original on July 28, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). "Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 5, 2012 . ^ Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (July 13, 2014). "For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ "MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address" . Al Jazeera . July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 22, 2014 . ^ Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution . Hachette Books . pp. 99– 106. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . OCLC 232977686 . ^ Friedman, Vitaly (January 12, 2021). "Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word)" . Smashing Magazine . Archived from the original on April 1, 2022 . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ Verge, Jason (January 14, 2013). "It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home" . Data Center Knowledge. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Data centers - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Bergsma, Mark (May 5, 2014). "Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center" . Diff . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ "Switch Datacenter - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Scherer, Frederic M. (2009) [1970]. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance . Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign . SSRN 1496716 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ a b c Trajtenberg, Manuel; Jaffe, Adam B. (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy . MIT Press . pp. 89– 153. doi : 10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-27623-8 . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ McCarthy, Caroline (July 18, 2008). "Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees" . CNET . Archived from the original on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 18, 2008 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 64. ^ Orlowitz, Jake (January 2018). "The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it" . JLIS.it . 9 (3). doi : 10.4403/jlis.it-12505 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 – via ResearchGate . ^ The British Newspaper Archive (July 18, 2014). "Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light" . British Newspaper Archive . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Hall, Sam (June 24, 2020). "ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library" . ICE Virtual Library . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 26, 2021 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses" . GNU Operating System . Free Software Foundation . Archived from the original on March 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (July 19, 2009). "Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 9, 2013 . ^ "Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case" . Reuters . November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved November 2, 2007 . ^ Anderson, Nate (May 2, 2008). "Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" " . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on August 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ "Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities" . Lexico Publishing Group, LLC . Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. ^ "Definition of Answers.com" . PCMag . Archived from the original on February 3, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Researching With Bing Reference" . Bing Community . Archived from the original on October 23, 2010 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia turned into book" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010). "Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten" . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on November 26, 2010 . Retrieved December 6, 2010 . ^ Bizer, Christian; Lehmann, Jens; Kobilarov, Georgi; Auer, Sören; Becker, Christian; Cyganiak, Richard; Hellmann, Sebastian (September 2009). "DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data". Journal of Web Semantics . 7 (3): 154– 165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.150.4898 . doi : 10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 . S2CID 16081721 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 16, 2021). "Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Shachaf, Pnina (October 16, 2009). "The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library?" (PDF) . Journal of Documentation . 65 (6): 977– 996. doi : 10.1108/00220410910998951 . ^ "Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia" . AndroGeoid . May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . ^ Hollington, Jesse David (November 30, 2008). "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps" . iLounge . Archived from the original on January 12, 2009 . Retrieved July 22, 2008 . ^ Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). "Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . ^ a b c Lih, Andrew (June 20, 2015). "Can Wikipedia Survive?" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Brown, Andrew (June 25, 2015). "Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Fox-Brewster, Thomas (May 22, 2015). "Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship" . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Henochowicz, Anne (May 20, 2015). "Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall" . China Digital Times . Archived from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved May 4, 2017 . ^ Perez, Sarah (June 12, 2015). "The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on August 24, 2020 . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (April 3, 2018). "Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button" . Meta . Archived from the original on January 11, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. ^ Constine, Josh (April 3, 2018). "Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context" . TechCrunch . Retrieved July 15, 2021 . ^ "694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks" . comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008 . Retrieved December 16, 2007 . Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US ^ Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (December 15, 2007). "Wikipedia users" (PDF) . Pew Internet & American Life Project . Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 15, 2007 . 36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. ^ SAI (October 7, 2011). "The World's Most Valuable Startups" . Business Insider . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Sachdev, Shaan (February 26, 2021). "Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic" . The New Republic . ISSN 0028-6583 . Archived from the original on February 28, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (March 15, 2020). "How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on May 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (September 2, 2020). "On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB" . Wired UK . ISSN 1357-0978 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Dodds, Laurence (April 3, 2020). "Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB" . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on April 11, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 22, 2020). "Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on December 27, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on May 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). "Learning to trust the internet again" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on August 27, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007 . Retrieved February 6, 2007 . ^ Sharma, Raghav (February 19, 2009). "Wikipedian Justice". Social Science Research Network . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.1346311 . S2CID 233749371 . SSRN 1346311 . ^ "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes" . LEGISinfo . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). "Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source" . Internet Business Law Services . Archived from the original on May 20, 2012 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . (The name " World Intellectual Property Office " should however read " World Intellectual Property Organization " in this source.) ^ Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). "Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). "The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence" . Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved April 14, 2007 . ^ Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". Nature News . doi : 10.1038/news.2008.1312 . ^ Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). "Wikipedia in the Newsroom" . American Journalism Review . Archived from the original on August 5, 2012 . Retrieved February 11, 2008 . ^ Lexington (September 24, 2011). "Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth" . The Economist . Retrieved September 27, 2011 . Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund". ^ "Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article" . Japan News Review . July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. ^ Richter, Bob (January 9, 2007). "Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered" . San Antonio Express-News . Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. ^ Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal" . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Coscarelli, Joe (July 29, 2014). "Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times" . Intelligencer . New York . Archived from the original on August 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). "Time's Person of the Year: You" . Time . Archived from the original on March 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vargas, Jose Antonio (September 17, 2007). "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Ablan, Jennifer (October 22, 2007). "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol" . Reuters . Retrieved October 24, 2007 . ^ Grillini, Franco (March 30, 2009). "Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 30, 2009 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030" . One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) . Stanford University . September 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved September 3, 2016 . ^ a b Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19, 2023 . Retrieved July 19, 2023 . ^ Derakhshan, Hossein (October 19, 2017). "How Social Media Endangers Knowledge" . Business. Wired . Condé Nast. eISSN 1078-3148 . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on October 22, 2018 . Retrieved October 22, 2018 . ^ "Webby Awards 2004" . The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. ^ "Die Quadriga – Award 2008" . Archived from the original on September 15, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum" . Praemium Erasmianum Foundation . Archived from the original on January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . ^ "Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015" [Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015]. Fundación Princesa de Asturias (in Spanish) . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ "Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano" [The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva España (in Spanish). October 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2015 . ^ "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence" . The Onion . July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today" . The Onion . November 24, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ " The Negotiation ". The Office . Season 3. Episode 19. April 5, 2007. NBC . ^ Jesdanun, Anick (April 12, 2007). " 'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia" . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved December 12, 2014 . ^ Bakken, Janae (December 6, 2007). " My Number One Doctor ". Scrubs . Season 7. Episode 145. NBC . ^ "Professor Wikipedia". CollegeHumor Originals . September 24, 2008. CollegeHumor . ^ Adams, Scott ( w , a ). Topper . May 8, 2009, United Media . ^ Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). "Bigipedia given second series" . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen" . British Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on July 31, 2009 . Retrieved July 31, 2009 . ^ Flake, Emily (August 23, 2013). "Manning/Wikipedia cartoon" . Conde Nast Collection . Archived from the original on October 12, 2014 . Retrieved August 26, 2013 . ^ " 'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement" . Today . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Burnett, Emma (June 12, 2024). "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3]" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 38867010 . ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2015 . ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic]" . GizmoCrazed . March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Caldwell, Christopher (June 14, 2013). "A chapter in the Enlightenment closes" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2022 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia. ^ Carr, Nicholas (October 3, 2005). "The amorality of Web 2.0" . Rough Type . Archived from the original on August 4, 2022 . Retrieved July 15, 2006 . ^ "Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds" . Nature . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ a b Flood, Alison (February 7, 2013). "Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast? " . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Mayo, Matthew (November 23, 2017). "Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing" . KDnuggets . Archived from the original on May 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Lindemann, Luke (February 19, 2021). "Wikipedia Corpus" . lukelindemann.com . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rada, Mihalcea ; Csomai, Andras (November 2007). "Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge" (PDF) . CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Lisbon; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 233– 242. doi : 10.1145/1321440.1321475 . ISBN 978-1-59593-803-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2016. ^ Milne, David; Witten, Ian H. (October 2008). "Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08". CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Napa Valley, CA; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 509– 518. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.148.3617 . doi : 10.1145/1458082.1458150 . ISBN 978-1-59593-991-3 . ^ Adafre, Sisay Fissaha; de Rijke, Maarten (August 2005). "Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05" (PDF) . LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery . ACM LinkKDD. Chicago; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 90– 97. doi : 10.1145/1134271.1134284 . ISBN 978-1-59593-135-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries" . MIT Technology Review . December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). "Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list" . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ a b Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). "Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances" . Times Higher Education . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Lages, J.; Patt, A.; Shepelyansky, D. (2016). "Wikipedia ranking of world universities". Eur. Phys. J. B . 89 (69): 69. arXiv : 1511.09021 . Bibcode : 2016EPJB...89...69L . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 . S2CID 1965378 . ^ Coquidé, C.; Lages, J.; Shepelyansky, D.L. (2019). "World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks". Eur. Phys. J. B . 92 (3): 3. arXiv : 1809.00332 . Bibcode : 2019EPJB...92....3C . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 . S2CID 52154548 . ^ "All hail Wikipedia" . The Times . December 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Thompson, Neil; Hanley, Douglas (February 13, 2018). "Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial". MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 . Rochester, NY. doi : 10.2139/ssrn.3039505 . S2CID 30918097 . SSRN 3039505 – via SSRN . ^ Sarabadani, Amir; Halfaker, Aaron ; Taraborelli, Dario (April 2017). "Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion". WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion . International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. Perth; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 1647– 1654. arXiv : 1703.03861 . doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053366 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Potthast, Martin; Stein, Benno; Gerling, Robert (2008). "Advances in Information Retrieval". In Macdonald, Craig; Ounis, Iadh; Plachouras, Vassilis; Ruthven, Ian; White, Ryen W. (eds.). Advances in Information Retrieval . 30th ECIR . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4956. Glasgow: Springer. pp. 663– 668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.188.1093 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 . ISBN 978-3-540-78645-0 . ^ Asthana, Sumit; Halfaker, Aaron (November 2018). Lampe, Cliff (ed.). "With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 2 (CSCW). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . 21. doi : 10.1145/3274290 . ISSN 2573-0142 . ^ Petroni, Fabio; Broscheit, Samuel; Piktus, Aleksandra; Lewis, Patrick; Izacard, Gautier; Hosseini, Lucas; Dwivedi-Yu, Jane; Lomeli, Maria; Schick, Timo; Bevilacqua, Michele; Mazaré, Pierre-Emmanuel; Joulin, Armand; Grave, Edouard; Riedel, Sebastian (2023). "Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI" . Nature Machine Intelligence . 5 (10): 1142– 1148. arXiv : 2207.06220 . doi : 10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 . ^ Heart Internet. "Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface" . Archived from the original on May 17, 2014 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias" . CNN . Archived from the original on August 14, 2004 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rubin, Harriet (May 31, 1998). "The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy" . Fast Company . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedia of Life" . National Museum of Natural History . Smithsonian . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia" . Society of Applied Neuroscience . Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?" . The Register . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site" . LinuxInsider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources ^ a b "Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 11, 2020 . Retrieved August 8, 2023 . ^ Stallman, Richard M. (June 20, 2007). "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved January 4, 2008 . ^ Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki" . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on April 14, 2003 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Wikipedia: HomePage" . Archived from the original on March 31, 2001 . Retrieved March 31, 2001 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 16, 2001). "Alternative language wikipedias" . Wikipedia-L (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved January 16, 2022 . ^ Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004 ^ "[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008" . Osdir . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vibber, Brion (August 16, 2002). "Brion VIBBER at pobox.com" . Wikimedia . Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 26, 2011 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (December 12, 2002). "Wiktionary project launched" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Talk:Science Hypertextbook project" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (March 19, 2004). "Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Eloquence. "User:Eloquence/History" . Wikinews . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity" . Wikiversity . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 24, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). "The Wikipedia data revolution" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011 . Retrieved March 8, 2015 . ^ "SOPA/Blackoutpage" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront" . Wikimedia Foundation . January 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Why create an account ^ Wikipedia:Protection policy#Full protection ^ a b Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen" . Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in German). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ Help:Recent changes ^ Wikipedia:New pages patrol ^ Vandalism . Wikipedia . Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ a b Wikipedia:Dispute resolution ^ Wikipedia:Five pillars ^ Wikipedia:Citing sources : "Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space." ^ Wikipedia:Ownership of content : "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia)." ^ a b Wikipedia:Administrators ^ Wikipedia:Requests for comment ^ Wikipedia:Banning policy ^ Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism" . Kuro5hin , Op–Ed . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.) ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedians ^ List of Wikipedias – Meta ^ a b "Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Special:Statistics ^ A455bcd9 (February 8, 2021). Wikipedia page views by language over time (PNG) . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on May 12, 2022 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Non-free content" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 8, 2003). "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ "Meta-Wiki" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013 . Retrieved March 24, 2009 . ^ "Meta-Wiki Statistics" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ a b "List of articles every Wikipedia should have" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:Notability ^ "Manual:Interwiki" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:General disclaimer ^ Sanger, Larry . "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)" . Citizendium . Archived from the original on November 3, 2006 . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content/FAQ ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content ^ "Privacy policy" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Volunteer Response Team" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software" . Open Technology Real Services . OTRS.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 . ^ "Draft:Donna Strickland" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Projects" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. October 12, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . May 17, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2022 . Retrieved October 14, 2014 . ^ "Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov" . Wikimedia Foundation . May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Neotarf (August 13, 2014). "Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia" . The Signpost . Archived from the original on January 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Lorente, Patricio (March 16, 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia chapters" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on November 12, 2005 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Bergsma, Mark. "Wikimedia Architecture" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ "MediaWiki Features" . WikiMatrix . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Project:Copyrights" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "UseMod: UseModWiki" . UseModWiki . Archived from the original on October 17, 2000. ^ Special:Version ^ Snow, Michael (April 18, 2005). "Internal search function returns to service" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 31, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Vibber, Brion. "[Wikitech-l] Lucene search" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on March 30, 2013 . Retrieved February 26, 2009 . ^ "Extension:CirrusSearch" . MediaWiki . Archived from the original on April 13, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Forrester, James (April 25, 2013). "The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bots ^ Aude (March 23, 2009). "Abuse Filter is enabled" . The Signpost . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bot policy ^ a b "Varnish" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Debian" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on April 18, 2021 . Retrieved April 9, 2021 . ^ Palmier, Guillaume (January 19, 2013). "Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on May 12, 2019 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ "⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "The journey to open our first data center in South America" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . July 26, 2024. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024 . Retrieved November 29, 2024 . ^ "Wikimedia servers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . April 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ "Data centers" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Peters, David; Walsh, Jay (2013). "Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020)" . Wikimedia Foundation . 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Copyrights ^ Vermeir, Walter (December 1, 2007). "Resolution:License update" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Wikipedia:Licensing update ^ Wikimedia ^ "Licensing update/Questions and Answers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ "Licensing_update/Timeline" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on August 17, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2009 . ^ Walsh, Jay (May 21, 2009). "Wikimedia community approves license migration" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 13, 2021 . Retrieved May 21, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia:Non-free content" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Commons:Fair use" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks ^ a b Seifi, Joe (August 27, 2007). "Wapedia review" . appSafari . Archived from the original on April 23, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM" . Wikipedia On DVD . Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. ^ "Polish Wikipedia on DVD" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:DVD ^ "¿Qué es la CDPedia?" . Py Ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. ^ "2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online" . WikiNews . Wikimedia Foundation . October 22, 2008 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Selection for Schools" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2012 . ^ "Wikidata:Introduction" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikidata:Statistics" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (October 13, 2009). "OpenMoko Launches WikiReader" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia policies on data download ^ "Data dumps/What's available for download" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched" . Wikimedia Technical Blog . Wikimedia Foundation . June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010 . Retrieved July 22, 2009 . ^ Finc, Tomasz (January 26, 2012). "Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia" . Google Play . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes" . App Store (iOS/iPadOS) . Apple Inc. August 4, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b "Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . February 16, 2018 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth ^ West, Stuart (2010). "Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013 . Retrieved April 16, 2014 . ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media ^ "Trophy shelf" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . GNU Operating System . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . Sources McDowell, Zachary; Vetter, Matthew (2022). Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality . New York: Routledge. pp. 1– 107. ISBN 978-0-367-55571-9 . Further reading Balke, Jeff (March 2008). "For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace" . Houston Chronicle . Broken Record (blog). Archived from the original on December 29, 2008 . Retrieved December 17, 2008 . Borland, John (August 14, 2007). "See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign" . Wired . Archived from the original on November 16, 2015 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out" . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust" . New Scientist . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules" . The Phoenix . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive" . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 22, 2008 . Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom" . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog" . London Review of Books . Archived from the original on May 27, 2009 . Retrieved June 3, 2009 . Stix, Gary , "Wiki-Curious: Are you a 'busybody,' a 'hunter" or a 'dancer'?", Scientific American , vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025), p. 18. "'Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them.'" Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World" . Time . Archived from the original on June 2, 2005 . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist" . The Economist . June 5, 2008 . Retrieved June 5, 2008 . Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries" , BBC News, October 21, 2013. "The Decline of Wikipedia" Archived October 23, 2013, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, MIT Technology Review , October 22, 2013 "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza" Archived March 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (March 2015), Capital Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard "Dark Side of Wikipedia" . Full Measure . Archived from the original on August 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 17, 2016 . Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson , April 17, 2016. (Includes video.) Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Wikipedia Works" . Cato Institute . Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus , Ideas, with Paul Kennedy , CBC Radio One , originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here ). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required). "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" The Independent , February 3, 2009. Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019 . Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo. Academic studies Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age . JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1535-2 . Jensen, Richard (October 2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812" (PDF) . The Journal of Military History . 76 (4): 523– 556. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS ONE . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . SSRN 1458162 . ( A blog post by the author. ) Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (8). arXiv : 0805.1154 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.4536 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 . S2CID 58893 . Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia" . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication . 12 (1): 88. doi : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren ; Riedl, John (2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 . pp. 259– 268. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . doi : 10.1145/1316624.1316663 . ISBN 978-1-59593-845-9 . S2CID 15350808 . Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. hdl : 1765/113937 . ISBN 978-94-028-1371-5 . OCLC 1081174169 . (Open access) Rosenzweig, Roy . Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past . (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.) Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (4). arXiv : cs/0702140 . Bibcode : 2007cs........2140W . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.342.6933 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 . hdl : 2027.42/136037 . S2CID 10484077 . Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist . 57 (5): 664. doi : 10.1177/0002764212469365 . S2CID 144208941 . Maggio, Lauren A.; Willinsky, John M. ; Steinberg, Ryan M.; Mietchen, Daniel; Wass, Joseph L.; Dong, Ting (2017). "Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia" . PLOS One . 12 (12) e0190046. PLOS . Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1290046M . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 . PMC 5739466 . PMID 29267345 . Books Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur . Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5 . (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It . San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4 . (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide . Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5 . Rafaeli, Sheizaf ; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In Barak, A. (ed.). Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press . pp. 243 –267. ISBN 978-0-521-69464-3 . Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality . Siduri. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9 . Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia . New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice? . Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7 . Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-5862-4 . Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2 . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-8944-8 . Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-53817-6 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/9781108780704 . ISBN 978-1-108-78070-4 . Book review–related articles Baker, Nicholson . "The Charms of Wikipedia" . The New York Review of Books , March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual , by John Broughton, as listed previously.) Crovitz, L. Gordon . "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.) Postrel, Virginia , "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it" , Pacific Standard , November/December 2014 issue. External links Official website – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) Wikipedia on Twitter Wikipedia on Instagram Wikipedia collected news and commentary at The Guardian Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia Ro, Christine (February 19, 2025). "Why these scientists devote time to editing and updating Wikipedia". Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-025-00244-7 . PMID 39972088 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia v t e Overview (outline) Biases gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Biases gender geographical ideological racial gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Community (Wikipedians) Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White History Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Bomis Nupedia Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war American politics Donald Trump Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Honors Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia References and analysis Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Mobile Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Content use DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education Related AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis List Category List Category v t e Wikipedia language editions by article count v t e 7,000,000+ English English 6,000,000+ Cebuano Cebuano 3,000,000+ German German 2,000,000+ French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish 1,000,000+ Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray 100,000+ Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh 10,000+ Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu 1,000+ Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof 500+ Bambara Wayuu Bambara Wayuu List of Wikimedia wikis v t e Wikimedia Foundation v t e People Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Abstract Wikipedia Other Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Related The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage v t e Wikis v t e Types Fan Personal Medical Semantic Fan Personal Medical Semantic Components Software Software Lists Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Comparisons Software Wiki farms Software Wiki farms Notable wikis Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Wiki farms Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint See also Wikis and education History Creole .wiki Wikis and education History Creole .wiki v t e Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation v t e Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST VIAF GND FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia Other IdRef MusicBrainz label IdRef MusicBrainz label Wikipedia 2001 establishments in the United States Creative Commons-licensed websites Free-content websites Internet properties established in 2001 Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Multilingual websites Wikis Online encyclopedias Social information processing Wikimedia projects Pages using the Phonos extension Pages including recorded pronunciations Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1: unfit URL CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use American English from September 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021 Articles containing Latin-language text Webarchive template other archives Guardian topic template using Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 22:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-440
|
Pahila Panna Samaj portal Nawaa badlao Koi bhi panna Madat karo Khaas panna Daan Nawaa account banao Log in karo Daan Nawaa account banao Log in karo Pahila Panna Pahila panna Salah Parrho Source ke dekho Itihaas dekho Parrho Source ke dekho Itihaas dekho Hian konchij jurre hae Panna ke jurraa badlao File ke upload karo Pakka jorr Panna ke jaankari Ii panna ke cite karo Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Book banao PDF ke naam pe download karo Chhape ke khaatir Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata item @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mp-column,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatleft,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatright,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;float:none!important;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}} Fiji Hindi Wikipedia Ii ek muft me jankari de waala Encyclopedia hae Isme koi bhi likhe sake hae Fiji Hindi Wikipedia me abhi 12,113 lekh hae. Suchi: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Vibhag Fiji Fiji ke Hindustani Fiji Hindi Fiji me football Girmit Parrhai likhai Dunia ke des Dunia ke log Dunia ke itihass Science aur technology Jaruri article Fiji Hindi Wiktionary Aaj ke khaas lekh Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Aap janta hai... Ratu Cakobau 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Archive Taaja khabar Biman Prasad 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. ' Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Pahile waala saal: 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1920 1921 1923 1924 Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Duusra bhasa Bharatiya bhasa हिन्दी (Hindi) • اردو (Urdu) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • বাংলা (Bangla) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • मराठी (Marathi) • മലയാളം (Malayalam) • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) • ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) • ગુજરાતી (Gujarati) • नेपाली (Nepali) • ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Odia) • অসমীয়া (Assamese) • سنڌي (Sindhi) • ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (Santali) • मैथिली (Maithili) • भोजपुरी (Bhojpuri) • अवधी (Awadhi) • कॉशुर/کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • پنجابی (Punjabi Shahmukhi) • कोंकणी (Konkani) • ತುಳು (Tulu) • ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ (Meitei / Manipuri) • पालि (Pāli) • संस्कृत (Sanskrit) 1,000,000+ lekh English • العربية (Arabic) • فارسی (Persian) • Cebuano • Svenska (Swedish) • Deutsch (German) • Français (French) • Nederlands (Dutch) • Русский (Russian) • Italiano (Italian) • Español (Spanish) • Polski (Polish) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • 中文 (Chinese) • Українська (Ukrainian) • Português (Portuguese) 250,000+ lekh Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • Čeština (Czech) • Magyar (Hungarian) • Suomi (Finnish) • Српски / srpski (Serbian) • Română (Romanian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • Esperanto • Slovenčina (Slovak) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • עברית (Hebrew) • Български (Bulgarian) • Հայերէն (Armenian) • Dansk (Danish) • Lietuvių (Lithuanian) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Hrvatski (Croatian) • Slovenski (Slovenian) 50,000+ lekh Eesti (Estonian) • Galego (Galician) • ไทย (Thai) • ქართული (Georgian) • Euskara (Basque) • Bosanski (Bosnian) • Latviešu (Latvian) • Íslenska (Icelandic) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • Latina (Latin) • Estonian (Estonian) Sab Wikipedia ke suchi – Bhasa khatir ek saathe kaam karo – Nawaa bhasa me Wikipedia suruu karo Fiji Hindi Wikipedia Ii ek muft me jankari de waala Encyclopedia hae Isme koi bhi likhe sake hae Fiji Hindi Wikipedia me abhi 12,113 lekh hae. Isme koi bhi likhe sake hae Fiji Hindi Wikipedia me abhi 12,113 lekh hae. Suchi: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Vibhag Fiji Fiji ke Hindustani Fiji Hindi Fiji me football Girmit Parrhai likhai Dunia ke des Dunia ke log Dunia ke itihass Science aur technology Jaruri article Fiji Hindi Wiktionary Aaj ke khaas lekh Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Aap janta hai... Ratu Cakobau 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Archive Aaj ke khaas lekh Aaj ke khaas lekh Aaj ke khaas lekh Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Moy , 15th jahaaj rahaa jisme girmitya logan ke India se Fiji lawa gais rahaa. Ii jahaaj 1,697 ton garrhu aur loha ke banaa, paal waala jahaaj rahaa jiske 1885 me Russel & Company, Nourse Line khatir banais rahaa. 3 May 1889 ke Moy, 677 girmitya logan ke lae ke pahila dafe, 14 April 1893 ke 467 girmitya logan ke lae ke duusra daf aur 1 June 1898 ke 568 girmitya logan ke lae ke tiisra dafe Fiji pahucha. Iske baad ii jahaaj West Indies girmitya logan ke lae ke gais. Iske girmitya logan ke West Indies se India lautaare khatir bhi kaam me lawa gais rahaa. 1905 me jab ii jahaaj Guiana se lautat rahaa tab ii samundar me herae gais. ( aur... ) Aap janta hai... Aap janta hai... Aap janta hai... Ratu Cakobau 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Archive 1875 ke measles epidemic , jisme 20% Kaiviti logan mar gae rahin, ke Fiji me failae waala, Ratu Cakobau aur uske dui larrka logan rahin jon ki March 1875 me Sydney se ghuum ke lauta rahin. 1879 se lae ke 1916 tak, 42 jahaaj, 87 trip me 60,553 girmitya logan ke lae ke Fiji se aais rahaa. Isme se 45,439 log Calcutta se aur 15,114 log Madras se jahaaj me charrhin rahaa. Fiji ke Legislative Council ke pahila Hindustani member Badri Maharaj rahaa, jiske Governor nominate karis rahaa aur jon 1917 - 1923 aur 1926 - 1929 tak Council ke member rahaa. Fiji me pahila football competition Nasau Park , Levuka me 1924 me, Cession ke golden jublee celebrate kare ke time, chhe Kaiviti team ke biich me Ricarnie Cup khatir, khela gais rahaa. Fiji ke Hindustani ke army me join kare ke khatir, 1934 me Indian Platoon banawa gais rahaa lekin iske 1940 me disband kar dewa gais rahaa. Royal Air Force ke khatir fighter plane kharide ke khatir, 1943 me ek Fighter Fund suruu karaa gais rahaa, aur ii paisa se nau fighter aur paanch bomber kharida gais rahaa. Ek fighter ke naam Fiji Indian Fighter rahaa. Fiji Trade Union Congress se pahile Ami Chandra , 1950s me Fiji Industrial Workers Congress suruu karis rahaa. Fiji ke 1997 ke constitution me English aur Kaiviti ke saathe Hindustani ke Fiji ke official language banawa gais rahaa. Taaja khabar Biman Prasad 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. ' Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Pahile waala saal: 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1920 1921 1923 1924 Taaja khabar Taaja khabar Taaja khabar Biman Prasad 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. ' 29 October - Fiji ke Deputy Prime Minister aur Minister of Finance, Biman Prasad rsign kar dis kaaheki uske FICAC corruption ke khaatir charge karis hae. 22 June - United States ke Air Force aur Navy, Iran ke tiin nuclear facilities ke attack karis. 21 April - Pope Francis ke maut Vatican City me bhais rahaa. 30 March - Ek 7.7 magnitude bhukamp ke kaaran Myanmar aur Thailand me 2,000 log ke maut hoe gais. 19 February - Toronto Airport me Delta Air Lines ke plane, utarte ke samay ulut gais lekin sab passengers bach gain 16 February - 78 British Academy Film Awards me, Conclave ke chaar award milaa. 29 December - Jimmy Carter , America ke 39th President, ke maut Plains, Georgia me bhais. Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Aaj se sau saal pahile, 1925 me... Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Pahile waala saal: 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1920 1921 1923 1924 Ii saal, Fiji me 64,963 bigha jamiin me ganna boya gais rahaa, jisme se 33,679 bigha (52%) CSR bois rahaa, 4,446 bigha (7%) ke Goraa kisaan boy rahin, 6,905 bigha (10%), ke CSR ke asaami log boy rahin aur 19,933 bigha (31%) ke Hindustani contractors boy rahin. Ii saal, Fiji me Hindustani ke birth rate 33.14 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti ke birth rate of 32.29 per thousand rahaa, lekin Hindustani ke death rate 7.25 per thousand rahaa, jab ki Kaiviti death rate of 22.75 per thousand rahaa Ii saal Fiji me khaali 174 Hindustani saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa, jab ki 857 Kaiviti saadi ke register karaa gais rahaa. Saal ke end me, Fiji ke abaadi 169,667 rahaa, jisme se 88,431 Kaiviti rahin aur 68,136 Hindustani rahin. Iske matlab hae ki ii saal Fiji me 3,956 aur Kaiviti aur aur 7,502 aur Hindustani rahin agar iske April 1921 ke census se compare karaa jaae. Britain ke sarkar ii nischay karis ki Fiji ke election common roll pe nai hoe sake, kaaheki ii Deed of Cession ke against rahii. 9 May – Fiji me ek typhoid ke epidemic faelaa, jisme tiin Goraa log ke maut bhais. Kuchh Hindustani log bhi aspataal me bharti rahin, lekin Kaiviti log pe koi asar nai rahaa. Indian Reform League ,volunteer nurses ke provide karis rahaa. 9 July - Guru Dutt , Hindi film actor, ke janam Bangalore, India me bhais rahaa. Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Aaj ke khaas chhaapa Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Balambala (Scientific naam: Cyathea lunulata , Kaiviti: Balabala , English: Tree fern ) ek rakam ke fern hai jon ki perr ke rakam rahe hai. Iske trunk 8-10 m, aur kabhi kabhi 20 m talal, lamba rahe hai. Iske patti 6m talak lamba rahe hai. Ii garam aur dher paani barse waala des me hoe hai aur sea level se lae ke 100m uuncha jagah talak hoe sake hai. Ii dher island me jaise ki, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Samoa, New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga, Bismarck Archipelago, Caroline aur Mariana Islands me hoe hai. Ii 0 C° talak ke thanda mausam sahe sake hai. Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Pahile ke featured article: Tulsi — Mircha — Kundru Duusra bhasa Bharatiya bhasa हिन्दी (Hindi) • اردو (Urdu) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • বাংলা (Bangla) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • मराठी (Marathi) • മലയാളം (Malayalam) • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) • ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) • ગુજરાતી (Gujarati) • नेपाली (Nepali) • ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Odia) • অসমীয়া (Assamese) • سنڌي (Sindhi) • ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (Santali) • मैथिली (Maithili) • भोजपुरी (Bhojpuri) • अवधी (Awadhi) • कॉशुर/کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • پنجابی (Punjabi Shahmukhi) • कोंकणी (Konkani) • ತುಳು (Tulu) • ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ (Meitei / Manipuri) • पालि (Pāli) • संस्कृत (Sanskrit) 1,000,000+ lekh English • العربية (Arabic) • فارسی (Persian) • Cebuano • Svenska (Swedish) • Deutsch (German) • Français (French) • Nederlands (Dutch) • Русский (Russian) • Italiano (Italian) • Español (Spanish) • Polski (Polish) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • 中文 (Chinese) • Українська (Ukrainian) • Português (Portuguese) 250,000+ lekh Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • Čeština (Czech) • Magyar (Hungarian) • Suomi (Finnish) • Српски / srpski (Serbian) • Română (Romanian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • Esperanto • Slovenčina (Slovak) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • עברית (Hebrew) • Български (Bulgarian) • Հայերէն (Armenian) • Dansk (Danish) • Lietuvių (Lithuanian) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Hrvatski (Croatian) • Slovenski (Slovenian) 50,000+ lekh Eesti (Estonian) • Galego (Galician) • ไทย (Thai) • ქართული (Georgian) • Euskara (Basque) • Bosanski (Bosnian) • Latviešu (Latvian) • Íslenska (Icelandic) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • Latina (Latin) • Estonian (Estonian) Sab Wikipedia ke suchi – Bhasa khatir ek saathe kaam karo – Nawaa bhasa me Wikipedia suruu karo Duusra bhasa Duusra bhasa Duusra bhasa Bharatiya bhasa हिन्दी (Hindi) • اردو (Urdu) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • বাংলা (Bangla) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • मराठी (Marathi) • മലയാളം (Malayalam) • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) • ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) • ગુજરાતી (Gujarati) • नेपाली (Nepali) • ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Odia) • অসমীয়া (Assamese) • سنڌي (Sindhi) • ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (Santali) • मैथिली (Maithili) • भोजपुरी (Bhojpuri) • अवधी (Awadhi) • कॉशुर/کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • پنجابی (Punjabi Shahmukhi) • कोंकणी (Konkani) • ತುಳು (Tulu) • ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ (Meitei / Manipuri) • पालि (Pāli) • संस्कृत (Sanskrit) 1,000,000+ lekh English • العربية (Arabic) • فارسی (Persian) • Cebuano • Svenska (Swedish) • Deutsch (German) • Français (French) • Nederlands (Dutch) • Русский (Russian) • Italiano (Italian) • Español (Spanish) • Polski (Polish) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • 中文 (Chinese) • Українська (Ukrainian) • Português (Portuguese) 250,000+ lekh Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • Čeština (Czech) • Magyar (Hungarian) • Suomi (Finnish) • Српски / srpski (Serbian) • Română (Romanian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • Esperanto • Slovenčina (Slovak) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • עברית (Hebrew) • Български (Bulgarian) • Հայերէն (Armenian) • Dansk (Danish) • Lietuvių (Lithuanian) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Hrvatski (Croatian) • Slovenski (Slovenian) 50,000+ lekh Eesti (Estonian) • Galego (Galician) • ไทย (Thai) • ქართული (Georgian) • Euskara (Basque) • Bosanski (Bosnian) • Latviešu (Latvian) • Íslenska (Icelandic) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • Latina (Latin) • Estonian (Estonian) Sab Wikipedia ke suchi – Bhasa khatir ek saathe kaam karo – Nawaa bhasa me Wikipedia suruu karo हिन्दी (Hindi) • اردو (Urdu) • தமிழ் (Tamil) • বাংলা (Bangla) • తెలుగు (Telugu) • मराठी (Marathi) • മലയാളം (Malayalam) • ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) • ಕನ್ನಡ (Kannada) • ગુજરાતી (Gujarati) • नेपाली (Nepali) • ଓଡ଼ିଆ (Odia) • অসমীয়া (Assamese) • سنڌي (Sindhi) • ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ (Santali) • मैथिली (Maithili) • भोजपुरी (Bhojpuri) • अवधी (Awadhi) • कॉशुर/کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • کٲشُر (Kashmiri) • پنجابی (Punjabi Shahmukhi) • कोंकणी (Konkani) • ತುಳು (Tulu) • ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ (Meitei / Manipuri) • पालि (Pāli) • संस्कृत (Sanskrit) English • العربية (Arabic) • فارسی (Persian) • Cebuano • Svenska (Swedish) • Deutsch (German) • Français (French) • Nederlands (Dutch) • Русский (Russian) • Italiano (Italian) • Español (Spanish) • Polski (Polish) • 日本語 (Japanese) • Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) • 中文 (Chinese) • Українська (Ukrainian) • Português (Portuguese) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) • 한국어 (Korean) • Čeština (Czech) • Magyar (Hungarian) • Suomi (Finnish) • Српски / srpski (Serbian) • Română (Romanian) • Türkçe (Turkish) • Esperanto • Slovenčina (Slovak) • Bahasa Melayu (Malay) • עברית (Hebrew) • Български (Bulgarian) • Հայերէն (Armenian) • Dansk (Danish) • Lietuvių (Lithuanian) • Ελληνικά (Greek) • Hrvatski (Croatian) • Slovenski (Slovenian) Eesti (Estonian) • Galego (Galician) • ไทย (Thai) • ქართული (Georgian) • Euskara (Basque) • Bosanski (Bosnian) • Latviešu (Latvian) • Íslenska (Icelandic) • Cymraeg (Welsh) • Latina (Latin) • Estonian (Estonian) Sab Wikipedia ke suchi – Bhasa khatir ek saathe kaam karo – Nawaa bhasa me Wikipedia suruu karo Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Ii panna ke 20 Farwari 2025, ke 10:25 baje, pichhla time badla gais rahaa. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Jon text aap ke khaatir hae Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ke niche; saait aur sart bhi rahii. Terms of Use ke dekho details ke khaatir. Gupt niti Wikipedia ke baare me Jimmewari se chhutkaari Code of Conduct Banae waala log Aakrraa Cookie ke baare me Mobile view
|
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna#bodyContent
|
HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Perognathinae --> GENUS Perognathus --> SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES Perognathus longimembris internationalis Author: Huey, 1939. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Synonyms: HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Perognathinae --> GENUS Perognathus --> SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES Perognathus longimembris internationalis Author: Huey, 1939. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Synonyms: HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Perognathinae --> GENUS Perognathus --> SPECIES longimembris SUBSPECIES Perognathus longimembris internationalis Author: Huey, 1939. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Synonyms: Synonyms: Synonyms: Bucknell Home Page Biology Department Home Page ©Bucknell Univesity All Rights Reserved Comments and questions to dreeder@bucknell.edu
|
http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=12700351
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Architecture 3 Software 4 Diffusion and evolution 5 Xerox and the Alto 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Xerox Alto العربية Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The Alto has a keyboard, mouse, and portrait-oriented monitor. Developer Xerox PARC Manufacturer Xerox PARC Release date March 1, 1973 ; 52 years ago ( 1973-03-01 ) Introductory price US$32,000 (equivalent to $140,000 in 2024) [ 1 ] Units shipped Alto I: 120 Alto II: 2,000 [ 2 ] Media 2.5 MB one-platter disk cartridge [ 3 ] Operating system Alto Executive (Exec) CPU TTL -based, with the ALU built around four 74181 MSI chips. It has user programmable microcode , uses big-endian format and a CPU clock of 5.88 MHz . [ 4 ] [ 3 ] Memory 96 [ 5 ] – 512 KB (128 KB for $4000) [ 3 ] Display 606 × 808 pixels [ 3 ] Input Keyboard , 3-button mouse , 5-key chorded keyboard Connectivity Ethernet Successor Xerox Star Related ETH Lilith ; Lisa ; Apollo/Domain The Xerox Alto is a computer system developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) in the 1970s. It is considered one of the first workstations or personal computers , and its development pioneered many aspects of modern computing. The advances include graphical user interface (GUI), computer mouse , Ethernet networking, and the ability to run multiple applications simultaneously . It is one of the first computers to use a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) text editor and has a bit-mapped display. The Alto did not succeed commercially, but it had a significant influence on the development of future computer systems. The Alto was designed for an operating system based on a GUI, later using the desktop metaphor . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The first machines were introduced on March 1, 1973, [ 8 ] and in limited production starting one decade before Xerox's designs inspired Apple to release the first mass-market GUI computers. The Alto is contained in a relatively small cabinet and uses a custom central processing unit (CPU) built from multiple SSI and MSI integrated circuits . Each machine cost tens of thousands of dollars. Few were built initially, but by the late 1970s, about 1,000 were in use at various Xerox laboratories, and about another 500 in several universities. Total production was about 2,000 systems. The Alto became well known in Silicon Valley and its GUI was increasingly seen as the future of computing. In 1979, Steve Jobs arranged a visit to Xerox PARC, during which Apple Computer personnel received demonstrations of Xerox technology in exchange for Xerox being able to purchase stock options in Apple. [ 9 ] After two visits to see the Alto, Apple engineers used the concepts in developing the Lisa and Macintosh systems. In 1981, Xerox commercialized a line of office computers, the Star , based on concepts from the Alto. A complete office system including several workstations, storage, and a laser printer cost up to $100,000 (equivalent to $350,000 in 2024). Like the Alto, the Star had little direct impact on the market. History The Alto is the first computer with a graphical operating system, and was built on earlier graphical interface designs. It was conceived in 1972 in a memo written by Butler Lampson , inspired by the oN-Line System (NLS) developed by Douglas Engelbart and Dustin Lindberg at SRI International (SRI). Of further influence was the PLATO education system developed at the Computer-based Education Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois. [ 10 ] The Alto was designed mostly by Charles P. Thacker . Industrial Design and manufacturing was sub-contracted to Xerox's Special Programs Group in El Segundo , whose team included program manager Doug Stewart, operations manager Abbey Silverstone , and industrial designer Bob Nishimura. An initial run of 30 units was produced by the Special Programs Group, working with John Ellenby at PARC and Stewart and Silverstone at El Segundo, who were responsible for re-designing the Alto's electronics. Due to the success of the pilot run, the team went on to produce approximately 2,000 units over the next ten years. [ 11 ] Several Xerox Alto chassis are on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California , one is on display at the Mimms Museum of Technology and Art in Roswell, Georgia , and several are in private hands. Running systems are on display at the System Source Computer Museum in Hunt Valley , Maryland . Charles P. Thacker was awarded the 2009 Turing Award of the Association for Computing Machinery on March 9, 2010, for his pioneering design and realization of the Alto. [ 12 ] The 2004 Charles Stark Draper Prize was awarded to Thacker, Alan C. Kay , Butler Lampson, and Robert W. Taylor for their work on Alto. [ 13 ] On October 21, 2014, source code for Alto software, and other resources, were released by the Computer History Museum. [ 14 ] Architecture The following description is based mostly on the August 1976 Alto Hardware Manual by Xerox PARC. [ 15 ] Alto uses a microcoded design, but unlike many computers, the microcode engine is not hidden from the programmer in a layered design. Applications such as Pinball take advantage of this to accelerate performance. The Alto has a bit-slice arithmetic logic unit (ALU) based on the Texas Instruments 74181 chip, a ROM control store with a writable control store extension and has 128 (expandable to 512) KB of main memory organized in 16-bit words. Mass storage is provided by a hard disk drive that uses a removable 2.5 MB one-platter cartridge ( Diablo Systems , a company Xerox later bought) similar to those used by the IBM 2310 . The base machine and one disk drive are housed in a cabinet about the size of a small refrigerator ; one more disk drive can be added via daisy-chaining . Alto both blurs and ignores the distinction between functional elements. Rather than a distinct central processing unit with a well-defined electrical interface (such as a system bus ) to storage and peripherals, the Alto ALU interacts directly with hardware interfaces to memory and peripherals, driven by microinstructions that are output from the control store. The microcode machine supports up to 16 cooperative multitasking tasks, each with fixed priority . The emulator task executes the normal instruction set to which most applications are written; that instruction set is similar to a Data General Nova . [ 16 ] Other tasks serve the display, memory refresh, disk, network, and other I/O functions. For example, the bitmap display controller is little more than a 16- bit shift register ; microcode moves display refresh data from main memory to the shift register, which serializes it into a display of pixels corresponding to the ones and zeros of the memory data. Ethernet is likewise supported by minimal hardware, with a shift register that acts bidirectionally to serialize output words and deserialize input words. Its speed was designed to be 3 Mbit/s because the microcode engine can not go faster and continue to support the video display, disk activity, and memory refresh. Unlike most minicomputers of the era, Alto does not support a serial terminal for user interface. Apart from an Ethernet connection, the Alto's only common output device is a bi-level (black and white) cathode-ray tube (CRT) display with a tilt-and-swivel base, mounted in portrait orientation rather than the more common "landscape" orientation. Its input devices are a custom detachable keyboard , a three-button mouse , and an optional 5-key chorded keyboard (chord keyset). The last two items had been introduced by SRI's On-Line System and the mouse was an instant success among Alto users, but the chord keyset never became popular. In the early mice, the buttons are three narrow bars, arranged top to bottom rather than side to side; they were named after their colors in the documentation. The motion is sensed by two perpendicular wheels. These were soon replaced with a ball-type mouse, which was invented by Ronald E. Rider and developed by Bill English . These are photo-mechanical mice, first using white light, and then infrared (IR), to count the rotations of wheels inside the mouse. Each key on the Alto keyboard is represented as a separate bit in a set of memory locations. As a result, it is possible to read multiple key presses simultaneously . This trait can be used to alter from where on the disk the Alto boots. The keyboard value is used as the sector address on the disk to boot from, and by holding specific keys down while pressing the boot button, different microcode and operating systems can be loaded. This gave rise to the expression "nose boot" where the keys needed to boot for a test OS release requires more fingers than the user can articulate. Nose boots were obsoleted by the move2keys program that shifts files on the disk so that a specified key sequence can be used. Several other I/O devices were developed for the Alto, including a television camera, the Hy-Type daisywheel printer and a parallel port, although these were quite rare. The Alto could also control external disk drives to act as a file server . This was a common application for the machine. Software Early software for the Alto was written in the programming language BCPL , and later in Mesa , [ 1 ] which was not widely used outside PARC but influenced several later languages, such as Modula . The Alto used an early version of ASCII which lacked the underscore character, instead having the left-arrow character used in ALGOL 60 and many derivatives for the assignment operator : this peculiarity may have been the source of the CamelCase style for compound identifiers . Altos were also microcode-programmable by users. [ 15 ] The Alto helped popularize the use of raster graphics model for all output, including text and graphics. It also introduced the concept of the bit block transfer operation ( bit blit , BitBLT), as the fundamental programming interface to the display. Despite its small memory size, many innovative programs were written for the Alto, including: the first WYSIWYG typesetting document preparation systems, Bravo and Gypsy ; the Laurel email tool, [ 17 ] and its successor, Hardy [ 18 ] [ 19 ] the Sil vector graphics editor, used mainly for logic circuits, printed circuit board , and other technical diagrams; the Markup bitmap editor (an early paint program ); the Draw graphical editor using lines and splines; the first WYSIWYG integrated circuit editor , ICARUS, based on the work of Lynn Conway , Carver Mead , and the Mead and Conway revolution ; [ 20 ] the first versions of the Smalltalk environment Interlisp one of the first network-based multi-person video games ( Alto Trek by Gene Ball ). There was no spreadsheet or database software. The first electronic spreadsheet program, VisiCalc , did not appear until 1979. Diffusion and evolution Technically, the Alto is a small minicomputer, but it could be considered a personal computer in the sense that it is used by one person sitting at a desk, in contrast with the mainframe computers and other minicomputers of the era. It is arguably "the first personal computer", although this title is disputed. More significantly (and perhaps less controversially), it may be considered to be one of the first workstation systems, with successors such as the PERQ and Apollo workstations and systems by Symbolics (designed to natively run Lisp as a development environment). [ 21 ] In 1976 to 1977, the Swiss computer pioneer Niklaus Wirth spent a sabbatical at PARC and was excited by the Alto. Unable to bring back an Alto system to Europe, Wirth decided to build a new system from scratch and he designed the Lilith with his group. [ 22 ] It was ready to use around 1980, before Xerox released the Star in 1981 and Apple released Lisa in 1983 and Macintosh in 1984. Around 1985, Wirth started a complete redesign of the Lilith under the Name "Project Oberon" . In 1978, Xerox donated 50 Altos to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Stanford University , Carnegie Mellon University , [ 1 ] and the University of Rochester . [ 23 ] The National Bureau of Standards 's Institute for Computer Sciences in Gaithersburg, Maryland received one Alto in late 1978 along with Xerox Interim File System (IFS) file servers and Dover laser printers. These machines inspired the ETH Zuerich Lilith and Three Rivers Company PERQ workstations, and the Stanford University Network (SUN) workstation, which launched a spin-off company, Sun Microsystems . The Apollo/Domain workstation was heavily influenced by the Alto. Following the acquisition of an Alto, the White House information systems department sought to lead federal computer suppliers in its direction. The Executive Office of the President of the United States (EOP) issued a request for proposal for a computer system to replace the aging Office of Management and Budget (OMB) budget system, using Alto-like workstations, connected to an IBM-compatible mainframe. The request was eventually withdrawn because no mainframe producer could supply such a configuration. In December 1979, Apple Computer 's co-founder Steve Jobs visited Xerox PARC, where he was shown the Smalltalk -76 object-oriented programming environment, networking, and most importantly the WYSIWYG , mouse-driven graphical user interface provided by the Alto. At the time, he didn't recognize the significance of the first two, but was excited by the last one. GUIs were promptly integrated into Apple's products, first into the Lisa and then in the Macintosh , and Jobs recruited several key researchers from PARC. [ 24 ] From 1980 to 1981, Altos were used by engineers at PARC and at the Xerox System Development Department to design the Star workstations. [ citation needed ] Xerox and the Alto Xerox was slow to realize the value of the technology that had been developed at PARC. [ 25 ] The Xerox corporate acquisition of Scientific Data Systems (SDS, later XDS) in the late 1960s was of no interest to PARC. PARC built their own emulation of the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-10 named the MAXC. [ 26 ] The MAXC was PARC's gateway machine to the ARPANET . The firm was reluctant to get into the computer business again with commercially untested designs, although many of the philosophies would ship in later products. Byte magazine stated in 1981, [ 1 ] It is unlikely that a person outside of the computer-science research community will ever be able to buy an Alto. They are not intended for commercial sale, but rather as development tools for Xerox, and so will not be mass-produced. What makes them worthy of mention is the fact that a large number of the personal computers of tomorrow will be designed with knowledge gained from the development of the Alto. It is unlikely that a person outside of the computer-science research community will ever be able to buy an Alto. They are not intended for commercial sale, but rather as development tools for Xerox, and so will not be mass-produced. What makes them worthy of mention is the fact that a large number of the personal computers of tomorrow will be designed with knowledge gained from the development of the Alto. After the Alto, PARC developed more powerful workstations (none intended as projects [ clarification needed ] ) informally termed "the D-machines": Dandelion (least powerful, but the only to be made a product in one form), Dolphin; Dorado (most powerful; an emitter-coupled logic (ECL) machine); and hybrids like the Dandel-Iris. Before the advent of personal computers such as the Apple II in 1977 and the IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC) in 1981, the computer market was dominated by costly mainframes and minicomputers equipped with dumb terminals that time-shared the processing time of the central computer. Through the 1970s, Xerox showed no interest in PARC's work. When Xerox finally entered the PC market with the Xerox 820 , it pointedly rejected the Alto design and opted instead for a very conventional model, a CP/M -based machine with the then-standard 80 by 24 character-only monitor and no mouse. With the help of PARC researchers, Xerox eventually developed the Star , based on the Dandelion workstation, and later the cost-reduced Star, the 6085 office system, based on the Daybreak workstation. These machines, based on the Wildflower architecture described in a paper by Butler Lampson , incorporated most of the Alto innovations, including the graphical user interface with icons, windows, folders, Ethernet-based local networking, and network-based laser printer services. Xerox only realized its mistake in the early 1980s, after the Macintosh revolutionized the PC market via its bitmap display and the mouse-centered interface. Both of these were inspired by the Alto. [ 25 ] The Xerox Star series was a relative commercial success, but it came too late. The expensive Xerox workstations could not compete against the cheaper GUI-based workstations that arose in the wake of the first Macintosh, and Xerox eventually quit the workstation market. See also NLS (computer system) Mousepad Alan Kay Adele Goldberg (computer scientist) Xerox Alto 1973–1975 (Alto I) [ 27 ] 1975–1981 (Alto II) 1975–1981 (Alto II) Succeeded by Xerox Star References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Wadlow, Thomas A. (September 1981). "The Xerox Alto Computer" . Byte . Vol. 6, no. 9. p. 58 . Retrieved October 19, 2013 . ^ "MP3 Audio of Ron Cude talking about the 1979 Boca Raton Alto Event" . The DigiBarn Computer Museum . 2003. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020. ^ a b c d "History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, Personal computer, Xerox Alto" . Archived from the original on December 5, 2020 . Retrieved April 19, 2016 . ^ "Alto I Schematics" (PDF) . Bitsavers . p. 54. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 24, 2021 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . ^ Alto Operating System Reference Manual (PDF) . Xerox PARC. June 26, 1975. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . ^ Koved, Larry; Selker, Ted (1999). "Room with a view (RWAV): A metaphor for interactive computing" ( PDF) . IBM TJ Watson Research Center. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.1340 . ^ Thacker, Charles P. ; McCreight, Ed ; Lampson, Butler ; Sproull, Robert ; Boggs, David (September 1981). "Alto: A personal computer" . In Siewiorek, Daniel P. ; Bell, C. Gordon ; Newell, Allen (eds.). Computer Structures: Principles and Examples (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill . pp. 549– 572. ISBN 978-0-07-057302-4 . ^ "The Xerox Alto" . Nathan's Toasty Technology page . Archived from the original on July 4, 2021 . Retrieved April 28, 2021 . ^ "The Xerox PARC Visit" . web.stanford.edu . Archived from the original on September 24, 2021 . Retrieved September 2, 2018 . ^ Dear, Brian (2017). The Friendly Orange Glow: The untold story of the PLATO System and the dawn of cyberculture . Pantheon Books. pp. 186– 187. ISBN 978-1-101-87155-3 . ^ Clement, Carl J. (March 2002). "The History of the Xerox Alto" (PDF) . The Alto From The Industrial Designer's Perspective . ^ Gold, Virginia (2010). "ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer" . Association for Computing Machinery. Archived from the original on March 11, 2010 . Retrieved January 11, 2011 . ^ " "2004 Recipients of the Charles Stark Draper Prize" " . Archived from the original on November 5, 2010 . Retrieved November 15, 2011 . ^ McJones, Paul (October 21, 2014). "Xerox Alto Source Code - The roots of the modern personal computer" . Software Gems: The Computer History Museum Historical Source Code Series . Computer History Museum . Archived from the original on January 2, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2015 . With the permission of the Palo Alto Research Center, the Computer History Museum is pleased to make available, for non-commercial use only, snapshots of Alto source code, executables, documentation, font files, and other files from 1975 to 1987. ^ a b "Alto Hardware Manual" (PDF) . bitsavers.org . Xerox. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 4, 2017 . Retrieved July 17, 2019 . ^ Thacker, Charles P. ; McCreight, Edward M. (December 1974). Alto: A Personal Computer System (PDF) (Report). p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 14, 2011 . Retrieved December 11, 2019 . ^ Brotz, Douglas K. (May 1981). "Laurel Manual" (PDF) . Xerox. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 23, 2019 . Retrieved August 23, 2019 . ^ Ollig, Mark (October 31, 2011). "They could have owned the computer industry" . Herald Journal . Archived from the original on February 27, 2021 . Retrieved February 26, 2021 . ^ "Xerox Star" . The History of Computing Project . Archived from the original on February 1, 2020 . Retrieved August 23, 2019 . ^ D.G. Fairbairn; J.A. Rowson. ICARUS: An Interactive Integrated Circuit Layout Program . 15th Design Automation Conference. Las Vegas, NV, USA. doi : 10.1109/DAC.1978.1585168 . ^ "Personal Computer Milestones" . Blinkenlights Archaeological Institute. Archived from the original on August 2, 2021 . Retrieved December 31, 2006 . ^ "Lilith Workstation" . Archived from the original on March 3, 2017 . Retrieved January 3, 2017 . ^ Denber, Michel (February 1982). "Altos Gamesmen" . Byte (letter). Vol. 7, no. 2. p. 28 . Retrieved October 19, 2013 . ^ "PBS Triumph of the Nerds Television Program Transcripts: Part III" . PBS (Public Broadcasting System). Archived from the original on December 16, 2017 . Retrieved February 8, 2007 . ^ a b Smith, Douglas K.; Alexander, Robert C. (1988). Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer . New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0688069599 . ^ Fiala, Edward R. (May 1978). "The Maxc Systems" . Computer . Vol. 11, no. 5. pp. 57– 67. doi : 10.1109/C-M.1978.218184 . S2CID 16813696 . Archived from the original on April 29, 2021 . Retrieved April 29, 2021 . ^ Tomitsch, Martin (January 2003). "Trends and Evolution of Window Interfaces" (PDF) . Retrieved March 3, 2023 . Further reading Alto user's handbook : September 1979 (PDF) . Palo Alto, Calif.: Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. September 1979. OCLC 7271372 . Hiltzik, Michael A. (1999). Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0887309892 . Brock, David C. (March 1, 2023). "50 Years Later, We're Still Living in the Xerox Alto's World" . IEEE Spectrum . Retrieved March 3, 2023 . External links Xerox Alto documents at bitsavers.org At the DigiBarn museum Xerox Alto Source Code - CHM (computerhistory.org) Xerox Alto source code (computerhistory.org) "Hello world" in the BCPL language on the Xerox Alto simulator (righto.com) The Alto in 1974 video A lecture video of Butler Lampson describing Xerox Alto in depth. (length: 2h45m) A microcode-level Xerox Alto simulator ContrAlto Xerox Alto emulator Archived June 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine brainsqueezer/salto_simulator: SALTO - Xerox Alto I/II Simulator (github.com) SALTO-Xerox Alto emulator (direct download) ConrAltoJS Xerox Alto Online .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Xerox v t e Founders Joseph C. Wilson Chester Carlson Joseph C. Wilson Chester Carlson Corporate directors Keith Cozza (chairman) John Visentin (vice chairman and CEO) Keith Cozza (chairman) John Visentin (vice chairman and CEO) Divisions Xerox PARC ACS Defunct, divested or acquired Datacopy Diablo Data Systems Fuji Xerox Modi Xerox Rank Xerox Scientific Data Systems Xerox PARC ACS Xerox PARC ACS Defunct, divested or acquired Datacopy Diablo Data Systems Fuji Xerox Modi Xerox Rank Xerox Scientific Data Systems Datacopy Diablo Data Systems Fuji Xerox Modi Xerox Rank Xerox Scientific Data Systems Hardware products Copiers Xerox 914 Printers Xerox 1200 Xerox 2700 Xerox 9700 Phaser Electronic publishing DocuTech Workstations 820 Information Processor 860 Information Processing System Alto Star Daybreak Minicomputers and servers Xerox Sigma 9 Xerox 500 series Prototypes NoteTaker Dynabook Copiers Xerox 914 Xerox 914 Printers Xerox 1200 Xerox 2700 Xerox 9700 Phaser Xerox 1200 Xerox 2700 Xerox 9700 Phaser Electronic publishing DocuTech DocuTech Workstations 820 Information Processor 860 Information Processing System Alto Star Daybreak 820 Information Processor 860 Information Processing System Alto Star Daybreak Minicomputers and servers Xerox Sigma 9 Xerox 500 series Xerox Sigma 9 Xerox 500 series Prototypes NoteTaker Dynabook NoteTaker Dynabook Software products Bravo Gypsy Xerox Network Systems Xerox PARC Map Viewer Xerox DocuShare Operating systems UTS/CP-V Xerox OS Pilot Computer languages Mesa Interpress Xerox Escape Sequence IDEs Xerox Development Environment GlobalView Bravo Gypsy Xerox Network Systems Xerox PARC Map Viewer Xerox DocuShare Bravo Gypsy Xerox Network Systems Xerox PARC Map Viewer Xerox DocuShare Operating systems UTS/CP-V Xerox OS Pilot UTS/CP-V Xerox OS Pilot Computer languages Mesa Interpress Xerox Escape Sequence Mesa Interpress Xerox Escape Sequence IDEs Xerox Development Environment GlobalView Xerox Development Environment GlobalView 16-bit computers Computer workstations Computer-related introductions in 1973 Personal computers Xerox computers Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use mdy dates from January 2024 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2025 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2013 Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 6 December 2025, at 14:24 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_Alto
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 17 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}} << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 17 in recent years 2025 (Friday) 2024 (Wednesday) 2023 (Tuesday) 2022 (Monday) 2021 (Sunday) 2020 (Friday) 2019 (Thursday) 2018 (Wednesday) 2017 (Tuesday) 2016 (Sunday) January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 348 days remain until the end of the year (349 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla , ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey . [ 1 ] 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea. [ 2 ] 1377 – Pope Gregory XI reaches Rome, after deciding to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon . [ 3 ] 1524 – Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean. [ 4 ] 1562 – France grants religious toleration to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain . [ 5 ] 1595 – During the French Wars of Religion , Henry IV of France declares war on Spain. [ 6 ] 1601–1900 1608 – Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men. [ 7 ] 1648 – England's Long Parliament passes the " Vote of No Addresses ", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War . [ 8 ] 1649 – The Second Ormonde Peace creates an alliance between the Irish Royalists and Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms . The coalition was then decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland . [ 9 ] 1773 – Captain James Cook leads the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle . [ 10 ] 1781 – American Revolutionary War : Battle of Cowpens : Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina . [ 11 ] 1799 – Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri , along with a number of other patriots, is executed. [ 12 ] 1811 – Mexican War of Independence : In the Battle of Calderón Bridge , a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries. [ 13 ] 1852 – The United Kingdom signs the Sand River Convention with the South African Republic . [ 14 ] 1873 – A group of Modoc warriors defeats the United States Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold , part of the Modoc War . [ 15 ] 1885 – A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan . [ 16 ] 1893 – Lorrin A. Thurston , along with the Citizens' Committee of Public Safety , led the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the government of Queen Liliʻuokalani . [ 17 ] 1899 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean. [ 18 ] 1901–present 1903 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. 1904 – Anton Chekhov 's The Cherry Orchard receives its premiere performance at the Moscow Art Theatre . [ 19 ] 1912 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole , one month after Roald Amundsen . 1915 – Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey in the Battle of Sarikamish during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I . 1917 – The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands . [ 20 ] 1918 – Finnish Civil War : The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and the White Guard . 1920 – Alcohol Prohibition begins in the United States as the Volstead Act goes into effect. [ 21 ] 1941 – Franco-Thai War : Vichy French forces inflict a decisive defeat over the Royal Thai Navy . 1943 – World War II : Greek submarine Papanikolis captures the 200-ton sailing vessel Agios Stefanos and mans her with part of her crew. 1944 – World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties. 1945 – World War II: The Vistula–Oder Offensive forces German troops out of Warsaw . 1945 – The SS-Totenkopfverbände begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as the Red Army closes in. 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg is taken into Soviet custody while in Hungary; he is never publicly seen again. [ 22 ] 1946 – The UN Security Council holds its first session. 1948 – The Renville Agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesia is ratified. 1950 – The Great Brink's Robbery : Eleven thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car company's offices in Boston . [ 23 ] 1950 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 79 relating to arms control is adopted. 1961 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers a televised farewell address to the nation three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the " military–industrial complex " as well as the dangers of massive spending, especially deficit spending. 1961 – Former Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba is murdered together with former Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of the Congo Maurice Mpolo and former Senator from Kasai Province Joseph Okito in circumstances suggesting the support and complicity of the governments of Belgium and the United States. 1966 – Palomares incident : A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, killing seven airmen, and dropping three 70-kiloton nuclear bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea. 1969 – Black Panther Party members Bunchy Carter and John Huggins are killed during a meeting in Campbell Hall on the campus of UCLA . 1977 – Capital punishment in the United States resumes after a ten-year hiatus, as convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by firing squad in Utah. 1981 – President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law eight years and five months after declaring it. 1991 – Gulf War : Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning as aircraft strike positions across Iraq, it is also the first major combat sortie for the F-117 . LCDR Scott Speicher's F/A-18C Hornet from VFA-81 is shot down by a Mig-25 and is the first American casualty of the War. Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation. 1991 – Crown Prince Harald of Norway becomes King Harald V , following the death of his father, King Olav V . 1992 – During a visit to South Korea, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. 1994 – The 6.7 M w Northridge earthquake shakes the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ), leaving 57 people dead and more than 8,700 injured. 1995 – The 6.9 M w Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of 7, leaving 5,502–6,434 people dead, and 251,301–310,000 displaced. 1996 – The Czech Republic applies for membership in the European Union . 1997 – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station : A Delta II carrying the GPS IIR-1 satellite explodes 13 seconds after launch, dropping 250 tons of burning rocket remains around the launch pad. 1998 – Clinton–Lewinsky scandal : Matt Drudge breaks the story of the Bill Clinton – Monica Lewinsky affair on his Drudge Report website. 2002 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , displacing an estimated 400,000 people. 2007 – The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes to midnight in response to North Korea 's nuclear testing. 2008 – British Airways Flight 38 crashes short of the runway at Heathrow Airport , injuring 47. [ 24 ] 2010 – Rioting begins between Muslim and Christian groups in Jos, Nigeria , results in at least 200 deaths. 2013 – Former cyclist Lance Armstrong confesses to his doping in an airing of Oprah's Next Chapter . [ 25 ] 2013 – Shahzad Luqman is murdered by members of Golden Dawn in Petralona , Athens , leading the creation of new measures to combat race-based attacks in Greece . [ 26 ] 2016 – President Barack Obama announces the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement intended to limit Iran's nuclear program. [ 27 ] 2017 – The search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 is announced to be suspended. [ 28 ] 2023 – An avalanche strikes Nyingchi, Tibet , killing 28 people. [ 29 ] Births Pre-1600 1342 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (died 1404) 1429 – Antonio del Pollaiuolo , Italian artist (diedc. 1498 ) 1463 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (died 1525) 1463 – Antoine Duprat , French cardinal (died 1535) 1472 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro , Italian captain (died 1508) 1484 – George Spalatin , German priest and reformer (died 1545) 1501 – Leonhart Fuchs , German physician and botanist (died 1566) 1504 – Pope Pius V (died 1572) [ 30 ] 1517 – Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk , English Duke (died 1554) 1560 – Gaspard Bauhin , Swiss botanist, physician, and academic (died 1624) 1574 – Robert Fludd , English physician, astrologer, and mathematician (died 1637) 1593 – William Backhouse , English alchemist and astrologer (died 1662) 1600 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca , Spanish playwright and poet (died 1681) 1601–1900 1612 – Thomas Fairfax , English general and politician (died 1671) 1640 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham , American settler (died 1724) 1659 – Antonio Veracini , Italian violinist and composer (died 1745) 1666 – Antonio Maria Valsalva , Italian anatomist and physician (died 1723) 1686 – Archibald Bower , Scottish historian and author (died 1766) 1693 – Melchor de Navarrete , Spanish colonial governor of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia, 1739 – 1742); of Spanish Florida (1749 – 1752); and of Yucatán (Mexico, 1754 – 1758) (died 1761) [ 31 ] 1706 – Benjamin Franklin , American publisher, inventor, and politician, 6th President of Pennsylvania (died 1790) 1712 – John Stanley , English organist and composer (died 1786) 1719 – William Vernon , American businessman (died 1806) 1728 – Johann Gottfried Müthel , German pianist and composer (died 1788) 1732 – Stanisław August Poniatowski , Polish-Lithuanian king (died 1798) 1734 – François-Joseph Gossec , French composer and conductor (died 1829) 1761 – Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet , Scottish geologist and geophysicist (died 1832) 1789 – August Neander , German historian and theologian (died 1850) 1793 – Antonio José Martínez , Spanish-American priest, rancher and politician (died 1867) 1814 – Ellen Wood , English author (died 1887) 1820 – Anne Brontë , English author and poet (died 1849) 1828 – Lewis A. Grant , American lawyer and general, Medal of Honor recipient (died 1918) 1828 – Ede Reményi , Hungarian violinist and composer (died 1898) 1832 – Henry Martyn Baird , American historian and academic (died 1906) 1834 – August Weismann , German biologist, zoologist, and geneticist (died 1914) 1850 – Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti , Brazilian cardinal (died 1930) 1850 – Alexander Taneyev , Russian pianist and composer (died 1918) 1851 – A. B. Frost , American author and illustrator (died 1928) 1853 – Alva Belmont , American suffragist (died 1933) [ 32 ] 1853 – T. Alexander Harrison , American painter and academic (died 1930) 1857 – Wilhelm Kienzl , Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1941) 1857 – Eugene Augustin Lauste , French-American engineer (died 1935) 1858 – Tomás Carrasquilla , Colombian author (died 1940) 1860 – Douglas Hyde , Irish academic and politician, 1st President of Ireland (died 1949) 1863 – David Lloyd George , Welsh lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1945) 1863 – Konstantin Stanislavski , Russian actor and director (died 1938) 1865 – Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet , English general and politician, 3rd Governor-General of New Zealand (died 1951) 1867 – Carl Laemmle , German-born American film producer, co-founded Universal Studios (died 1939) 1867 – Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet , English colonel, pilot, and polo player (died 1934) 1871 – David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty , English admiral (died 1936) 1871 – Nicolae Iorga , Romanian historian and politician, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (died 1940) 1875 – Florencio Sánchez , Uruguayan journalist and playwright (died 1910) 1876 – Frank Hague , American lawyer and politician, 30th Mayor of Jersey City (died 1956) 1877 – Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková , Czech botanist and zoologist (died 1937) [ 33 ] 1877 – May Gibbs , English-Australian author and illustrator (died 1969) 1880 – Mack Sennett , Canadian-American actor, director, and producer (died 1960) 1881 – Antoni Łomnicki , Polish mathematician and academic (died 1941) 1881 – Harry Price , English psychologist and author (died 1948) 1882 – Noah Beery, Sr. , American actor (died 1946) 1883 – Compton Mackenzie , English-Scottish author, poet, and playwright (died 1972) 1886 – Glenn L. Martin , American pilot and businessman, founded the Glenn L. Martin Company (died 1955) 1887 – Ola Raknes , Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist (died 1975) 1888 – Babu Gulabrai , Indian philosopher and author (died 1963) 1897 – Marcel Petiot , French physician and serial killer (died 1946) 1898 – Lela Mevorah , Serbian librarian (died 1972) [ 34 ] 1899 – Al Capone , American mob boss (died 1947) 1899 – Robert Maynard Hutchins , American philosopher and academic (died 1977) 1899 – Nevil Shute , English engineer and author (died 1960) 1901–present 1901 – Aron Gurwitsch , Lithuanian-American philosopher and author (died 1973) 1904 – Hem Vejakorn , Thai painter and illustrator (died 1969) 1905 – Ray Cunningham , American baseball player (died 2005) 1905 – Peggy Gilbert , American saxophonist and bandleader (died 2007) 1905 – Eduard Oja , Estonian composer, conductor, educator, and critic (died 1950) 1905 – Guillermo Stábile , Argentinian footballer and manager (died 1966) 1905 – Jan Zahradníček , Czech poet and translator (died 1960) 1907 – Henk Badings , Indonesian-Dutch composer and engineer (died 1987) 1907 – Alfred Wainwright , British fellwalker, guidebook author and illustrator (died 1991) 1908 – Cus D'Amato , American boxing manager and trainer (died 1985) 1911 – Busher Jackson , Canadian ice hockey player (died 1966) 1911 – John S. McCain Jr. , American admiral (died 1981) 1911 – George Stigler , American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1991) 1914 – Anacleto Angelini , Italian-Chilean businessman (died 2007) 1914 – Irving Brecher , American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2008) 1914 – Howard Marion-Crawford , English actor (died 1969) [ 35 ] 1914 – Paul Royle , Australian lieutenant and pilot (died 2015) 1914 – William Stafford , American poet and author (died 1993) 1916 – Peter Frelinghuysen Jr. , American lieutenant and politician (died 2011) 1917 – M. G. Ramachandran , Indian actor, director, and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (died 1987) 1918 – Keith Joseph , English lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Education (died 1994) 1918 – George M. Leader , American soldier and politician, 36th Governor of Pennsylvania (died 2013) 1920 – Georges Pichard , French author and illustrator (died 2003) 1921 – Jackie Henderson , Scottish footballer (died 2005) [ 36 ] 1921 – Asghar Khan , Pakistani general and politician (died 2018) 1921 – Charlie Mitten , English footballer and manager (died 2002) [ 37 ] 1921 – Antonio Prohías , Cuban cartoonist (died 1998) 1922 – Luis Echeverría , Mexican academic and politician, 50th President of Mexico (died 2022) [ 38 ] 1922 – Nicholas Katzenbach , American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 65th United States Attorney General (died 2012) 1922 – Betty White , American actress, game show panelist, television personality, and animal rights activist (died 2021) [ 39 ] 1923 – Rangeya Raghav , Indian author and playwright (died 1962) 1924 – Rik De Saedeleer , Belgian footballer and journalist (died 2013) 1924 – Jewel Plummer Cobb , American biologist, cancer researcher, and academic (died 2017) 1925 – Gunnar Birkerts , Latvian-American architect (died 2017) 1925 – Robert Cormier , American author and journalist (died 2000) 1925 – Abdul Hafeez Kardar , Pakistani cricketer and author (died 1996) 1926 – Newton N. Minow , American lawyer and politician (died 2023) [ 40 ] 1926 – Moira Shearer , Scottish-English ballerina and actress (died 2006) 1926 – Clyde Walcott , Barbadian cricketer (died 2006) 1927 – Thomas Anthony Dooley III , American physician and humanitarian (died 1961) 1927 – Eartha Kitt , American actress and singer (died 2008) [ 41 ] 1927 – Harlan Mathews , American lawyer and politician (died 2014) 1927 – E. W. Swackhamer , American director and producer (died 1994) 1928 – Jean Barraqué , French composer (died 1973) 1928 – Vidal Sassoon , English-American hairdresser and businessman (died 2012) [ 42 ] 1929 – Philip Latham , British actor (died 2020) [ 43 ] 1929 – Jacques Plante , Canadian-Swiss ice hockey player, coach, and sportscaster (died 1986) 1929 – Tan Boon Teik , Malaysian-Singaporean lawyer and politician, Attorney-General of Singapore (died 2012) 1931 – James Earl Jones , American actor (died 2024) [ 44 ] 1931 – Douglas Wilder , American sergeant and politician, 66th Governor of Virginia [ 42 ] 1931 – Don Zimmer , American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 2014) 1932 – John Cater , English actor (died 2009) [ 45 ] 1932 – Sheree North , American actress and dancer (died 2005) [ 46 ] 1933 – Dalida , Egyptian-French singer and actress (died 1987) 1933 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan , French-Pakistani diplomat, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (died 2003) 1933 – Shari Lewis , American actress, puppeteer/ventriloquist, and television host (died 1998) [ 42 ] 1934 – Donald Cammell , Scottish-American director and screenwriter (died 1996) [ 47 ] 1935 – Ruth Ann Minner , American businesswoman and politician, 72nd Governor of Delaware (died 2021) 1936 – John Boyd , English academic and diplomat, British ambassador to Japan (died 2019) 1936 – A. Thangathurai , Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (died 1997) 1937 – Alain Badiou , French philosopher and academic 1938 – John Bellairs , American author and academic (died 1991) 1938 – Toini Gustafsson , Swedish cross country skier 1939 – Christodoulos of Athens , Greek archbishop (died 2008) 1939 – Maury Povich , American talk show host and producer [ 48 ] 1940 – Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni , Egyptian-Armenian patriarch (died 2015) 1940 – Kipchoge Keino , Kenyan athlete [ 42 ] 1940 – Tabaré Vázquez , Uruguayan physician and politician, 39th President of Uruguay (died 2020) 1941 – István Horthy, Jr. , Hungarian physicist and architect 1942 – Muhammad Ali , American boxer and activist (died 2016) [ 49 ] 1942 – Ita Buttrose , Australian journalist and author 1942 – Ulf Hoelscher , German violinist and educator 1942 – Nigel McCulloch , English bishop 1943 – Chris Montez , American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1943 – René Préval , Haitian agronomist and politician, 52nd President of Haiti (died 2017) 1944 – Ann Oakley , English sociologist, author, and academic 1945 – Javed Akhtar , Indian poet, playwright, and composer 1945 – Anne Cutler , Australian psychologist and academic (died 2022) 1947 – Joanna David , English actress [ 48 ] 1947 – Jane Elliot , American actress [ 48 ] 1948 – Davíð Oddsson , Icelandic politician, 21st Prime Minister of Iceland 1949 – Anita Borg , American computer scientist and academic (died 2003) 1949 – Gyude Bryant , Liberian businessman and politician (died 2014) 1949 – Augustin Dumay , French violinist and conductor 1949 – Andy Kaufman , American actor and comedian (died 1984) [ 42 ] 1949 – Mick Taylor , English singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 42 ] 1950 – Luis López Nieves , Puerto Rican-American author and academic 1952 – Tom Deitz , American author (died 2009) [ 50 ] 1952 – Darrell Porter , American baseball player and sportscaster (died 2002) 1952 – Ryuichi Sakamoto , Japanese pianist, composer, and producer (died 2023) [ 51 ] 1953 – Jeff Berlin , American bass player and educator 1953 – Carlos Johnson , American singer and guitarist 1954 – Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. , American environmental lawyer, writer, and conspiracy theorist 1955 – Steve Earle , American singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, author and actor [ 48 ] 1955 – Pietro Parolin , Italian cardinal 1955 – Steve Javie , American basketball player and referee 1956 – Damian Green , English journalist and politician 1956 – Paul Young , English singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 48 ] 1957 – Steve Harvey , American actor, comedian, television personality and game show host [ 52 ] 1957 – Ann Nocenti , American journalist and author 1958 – Tony Kouzarides , English biologist, cancer researcher 1959 – Susanna Hoffs , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress [ 48 ] 1960 – John Crawford , American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1960 – Chili Davis , Jamaican-American baseball player and coach 1961 – Brian Helgeland , American director, producer, and screenwriter [ 48 ] 1962 – Jun Azumi , Japanese broadcaster and politician, 46th Japanese Minister of Finance 1962 – Jim Carrey , Canadian-American actor, comedian, and producer [ 48 ] 1962 – Sebastian Junger , American journalist and author [ 42 ] 1962 – Denis O'Hare , American actor and singer [ 48 ] 1963 – Colin Gordon , English footballer, agent, manager and chief executive [ 53 ] 1963 – Kai Hansen , German singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1964 – Michelle Obama , American lawyer and activist, 44th First Lady of the United States [ 48 ] 1964 – John Schuster , Samoan-New Zealand rugby player 1965 – Sylvain Turgeon , Canadian ice hockey player 1966 – Trish Johnson , English golfer 1966 – Joshua Malina , American actor [ 48 ] 1966 – Shabba Ranks , Jamaican rapper, musician, and songwriter [ 48 ] 1967 – Richard Hawley , English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1968 – Rowan Pelling , English journalist and author 1968 – Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer , Dutch author, poet, and scholar 1969 – Naveen Andrews , English actor [ 48 ] 1969 – Lukas Moodysson , Swedish director, screenwriter, and author 1969 – Tiësto , Dutch DJ and producer [ 48 ] 1970 – Cássio Alves de Barros , Brazilian footballer 1970 – Jeremy Roenick , American ice hockey player and actor 1970 – Genndy Tartakovsky , Russian-American animator, director, and producer [ 54 ] 1971 – Giorgos Balogiannis , Greek basketball player 1971 – Richard Burns , English race car driver (died 2005) 1971 – Kid Rock , American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor [ 48 ] 1971 – Sylvie Testud , French actress, director, and screenwriter 1973 – Cuauhtémoc Blanco , Mexican footballer and actor 1973 – Chris Bowen , Australian politician, 37th Treasurer of Australia 1973 – Liz Ellis , Australian netball player and sportscaster 1973 – Aaron Ward , Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster 1974 – Yang Chen , Chinese footballer and manager 1974 – Vesko Kountchev , Bulgarian viola player, composer, and producer 1974 – Derrick Mason , American football player 1975 – Freddy Rodriguez , American actor [ 48 ] 1977 – Leigh Whannell , Australian actor, director, screenwriter, and producer [ 48 ] 1978 – Lisa Llorens , Australian Paralympian [ 55 ] 1978 – Ricky Wilson , English singer-songwriter 1980 – Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Ukrainian-American dancer and choreographer [ 42 ] 1980 – Zooey Deschanel , American singer-songwriter and actress [ 48 ] 1980 – Modestas Stonys , Lithuanian footballer 1981 – Warren Feeney , Northern Irish footballer and manager 1981 – Ray J , American singer, actor, and television personality [ 56 ] 1981 – Michael Zigomanis , Canadian ice hockey player [ 57 ] 1982 – Dwyane Wade , American basketball player [ 42 ] 1982 – Andrew Webster , Australian rugby league player and coach [ 58 ] 1982 – Amanda Wilkinson , Canadian singer [ 48 ] 1983 – Álvaro Arbeloa , Spanish footballer 1983 – Ryan Gage , English actor [ 48 ] 1983 – Johannes Herber , German basketball player 1983 – Rick Kelly , Australian race car driver 1983 – Marcelo Garcia , Brazilian martial artist 1984 – Calvin Harris , Scottish singer-songwriter, DJ, and producer [ 48 ] 1984 – Dexter Lumis , American wrestler [ 59 ] 1985 – Pablo Barrientos , Argentinian footballer 1985 – Simone Simons , Dutch singer-songwriter 1986 – Viktor Stålberg , Swedish ice hockey player [ 60 ] 1987 – Cody Decker , American baseball player 1987 – Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer [ 61 ] 1988 – Andrea Antonelli , Italian motorcycle racer (died 2013) 1988 – Earl Clark , American basketball player [ 62 ] 1988 – Will Genia , Australian rugby player 1988 – Jonathan Keltz , American actor [ 48 ] 1988 – Héctor Moreno , Mexican footballer 1989 – Taylor Jordan , American baseball player 1989 – Kelly Marie Tran , American actress [ 48 ] 1990 – Santiago Tréllez , Colombian footballer 1990 – Tyler Zeller , American basketball player [ 63 ] 1991 – Trevor Bauer , American baseball player 1991 – Willa Fitzgerald , American actress [ 42 ] 1991 – Esapekka Lappi , Finnish rally driver 1991 – Alise Post , American BMX rider 1992 – Stanislav Galiev , Russian ice hockey player [ 64 ] 1994 – Lucy Boynton , American-English actress [ 42 ] 1994 – Mark Steketee , Australian cricketer 1995 – Indya Moore , American actor and model [ 65 ] 1996 – Allonzo Trier , American basketball player [ 66 ] 1997 – Jake Paul , American boxer, actor, rapper, and social media personality [ 67 ] 1997 – Kyle Tucker , American baseball player [ 68 ] 1998 – Sophie Molineux , Australian cricketer 1998 – Jeff Reine-Adélaïde , French footballer 1999 – Isa Briones , American actor and singer [ 69 ] 2000 – Kang Chan-hee , South Korean singer and actor [ 70 ] 2000 – Devlin DeFrancesco , Canadian race car driver [ 71 ] 2000 – Ayo Dosunmu , American basketball player [ 72 ] 2001 – Enzo Fernández , Argentinian footballer [ 73 ] 2002 – Samuel , American singer based in South Korea. [ 74 ] 2003 – Robin Roefs , Dutch footballer [ 75 ] 2005 – Peio Canales , Spanish footballer [ 76 ] Deaths Pre-1600 395 – Theodosius I , Roman emperor (born 347) 644 – Sulpitius the Pious , French bishop and saint 764 – Joseph of Freising , German bishop 1040 – Mas'ud I of Ghazni , Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (born 998) 1156 – André de Montbard , fifth Grand Master of the Knights Templar 1168 – Thierry, Count of Flanders (born 1099) 1229 – Albert of Riga , German bishop (born 1165) 1329 – Roseline of Villeneuve , Carthusian nun (born 1263) 1334 – John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond (born 1266) 1345 – Henry of Asti , Greek patriarch 1345 – Martino Zaccaria , Genoese Lord of Chios 1369 – Peter I of Cyprus (born 1328) 1456 – Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont , French translator (born 1395) 1468 – Skanderbeg , Albanian soldier and politician (born 1405) 1523 – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg , German landgravine (born 1466) [ 77 ] [ 78 ] 1588 – Qi Jiguang , Chinese general (born 1528) 1598 – Feodor I of Russia (born 1557) 1601–1900 1617 – Fausto Veranzio , Croatian bishop and lexicographer (born 1551) 1705 – John Ray , English botanist and historian (born 1627) 1718 – Benjamin Church , American colonel (born 1639) 1737 – Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann , German architect (born 1662) 1738 – Jean-François Dandrieu , French organist and composer (born 1682) 1751 – Tomaso Albinoni , Italian violinist and composer (born 1671) 1826 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga , Spanish-French composer (born 1806) 1834 – Giovanni Aldini , Italian physicist and academic (born 1762) 1850 – Elizabeth Simcoe , English-Canadian painter and author (born 1762) [ 79 ] 1861 – Lola Montez , Irish actress and dancer (born 1821) 1863 – Horace Vernet , French painter (born 1789) 1869 – Alexander Dargomyzhsky , Russian composer (born 1813) 1878 – Edward Shepherd Creasy , English historian and jurist (born 1812) 1884 – Hermann Schlegel , German ornithologist and herpetologist (born 1804) 1887 – William Giblin , Australian lawyer and politician, 13th Premier of Tasmania (born 1840) 1888 – Big Bear , Canadian tribal chief (born 1825) 1891 – George Bancroft , American historian and politician, 17th United States Secretary of the Navy (born 1800) 1893 – Rutherford B. Hayes , American general, lawyer, and politician, 19th President of the United States (born 1822) 1896 – Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover , Welsh writer and patron of the arts (born 1802) [ 80 ] 1901–present 1903 – Ignaz Wechselmann , Hungarian architect and philanthropist (born 1828) 1908 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1835) 1909 – Agathon Meurman , Finnish politician and journalist (born 1826) [ 81 ] 1909 – Francis Smith , Australian lawyer, judge, and politician, 4th Premier of Tasmania (born 1819) 1911 – Francis Galton , English polymath, anthropologist, and geographer (born 1822) 1927 – Juliette Gordon Low , American founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA (born 1860) 1930 – Gauhar Jaan , One of the first performers to record music on 78 rpm records in India. (born 1873) 1931 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (born 1864) 1932 – Ahmet Derviş , Turkish general (born 1881) 1932 – Albert Jacka , Australian captain, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1893) 1933 – Louis Comfort Tiffany , American stained glass artist (born 1848) 1936 – Mateiu Caragiale , Romanian journalist, author, and poet (born 1885) 1942 – Walther von Reichenau , German field marshal (born 1884) 1947 – Pyotr Krasnov , Russian historian and general (born 1869) 1947 – Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve , Canadian cardinal (born 1883) 1951 – Jyoti Prasad Agarwala , Indian poet, playwright, and director (born 1903) 1952 – Walter Briggs Sr. , American businessman (born 1877) 1961 – Patrice Lumumba , Congolese politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (born 1925) 1970 – Simon Kovar , Russian-American bassoon player and educator (born 1890) 1970 – Billy Stewart , American rhythm and blues singer and pianist (born 1937) 1972 – Betty Smith , American author and playwright (born 1896) 1977 – Dougal Haston , Scottish mountaineer (born 1940) 1977 – Gary Gilmore , American murderer (born 1940) 1981 – Loukas Panourgias , Greek footballer and lawyer (born 1899) 1984 – Kostas Giannidis , Greek pianist, composer, and conductor (born 1903) 1987 – Hugo Fregonese , Argentinian director and screenwriter (born 1908) 1987 – Lawrence Kohlberg , American psychologist and author (born 1927) [ 82 ] 1988 – Percy Qoboza , South African journalist and author (born 1938) 1990 – Panka Pelishek , Bulgarian pianist and music teacher (born 1899) [ 83 ] 1991 – Olav V of Norway (born 1903) 1992 – Frank Pullen , English soldier and businessman (born 1915) 1993 – Albert Hourani , English-Lebanese historian and academic (born 1915) 1994 – Yevgeni Ivanov , Russian spy (born 1926) 1994 – Helen Stephens , American runner, shot putter, and discus thrower (born 1918) 1996 – Barbara Jordan , American lawyer and politician (born 1936) 1996 – Sylvia Lawler , English geneticist (born 1922) 1997 – Bert Kelly , Australian farmer and politician, 20th Australian Minister for the Navy (born 1912) 1997 – Clyde Tombaugh , American astronomer and academic, discovered Pluto (born 1906) 2000 – Philip Jones , English trumpet player and educator (born 1928) 2000 – Ion Rațiu , Romanian journalist and politician (born 1917) 2002 – Camilo José Cela , Spanish author and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1916) 2002 – Roman Personov , Russian physicist and academic (born 1932) 2003 – Richard Crenna , American actor and director (born 1926) 2004 – Raymond Bonham Carter , English banker (born 1929) 2004 – Harry Brecheen , American baseball player and coach (born 1914) 2004 – Ray Stark , American film producer (born 1915) 2004 – Noble Willingham , American actor (born 1931) 2005 – Charlie Bell , Australian businessman (born 1960) 2005 – Virginia Mayo , American actress, singer, and dancer (born 1920) 2005 – Albert Schatz , American microbiologist and academic (born 1920) 2005 – Zhao Ziyang , Chinese politician, 3rd Premier of the People's Republic of China (born 1919) 2006 – Pierre Grondin , Canadian surgeon (born 1925) 2007 – Art Buchwald , American journalist and author (born 1925) 2007 – Yevhen Kushnaryov , Ukrainian engineer and politician (born 1951) 2007 – Uwe Nettelbeck , German record producer, journalist and film critic (born 1940) [ 84 ] 2008 – Bobby Fischer , American chess player and author (born 1943) [ 85 ] 2008 – Ernie Holmes , American football player, wrestler, and actor (born 1948) 2009 – Anders Isaksson , Swedish journalist and historian (born 1943) 2010 – Gaines Adams , American football player (born 1983) 2010 – Jyoti Basu , Indian politician and 9th Chief Minister of West Bengal (born 1914) 2010 – Michalis Papakonstantinou , Greek journalist and politician, Foreign Minister of Greece (born 1919) 2010 – Erich Segal , American author and screenwriter (born 1937) 2011 – Don Kirshner , American songwriter and producer (born 1934) 2012 – Julius Meimberg , German soldier and pilot (born 1917) 2012 – Johnny Otis , American singer-songwriter and producer (born 1921) 2012 – Marty Springstead , American baseball player and umpire (born 1937) 2013 – Mehmet Ali Birand , Turkish journalist and author (born 1941) 2013 – Jakob Arjouni , German author (born 1964) 2013 – Yves Debay , Belgian journalist (born 1954) 2013 – John Nkomo , Zimbabwean politician, Vice President of Zimbabwe (born 1934) 2013 – Lizbeth Webb , English soprano and actress (born 1926) 2014 – Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin , Indian spiritual leader, 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq (born 1915) 2014 – Francine Lalonde , Canadian educator and politician (born 1940) 2014 – Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green , English businessman and politician (born 1942) 2014 – John J. McGinty III , American captain, Medal of Honor recipient (born 1940) 2014 – Sunanda Pushkar , Indian-Canadian businesswoman (born 1962) 2014 – Suchitra Sen , Indian film actress (born 1931) [ 86 ] 2015 – Ken Furphy , English footballer and manager (born 1931) 2015 – Faten Hamama , Egyptian actress and producer (born 1931) 2015 – Don Harron , Canadian actor and screenwriter (born 1924) 2016 – Blowfly , American singer-songwriter and producer (born 1939) 2016 – Melvin Day , New Zealand painter and historian (born 1923) 2016 – V. Rama Rao , Indian lawyer and politician, 12th Governor of Sikkim (born 1935) 2016 – Sudhindra Thirtha , Indian religious leader (born 1926) 2017 – Tirrel Burton , American football player and coach (born 1929) 2017 – Colo , American western lowland gorilla , first gorilla born in captivity and oldest recorded (born 1956) [ 87 ] [ 88 ] 2019 – S. Balakrishnan , Malayalam movie composer (born 1948) [ 89 ] 2020 – Derek Fowlds , British actor (born1937) [ 90 ] 2021 – Rasheed Naz , Pakistani film and television actor (born 1948) [ 91 ] 2022 – Birju Maharaj , Indian dancer (born 1937) [ 92 ] 2023 – Lucile Randon , French supercentenarian (born 1904) [ 93 ] 2025 – Didier Guillaume , French politician, 25th Minister of State of Monaco (born 1959) [ 94 ] 2025 – Jules Feiffer , American cartoonist, playwright, screenwriter, and educator (born 1929) [ 95 ] 2025 – Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat , Mongolian politician, 1st President of Mongolia (born 1942) [ 96 ] 2025 – Denis Law , Scottish footballer (born 1940) [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Holidays and observances Christian feast day : Anthony the Great Blessed Angelo Paoli Blessed Gamelbert of Michaelsbuch Charles Gore ( Church of England ) Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo (one of Saints of the Cristero War ) Mildgyth Our Lady of Pontmain Sulpitius the Pious January 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Anthony the Great Blessed Angelo Paoli Blessed Gamelbert of Michaelsbuch Charles Gore ( Church of England ) Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo (one of Saints of the Cristero War ) Mildgyth Our Lady of Pontmain Sulpitius the Pious January 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) National Day ( Menorca , Spain ) The opening ceremony of Patras Carnival , celebrated until Clean Monday . ( Patras , Greece ) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Anthony A. Barrett (4 January 2002). Agrippina: Mother of Nero . Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-134-61863-7 . ^ Stephen Moss (2011-01-20). "Weatherwatch: The Grote Mandrenke" . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014-01-23 . ^ Philippe Levillain (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies . Psychology Press. p. 660. ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2 . ^ Shaw, Edward Richard (1900). Discoverers and Explorers . American Book Company. p. 103 . ISBN 1-4353-8990-5 . Verrazzano january 17. {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 2 . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 239– 240. ISBN 9780313337338 . ^ Lesaffer, Randall (2017). "Between Faith and Empire: The Justification of the Spanish Intervention in the French Wars of Religion in the 1590s". In Koskenniemi, Martti; Rech, Walter; Fonseca, Manuel Jiménez (eds.). International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780198795575 . ^ Bruce, James (1790). Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773. Volume II . London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. 277– 278. ^ Ashton, Robert (1994). Counter-Revolution: The Second Civil War and Its Origins, 1646-8 . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780300061147 . ^ Nolan, Cathal J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2 . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p.651 ^ Bastmeijer, Kees (2003). The Antarctic Environmental Protocol and Its Domestic Legal Implementation . The Hague: Kluwer Law International. p. 4. ISBN 9789041120649 . ^ Buchanan, John (1997). The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas . New York: Wiley. pp. 320– 322. ISBN 9780471164029 . ^ Vassallo, Mario (1979). From Lordship to Stewardship: Religion and Social Change in Malta . The Hague: Mouton. p. 29. ISBN 9789027979674 . ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2018). The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars: Conflicts That Changed World History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC=CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 9781440855986 . ^ Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 326. ISBN 9781576079256 . ^ Thompson, Erwin N. (1967). The Modoc War, 1872-73, Lava Beds National Monument . Washington, D.C.: Division of History, Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service. p. 51. OCLC 4989984 . ^ Archer, Thomas (1886). The War in Egypt and the Soudan: An Episode in the History of the British Empire . London: Blackie. pp. 17– 19. OCLC 5628196 . ^ Juvik, Sonia P.; Juvik, James O.; Paradise, Thomas R. (1998). Atlas of Hawai'i . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824817459 . ^ Moran, Jim (2011). Wake Island 1941: A Battle to Make the Gods Weep . New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 9781849086035 . ^ Kirk, Irina (1981). Anton Chekov . Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 9780805764109 . ^ Evans, Waldo A. (1928). The Virgin Islands of the United States: A General Report by the Governor . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 29 . ^ "History of Alcohol Prohibition" . National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse . Retrieved November 7, 2013 . ^ Felix, Christopher (2001). A Short Course in the Secret War . Lanham, Md.: Madison Books. p. 267. ISBN 9781568331799 . ^ Stickle, Benjamin F. (2016). "Great Brink's Robbery (1950)". In Chermak, Steven M.; Bailey, Frankie Y. (eds.). Crimes of the Centuries: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 9781610695930 . ^ "Report on the accident to Boeing 777-236ER, G-YMMM, at London Heathrow Airport on 17 January 2008" (PDF) . Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 9 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Goldman, Russell (January 17, 2013). "Lance Armstrong Admits to Doping" . United States: ABC News . Retrieved 2013-01-18 . ^ "Δικάζονται στο Εφετείο οι δολοφόνοι του Σαχζάτ Λουκμάν" . efsyn.gr. 2018-04-16 . Retrieved 2018-09-16 . ^ "Barack Obama – Key Events | Miller Center" . millercenter.org . 2016-10-07 . Retrieved 2022-01-11 . ^ CARVALHO, NEVILLE SPYKERMAN and MARTIN (17 January 2017). "MH370 underwater search suspended" . The Star . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ "Tibet avalanche kills 28 as search called off" . BBC News. 21 January 2023. ^ "Saint Pius V | pope | Britannica" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 23 April 2022 . ^ Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent (1979). Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago, siglo XVIII . Ediciones Hidalguia. p. 95. ISBN 978-84-00-04412-1 . ^ Viens, Katheryn P. (2000). "Belmont, Alva Erskine Smith Vanderbilt (1853-1933), social leader and suffragist" . American National Biography . doi : 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500052 . ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7 . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ Brabencová, Jana. "BABOROVÁ-ČIHÁKOVÁ, Marie Zdenka" . Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands (in Czech) . Retrieved 2019-08-11 . ^ Kovačević-Ristanović, Ružica (2014-07-10). "Lela Mevorah: A Professional Jewish Woman's Contribution to the Practice of Medicine in Serbia in the Aftermath of the Holocaust" . Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies . 25 (2): 199– 211. doi : 10.1353/ser.2011.0042 . ISSN 1941-9511 . S2CID 144369420 . ^ McMullen, Kieran E. (2012). The Many Watsons . London: MX Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 9781780923031 . ^ "Jackie Henderson: the Arsenal man who moved to my village" . woolwicharsenal.co.uk . 2 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ "Charlie Mitten" . The Independent . London. 8 January 2002 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ Kandell, Jonathan (9 July 2022). "Luis Echeverría Alvarez, Former President of Mexico, Dies at 100" . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . ^ Blistein, Jon (31 December 2021). "Beloved TV Icon Betty White Dead on Cusp of 100th Birthday" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 31, 2021 . ^ Bernstein, Adam (May 6, 2023). "Newton Minow, FCC chairman who assailed 'vast wasteland' of TV, dies at 97" . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 6, 2023 . ^ Jack, Adrian (26 December 2008). "Obituary: Eartha Kitt" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 December 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Famous birthdays for Jan. 17: Dwyane Wade, Jim Carrey" . UPI . 17 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Stage, television and film actor dies" (PDF) . The Old Felstedian . December 2020. p. 25 . Retrieved 19 January 2024 . ^ "James Earl Jones, renowned actor and voice of Darth Vader, dies at 93" . Reuters . Retrieved 9 September 2024 . ^ Coveney, Michael (13 May 2009). "Obituary: John Cater" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 January 2024 . ^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 553. ISBN 9780786479924 . ^ Shail, Robert (2007). British Film Directors: A Critical Guide . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780748622313 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Rose, Mike (17 January 2023). "Today's famous birthdays list for January 17, 2023 includes celebrities James Earl Jones, Jim Carrey" . The Plain Dealer . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Muhammad Ali" . Biography . 22 October 2021 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ "Thomas Deitz, 1952-2009" . Locus Magazine . April 28, 2009 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ Sweeting, Adam (3 April 2023). "Ryuichi Sakamoto obituary" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ Smith, Jessie Carney (17 December 2010). Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture [4 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 650. ISBN 978-0-313-35797-8 . ^ "Colin Gordon" . neilbrown.newcastlefans.com . Retrieved 12 April 2025 . ^ Lenberg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film and TV Award-Winning and Legendary Animators . New York: Applause. p. 331. ISBN 9781557836717 . ^ Australian Media Guide : 2000 Paralympic Games Sydney . Sydney: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2000. p. 30. ^ Heching, Dan (17 January 2022). "Brandy Wishes 'Genius' Brother Ray J a Happy Birthday: He 'Can Do It All' " . People . Retrieved 17 January 2023 . ^ "Mike Zigomanis" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Andrew Webster" . 22 October 2023. ^ "Dexter Lumis" . ESPN . 1 November 2022 . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Viktor Stalberg" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ Donald McRae (6 February 2023). "Oleksandr Usyk: 'There had been laughter in that gym. When I got there, only darkness and death' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 2023-02-06 . ^ "Earl Clark" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Tyler Zeller" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Stanislav Galiev" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ Moore, Indya [@IndyaMoore] (January 17, 2020). "Thank you all so much for the birthday love!!" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 30, 2020 – via Twitter . ^ "Allonzo Trier" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Jake Paul – Rotten Tomatoes" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2021-06-14 . ^ "Kyle Tucker" . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 13 January 2023 . ^ Nepales, Ruben V. (January 30, 2020). "Fil-Am Isa Briones went from Hamilton to a female lead role in Picard —and she's just 21" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. 1 . Retrieved April 6, 2020 . ^ "찬희 프로필" (in Korean). Naver. ^ "Devlin DeFrancesco" . Retrieved 2 October 2018 . ^ "Ayo Dosunmu" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Enzo Fernández" . Premier League . Retrieved 18 January 2024 . ^ "사무엘, '0117 생일' 특별 이벤트 진행" . 더팩트 (in Korean). 8 December 2023 . Retrieved 17 March 2025 . ^ "The official website for European football" . ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup Chile 2025™ Squad List: Spain (ESP)" (PDF) . FIFA . 27 September 2025. p. 22 . Retrieved 16 December 2025 . ^ Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch). Zaltbommel : Europese Bibliotheek. p. 70. ^ Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch). Leiden & Utrecht : A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers. p. 95. ^ Beacock Fryer, Mary (1989). Elizabeth Postuma Simcoe, 1762-1850: A Biography . Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-55002-064-9 . ^ Laurence, Anya (1978). Women of Notes: 1,000 Women Composers Born Before 1900 . New York: Richards Rosen Press. p. 91. OCLC 252454075 . ^ Agathon Meurman – Agathon Meurmanin sukuseura (in Finnish) ^ Rest, James; Power, Clark; Brabeck, Mary (May 1988). "Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)". American Psychologist . 43 (5): 399– 400. doi : 10.1037/h0091958 . ^ Bozhikova, Milena (2001). "Pelishek, Panka" . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online. doi : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.2274258 . Retrieved 19 August 2025 . ^ Boyd, J (13 February 2007). "Obituary: Uwe Nettelbeck" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ "Bobby Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) – The U.S. Chess Trust" . uschesstrust.org . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ "Suchitra Sen, India's Greta Garbo, dies aged 82" . The National . January 18, 2014. ^ Lyttle, Jeff (1997). Gorillas in Our Midst: The Story of the Columbus Zoo Gorillas . Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 9780814207666 . ^ "Colo, the oldest gorilla in captivity, dies aged 60" . BBC News. January 18, 2017 . Retrieved June 20, 2023 . ^ "Noted music composer S Balakrishnan passes away" . Mathrubhumi . Archived from the original on 2019-01-19 . Retrieved 2019-01-17 . ^ Louise Randell. "Yes Minister and Heartbeat star Derek Fowlds dead at 82" . MSN . Retrieved 2020-01-18 . ^ "Veteran actor Rashid Naz passes away at 73" . Images . 2022-01-17 . Retrieved 2025-08-07 . ^ "Leading Indian dancer Birju Maharaj dies" . Reuters . 2022-01-17 . Retrieved 2022-01-18 . ^ "The world's oldest known person, French nun Lucile Randon, dead at 118" . France 24 . 2023-01-17 . Retrieved 2023-03-05 . ^ Beaudet, Florence (January 17, 2025). "Drôme : Didier Guillaume, ancien président du département et ancien ministre de l'Agriculture, est mort" . France Bleu (in French) . Retrieved January 18, 2025 . ^ Webster, Andy (January 21, 2025). "Jules Feiffer, Acerbic Cartoonist, Writer and Much Else, Dies at 95" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 21, 2025 . ^ "Mongolian ex-president passes away" . XinhauNet . January 18, 2025 . Retrieved January 18, 2025 . ^ "Denis Law obituary" . The Guardian, UK . January 19, 2025 . Retrieved January 19, 2025 . ^ "Man Utd and Scotland legend Law dies aged 84" . BBC Sport . January 17, 2025 . Retrieved January 24, 2025 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 17 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles using Mw magnitude scale Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 03:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_17#cite_ref-37
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Transportation 3 Environment 4 Human biology and medicine 5 Glaciology 6 Astronomy 7 Climate 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Concordia Station العربية Asturianu Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano Latviešu Македонски Nederlands Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French . (June 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Base antarctique Concordia]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Base antarctique Concordia}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Base antarctique Concordia]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Base antarctique Concordia}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Concordia Station Antarctic base Concordia Research Station at dome Circe, Charlie or Concordia. .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Concordia Station Location of Condordia Station in Antarctica Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 75°05′59″S 123°19′56″E / 75.099780°S 123.332196°E / -75.099780; 123.332196 Country France Italy Location in Antarctica Dome C Antarctic Plateau Administered by PRNA IPEV Established 2005 ( 2005 ) Elevation [ 1 ] 3,233 m (10,607 ft) Population (2017) [ 1 ] • Summer 70 • Winter 13 UN/LOCODE AQ CON Type All Year-round Period Annual Status Operational Activities List Human biology Glaciology Astronomy Human biology Glaciology Astronomy Website Concordia Institut Polaire Français Concordia Research Station , which opened in 2005, is a French–Italian research facility managed by l' Institut polaire français Paul-Émile Victor and Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide , that was built 3,233 m (10,607 ft) above sea level on a geographical formation known as dôme C , on the Antarctic Plateau , Antarctica . It is located 1,100 km (680 mi) inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville , 1,100 km (680 mi) inland from Australia's Casey Station and 1,200 km (750 mi) inland from the Italian Zucchelli Station at Terra Nova Bay . Russia's Vostok Station is 560 km (350 mi) away. The Geographic South Pole is 1,670 km (1,040 mi) away. The facility is also located within Australia's claim on Antarctica, the Australian Antarctic Territory . Concordia Station is the third permanent, all-year research station on the Antarctic Plateau besides Vostok Station and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (U.S.) at the Geographic South Pole. It is jointly operated by scientists from France and Italy and regularly hosts ESA scientists. The station is also known as Concordia camp , and previously as Dome Charlie . [ 2 ] History The first research work at dôme C began during 1978. In 1982 the French first had the idea to build a permanent base at the dôme . In 1992, France built a new station on the Antarctic Plateau. The program was later joined by Italy in 1993. In 1995, Pr. Jean Vernin from University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis and Pr. Giorgio Dall'Oglio from University of Rome performed the first scientific experience towards a site qualification at dôme C. In 1996, a French-Italian team established a summer camp at dôme C. The two main objectives of the camp were the provision of logistical support for the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) and the construction of a permanent research station. The new all-year facility, Concordia Station , became operational in 2005. The first winterover began with a staff of 13 (eleven French and 2 Italians) in February 2005. While the station has been in use for summer campaigns since December 1997, the first winterover (February to October) was only made in 2005. During this period, the station is inaccessible, requiring total autonomy. The first winter began in mid-February 2005, with thirteen wintering (eleven French people and two Italians). During February 2022 initial ice core extraction of the Beyond Epica-Oldest Ice research activity was completed, located 34 km from the station. [ 3 ] Transportation Most of the cargo is moved to Dome C by traverse (called raid) [ 4 ] from Dumont d'Urville Station , covering 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) in 7 to 12 days depending on weather conditions. Station personnel and light cargo arrive by air, landing on a Skiway, using the Twin Otters or Basler BT-67 flying from DDU or Zucchelli Station at 1,200 kilometres (750 mi). Environment Dome C is situated on top of the Antarctic Plateau. No animals or plants live at a distance of more than a few tens of kilometers from the Southern Ocean . However, south polar skuas have been spotted overflying the station, 1,200 km away from their nearest food sources. It is believed that these birds have learned to cross the continent instead of circumnavigating it. Human biology and medicine Concordia Station shares many stressor characteristics similar to that of long-duration deep-space missions, in particular extreme isolation and confinement, and therefore serves as a useful analogue platform for research relevant to space medicine. During the winter, the crew are isolated from the outside world, having no transportation and limited communication [ 5 ] for 9 months and live a prolonged period in complete darkness, at an altitude almost equivalent to 4000m at the equator. This creates physiological and psychological strains on the crew. Concordia station is particularly useful for the study of chronic hypobaric hypoxia, stress secondary to confinement and isolation, circadian rhythm and sleep disruption, individual and group psychology, telemedicine, and astrobiology. Concordia station has been proposed as one of the real-life Earth-based analogues for long-duration deep-space missions. [ 6 ] Glaciology In the 1970s, Dome C was the site of ice core drilling by field teams of several nations. In the 1990s, Dome C was chosen for deep ice core drilling by the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA). Drilling at Dome C began in 1996 and was completed on 21 December 2004, reaching a drilling depth of 3270.2 m, 5 m above bedrock. The age of the oldest recovered ice is estimated to be ca. 900,000 years. [ 7 ] Astronomy Concordia Station has been identified as a suitable location for astronomical observations. [ 8 ] The transparency of the Antarctic atmosphere permits the observation of stars even when the sun is at an elevation angle of 38°. Other advantages include the very low infrared sky emission, the high percentage of cloud -free time and the low aerosol and dust content of the atmosphere . [ citation needed ] The median seeing measured with a DIMM Differential Image Motion Monitor [ 9 ] placed on top of an 8.5 m high tower is 1.3 ± 0.8 arcseconds . This is significantly worse than most major observatory sites, but similar to other observatories in Antarctica. However, Lawrence et al . considered other features of the site and concluded that "Dome C is the best ground-based site to develop a new astronomical observatory", [ 10 ] a conclusion made before whole-atmospheric seeing measurements had been made at Dome C. Thanks to the Single Star Scidar SSS, Vernin, Chadid and Aristidi et al . [ 11 ] and Giordano, Vernin and Chadid et al . [ 12 ] finally demonstrated that most of the optical turbulence is concentrated within the first 30 m atmospheric level at Dome C. The rest of the atmosphere is very quiet with a seeing of about 0.3-0.4 arcseconds , and the overall seeing is somewhat around 1.0 arcseconds. Launched in 2007, PAIX, the first robotic multi-color Antarctica Photometer [ 13 ] gives a new insight to cope with unresolved stellar enigma and stellar oscillation challenges. Chadid, Vernin, Preston et al. [ 14 ] implement, for the first time from the ground, a new way to study the stellar oscillations , pulsations and their evolutionary properties with long uninterrupted and continuous precision observations over 150 days, and without the regular interruptions imposed by the Earth rotation . PAIX achieves astrophysical UBVRI bands time-series measurements of stellar physics fields, rivaling photometry from space . [ 15 ] The Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets (ASTEP) programme is composed of two telescopes: a 10 cm refractor installed in 2008, and a 40 cm telescope installed in 2010 and upgraded in 2022. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Climate The climate at Dome C where Concordia Station is located is frigid all year round, being one of the coldest places on Earth. It has a polar ice cap climate ( Köppen EF ), with maximums ranging from −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F) in December to −62 °C (−80 °F) in May, mean ranging from −30.4 °C (−22.7 °F) in December to −65.3 °C (−85.5 °F) in May and minimums ranging from −36.1 °C (−33.0 °F) in December to −68.7 °C (−91.7 °F) in May. The annual average air temperature is −54.5 °C (−66.1 °F). The station has never recorded a temperature above freezing; the warmest temperature recorded was −5.4 °C (22.3 °F) in January. Temperatures can fall below −80 °C (−112 °F) in winter, and the coldest recorded temperature was −84.6 °C (−120.3 °F) in August 2010; one of the coldest temperatures ever recorded on Earth. Humidity is low and it is also very dry, with very little precipitation throughout the year. Dome C does not experience the katabatic winds typical for the coastal regions of Antarctica because of its elevated location and its relative distance from the edges of the Antarctic Plateau. Typical wind speed in winter is 2.8 m/s. Climate data for Concordia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) −5.4 (22.3) −12.9 (8.8) −11.5 (11.3) −32.9 (−27.2) −28.5 (−19.3) −30.2 (−22.4) −25.4 (−13.7) −26.5 (−15.7) −30.3 (−22.5) −23.1 (−9.6) −17.0 (1.4) −9.4 (15.1) −5.4 (22.3) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −24.9 (−12.8) −33.7 (−28.7) −48.7 (−55.7) −58.5 (−73.3) −62.0 (−79.6) −58.9 (−74.0) −58.4 (−73.1) −57.8 (−72.0) −54.1 (−65.4) −44.8 (−48.6) −32.5 (−26.5) −24.8 (−12.6) −46.6 (−51.9) Daily mean °C (°F) −31.1 (−24.0) −40.6 (−41.1) −54.0 (−65.2) −61.9 (−79.4) −65.3 (−85.5) −62.3 (−80.1) −62.1 (−79.8) −61.7 (−79.1) −59.5 (−75.1) −52.2 (−62.0) −39.3 (−38.7) −30.4 (−22.7) −51.7 (−61.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −37.5 (−35.5) −47.7 (−53.9) −59.4 (−74.9) −65.4 (−85.7) −68.7 (−91.7) −65.8 (−86.4) −66.0 (−86.8) −65.8 (−86.4) −65.2 (−85.4) −59.8 (−75.6) −46.2 (−51.2) −36.1 (−33.0) −57.0 (−70.5) Record low °C (°F) −49.8 (−57.6) −60.0 (−76.0) −74.2 (−101.6) −78 (−108) −79.6 (−111.3) −82.2 (−116.0) −82.3 (−116.1) −84.6 (−120.3) −81.9 (−115.4) −74.0 (−101.2) −61.9 (−79.4) −45.9 (−50.6) −84.6 (−120.3) Source: [ 19 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] See also List of research stations in Antarctica List of Antarctic field camps List of airports in Antarctica Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station Casey Station Concordia Subglacial Lake Dome A also known as Dome Argus Dome C also known as Dome Charlie or Dome Circe Dome F also known as Dome Fuji Dumont d'Urville Station EPICA Ice core Law Dome Neumayer Station III Vostok Station Zucchelli Station List of Mars analogs References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Antarctic Station Catalogue (PDF) (catalogue). Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs . August 2017. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-473-40409-3 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Dartmouth Medicine Magazine :: Ice Pick" . dartmed.dartmouth.edu . Archived from the original on 16 January 2025 . Retrieved 20 February 2025 . ^ "BAS News stories" . www.bas.ac.uk . British Antarctic Survey. 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 23 February 2025 . ^ "A minimalist photo taken from space reveals the incredible isolation of Antarctic researchers on Earth" . Quartz . 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Akshat, Rathi (14 August 2015). "What life is like in the most remote corner of the world" . Quartz . Retrieved 12 November 2018 . ^ Salam, Alex (2009). "The coldest job on earth". The BMJ b2453. doi : 10.1136/bmj.b2453 . S2CID 79621954 . ^ "In the Cornucopia of the European Project of Ice Coring in Antarctica: the oldest Antarctic ice core" (Press release). Alfred-Wegener-Institut. 13 January 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2006. ^ Mekarnia, Djamel; Frenot, Yves (2012). "The French-Italian Concordia Station" . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union . 8 (S288): 178– 185. doi : 10.1017/S1743921312016845 . ISSN 1743-9213 . ^ Abdelkrim Agabi; Eric Aristidi; Max Azouit; Eric Fossat; Francois Martin; Tatiana Sadibekova; Jean Vernin; Aziz Ziad (2006). "First whole atmosphere night-time seeing measurements at Dome C, Antarctica". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 118 (840): 344– 348. arXiv : astro-ph/0510418 . Bibcode : 2006PASP..118..344A . doi : 10.1086/498728 . S2CID 15833099 . ^ Jon S. Lawrence; Michael C. B. Ashley; Andrei Tokovinin; Tony Travouillon (16 September 2004). "Exceptional astronomical seeing conditions above Dome C in Antarctica" (PDF) . Nature . 431 (7006): 278– 281. Bibcode : 2004Natur.431..278L . doi : 10.1038/nature02929 . PMID 15372024 . S2CID 4388419 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2006. → FAQ by the authors Archived 15 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine ^ Vernin, J; Chadid, M; Aristidi, E; Trinquet, H; van der Swaelmen, M (June 2009). "First single star scidar measurements at Dome C, Antarctica". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 500 (3): 1271– 1276. Bibcode : 2009A&A...500.1271V . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361/200811119 . ^ Giordano, C; Vernin, J; Chadid, M; Aristidi, E; Trinquet, H (May 2012). "Dome C Site Characterization in 2006 with Single-Star SCIDAR". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 124 (915): 494– 506. Bibcode : 2012PASP..124..494G . doi : 10.1086/665667 . ^ Chadid, M; Vernin; Chapellier, E; Trinquet, H; Bono, G (June 2010). "First Antarctica light curve. PAIX monitoring of the Blazhko RR Lyrae star: S Arae". Astronomy and Astrophysics . 516 : L15. Bibcode : 2010A&A...516L..15C . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361/201014857 . ^ Chadid, M; Vernin, J; Preston, G; Zalian, C; et al. (November 2014). "First Detection of Multi-shocks in RR Lyrae Stars from Antarctica: A Possible Explanation of the Blazhko Effect" . Astronomical Journal . 148 (5): 88. Bibcode : 2014AJ....148...88C . doi : 10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/88 . ^ Chadid, Merieme (2017). Catelan, M.; Gieren, W. (eds.). "Pulsating star research from Antarctica" . EPJ Web of Conferences . 152 : 05003. Bibcode : 2017EPJWC.15205003C . doi : 10.1051/epjconf/201715205003 . ISSN 2100-014X . ^ Crouzet, Nicolas; Guillot, Tristan; Agabi, Karim; Rivet, Jean-Pierre; Bondoux, Erick; et al. (2009). "ASTEP South: An Antarctic Search for Transiting ExoPlanets around the celestial South pole" (PDF) . Astronomy & Astrophysics . ^ Daban, Jean-Baptiste; et al. (2010). Stepp, Larry M; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Hall, Helen J (eds.). "ASTEP 400: a telescope designed for exoplanet transit detection from Dome C, Antarctica" . Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series . Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III. 7733 (Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III): 77334T. Bibcode : 2010SPIE.7733E..4TD . doi : 10.1117/12.854946 . S2CID 122313435 . ^ "New year's mission to start new phase of exoplanet research" . University of Birmingham. 6 January 2022 . Retrieved 28 January 2022 . ^ "Le climat à Dome C (en °C et mm, moyennes mensuelles 1971/2000 et records dupuis 1990)" . Benfxmth. [ permanent dead link ] Retrieved on 2014-12-12 ^ "89625: Concordia (Antarctica)" . ogimet.com . OGIMET. 18 March 2022 . Retrieved 18 March 2022 . ^ "89625: Concordia (Antarctica)" . ogimet.com . OGIMET. 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 1 February 2023 . External links (in Italian) Official website Concordia Station (in Italian) Official website of the Italian Antarctic Programme (in French) Official website IPEV Institut Polaire Français Paul Emile Victor (in French) IPEV Concordia Station Archived 16 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in English) Chronicles from Concordia – winter over ESA blog (in English) Automated Astrophysical Site-Testing International Observatory (AASTINO) [ permanent dead link ] (in English) 1st Winterover at Concordia Station (2005) blog by Guillaume Dargaud, ISAC (Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima) (in French) 2nd Winterover at Concordia Station (2006) blog by Eric Aristidi, LUAN (Laboratoire Universitaire d'Astrophysique de Nice) (in French) 5th Winterover at Concordia Station (2009) , blog by Cyprien Pouzenc, Laboratoire Fizeau (Nice, ex-LUAN), Observatoire Sirene COMNAP Antarctic Facilities COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map Earth sciences Geography Italy France .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Research stations in Antarctica v t e Year-round Argentina Belgrano II Carlini Esperanza Marambio Orcadas San Martín Australia Casey Davis Mawson Chile Captain Prat General O'Higgins Presidente Frei Profesor Escudero China Great Wall Zhongshan Qinling Europe Czech Republic Eco-Nelson France Concordia Dumont d'Urville Germany Neumayer III Italy Concordia Norway Troll Poland Arctowski Ukraine Vernadsky United Kingdom Rothera India Bharati Maitri Russia Bellingshausen Mirny Novolazarevskaya Progress Vostok South Korea Jang Bogo King Sejong United States Amundsen-Scott McMurdo Palmer Others Brazil Comandante Ferraz Japan Showa New Zealand Scott South Africa SANAE IV Turkey TARS Uruguay Artigas Year-round Argentina Belgrano II Carlini Esperanza Marambio Orcadas San Martín Australia Casey Davis Mawson Chile Captain Prat General O'Higgins Presidente Frei Profesor Escudero China Great Wall Zhongshan Qinling Europe Czech Republic Eco-Nelson France Concordia Dumont d'Urville Germany Neumayer III Italy Concordia Norway Troll Poland Arctowski Ukraine Vernadsky United Kingdom Rothera India Bharati Maitri Russia Bellingshausen Mirny Novolazarevskaya Progress Vostok South Korea Jang Bogo King Sejong United States Amundsen-Scott McMurdo Palmer Others Brazil Comandante Ferraz Japan Showa New Zealand Scott South Africa SANAE IV Turkey TARS Uruguay Artigas Argentina Belgrano II Carlini Esperanza Marambio Orcadas San Martín Belgrano II Carlini Esperanza Marambio Orcadas San Martín Australia Casey Davis Mawson Casey Davis Mawson Chile Captain Prat General O'Higgins Presidente Frei Profesor Escudero Captain Prat General O'Higgins Presidente Frei Profesor Escudero China Great Wall Zhongshan Qinling Great Wall Zhongshan Qinling Europe Czech Republic Eco-Nelson France Concordia Dumont d'Urville Germany Neumayer III Italy Concordia Norway Troll Poland Arctowski Ukraine Vernadsky United Kingdom Rothera Czech Republic Eco-Nelson Eco-Nelson France Concordia Dumont d'Urville Concordia Dumont d'Urville Germany Neumayer III Neumayer III Italy Concordia Concordia Norway Troll Troll Poland Arctowski Arctowski Ukraine Vernadsky Vernadsky United Kingdom Rothera Rothera India Bharati Maitri Bharati Maitri Russia Bellingshausen Mirny Novolazarevskaya Progress Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Novolazarevskaya Progress Vostok South Korea Jang Bogo King Sejong Jang Bogo King Sejong United States Amundsen-Scott McMurdo Palmer Amundsen-Scott McMurdo Palmer Others Brazil Comandante Ferraz Japan Showa New Zealand Scott South Africa SANAE IV Turkey TARS Uruguay Artigas Brazil Comandante Ferraz Comandante Ferraz Japan Showa Showa New Zealand Scott Scott South Africa SANAE IV SANAE IV Turkey TARS TARS Uruguay Artigas Artigas Summer Argentina Almirante Brown Cámara Decepción Matienzo Melchior Petrel Primavera Belarus Vechernyaya Belgium Princess Elisabeth Bulgaria St. Kliment Ohridski Chile Carvajal Collins González Videla Guillermo Mann Jorge Boonen Julio Ripamonti Risopatrón Union Glacier Yelcho China Kunlun Taishan Czech Republic Mendel Ecuador Maldonado Finland Aboa Germany Kohnen Gondwana Italy Zucchelli New Zealand Vanda Norway Tor Pakistan Jinnah Peru Machu Picchu Poland Dobrowolski Romania Law-Racoviță Russia Leningradskaya Molodyozhnaya Progress Russkaya Soyuz Spain Gabriel de Castilla Juan Carlos I Sweden Svea Wasa Turkey ITU PolReC United Kingdom Fossil Bluff Halley Signy United States Lenie Shirreff Uruguay Elichiribehety Summer Argentina Almirante Brown Cámara Decepción Matienzo Melchior Petrel Primavera Belarus Vechernyaya Belgium Princess Elisabeth Bulgaria St. Kliment Ohridski Chile Carvajal Collins González Videla Guillermo Mann Jorge Boonen Julio Ripamonti Risopatrón Union Glacier Yelcho China Kunlun Taishan Czech Republic Mendel Ecuador Maldonado Finland Aboa Germany Kohnen Gondwana Italy Zucchelli New Zealand Vanda Norway Tor Pakistan Jinnah Peru Machu Picchu Poland Dobrowolski Romania Law-Racoviță Russia Leningradskaya Molodyozhnaya Progress Russkaya Soyuz Spain Gabriel de Castilla Juan Carlos I Sweden Svea Wasa Turkey ITU PolReC United Kingdom Fossil Bluff Halley Signy United States Lenie Shirreff Uruguay Elichiribehety Argentina Almirante Brown Cámara Decepción Matienzo Melchior Petrel Primavera Almirante Brown Cámara Decepción Matienzo Melchior Petrel Primavera Belarus Vechernyaya Vechernyaya Belgium Princess Elisabeth Princess Elisabeth Bulgaria St. Kliment Ohridski St. Kliment Ohridski Chile Carvajal Collins González Videla Guillermo Mann Jorge Boonen Julio Ripamonti Risopatrón Union Glacier Yelcho Carvajal Collins González Videla Guillermo Mann Jorge Boonen Julio Ripamonti Risopatrón Union Glacier Yelcho China Kunlun Taishan Kunlun Taishan Czech Republic Mendel Mendel Ecuador Maldonado Maldonado Finland Aboa Aboa Germany Kohnen Gondwana Kohnen Gondwana Italy Zucchelli Zucchelli New Zealand Vanda Vanda Norway Tor Tor Pakistan Jinnah Jinnah Peru Machu Picchu Machu Picchu Poland Dobrowolski Dobrowolski Romania Law-Racoviță Law-Racoviță Russia Leningradskaya Molodyozhnaya Progress Russkaya Soyuz Leningradskaya Molodyozhnaya Progress Russkaya Soyuz Spain Gabriel de Castilla Juan Carlos I Gabriel de Castilla Juan Carlos I Sweden Svea Wasa Svea Wasa Turkey ITU PolReC ITU PolReC United Kingdom Fossil Bluff Halley Signy Fossil Bluff Halley Signy United States Lenie Shirreff Lenie Shirreff Uruguay Elichiribehety Elichiribehety Closed Argentina Belgrano I Belgrano III Ellsworth Sobral Australia Wilkes Belgium King Baudouin Chile Aguirre Cerda Arturo Parodi France Charcot Port Martin Germany Drescher Ice Camp Georg Forster Filchner Neumayer I [ de ] Neumayer II India Dakshin Gangotri Italy Giacomo Bove Japan Asuka Dome Fuji Mizuho New Zealand Hallett Vanda Norway Norway Maudheim Poland Dobrowolski South Africa Borga Base SANAE I SANAE II SANAE III Sarie Marais Soviet Union Druzhba [ ru ] Druzhnaya I Druzhnaya II Druzhnaya III Druzhnaya IV Komsomolskaya Lazarev Mir [ ru ] Oasis Pionerskaya Pobeda [ ru ] Pole of Inaccessibility Salyut [ lv ] Sodruzhestvo [ ru ] Sovetskaya Vostok I [ es ] United Kingdom South Ice Port Lockroy Station B Station C Station D Station E Station F Station G Station J Station N Station O Station P Station T Station V Station W United States Brockton Byrd East Base Eights Ellsworth Hallett Little America Little Rockford Plateau Siple Other World Park Base Joint Stations Weddell-1 [ ru ] Closed Argentina Belgrano I Belgrano III Ellsworth Sobral Australia Wilkes Belgium King Baudouin Chile Aguirre Cerda Arturo Parodi France Charcot Port Martin Germany Drescher Ice Camp Georg Forster Filchner Neumayer I [ de ] Neumayer II India Dakshin Gangotri Italy Giacomo Bove Japan Asuka Dome Fuji Mizuho New Zealand Hallett Vanda Norway Norway Maudheim Poland Dobrowolski South Africa Borga Base SANAE I SANAE II SANAE III Sarie Marais Soviet Union Druzhba [ ru ] Druzhnaya I Druzhnaya II Druzhnaya III Druzhnaya IV Komsomolskaya Lazarev Mir [ ru ] Oasis Pionerskaya Pobeda [ ru ] Pole of Inaccessibility Salyut [ lv ] Sodruzhestvo [ ru ] Sovetskaya Vostok I [ es ] United Kingdom South Ice Port Lockroy Station B Station C Station D Station E Station F Station G Station J Station N Station O Station P Station T Station V Station W United States Brockton Byrd East Base Eights Ellsworth Hallett Little America Little Rockford Plateau Siple Other World Park Base Joint Stations Weddell-1 [ ru ] Argentina Belgrano I Belgrano III Ellsworth Sobral Belgrano I Belgrano III Ellsworth Sobral Australia Wilkes Wilkes Belgium King Baudouin King Baudouin Chile Aguirre Cerda Arturo Parodi Aguirre Cerda Arturo Parodi France Charcot Port Martin Charcot Port Martin Germany Drescher Ice Camp Georg Forster Filchner Neumayer I [ de ] Neumayer II Drescher Ice Camp Georg Forster Filchner Neumayer I [ de ] Neumayer II India Dakshin Gangotri Dakshin Gangotri Italy Giacomo Bove Giacomo Bove Japan Asuka Dome Fuji Mizuho Asuka Dome Fuji Mizuho New Zealand Hallett Vanda Hallett Vanda Norway Norway Maudheim Norway Maudheim Poland Dobrowolski Dobrowolski South Africa Borga Base SANAE I SANAE II SANAE III Sarie Marais Borga Base SANAE I SANAE II SANAE III Sarie Marais Soviet Union Druzhba [ ru ] Druzhnaya I Druzhnaya II Druzhnaya III Druzhnaya IV Komsomolskaya Lazarev Mir [ ru ] Oasis Pionerskaya Pobeda [ ru ] Pole of Inaccessibility Salyut [ lv ] Sodruzhestvo [ ru ] Sovetskaya Vostok I [ es ] Druzhba [ ru ] Druzhnaya I Druzhnaya II Druzhnaya III Druzhnaya IV Komsomolskaya Lazarev Mir [ ru ] Oasis Pionerskaya Pobeda [ ru ] Pole of Inaccessibility Salyut [ lv ] Sodruzhestvo [ ru ] Sovetskaya Vostok I [ es ] United Kingdom South Ice Port Lockroy Station B Station C Station D Station E Station F Station G Station J Station N Station O Station P Station T Station V Station W South Ice Port Lockroy Station B Station C Station D Station E Station F Station G Station J Station N Station O Station P Station T Station V Station W United States Brockton Byrd East Base Eights Ellsworth Hallett Little America Little Rockford Plateau Siple Brockton Byrd East Base Eights Ellsworth Hallett Little America Little Rockford Plateau Siple Other World Park Base World Park Base Joint Stations Weddell-1 [ ru ] Weddell-1 [ ru ] See also Antarctic field camps v t e Airports in Antarctica v t e Bharati Browning Pass Casey Concordia D10 Davis Plateau Dome Fuji Enigma Lake Fossil Bluff Halley King George Island Kohnen Maitri Marambio Marble Point Mawson McMurdo Ice McMurdo Phoenix McMurdo Williams Mid Point Molodyozhnaya Neumayer Novolazarevskaya Odell Glacier O'Higgins Palmer Patriot Hills Pegasus Petrel Plateau Princess Elisabeth Progress Rothera Rumdoodle SANAE IV Showa Siple Dome Sitry Sky Blu South Pole Thiel Mountains Troll Union WAIS Divide Wilkins Wolf's Fang Vostok Zucchelli Bharati Browning Pass Casey Concordia D10 Davis Plateau Dome Fuji Enigma Lake Fossil Bluff Halley King George Island Kohnen Maitri Marambio Marble Point Mawson McMurdo Ice McMurdo Phoenix McMurdo Williams Mid Point Molodyozhnaya Neumayer Novolazarevskaya Odell Glacier O'Higgins Palmer Patriot Hills Pegasus Petrel Plateau Princess Elisabeth Progress Rothera Rumdoodle SANAE IV Showa Siple Dome Sitry Sky Blu South Pole Thiel Mountains Troll Union WAIS Divide Wilkins Wolf's Fang Vostok Zucchelli v t e Antarctica v t e Geography South Pole Antarctic sea ice Climate Climate change Heat waves Ice shelves Geology Glaciers Mountains Tundra Volcanoes Regions Biogeographic realm Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica ice sheet shield Extreme points Floristic kingdom Islands Ridge A South Pole (region) South magnetic pole West Antarctica ice sheet Bodies of water Antarctic/Southern Ocean Lake CECs Lake Mercer Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Weddell Sea Life Flora Microorganisms Wildlife Birds Mammals Krill South Pole Antarctic sea ice Climate Climate change Heat waves Climate change Heat waves Ice shelves Geology Glaciers Mountains Tundra Volcanoes Regions Biogeographic realm Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica ice sheet shield Extreme points Floristic kingdom Islands Ridge A South Pole (region) South magnetic pole West Antarctica ice sheet Biogeographic realm Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica ice sheet shield ice sheet shield Extreme points Floristic kingdom Islands Ridge A South Pole (region) South magnetic pole South magnetic pole West Antarctica ice sheet ice sheet Bodies of water Antarctic/Southern Ocean Lake CECs Lake Mercer Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Weddell Sea Antarctic/Southern Ocean Lake CECs Lake Mercer Lake Vostok List of rivers McMurdo Sound Ross Sea Weddell Sea Life Flora Microorganisms Wildlife Birds Mammals Krill Flora Microorganisms Wildlife Birds Mammals Krill Birds Mammals Krill History Expeditions Heroic Age World War II Colonization COVID-19 pandemic Years Expeditions Heroic Age World War II Colonization COVID-19 pandemic Years Politics Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs Military activity National programs Territorial claims Treaty System Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs Military activity National programs Territorial claims Treaty System Society Antarctica Day Antarctic English Crime Demographics Economy Field camps Firefighting Flags Food Gateway cities Midwinter Day Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Time Tourism Transport Women Antarctica Weather Danger Classification Antarctica Day Antarctic English Crime Demographics Economy Field camps Firefighting Flags Food Gateway cities Midwinter Day Protected areas Religion Research stations Telecommunications Time Tourism Transport Women Antarctica Weather Danger Classification Famous explorers Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson Ui-te-Rangiora (legendary) James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton Roald Amundsen Richard E. Byrd Douglas Mawson Ui-te-Rangiora (legendary) James Clark Ross Robert Falcon Scott Ernest Shackleton Category Commons Index Category Commons Index v t e European human spaceflight v t e General European Astronaut Corps ISS contribution ELIPS Terrae Novae European Astronaut Corps ISS contribution ELIPS Terrae Novae Facilities European Astronaut Centre Columbus Control Centre German Space Operations Center Concordia Station European Astronaut Centre Columbus Control Centre German Space Operations Center Concordia Station Earth-based activities AMASE Concordia winterovers Euro-MARS European Space Camp MARS-500 MELiSSA NEEMO CAVES PANGAEA AMASE Concordia winterovers Euro-MARS European Space Camp MARS-500 MELiSSA NEEMO CAVES PANGAEA Companies Airbus Defence and Space Spartan Space Thales Alenia Space The Exploration Company Airbus Defence and Space Spartan Space Thales Alenia Space The Exploration Company Crewed spacecraft Active Soyuz-MS Dragon 2 Planned & proposed Orion ESM Gaganyaan Nyx Lince SUSIE Retired Soyuz-TM Soyuz-TMA Soyuz TMA-M Space Shuttle Spacelab EURECA MPLM Cancelled CSTS Kliper Hermes Skylon Active Soyuz-MS Dragon 2 Soyuz-MS Dragon 2 Planned & proposed Orion ESM Gaganyaan Nyx Lince SUSIE Orion ESM ESM Gaganyaan Nyx Lince SUSIE Retired Soyuz-TM Soyuz-TMA Soyuz TMA-M Space Shuttle Spacelab EURECA MPLM Soyuz-TM Soyuz-TMA Soyuz TMA-M Space Shuttle Spacelab EURECA MPLM Spacelab EURECA MPLM Cancelled CSTS Kliper Hermes Skylon CSTS Kliper Hermes Skylon Space stations Active ISS Columbus Columbus EPF Cupola Bartolomeo ERA Planned & proposed Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Starlab Bharatiya Antariksh Station Retired Mir Euromir Cancelled Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer Active ISS Columbus Columbus EPF Cupola Bartolomeo ERA ISS Columbus Columbus EPF Cupola Bartolomeo ERA Columbus Columbus EPF Cupola Bartolomeo ERA Planned & proposed Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Starlab Bharatiya Antariksh Station Lunar Gateway ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab ESPRIT Lunar I-Hab Starlab Bharatiya Antariksh Station Retired Mir Euromir Mir Euromir Euromir Cancelled Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer Cargo spacecraft Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut Retired ATV Planned & proposed LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Argonaut LEO Cargo Return Service Nyx Nyx Argonaut Retired ATV ATV Missions Space Shuttle STS-9 (1983) Deutschland-1 (1985) STS-42 (1992) Deutschland-2 (1993) Mir Soyuz TM-20 (1994) Soyuz TM-22 (1995) ISS (commercial) Muninn (2024) Ignis (2025) Space Shuttle STS-9 (1983) Deutschland-1 (1985) STS-42 (1992) Deutschland-2 (1993) STS-9 (1983) Deutschland-1 (1985) STS-42 (1992) Deutschland-2 (1993) Mir Soyuz TM-20 (1994) Soyuz TM-22 (1995) Soyuz TM-20 (1994) Soyuz TM-22 (1995) ISS (commercial) Muninn (2024) Ignis (2025) Muninn (2024) Ignis (2025) European Space Agency European Space Agency v t e Human mission to Mars v t e List of crewed Mars mission plans List of crewed Mars mission plans 21st-century proposals Active Mars Base Camp SpaceX Mars program Passive Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Piloted Orbital Station Mars to Stay Former Aurora programme Constellation program Mars One Inspiration Mars Vision for Space Exploration Active Mars Base Camp SpaceX Mars program Mars Base Camp SpaceX Mars program Passive Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Piloted Orbital Station Mars to Stay Austere Human Missions to Mars Mars Piloted Orbital Station Mars to Stay Former Aurora programme Constellation program Mars One Inspiration Mars Vision for Space Exploration Aurora programme Constellation program Mars One Inspiration Mars Vision for Space Exploration 20th-century proposals The Mars Project Martian Piloted Complex Aelita TMK Ride Report Space Exploration Initiative Mars Direct The Case for Mars Mars Design Reference Mission 3.0 The Mars Project Martian Piloted Complex Aelita TMK Ride Report Space Exploration Initiative Mars Direct The Case for Mars Mars Design Reference Mission 3.0 3.0 Mars analogs ( list ) MARS-500 Mars Analogue Research Station Program FMARS MDRS Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition Concordia Station HI-SEAS NEEMO MARS-500 Mars Analogue Research Station Program FMARS MDRS FMARS MDRS Arctic Mars Analog Svalbard Expedition Concordia Station HI-SEAS NEEMO Advocacy Caves of Mars Project Mars Institute Mars Society Caves of Mars Project Mars Institute Mars Society Hardware concepts Mars habitat Crewed Mars rover Mars suit Mars Excursion Module Mars lander Mars rover Mars habitat Crewed Mars rover Mars suit Mars Excursion Module Mars lander Mars rover Miscellany Colonization of Mars Exploration of Mars Fiction films novels Mars cycler Mars orbit rendezvous Terraforming of Mars Mars atmospheric entry Mars flyby Colonization of Mars Exploration of Mars Fiction films novels films novels Mars cycler Mars orbit rendezvous Terraforming of Mars Mars atmospheric entry Mars flyby Authority control databases : Geographic Structurae Structurae Outposts of Antarctica 2005 establishments in Antarctica France and the Antarctic Italy and the Antarctic Human analog missions Research institutes established in 2005 Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Building and structure articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Use dmy dates from December 2024 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2025 Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 10 November 2025, at 02:38 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Station
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Submission rate 3 Fields 4 bioRxiv, journals, and open peer review 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links bioRxiv العربية 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Type of site Science Available in English Owner openRxiv URL biorxiv .org Commercial No Launched November 2013 ; 12 years ago ( 2013-11 ) Current status Online bioRxiv (pronounced "bio-archive" [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ) is an open access preprint repository for the biological sciences co-founded by John Inglis and Richard Sever in November 2013. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It was hosted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) until March 11, 2025, when ownership transferred to the newly formed non-profit openRxiv , dedicated to bioRxiv and medRxiv . [ 5 ] As preprints, papers hosted on bioRxiv are not peer-reviewed (though submissions may be undergoing peer review and peer reviews from other sources may be posted alongside preprints). However, all submissions undergo a basic scrutinization process, which includes safeguarding checks, an automated plagiarism screening and an assessment of appropriateness. Moreover, readers may post comments. It has been measured that two-thirds of the papers posted in bioRxiv are later published in peer-reviewed journals. [ 6 ] BioRxiv, and its sister site, medRxiv , have been major sources for the dissemination of COVID-19 research. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] History BioRxiv was inspired by and intends to complement the arXiv repository, which mostly focuses on mathematics , physics and connected disciplines, launched in 1991 by Paul Ginsparg (who also serves on the bioRxiv advisory board). It received support from both the CSHL and the Lourie Foundation. [ 9 ] Additional funding from the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative was confirmed in April 2017. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Prior to the establishment of bioRxiv, biological scientists were divided on the issue of having a dedicated preprint open-access repository . [ 3 ] Many had concerns of having their research scooped by competitors and losing their claim to discovery . However, several geneticists had submitted papers to the " quantitative biology " section of the arXiv repository (launched in 2003) and no longer had those concerns, as they could point to preprints to support their claims of discovery. [ 3 ] [ 12 ] Submission rate Jocelyn Kaiser of Science said that in its first year, the repository had "attracted a modest but growing stream of papers", having hosted 824 preprints. [ 13 ] Over 20,000 tweets were made about bioRxiv-hosted preprints in 2015. [ 9 ] February 2016, the submission rate to bioRxiv had steadily increased from ≈60 to ≈200 per month. [ 9 ] In 2017, the number of monthly submissions rose from over 800 in March [ 14 ] to more than 1000 in July [ 15 ] with a total number of 10,722 papers submitted in 2017. [ 16 ] In the year of 2018, a total of 20,000 manuscripts were submitted, which results in a monthly average of 1600 papers. [ 17 ] In the year 2019, over 31,000 manuscripts were submitted, which results in a monthly average of 2600 papers (which accelerated to just over 3000 papers per month in the last quarter of 2019). [ 18 ] The number of yearly manuscripts rose to 38,088 in 2020, then slightly increased to 40,223 in 2021, followed by 36,417 manuscripts being published in 2022. As of December 31, 2022, almost 180,000 preprints have been accepted in total. [ 19 ] Fields bioRxiv accepts preprints in the following disciplines Animal behavior and cognition Biochemistry Bioengineering Bioinformatics Biophysics Cancer biology Cell biology Clinical trials Developmental biology Ecology Epidemiology Evolutionary biology Genetics Genomics Immunology Microbiology Molecular biology Neuroscience Paleontology Pathology Pharmacology and Toxicology Physiology Plant biology Scientific communication and education Synthetic biology Systems biology Zoology bioRxiv, journals, and open peer review As a result of bioRxiv's popularity, many biology journals have updated their policies on preprints, [ 9 ] [ 13 ] clarifying they do not consider preprints to be a 'prior publication' for purpose of the Ingelfinger rule . The bioRxiv to Journals (B2J) initiative allows authors to submit their manuscript directly to a journal's submission system through bioRxiv. As of May 2020, 177 journals participate in the initiative. [ 1 ] In 2019, BioRxiv started allowing posting reviews alongside preprints, in addition to allowing comments on preprints. The reviews can come from journals or from platforms such as Review Commons. [ 20 ] See also List of preprint repositories ArXiv ChemRxiv MedRxiv PeerJ Preprints References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Advancing the sharing of research results for the life sciences" . bioRxiv.org . Retrieved 2018-12-12 . ^ Sever, Richard; Roeder, Ted; Hindle, Samantha; Sussman, Linda; Black, Kevin-John; Argentine, Janet; Manos, Wayne; Inglis, John R. (November 6, 2019). "bioRxiv: the preprint server for biology". bioRxiv 10.1101/833400 . ^ a b c Callaway, Ewen (12 November 2013). "Preprints come to life" . Nature . 503 (7475): 180. Bibcode : 2013Natur.503..180C . doi : 10.1038/503180a . PMID 24226869 . ^ Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. "bioRxiv preprints can now be submitted directly to leading research journals" . PhysOrg . Retrieved 2018-03-17 . ^ Naddaf, Miryam (2025). "Preprint sites bioRxiv and medRxiv launch new era of independence". Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-025-00762-4 . PMID 40069451 . ^ Abdill, Richard J (24 April 2019). "Meta-Research, Tracking the popularity and outcomes of all bioRxiv preprints" . eLife . 8 e45133. doi : 10.7554/eLife.45133 . PMC 6510536 . PMID 31017570 . S2CID 129944106 . ^ Yan, Wudan (2020-04-14). "Coronavirus Tests Science's Need for Speed Limits" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-05-01 . ^ Koerth, Maggie (2021-07-08). "How Science Moved Beyond Peer Review During The Pandemic" . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2021-08-07 . ^ a b c d Inglis, John R.; Sever, Richard (12 February 2016). "bioRxiv: a progress report" . ASAPbio . Retrieved 2016-09-11 . ^ Callaway, Ewen (2017). "BioRxiv preprint server gets cash boost from Chan Zuckerberg Initiative" . Nature . 545 (7652): 18. Bibcode : 2017Natur.545...18C . doi : 10.1038/nature.2017.21894 . PMID 28470210 . ^ Kaiser, Jocelyn (26 April 2017). "BioRxiv preprint server gets funding from Chan Zuckerberg Initiative". Science . doi : 10.1126/science.aal1117 . ^ Callaway, Ewen (31 July 2012). "Geneticists eye the potential of arXiv" . Nature . 488 (7409): 19. Bibcode : 2012Natur.488...19C . doi : 10.1038/488019a . PMID 22859182 . ^ a b Kaiser, Jocelyn (11 November 2014). "BioRxiv at 1 year: A promising start" . Science . Retrieved 2016-09-07 . ^ "John Inglis on Twitter" . Twitter . Retrieved 2017-03-01 . ^ Inglis, John (2017-06-30). "A life sci #preprint milestone: @biorxivpreprint's first >1000 ms month. Thanks to authors, affiliates, and staff for making it happen" . @JohnRInglis . Retrieved 2017-07-02 . ^ "Search Results | bioRxiv" . biorxiv.org . Retrieved 2018-10-22 . ^ "Search Results | bioRxiv" . ^ "Search Results | bioRxiv" . ^ "Search Results | bioRxiv" . biorxiv.org . Retrieved 2020-01-21 . ^ Brainard, Jeffrey (2019-10-10). "In bid to boost transparency, bioRxiv begins posting peer reviews next to preprints". Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). doi : 10.1126/science.aaz8160 . ISSN 0036-8075 . S2CID 211766434 . Further reading Jansen, Jaclyn (12 November 2013). "CSHL launches bioRxiv, a freely accessible, citable preprint server for biology" . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 September 2016 . Kaiser, Jocelyn (12 November 2013). "New Preprint Server Aims to Be Biologists' Answer to Physicists' arXiv" . Science . Retrieved 2016-10-30 . "BioRxiv preprint server launched" . UC Berkeley Library News . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 2016-09-11 . [ permanent dead link ] Callaway, Ewen; Powell, Kendall (16 February 2016). "Biologists urged to hug a preprint" . Nature . 530 (7590): 265. Bibcode : 2016Natur.530..265C . doi : 10.1038/530265a . PMID 26887471 . Inglis, John (22 September 2016). "The bioRxiv preprint service" (PDF) . COASP 2016 . External links BioRxiv ID (P3951) (see uses ) Rxivist author ID (P6660) (see uses ) Rxivist preprint ID (P6661) (see uses ) Official website .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Open access v t e History Timeline History Timeline Concepts Gratis versus libre Subscription business model Subscribe to Open Paywall Copyright transfer agreement Academic journal Scientific journal Manuscript Preprint Postprint Article processing charge Predatory publishing Gratis versus libre Subscription business model Subscribe to Open Paywall Copyright transfer agreement Academic journal Scientific journal Manuscript Preprint Postprint Article processing charge Predatory publishing Statements Budapest Open Access Initiative Berlin Declaration Bethesda Statement DORA Durham Statement Geneva Declaration NIH Public Access Policy Research Works Act Budapest Open Access Initiative Berlin Declaration Bethesda Statement DORA Durham Statement Geneva Declaration NIH Public Access Policy Research Works Act Strategies Self-archiving Open-access mandate Open-access repository Hybrid open-access journal Delayed open-access journal Self-archiving Open-access mandate Open-access repository Hybrid open-access journal Delayed open-access journal Projects and organizations The Cost of Knowledge Creative Commons Directory of Open Access Books [ ca ; es ] Directory of Open Access Journals Initiative for Open Citations Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association OpenAIRE Open Archives Initiative Open Knowledge Foundation Open Society Foundations Plan S Public Library of Science Public Knowledge Project Registry of Open Access Repositories Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition SciELO Sci-Hub The Cost of Knowledge Creative Commons Directory of Open Access Books [ ca ; es ] Directory of Open Access Journals Initiative for Open Citations Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association OpenAIRE Open Archives Initiative Open Knowledge Foundation Open Society Foundations Plan S Public Library of Science Public Knowledge Project Registry of Open Access Repositories Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition SciELO Sci-Hub By country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary India Republic of Ireland Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Ukraine Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary India Republic of Ireland Italy Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Russia South Africa Spain Sweden Ukraine Other Access to Knowledge movement Access2Research List of open-access journals Access to Knowledge movement Access2Research List of open-access journals Open content Open data Open education Open government Open hardware Open knowledge Open science Open source Open content Open data Open education Open government Open hardware Open knowledge Open science Open source American digital libraries Biology websites Eprint archives Internet properties established in 2013 Online archives of the United States Open-access archives Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 12 January 2026, at 04:42 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv
|
Kaca Utama Owahan Anyar Kaca Anyar Kaca Liya Dopokan Regol Njaluk Pitulung Prakara Wikipedia Pancapilar Kebijakan Celuk Nyong Kothak Njajal Nyumbang Gawe akun Mlebu log Nyumbang Gawe akun Mlebu log Wikipedia : Portal komunitas Qafár af Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية الدارجة অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Нохчийн Chamoru Chahta anumpa کوردی Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Hiri Motu Magyar Otsiherero Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo ꆇꉙ Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Kongo Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Ligure Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Madhurâ Мокшень Malagasy Ebon Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം ဘာသာမန် मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь Dorerin Naoero Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pangasinan Papiamentu Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Sakizaya தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Proyek Dhiskusi Waca Deleng sumber Sajarah kaca Waca Deleng sumber Sajarah kaca Pranala Kaca Kiye Pengobahan terkait Unggah Pranala permanèn Katerangan kaca URL cekak Undhuh kodhe QR Gawe buku Unduh minangka PDF Edisi Cetak Wikimedia Commons MédiaWiki Wikisumber multibasa Wikispésies Wikidata Wikifungsi Wikimania Wiji Wikidata Sugeng teka nang Portal Komunitas Wikipedia Basa Banyumasan Ndaftar | Sugeng maca | Dopokan | Kawicaksanan | Paugeran | Pangreksan | Pitulung | Hubungi kami | Daftar isi Ndaftar | Sugeng maca | Dopokan | Kawicaksanan | Paugeran | Pangreksan | Pitulung | Hubungi kami | Daftar isi Portal komunitas kuwe utamané kanggo nggoleti informasi bab apa baen sing ana nang Wikipedia basa Banyumasan . Rika teyeng nggoleti informasi bab gawéan apa baén sing kudu dirampungna nang kene, lan maca utawa nglapurna warta bab kagiatan anyar nang Wikipedia basa Banyumasan. Cithakan:Ulang tahun Turut serta nang diskusi (sunting) Pengusulan: Artikel pilihan ( jadwal ) · Artikel bagus · Gambar pilihan · Daftar pilihan · Pembusakan · ProyekWiki ProyekWiki Islam | ProyekWiki Biologi | ProyekWiki Formula Satu | ProyekWiki Sepak bola Kanggo panganggo anyar (sunting) Sugeng rawuh | Daftar isi | Kothak njajal | Pitulung | Pedoman ejaan | Kasalahan umum ing Wikipedia | Bab Wiki | Wikimedia | Kawicaksanan ing Wikipedia | Sudut pandang netral | Panduan tata-letak | Kawicaksanan panggunaan gambar | Artikel sing disuwun Artikel Daftar Artikel | Kriteria kelayakan artikel | Artikel-artikel kang perlu diduweni kabeh Wikipedia | Artikel-artikel pilihan Wikipedia basa Banyumasan | Kriteria artikel pilihan | Usul artikel pilihan | Jadwal artikel pilihan | | Gambar-gambar | Gambar-gambar pilihan | Prastawa anyar Komunikasi Dopokan | Hubungi kami | IRC | Kedutaan | Milis Wiki-jv | Kopi dharat Pitulung (sunting) Apa sing diarani artikel | Daftar Artikel Dhasar | Babel | Kanggo sing ora ngerti basa Jawa | FAQ panyuntingan | Cara nganggo interwiki | Disambiguasi | FAQ bab Wikipedia | Kawicaksanan ing Wikipedia | Kawicaksanan wewadi | Kasalahan kang umum ing Wikipedia | Kauntungan duwé akun | Panduan tata-letak | Paugeran ejaan | Pedoman penggunaan kata | Panyangkalan medis | Panyangkalan umum | Peraturan-peraturan ing Wikipedia | Perihal | Peringatan pemberitahuan isi cerita | Bab kaca owah-owahan | Ringkesan panyuntingan | Suntingan Prasaja | Tetep tenang | Tulung panganggo anyar aja diwedèn-wedèni | Tulisan rintisan | Tutorial | Vandalisme Paugeran Aja mangu-mangu nyunting artikel | Nyunting kaca | Miwiti kaca anyar | Paugeran maringi nami artikel | Paugeran mènèhi kategori | Wiki Markup | Tata letak | Pasang Aksara (Ejaan) | Bangun jaringan kaca | Disambiguasi | Etika | Aja kabebanan aturan | Kutipen sumber tulisan | Tapak astani urun-rembug panjenengan ing kaca dhiskusi | Aja nyerang pribadi | Mlebu log sadurungé ngayahi panyuntingan drastis | Pencekalan lan pamblokiran Paningkatan kualitas (sunting) Rintisan | Artikel sing perlu diterjemahna | Artikel sing perlu dirapikna | Kaca buntu | Gambar sing ora dienggo Internal Bot | Kliping | Kualitas | Meta | Wara-wara | Pangurus | Tanggung jawab pangurus | Panyuwunan pamrayoga | Sumbangan | Lawakan èlèk | Dhiskusi bab daftar ireng Spam ing Meta Cithakan:Ulang tahun Turut serta nang diskusi (sunting) Pengusulan: Artikel pilihan ( jadwal ) · Artikel bagus · Gambar pilihan · Daftar pilihan · Pembusakan · ProyekWiki ProyekWiki Islam | ProyekWiki Biologi | ProyekWiki Formula Satu | ProyekWiki Sepak bola Kanggo panganggo anyar (sunting) Sugeng rawuh | Daftar isi | Kothak njajal | Pitulung | Pedoman ejaan | Kasalahan umum ing Wikipedia | Bab Wiki | Wikimedia | Kawicaksanan ing Wikipedia | Sudut pandang netral | Panduan tata-letak | Kawicaksanan panggunaan gambar | Artikel sing disuwun Artikel Daftar Artikel | Kriteria kelayakan artikel | Artikel-artikel kang perlu diduweni kabeh Wikipedia | Artikel-artikel pilihan Wikipedia basa Banyumasan | Kriteria artikel pilihan | Usul artikel pilihan | Jadwal artikel pilihan | | Gambar-gambar | Gambar-gambar pilihan | Prastawa anyar Komunikasi Dopokan | Hubungi kami | IRC | Kedutaan | Milis Wiki-jv | Kopi dharat Pitulung (sunting) Apa sing diarani artikel | Daftar Artikel Dhasar | Babel | Kanggo sing ora ngerti basa Jawa | FAQ panyuntingan | Cara nganggo interwiki | Disambiguasi | FAQ bab Wikipedia | Kawicaksanan ing Wikipedia | Kawicaksanan wewadi | Kasalahan kang umum ing Wikipedia | Kauntungan duwé akun | Panduan tata-letak | Paugeran ejaan | Pedoman penggunaan kata | Panyangkalan medis | Panyangkalan umum | Peraturan-peraturan ing Wikipedia | Perihal | Peringatan pemberitahuan isi cerita | Bab kaca owah-owahan | Ringkesan panyuntingan | Suntingan Prasaja | Tetep tenang | Tulung panganggo anyar aja diwedèn-wedèni | Tulisan rintisan | Tutorial | Vandalisme Paugeran Aja mangu-mangu nyunting artikel | Nyunting kaca | Miwiti kaca anyar | Paugeran maringi nami artikel | Paugeran mènèhi kategori | Wiki Markup | Tata letak | Pasang Aksara (Ejaan) | Bangun jaringan kaca | Disambiguasi | Etika | Aja kabebanan aturan | Kutipen sumber tulisan | Tapak astani urun-rembug panjenengan ing kaca dhiskusi | Aja nyerang pribadi | Mlebu log sadurungé ngayahi panyuntingan drastis | Pencekalan lan pamblokiran Paningkatan kualitas (sunting) Rintisan | Artikel sing perlu diterjemahna | Artikel sing perlu dirapikna | Kaca buntu | Gambar sing ora dienggo Internal Bot | Kliping | Kualitas | Meta | Wara-wara | Pangurus | Tanggung jawab pangurus | Panyuwunan pamrayoga | Sumbangan | Lawakan èlèk | Dhiskusi bab daftar ireng Spam ing Meta Warta Wikipedia (sunting) Januari 2012 8: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-9.000 4: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-8.000 Desember 2011 28: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-7.000 24: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-6.000 19: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-5.000 Oktober 2011 26: Kaca Utama neng Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis diganti 15: Naval Scene ngusulna nek Kaca Utama diganti tampilane lan artikel pilihan uga diganti artikel sejen Sepetember 2011 21: StefanusRA dadi pangurus anyar nang Wikipedia basa Banyumasan Warta Wikipedia (sunting) Januari 2012 Januari 2012 8: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-9.000 4: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-8.000 Desember 2011 Desember 2011 28: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-7.000 24: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-6.000 19: Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis gutul artikel sing kaping-5.000 Oktober 2011 Oktober 2011 26: Kaca Utama neng Wikipedia basa Banyumasan wis diganti 15: Naval Scene ngusulna nek Kaca Utama diganti tampilane lan artikel pilihan uga diganti artikel sejen Sepetember 2011 Sepetember 2011 21: StefanusRA dadi pangurus anyar nang Wikipedia basa Banyumasan Cithakan Komunitas Wikipedia Portal Kaca kiyé nembé diowahi jam 09.26, tanggal 26 Mei 2016. Teks tersedia nang ngisor Lisensi Atribusi/Berbagi Serupa Creative Commons ; mbok ana ketentuan tambahan iku berlaku. Deleng Katentuan Panganggoan nggo lewih jelase. Kebijakan privasi Prakara Wikipedia Pamaidonan Kodhe Ètik Pengolah Setatistik Pranyatan kuki Tampilane punsel
|
https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_komunitas
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : 25th anniversary العربية Беларуская Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Қазақша Bahasa Melayu ଓଡ଼ିଆ Qaraqalpaqsha Русиньскый Русский Slovenčina Тоҷикӣ 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikidata item On 15 January 2026, Wikipedia celebrated the 25th anniversary of its founding in 2001. The English edition has grown to include more than 7 million articles—all written collaboratively by volunteers. Learn more Learn to edit Say happy birthday! WP:WP25 WP:WP25 Older messages can be found in the archives : 1 happy birthday i am a lowly lurker but thanks to everyone who contributes their hours into this remarkable work of human archiving Glitcch ( talk ) 00:00, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Wikipedia!!! This is a very awesome website, idk what to say anymore sorry lol MexipediaGuy ( talk ) 00:00, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday Wikipedia! Thanks for all you’ve done for us these past 25 years! As a daily visitor of the main page, I have been thankful for all I’ve learned on your website. Here’s to another 25 years! :) ~2026-33136-0 ( talk ) 00:03, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HAPPY BIRTHDAY!!! YESSIR HAPPY BIRTHDAY WIKIPEDIA!!! SupremeHusky ( talk ) 00:07, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday!!! Twenty-Five Plus Years Of Great Knowledge. ~2026-32728-8 ( talk ) 00:12, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday :DDDD I remember first using Wikipedia around 2004 and going on rabbit holes, that still has not changed, and everything is still just as exciting. Remember to get your Wikipedia copies on Kiwix! Congratulations, you bunch of nerds, we love you all! ~2026-32579-0 ( talk ) 00:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Happy 25th birthday Wikipedia !!! Thanks for making it easier to access more information from reliable sources!!! Aubree Jo (talk) 00:15, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday happy birthday wikipedia! thanks for helping so many people learn about the world and its amazing inhabitants. ~2026-33002-2 ( talk ) 00:16, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday! Happy birthday to the most successful project on the internet that anyone can edit! Awesomecat ( ✉ / ✎ ) 00:27, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] hb Happy birthday to a truly incredible website. Wishing you the best, -insert valid name here- ( talk ) 00:35, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday to Wikipedia! Still one of those websites that I love to get lost in and dive deep into. BuggleJuggle ( talk ) 00:35, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy lots of birthday cakes! Here's to yummy, sweet ice cream cakes and humanity's continued effort to document their greatest superpower, knowledge! "Friendship is the wish you make, when you're blowing out the candles on your BIRTHDAY CAKE!" ❤︎ PrincessPandaWiki ( talk | contribs ) 00:36, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday 🎂🎂 a very happy birthday to Wikipedia. Hu741f4 ( talk ) 00:37, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday Happy Birthday Wikipedia! Tarna652 ( talk ) 00:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HAPPY BIRTHDAY! It's been 25 years since Wikipedia was created XIAOYUJEFFY ( talk ) 00:41, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] hApPy bIrThDaY tO wIkIpEdIaAaAAaaaaaAAAaaAaAaaAAAa Happy 25th to Wikipedia! Here's to more deep dives, rabbit holes, giving orphaned websites a family. Thank you for being an awesome information and archiving platform! Truly, @ Enlytia ( talk ) 00:46, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th, Wiki! 🎉 Much Chill ( talk ) 00:47, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Birthday, Wikipedia! This a 25th anniversary of knowledge. ~2026-32903-4 ( talk ) 01:01, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday Wikipedia!!! You are awesome; here's to another 25 years of editing :-) Spirit of Eagle ( talk ) 01:01, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happ Birth I use this website a worrying amount of times, happy birthday to it BigBlackCthulhu ( talk ) 01:04, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday :D happy birthday wikipedia! 1onewoof ( talk ) 01:07, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Anniversary Wikipedia! And Happy Birthday to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Charo and me! Faberglas ( talk ) 01:10, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, Wikipedia! You have provided me with more knowledge than anything else in this whole world. For that I am forever thankful. Happy 25th! KlondikeDev ( talk ) 01:19, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Wikipedia!!! Wishing you happy th birthday birthday to Wikipedia and all the best to the most successful project on the internet that anyone can edit! Can't believe it's been 25 years since Wikipedia was founded. I was first began to know Wikipedia in 2011 but it wasn't until 2016 when I decided to become an authorized Wikipedian. Long live Wikipedia!. 🎉🎊🎂 Fandi89 ( talk ) 01:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Birthday Wikipedia!! You have provided millions upon billions of people with knowledge, and the best part is, those millions upon billions of people are free to not only read each & every article under the sun, but to change the future of Wikipedia. Here's to another 25 years of editing! P.S. Here's a little treat, from me to you. 💚🩵 Pocoraven ( talk ) 01:30, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Wikipedia!!! 🎂🥳🎉 I wishing you to happy birthday 25th anniversary to Wikipedia!!! I'm so happy for that, but I was since 2020 (created 2022) and I also it's so many edits in article!! I love you Wikipedia!! ❤️ MdDanielFaz1200 ( talk ) 01:35, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, Wikipedia! Happy 25th birthday Wikipedia! Long live to barrier-free access to knowledge! -- 波斯波莉斯 ( talk ) 01:37, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday, Wikipedia!! Congratulations on a quarter-century of knowledge-sharing, empowerment, and global connectivity! For 25 years, Wikipedia has been a beacon of free information, allowing people from all walks of life to learn, contribute, and grow. From humble beginnings to becoming one of the most visited websites in the world, you've revolutionized how we access and share knowledge. Your dedication to openness, collaboration, and accuracy has made a lasting impact on education, research, and communication worldwide. Here's to many more years of inspiring curiosity, building communities, and continuing to expand the world’s knowledge. Cheers to Wikipedia and all the contributors who make it a vibrant, ever-evolving resource. Here's to the next 25 years! XD-- ZH-Fishp666 ( talk ) 01:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25, and to another 25! The birthday video sums it up perfectly. Wikipedia is a rare beacon of what the Internet should be. It continues to uplift everybody's intelligence and knowledge on a daily basis with philosophy that feels abandoned in most corners of the Internet. Never change! Or, rather, keep changing. :) -- FluddStop - Dirty's meaner than clean! 01:41, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday! Happy 25th birthday, Wikipedia! God bless you for more years to come! ~2026-32690-6 ( talk ) 01:42, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th from Interstellarity Happy 25th Anniversary to Wikipedia!! Hi Wikipedia editors, I hope that you enjoy this incredible milestone on Wikipedia. I am incredibly grateful to all of the editors who put all of their hard work to make Wikipedia as accurate, neutral, and trusted as possible. If I had to maintain Wikipedia on my own, I would be very burned out and my work would come into the halt. It is you that have helped me despite our disagreements and all the reverts that happen with Wikipedia. I wanted to share to you about my journey as a Wikipedia editor and and my thoughts on Wikipedia itself, how it improved over time, and where I see Wikipedia headed going into the future. My story starts around the time I was about 10 years and registered this account in 2011. My Wikipedia editing has had a rough start as I was a preteen heading into my teen years and I just made changes because I thought it would be better. I didn't understand the concept of talk pages and discussing controversial changes at the time. I was eventually blocked from editing which while it was listed as a vandalism-only account , I think a more accurate reason was a lack of competence . My intentions were good, but my brain wasn't fully developed yet to be a trusted Wikipedia editor. After that, I evaded my block while logged out and a few years later, I filed an appeal. Given that I was actively evading my block when the appeal was written, it was an easy for an admintrator to decline the appeal. I wanted to get back into editing and I learned that evading my block is a serious mistrust on Wikipedia, so I eventually stopped editing for a while, took the standard offer and filed an appeal without an recent evasion of my block. I made sure to address the key points of my block and committed to being a productive editor. My appeal was eventually accepted and I was back as a regular editor. Since my unblock, I have worked very hard to gain the trust of the editors that I work with and even gained permissions to help me do editing work including asking questions at the teahouse to learn the ropes of editing. Eventually, I decided that I didn't really need the permissions as much as I believe there are already plenty of editors that do stuff like fighting vandalism and handling page moves. I eventually decided to take a stab at the mop which was a very brutal RfA with strong opposition against my candidacy. I originally wanted to have it open for as long as possible, but considering the fact that RfA was unlikely to pass anyways, I decided to withdraw my candidacy and focus on improving the encyclopedia without the admin tools. In the end, I feel like Wikipedia would best be served if I did not hold the admin tools and I don't intend to run for adminship anytime soon, but won't rule it out if there's ever a time where I would benefit from the tools, although I don't anticipate needing them. I feel like if I needed to do a task that required an admin, then there are plenty of admins willing to do so. So that leads me to now. I am still an editor, editing articles where help is needed and participating in backend Wikipedia work. I look forward to serving Wikipedia for as long as my time permits me to do. Wikipedia was founded in 2001, the same year I was born. I read and use Wikipedia every day, similar to how I use Google , YouTube , ChatGPT , and Reddit . I've always been impressed with how resilient Wikipedia has become over the years and I have enjoyed this site for quite a while. Even in the age of AI, even before the policies on LLMs, I've always preferred to write my own content, as when I use an LLM to write stuff for me, it doesn't always write in the style that I want, so I prefer writing my own way. We are way past the days where an editor can just edit and write whatever they want and that it stands for a while. I am very glad that editors have put a lot of effort to reverting those types of content as I rarely see vandalism last for over an hour before it is reverted. I really feel the reliability of Wikipedia has improved a lot over time and I am very grateful that I can trust the content Wikipedia gives. I know schools and other academic institutions have a strict policy against citing Wikipedia, but I feel that when doing any kind of research, Wikipedia works well as a starting point and then I dive deeper into sources that go much more in depth than Wikipedia does. I'm grateful for this free resource of knowledge and I look forward to many more good years on Wikipedia. Shout out to Nick Moyes and Oshwah for tremendously helping me get to this point. You guys are the best!! Best regards, Interstellarity ( talk ) 01:48, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Birthday Yo Wikipedia! Happy birthday! ~2026-33177-1 ( talk ) 01:49, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Birthday Wikipedia! 🎉🎊🎂🎈🎁💖💝 Wikipedia is now 25 years old, and all I can say is wow, just wow. It felt like we just celebrated Wikipedia's 20th birthday yesterday! I guess that time passes by so fast when you're having fun. And when having fun, I mean, of course, over 25 years of people from all over the world wondering, thinking, hypothesizing, predicting, exploring, discovering, understanding, discussing, writing, photographing, journaling, drafting, revising, editing, practicing, sharing, posting, and creating so many extraordinary and wonderful things together all on the same special website, also known as the one and only Wikipedia. Happy birthday to our dearest website Wikipedia! IAmKingBooFan ( talk ) 01:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday, Wikipedia! 🩶🩶🩶 Happy birthday, Wikipedia! Happy 25th birthday, I wish you another 25! Thank you for everything you've added to our lives! 🩶🩶🩶 Sincerely, Qədir ( talk ) 01:57, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, Wikipedia! May she , one of the few remaining beacons of light in the dark hall of online repositories of knowledge, continue to prosper forevermore. JJP Mas ter ( she / they ) 01:58, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday to the greatest site I’ve ever visited! To think that I would never seen a community like this, if I didn’t goof around in class reading Wikipedia articles… Anyways, thanks for 25 years of Wikipedia! Redbreadwater ( talk ) 01:59, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday! Happy 25th birthday! You are one of the greatest accomplishments of humanity! MattEditor02 ( talk ) 02:06, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday Wikipedia! Perhaps the greatest website that there is. Wikipedia might have been one of the best tools that humanity has gotten over the past 25 years or so. Although it has its flaws, and there are many, it is an amazing source of human knowledge and truly a testament to what we can do when we work together; this is what the internet truly has to offer. Thank you so much Wikipedia, and cheers! Aepeul ( talk ) 02:07, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, Wikipedia! One of the coolest things ever made. I hope to continue reading and someday edit and create! Swaggette ( talk ) 02:08, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] 🎂 haiku Wikipedia That great evergreen resource We thank you this day Rypopotamus ( talk ) 02:09, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday wikipedia!! thank you for fueling my history obsessed lol. long live wiki <3 ~2026-33269-8 ( talk ) 02:17, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th!!! For hyperfixation fulfillment and a place to get bored and jump from one blue link to the next, you do me some good now and again. Thanks for that! ~2026-33714-0 ( talk ) 02:25, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday I've been on here since Christmas 2017, and a surprising lot has changed in the 7 years or so since. I wonder what will happen in the next 7 years. – Laundry Pizza 03 ( d c̄ ) 02:30, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday wikipedia! In the age of AI,you act as the backbone for all of them and provided useful information for everyone with internet. Moltenlava04 ( talk ) 02:32, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday to Wikipedia from domin8r12(!) From an editor, and Youtuber, wikipedia has done so much good for me in my life, and I just want to say thank you! From domin8r12 with love: User:Domin8r12 Domin8r12 ( talk ) 02:47, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday, Wikipedia! What a great source of knowledge and a great community of people. Thank you for serving as a platform where everyone can come together to make the internet a better place for 25 years now! Happy birthday! ThatOneTechNerd ( talk ) 02:48, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday !!! :3 i love Wikipedia. i actually made an account specifically to wish Wikipedia a happy birthday. here's to another year of unrestricted knowledge i guess. seriously though, i cannot overstate how good this platform has been for the internet, and for my personal hyperfixations, good job everybody ^ ^ NerdWithABentSpine ( talk ) 02:54, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday! Been on Wikipedia since 2014, so almost 12 years for me. Happy 25th birthday, Wikipedia! I do wonder what'll be in store in the next 12 years! 1033Forest ( talk ) 02:58, 16 January 2026 (UTC) THANK YOU WIKIPEDIA!! [ reply ] Happy Birthday Wikipedia! Happy birthday Wikipedia! Ternant 728228 ( talk ) 03:00, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th birthday, Wikipedia! I made my account a bit back in 2025, and it's been really fun, interesting and useful to use this page! I hope you all people from Wikipedia keep making this page work! Salutations from Mexico! Pd: ts page so tuff my fav articles are abt history lel GRomeo2512 ( talk ) 03:14, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy 25 bday Hb ~2026-33523-1 ( talk ) 03:18, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] 25 years woah Wikipedia is amazing, and Im glad its lasted so dang long. HBD Wikipedia and thanks to the staff and volunteers who help alongside :D 03:22, 16 January 2026 (UTC) Ilikememes128 ( talk ) 03:22, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday :) 25 years of making the internet worthwhile... wikipedia has been active since before i was born and i'm confident it'll be just as active after i die. all my love to my favorite website ever: i love you, wikipedia! keep being human! ~2026-32920-8 ( talk ) 03:28, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday! You are old enough to start drinking now!! You grew up so fast :') Keep being awesome— Plasticwonder ( Cat got your tongue? ) 03:31, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday! Here's to many more years of endless available and reliable information. In an age where people can trust what they see on the internet less and less, this website has become something I go for most of my information, whether it's just for some quick information, rabbit-holes, or finding sources for school projects. Just to share a little Wikipedia history involving myself, I remember one of my high school teachers tried to demonstrate that Wikipedia was unreliable by showing the page for the sport Newcomb ball where they edited in a "Rhode Island Rules" section which their friend allegedly completely made up. It still exists today but continues to have no sources attached to it. She meant it as a lesson not to trust the site, but to me, it should have been a lesson not to trust things that are missing sources. That would have much more positive impact, I think. Also make sure to glance over the talk & history pages. Anyway, I'd also like to share my current rabbit hole, which has been on pre-bronze age cultures. The article on Cucuteni–Trypillia culture is extremely interesting. They were part of a larger group of people who purposefully burned their houses down (no spoilers for the hypotheses on why) and had some of the largest cities in the world in their prime, if that captures your attention. Thanks, WIkipedia, for everything! Nutreno ( talk ) 03:35, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HAPPY birthday wikipedia thanks for everything!! Nu gs T · C (they/she) 03:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Hats off! Happy 25th, Wikipedia! Hats off to all of those who has helped make the sum of all human knowledge accessible to all ! Thank you – EmDashUser002 ( Talk | Contribs ) @ 03:46, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, and THANK YOU Wikipedia! Thank you for being with me all of these years! In fact, most of my knowledge of things comes from you. And I wouldn't have made a YouTube channel either if you didn't exist. I have at least 19 Wikipedia tabs open on ALL of my devices EVERYDAY! That's how much I love and appreciate you! You're the reason I do well in life! So from the bottom of my heart, thank you, THANK YOU for 25 years of knowledge Wikipedia. I'll always be here with you. Even when you turn 50, me and everyone else will be celebrating your birthday and thanking you! Can't wait to see what you do in the future to help our knowledge grow even MORE! And thank you for always being human! Thank you for everything Wikipedia. You are the best. Happy Birthday, and thank you! Matthew D. Smith ( talk ) 03:53, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Wikipedia 🎂 thanks for the sharing immense knowledge Happy 25th bday ~2026-32461-5 ( talk ) 03:56, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Cakes and Candles Thank YOU for existing for providing free information, making it accessible for everyone! Truly, you have changed my life for the better. It made me realize that I love documenting history, and to provide information that would've been hard to access to the general public. And maybe world domination (but we'll put that on hold for now (( ¬ᴗ¬)). Anyways, I thank you for this new hobby that I have quickly become addicted to, and I hope there's many years to come. Cheers ( •ᴗ•)⸝🥂⸜(•ᴗ• ) Maykwdiik ( talk ) 04:17, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Birthday, Wikipedia. The ethos and ethics of Wikipedia are foundational to a well functioning and grounded society. Much appreciated for sticking to your principals. I continue to learn and be informed thanks to volunteers from around the world. People from every walk of life! Congratulations! Yapzehemnem ( talk ) 04:23, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th anniversary to Wikipedia! It's one of the best websites of the world. Fernanda Gonzalez Watergirl 04:28, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Birthday! Here's to 25 more! HendoCamel'923 ( talk ) 04:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Wikipedia! Here's for many more to come! Bib112234 ( talk ) 04:35, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Birthday! The best encyclopedia ever! Here's to 25 more years! Quetstar ( talk ) 04:37, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] wsg wikipedia happy birthday ^w^ Hello Wikipedia Editors, Thanks for creating a wonderful website that helped me learn lots of things in life and other stuff, you guys are really helpful and deserve this milestone and I couldn't have learnt new things if it weren't for this website. Thanks to all wikipedia editors and workers and I hope you guys are doing well! TYSM AND HAPPY BIRTHDAY ~2026-32533-5 ( talk ) 04:38, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Congratulations!! I had no idea Wikipedia was older than me. I scroll Wikipedia and jump down rabbit holes for hours every day. I'm so glad it exists, I have learned so much. Thank you, Wikipedia!! ~2026-32536-5 ( talk ) 04:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Anniversary, Wikipedia ! (01-15-2001 -> 01-15-2026) 📕🧠 Thank you wikipedia, for accompanying me for several years. Thank you for helping me to improve my knowledge. Thanks to you, I won 1st place in the quiz competition held by my school! My friends and teachers, as well as my parents are proud of my intelligence. Because you’re already 25 years old, keep guiding me to improve my knowledge until I graduate! Keep on succeeding, wikipedia! Giving the intelligences and general knowledges to everyone, all tribes, all religions, all races, all regions, all countries, and all continents on this earth! May the founders, owners, and admins of wikipedia be given sustenance and expressions of gratitude! ~2026-32781-9 ( talk ) 04:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HAPPY 25TH BIRTHDAY WIKIPEDIA !!!!! :3 this wiki has forever changed the internet and easily accessable knowledge for the better, and the internet wouldnt be the same without it. from when i first started reading wikipedia when i was 6, to when i made my first edits when i was 10, this encyclopedia has always been there for me!! im so proud that i can contribute to it!!! ^w^ SpinelFan64 ( talk ) 04:50, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday to Wikipedia This wiki is so absolutely wonderful as a relief from the state of the internet today. In a time of mass disinformation and campaigns targeted against it, Wikipedia has remained committed to providing neutral, fact-driven objective summaries of the vast array of human knowledge. Personally, I think that's really fucking awesome. Helicism ( talk ) 04:59, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HAPPY BIRTHDAY WIKIPEDIA!!! This is the only site I visit on a regular basis and has contributed much to the knowledge I carry with me everyday. A special thank you to Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and all the editors that could make this possible! - SiberianGangster ( talk ) 05:10, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday this is THE website of all time and i hope it sticks around until we can celebrate it’s 50th birthday ~2026-33245-5 ( talk ) 05:11, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday Wikipedia!! I was going to write a very long inspirational speech here about how comprehensive Wikipedia is and more importantly how it thrives on anyone being able to edit it, but I was ironically flagged by an automated filter. So I will instead say, Happy Birthday!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! and relegate anyone interested in my long inspirational speech to userspace . Some helpful person ( talk ) 05:16, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday wikimedia being with WikipediaZA since 2023 has gave me enough experience on how to value the diversity online preserve my home language SANKOMOTA ( talk ) 05:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th birthday!! :D Can't believe that Wikipedia's turned 25. Let's get it for the next 25 more!!! :D Sparkschu Itai ( talk ) 05:24, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] 25 Wiki-Years. Wow. I've been reading articles on Wikipedia since 2016, 10 years ago. So getting to see that Wikipedia is now 25 years old is just crazy as hell. Congratulations to all the Wikipedia team, and let's continue to create a world that will shine bright. Happy birthday Wikipedia. - from your friend, LerainzerOne ~2026-33324-5 ( talk ) 05:27, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th birthday Wikipedia! The internet at its best. ECTran71 ( talk ) 05:46, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Wikipedia! Welovecontributorss -Talk to me- 05:59, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 1/4th of a century! I've used you for so long as a student! Very grateful for you! :D GiftedGirI ( talk ) 06:00, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday Wikipedia! Happy Birthday! Urlocalhitman10 ( talk ) 06:32, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Thank you wikipedia for all you have done with us in 25 years. What started as a small project has turned into the worlds largest encyclopedia that can be edited by anyone. Initially thought to only be trolls, Wikipedia proved that wrong telling the world trolls were a minority. Thank you for leading the way for the countless game wikis I use. Thank you for all the info. I hope you have another great 25 years. BelowFlames ( talk ) 06:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] The GOATs of Creature Appreciation All my life Wikipedia has served as an incredible source for learning about strange new animals and microbes to obsess over. Now that I work in the field as a marine biologist, it’s been especially handy with help in identifying corals! Thank you for 25 years of keeping curiosity and discussion online alive, to Wikipedia and everybody who’s ever helped with maintaining it! Glory2Snowstar ( talk ) 06:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday, Wikipedia! So glad to be able to see this! Even though things have been hectic and busy busy BUSY where I am, I really do hope I can resume regular editing in the future. Here's to a great year, and beyond, for the cornerstone of the Internet! ✶Antrotherkus✶ ✶talk✶ 06:53, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Wikipedia! holy shit its like 7 years older than me wtf Chaos-demon2007 ( talk ) 07:07, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday, wikipedia! ÷) ~2026-33119-0 ( talk ) 07:25, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday wikipedia 💐 i don't have to say much see you on golden jublee ~2026-13469-3 ( talk ) 07:45, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HAPPY BIRTHDAY !!! :33333333 Shoutout to my boy Wikipedia. You've meant so much to me personally, and I thank you for the many hours of reading about cool ass shit Grungeosmunge ( talk ) 07:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday to my favorite place that technically isn’t a place :) I’ve been reading Wikipedia and learning random tidbits about the world that I never would’ve known otherwise ever since I can remember, and I’m eternally grateful to it for being part of my life all these years. Wikipedia essentially taught me how to write in proper, publication-editor level grammar (that would be why I am addicted to using semicolons in sentences), was the place I could lost in and wander back through the years of history to explore humanity’s past great accomplishments (which, other than the ‘past’ part, Wikipedia has rightfully established itself as), and, above all, served as a knowledge reference, a guide, and a community when nothing and no one else would. Thank you for over two decades of learning and being one of the only places I found solace in. Shadestar474 (they/he) (talk) 08:34, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday! w I k I p e d I a Jabba550 ✉ Talk to me :D 08:43, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday Very website Upseguest ( talk ) 09:10, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday wikipedia!!! i love you :) Violetocarina89 ( talk ) 09:13, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday, Wikipedia! Hope you enjoy 2026! Keep the good work on those articles! I am so proud to be a part of this 25 year-old community, and to have written 7 of the 8 million articles you have to offer. I am so happy for you. Click this button! Earth605 talk 09:17, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthies! ChatGPT gets absolutely pummeled against the combined knowledge of millions of humans with almost no error. Happy ¼ of a centinnal, Wikipedia! ~2026-33584-4 ( talk ) 09:38, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday and thanks to all of the wonderful people editing! It really makes me smile that a completely free, practically open source and volunteer run website like Wikipedia is still running and going strong. Thank you to the people who consistently edit, etc. who have made Wikipedia what it is! I have spent so many hours and hours just getting lost in tabs and learning about the most random topics, and I am so grateful you exist. Cheers, and I hope things only get better! Girl so confusing ( talk ) 10:01, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, Habibi! There’s so much love it cannot be described. Really. ❤️ Big Energy Speaking ( talk ) 10:05, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday! Happy birthday, Wikipedia. User:Yamla , I’ve scheduled an appeal for next month when I’m free with my original account (to appeal on UTRS). User:Yamla has angered me for months and I’ll note that I made this temporary account just to wish Wikipedia a happy birthday. ~2026-33734-2 ( talk ) 10:10, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday WP! I love delving down random rabbit holes here, and I can't imagine a world without this site. Here's to 25 more! Dr of the Dolphins ( talk ) 10:18, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday! Happy Birthday Wikipedia! We at 85 Studios wish you the best. :) ~2026-33960-8 ( talk ) 10:19, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, <3 from India! Wikipedia is an amazing website, and I'm surprised that it has survived for this long. I'm so glad that this resource exists. Reading encyclopedias used to be my bread and butter as a kid. I'm so happy that I can satiate that hunger even today, about the latest things. Not to mention how much it has saved me for school work. Love from India WinnerWind ( ) ( talk ) 10:38, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th, Wikipedia! Genuinely, congratulations on this cornerstone of the internet turning a whole quarter-century old! I have definitely spent countless hours here digging rabbit holes so deep, they probably reach into the Earth's core, so Wikipedia has genuinely proving itself as an incredibly important source of knowledge for millions, if not billions of people. maemolol, arbiter of æ ( talk ) 10:40, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday from Ireland! ☘️ Thank you for feeding my brain with information over the years. Rick Vitamin ( talk ) 11:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy 25th Birthday Wikipedia! Congratulations to Wikipedia on 25 years of radical transparency and collective wisdom. In an era of misinformation, your commitment to 'neutral point of view' and verifiable citations is more vital than ever. Happy Birthday to the world's encyclopedia! By Jervice CJ ~2026-34188-3 ( talk ) 11:16, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday Wikipedia! Happy birthday wiki, Mr beats 6000 oh oh oh oh hhh ( talk ) 11:20, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday! Yay! Thank you for the rabbit holes and here's to many more! Goldsaibo ( talk ) 11:30, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birth YAYAYAYY HAPPY BRITHDAY WIKIPEDIA Y'ALL ARE MY FAVORITE WEBSITE Filipusek ( talk ) 11:33, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy birthday!!! Glad that this site still exists and can help me find out important information and be a general good to the public. Let's hope for many more years to come :) Cmenasco ( talk ) 11:39, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] happy birthday wikipedia! from diving through rabbit holes of intriguing topics to opening 100 tabs of relevant topics, the vast human knowledge wikipedia has to offer is something to be amazed of, and i'm glad i'm a part of it. happy birthday wikipedia! knowledge is human! Itsavihn ( talk ) 11:46, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] HAPPY BIRTHDAY cool website Mekinn ( talk ) 11:48, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Happy Birthday, Wikipedia! Happy Birthday, Wikipedia! I only started editing around a little over a year ago, however, it’s been a big part of my daily routine and life. I’m glad that I now can keep topics pertaining to my interests up to date! I’m especially glad that I can continue to update pages related to Newfoundland and Labrador politics, with photos, new information, or small tweaks. Thank you for all you’ve done, for me and beyond, Wikipedia! Have a wonderful 25th! Rt. Hon. Chase W. Marrie ( talk ) 11:51, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia milestones archive This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:33 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:25th_anniversary#c-Redbreadwater-20260116015900-Happy_birthday_to_the_greatest_site_I%E2%80%99ve_ever_visited!
|
Main page Community portal Recent changes Random page Help Special pages Donate Create account Log insyd Donate Create account Log insyd Contents Dey begin 1 Welcam to de community portal! Wikipedia : Community portal Qafár af Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية الدارجة অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Нохчийн Chamoru Chahta anumpa کوردی Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Hiri Motu Magyar Otsiherero Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo ꆇꉙ Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Kongo Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Ligure Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Madhurâ Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Ebon Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം ဘာသာမန် मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь Dorerin Naoero Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pangasinan Papiamentu Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Sakizaya தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Project page Discuss am Read View source View history Read View source View history What dey link here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create book Download am as PDF Version wey be printable Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item Welcam to de community portal! Dis page dey provide a listing of current collaborations, tasks, den news about Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. New to Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia? Spy de contributing to Wikipedia page anaa wona tutorial for everything you dey hia make you know you fi started. For a listing of internal project pages of interest, spy de department directory. Welcam to de community portal! Dis page dey provide a listing of current collaborations, tasks, den news about Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. New to Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia? Spy de contributing to Wikipedia page anaa wona tutorial for everything you dey hia make you know you fi started. For a listing of internal project pages of interest, spy de department directory. Welcam to de community portal! Dis page dey provide a listing of current collaborations, tasks, den news about Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. New to Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia? Spy de contributing to Wikipedia page anaa wona tutorial for everything you dey hia make you know you fi started. For a listing of internal project pages of interest, spy de department directory. Dem last edit dis page for 5 December 2025, for 10:17. Page was rendered with Parsoid . De text be available under de Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms go apply. Spy Terms of Use for details. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal
|
Mwanzo Jumuiya Mabadiliko ya karibuni Ukurasa wa bahati Msaada Kurasa maalumu Michango Unda akaunti Ingia Michango Unda akaunti Ingia Wikipedia : Kanusho kwa jumla Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Буряад Català 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Cebuano کوردی Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo ગુજરાતી Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Hrvatski Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Igbo Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa ქართული ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Ligure Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latviešu Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Pälzisch Polski پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Tarandíne Русский संस्कृतम् Саха тыла Sardu Scots سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש 中文 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Ukurasa wa mradi Majadiliano Soma Hariri chanzo Fungua historia Soma Hariri chanzo Fungua historia Viungo viungavyo ukurasa huu Mabadiliko husika Pakia faili Kiungo cha daima Maelezo ya ukurasa Pata URL iliyofupishwa Pakua msimbo wa QR Switch to legacy parser Tunga kitabu Pakua kama PDF Ukurasa wa kuchapika Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikidata kifungu tango Tango (Cucumis sativus) ni mimea iliyopandwa sana katika familia ya chumvi, Cucurbitaceae. Ni mzabibu unaozaa ambayo huzaa matunda mazuri ambayo hutumiwa kama mboga. Kuna aina tatu kuu za tango: kupunja, pickling, na mbegu. Ndani ya aina hizi, mbegu kadhaa zimeundwa. Nchini Amerika ya Kaskazini, neno "tango la mwitu" linamaanisha mimea katika kijiografia Echinocystis na Marah, lakini haya hayahusiana. Tango ni asili kutoka Asia ya Kusini, lakini sasa inakua katika mabara mengi. Aina nyingi za tango zinatumiwa kwenye soko la kimataifa. Yaliyomo Maelezo 1 1.1 Mimea na uchafuzi 1.2 Aina Uzalishaji 2 3 Lishe Aina 4 Slicing 4.1 4.2 Pickling 4.3 Burpless 5 Roma na ladha 6 Historia ya Kilimo 6.1 kilimo cha awali 6.2 Dola ya Kirumi 6.3 Zama za Kati 6.4 umri wa kisasa na wa kisasa 6.5 Umri wa Mwangaza na baadaye 7 Katika habari Nyumba ya sanaa 8 9 Angalia pia Marejeleo 10 11 viungo vya nje Maelezo Tango ni mizabibu ya mizabibu ambayo ni mizizi katika ardhi na inakua mazao au vifungo vingine vya kuunga mkono, kufunika karibu na sambamba na tete nyembamba, za kutunga. Kiwanda kinaweza pia kuimarisha katikati ya kivuli na kitapungua chini ikiwa haina mkono. Mzabibu una majani makubwa yanayotengeneza mamba juu ya matunda. Matunda ya mboga ya kawaida ya tango ni takriban cylindrical, lakini hutolewa na mwisho wa tapered, na inaweza kuwa kubwa kama sentimita 60 (24 in) mrefu na sentimita 10 (3.9 in) mduara. [Citation] Inahitajika kuzungumza, tango ni Iliyowekwa kama pepo, aina ya berry ya mimea yenye punda ngumu ya nje na hakuna mgawanyiko wa ndani. Mengi kama nyanya na boga, mara nyingi huelewa, hutayarishwa na kuliwa kama mboga. Matunda ya tango mara nyingi zaidi ya 90% ya maji. [Citation inahitajika] Maua na uchafuzi Mbegu chache za tango ni sehemu ya sherehe, maua huunda matunda yasiyo na mbegu bila uchafuzi. Uchafuzi wa mashamba haya huharibika ubora. Nchini Marekani, hizi hupandwa kwa kawaida katika maeneo ya kijani, ambapo nyuki hutolewa. Katika Ulaya, wao ni mzima nje katika mikoa fulani, na nyuki hutolewa kutoka maeneo haya. Magogo mengi ya tango, hata hivyo, yana mimea na yanahitaji kupamba rangi. Maelfu ya mizinga ya nyuki za nyuki hutolewa kila mwaka kwa mashamba ya tango kabla ya kupasuka kwa kusudi hili. Matango pia yanaweza kupikwa na blubebees na aina nyingine za nyuki. Matango mengi ambayo yanahitaji kupamba rangi ni ya kutofautiana, hivyo poleni kutoka kwenye mmea tofauti inahitajika kuunda mbegu na matunda. [1] Kuna baadhi ya cultivars zinazohusika na zinazohusiana na kilimo cha 'Lemon'. [1] Dalili za uchafuzi wa kutosha ni pamoja na mimba ya matunda na matunda mabaya. Maua ya rangi ya mviringo yanaweza kuzalisha matunda ambayo ni ya kijani na kuendeleza kawaida karibu na mwisho wa shina, lakini ni rangi ya njano na imeharibika katika mwisho wa maua. Kilimo cha jadi huzalisha maua ya kiume kwanza, kisha kike, katika idadi sawa. Magugu yaliyo karibu zaidi ya gynoecious huzalisha maua yote ya kike. Wanaweza kuwa na mimea ya pollenizer iliyoingizwa, na idadi ya nyuki kwa eneo la kitengo imeongezeka, lakini mabadiliko ya joto hushawishi maua ya kiume hata kwenye mimea hii, ambayo inaweza kuwa ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kupitisha mishipa kutokea. [1] Maelezo ya Genomic ID ya genome ya NCBI 1639 Ploidy diploid Ukubwa wa aina ya 323.99 Mb Mitochondrion ya chombo iliyopangwa Ukubwa wa viungo 244.82 Mb Mwaka wa kukamilisha 2011 Genome Mnamo mwaka 2009, timu ya watafiti ya kimataifa ilitangaza kwamba walikuwa wametenganisha genome ya tango. [2] Uzalishaji Wazalishaji wa tano juu ya tango mwaka 2013 Uzalishaji wa Nchi, mamilioni ya tani China 54.3 Uturuki 1.8 Iran 1.6 Urusi 1.1 Ukraine 1.0 Dunia 71,365,573 Chanzo: Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo (FAOSTAT) [3] Kulingana na Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa kwa tango na uzalishaji wa gherkin mwaka 2013, China ilizalisha 76% ya pato la kimataifa, ikifuatiwa na Uturuki, Iran, Urusi na Ukraine (meza). Lishe Tango, na peel, ghafi Thamani ya lishe kwa 100 g (3.5 oz) Nishati 65 kJ (kcal 16) Karodi 3.63 g Sugars 1.67 Fiber ya vyakula 0.5 g Mafuta 0.11 g Protini 0.65 g Vitamini Thiamine (B1) (2%) 0.027 mg Riboflavin (B2) (3%) 0.033 mg Niacin (B3) (1%) 0.098 mg Pantothenic asidi (B5) (5%) 0.259 mg Vitamini B6 (3%) 0.04 mg Folate (B9) (2%) 7 μg Vitamini C (3%) 2.8 mg Vitamini K (16%) 16.4 μg Madini Calcium 0.65 g Vitamini Thiamine (B1) (2%) 0.027 mg Riboflavin (B2) (3%) 0.033 mg Niacin (B3) (1%) 0.098 mg Pantothenic asidi (B5) (5%) 0.259 mg Vitamini B6 (3%) 0.04 mg Folate (B9) (2%) 7 μg Vitamini C (3%) 2.8 mg Vitamini K (16%) 16.4 μg Madini Calcium (2%) 16 mg Iron (2%) 0.28 mg Magnésiamu (4%) 13 mg Manganese (4%) 0.079 mg Phosphorus (3%) 24 mg Potasiamu (3%) 147 mg Sodiamu (0%) 2 mg Zinc (2%) 0.2 mg Wilaya wengine Maji 95.23 g Fluoride 1.3 μg Unganisha kuingia kwa database ya USDA Units Μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams IU = vitengo vya kimataifa Asilimia ni karibu takriban kutumia mapendekezo ya Marekani kwa watu wazima. Katika huduma ya gramu 100, tango ghafi (na peel) ni maji ya 95%, hutoa kilojouli 67 (kilocalories 16) na hutoa maudhui ya chini ya virutubisho muhimu, kwa sababu inaonekana tu kwa vitamini K kwa asilimia 16 ya Thamani ya Kila siku (meza ). Aina Angalia pia: Orodha ya aina ya tango Katika kilimo cha kawaida, matango yanawekwa katika makundi matatu makuu ya kulima: "kupamba", "pickling", na "bila". Kutafuta Matango ya kukata Matango yaliyopandwa kula chakula huitwa matango ya slicing. Aina kuu za slicers hupandwa kwenye mizabibu na majani makubwa ambayo hutoa shading. [4] Wao hutumiwa hasa katika fomu isiyo ya rangi ya kijani, kwani fomu ya njano iliyoiva huwa kawaida na machungu. Vipande vilivyopandwa kwa kibiashara kwa soko la Amerika ya Kaskazini kwa kawaida ni zaidi, laini, sare zaidi katika rangi, na kuwa na ngozi kali zaidi. Slicers katika nchi nyingine ni ndogo na huwa na ngozi nyembamba, zaidi ya maridadi. Tango ndogo za kukata pia zinaweza kuchujwa. Pickling Matango ya Pickling Makala kuu: Tango za Pickled Matango yanaweza kuchujwa kwa ladha na maisha zaidi ya rafu. Ingawa tango lolote linaweza kuchujwa, vifuniko vya biashara hufanywa kutoka kwa matango husingiwa kwa uwiano wa uwiano wa urefu na upepo na ukosefu wa voids katika mwili. Matango hayo yaliyotajwa kwa pickling, inayoitwa picklers, kukua hadi 7 hadi 10 cm (3 hadi 4 in) kwa muda mrefu na 2.5 cm (1 in) pana. Ikilinganishwa na slicers, picklers huwa na muda mfupi, mzito, chini ya umbo mara kwa mara, na huwa na ngozi nyekundu yenye vidogo vidogo vyenye nyeupe au nyeusi. Hazijawahi kushikamana. Rangi inaweza kutofautiana na rangi ya njano au rangi ya kijani. Matango ya Pickling wakati mwingine huuzwa safi kama matango ya "Kirby" au "Uhuru". Matango yaliyochapwa yanachapishwa kwenye brine au mchanganyiko wa siki na brine, ingawa si siki peke yake, mara kwa mara pamoja na viungo mbalimbali. Matango yaliyochaguliwa huitwa "pickles" nchini Marekani au "gherkins" au "mviringo" huko Uingereza, jina la mwisho lililokuwa la kawaida zaidi kaskazini mwa Uingereza na London, ambako linamaanisha matango makubwa ya siki iliyokatwa kwa kawaida katika samaki Na maduka ya chip. Burupu Sio kuchanganyikiwa na Mbegu za Burpe. Tango la Isfahan lenye burpless awali kutoka Iran Tango zisizopigwa na matunda ni nzuri na zina ngozi nyembamba kuliko aina nyingine za tango, na zinajulikana kuwa rahisi kuponda na kuwa na ladha nzuri. Wanaweza kukua kwa muda mrefu kama meta mbili (0.61 m). Wao ni karibu bila mbegu, na wana ngozi nyeti. Mara nyingi hupandwa katika vitalu vya kijani, matango haya ya parthenocarpic mara nyingi hupatikana katika masoko ya mboga, hupunguka kwa plastiki. Wakati mwingine huchangiwa kama wasio na mbegu au wasio na burudani, kwa sababu mbegu na ngozi ya aina nyingine za matango zinasemekana kuwapa watu gesi. [5] Aina nyingine za cultivar zinauzwa kibiashara: 'Dosakai' ni turu, njano, tango kuonekana kwenye soko huko Guntur, India Matango ya Lebanoni ni ndogo, nyekundu-ngozi na nyembamba, lakini kwa ladha tofauti na harufu. Kama tango za Kiingereza, matango ya Lebanoni ni karibu bila mbegu. Matango ya Asia ya Mashariki ni nyembamba, nyembamba, ya kijani, na huwa na ngozi yenye kupasuka, yenye ngozi. Inaweza kutumika kwa ajili ya kupakia, saladi, pickling, nk, na inapatikana kila mwaka. Wao huwa hawapatikani pia. Tango za Kiajemi, ambayo ni mini, isiyo na mbegu, na tamu kidogo, hupatikana kutoka Kanada wakati wa majira ya joto, na kwa mwaka mzima nchini Marekani. Rahisi kukata na kutazama, ni wastani wa 4-7 katika urefu wa 10-18 cm. Kwa kawaida huliwa huchwa kwenye mtindi wa wazi na mti au iliyokatwa nyembamba na kwa muda mrefu na chumvi na juisi ya limao. Mizabibu ni sehemu ya sherehe, ambayo haihitaji pollinators kwa kuweka matunda. Matango ya Alpha ya Alpha ni ndogo, tamu za sehemu za sehemu za kawaida zimebadilishwa na Matango yanafaa kwa hali ya hewa ya Mashariki ya Kati. Matango ya Apple ni mafupi, matango ya mzima yaliyopandwa huko New Zealand na sehemu za Ulaya, inayojulikana kwa rangi ya rangi ya njano na rangi ya kijani na laini ya tamu. Wakati wa kukomaa, matunda yanaweza kukua miiba midogo, na ina mbegu nyingi za kijani. Mara nyingi matunda huliwa ghafi, na ngozi. [6] Schälgurken huliwa katika Ujerumani. Ngozi zao nyeupe hupigwa na kisha hupunguka au kukaanga, mara kwa mara na nyama iliyochangwa au kinu. Mara nyingi hujulikana na neno 'Schmorgurken'. Dosakai ni tango ya njano inapatikana katika sehemu za India. Matunda haya kwa ujumla ni spherical katika sura. Ni kawaida kupikwa kama curry, aliongeza katika sambar au supu, daal na pia katika kufanya dosa-aavakaaya (Hindi pickle) na chutney; Pia imeongezeka na inapatikana kupitia mashamba katika Katikati ya California. Kekiri ni tango nzuri ya ngozi, ngumu sana, na sio kutumika kwa saladi. Ni kupikwa kama curry spicy. Inapatikana katika eneo la kavu la Sri Lanka. Inakuwa rangi ya machungwa wakati matunda yamekua. Mnamo Mei 2008, mlolongo wa maduka makubwa ya Uingereza wa Sainsbury ulifunua 'c-thru-cumber', aina ya ngozi nyembamba ambayo haijahitaji kupendeza. [7] Matango ya Armenia (pia yanajulikana kama matango ya muda mrefu) ni matunda yanayozalishwa na mmea Cucumis melo var. Flexuosus. Hii si aina sawa na tango ya kawaida (Cucumis sativus) ingawa ni karibu sana. Matango ya KiArmenia yana muda mrefu sana, yaliyotengeneza matunda yenye ngozi nyembamba ambayo haihitaji kupendeza, lakini kwa kweli ni melon. Hii ni aina kuuzwa katika masoko ya Mashariki ya Mbali kama "tango za mwitu wa pori". [8] Rom na ladha Watu wengi huripoti harufu nzuri, karibu na maji ya harufu ya melon na ladha ya matango kutokana na misombo inayoitwa (E, Z) -nona-2,6-dienal, (Z) -2-nonenal na (E) -2-nonenal. [9] Tamu ya uchungu kidogo ya matango hutokea kwa cucurbitacins. [10] Historia ya kilimo Matango yaliyotokea India, ambapo aina nyingi nyingi zimezingatiwa, [11] [12] [13] kutoka Cucumis hystrix. [11] [14] Imekuwa ikipandwa kwa angalau miaka 3,000, na labda ililetwa kwa sehemu nyingine za Ulaya na Wagiriki au Warumi. Kumbukumbu za kilimo cha tango huonekana nchini Ufaransa katika karne ya 9, England katika karne ya 14, na katika Amerika Kaskazini na katikati ya karne ya 16. Kilimo cha awali Tango ya njano ya Hindi Tango zimeorodheshwa kati ya vyakula vya Uri ya zamani, na hadithi ya Gilgamesh inaelezea watu wanaokula matango. [Vyanzo vingine] Vyanzo vingine [nani?] Pia wanasema kuwa ilitolewa katika kale ya Thrace, na kwa hakika ni sehemu ya vyakula vya kisasa nchini Bulgaria Na Uturuki, sehemu ambazo hufanya hali hiyo ya kale. Matango yanasemwa katika Biblia kama moja ya vyakula ambavyo Waisraeli walipokuliwa huko Misri. [15] Kutoka India, imeenea kwa Ugiriki (ambako ilikuwa inaitwa "σίκυον", síkyon) na Italia (ambapo Warumi walipenda sana mazao), na baadaye nchini China. Robert Daniel, akizungumza juu ya nusu ya pili ya karne ya tatu AD, ameamua kutambua neno lisilojulikana, ολγιττα, na al-qitta ya Kiarabu, neno la kawaida kwa tango. [16] Kulingana na Pliny Mzee (The Natural History, Kitabu XIX, Sura ya 23), Wagiriki wa kale walikua matango, na kulikuwa na aina tofauti katika Italia, Afrika, na Moesia. Dola ya Kirumi Kulingana na Pliny, Mfalme Tiberius alikuwa na tango kwenye meza yake kila siku wakati wa majira ya joto na baridi. Warumi iliripotiwa kutumika mbinu za bandia (sawa na mfumo wa chafu) za kuongezeka kuwa na inapatikana kwa meza yake kila siku ya mwaka. "Kwa hakika, hakuwa na bila ya hayo, kwa kuwa alikuwa ameinua vitanda vilivyofanywa kwa muafaka juu ya magurudumu, kwa njia ambayo matango yalihamia na kufunuliwa kwa joto kamili la jua, wakati, wakati wa baridi, waliondolewa, na kuwekwa chini ya Ulinzi wa frames glazed na 'mirrorstone'. "[17] 'Mirrorstone' ni tafsiri halisi ya Pliny's 'lapis specularis', inaaminika kuwa ni mica ya karatasi. Inasema, pia walikulima katika nyumba za tango ambazo zimefunikwa na kitambaa cha mafuta kilichojulikana kama "specularia". [18] Pliny Mzee anaelezea matunda ya Kiitaliano kama mdogo sana, labda kama gherkin, akielezea kama tango ya mwitu mno mdogo kuliko yale yaliyopandwa. Pliny pia anaelezea maandalizi ya dawa inayojulikana kama elaterium, ingawa baadhi ya wasomi [ambao?] Wanaamini alikuwa akimaanisha Ecballium elaterium, inayojulikana katika nyakati za awali za Linnean kama "Cucumis silvestris" au "Cucumis asininus" ("tango za mwitu" au " Tango tunda "), aina tofauti na matango ya kawaida. [19] Pliny pia anaandika juu ya aina nyingine kadhaa ya tango, ikiwa ni pamoja na tango zilizolima, [20] na tiba kutoka kwa aina tofauti (9 kutoka kwa kulimwa, 5 kutoka "anguine", na 26 kutoka "mwitu"). Warumi wanasemekana kuwa wametumia matango ya kutibu maumivu ya kupigwa, macho mabaya, na kutisha panya. Wanawake wanaotamani kwa watoto walivaa viuno vyao. Walipelekwa pia na wajukuu, na kutupwa mbali wakati mtoto alizaliwa Tango (Cucumis sativus) ni mimea iliyopandwa sana katika familia ya chumvi, Cucurbitaceae. Ni mzabibu unaozaa ambayo huzaa matunda mazuri ambayo hutumiwa kama mboga. Kuna aina tatu kuu za tango: kupunja, pickling, na mbegu. Ndani ya aina hizi, mbegu kadhaa zimeundwa. Nchini Amerika ya Kaskazini, neno "tango la mwitu" linamaanisha mimea katika kijiografia Echinocystis na Marah, lakini haya hayahusiana. Tango ni asili kutoka Asia ya Kusini, lakini sasa inakua katika mabara mengi. Aina nyingi za tango zinatumiwa kwenye soko la kimataifa. Yaliyomo Maelezo Tango ni mizabibu ya mizabibu ambayo ni mizizi katika ardhi na inakua mazao au vifungo vingine vya kuunga mkono, kufunika karibu na sambamba na tete nyembamba, za kutunga. Kiwanda kinaweza pia kuimarisha katikati ya kivuli na kitapungua chini ikiwa haina mkono. Mzabibu una majani makubwa yanayotengeneza mamba juu ya matunda. Matunda ya mboga ya kawaida ya tango ni takriban cylindrical, lakini hutolewa na mwisho wa tapered, na inaweza kuwa kubwa kama sentimita 60 (24 in) mrefu na sentimita 10 (3.9 in) mduara. [Citation] Inahitajika kuzungumza, tango ni Iliyowekwa kama pepo, aina ya berry ya mimea yenye punda ngumu ya nje na hakuna mgawanyiko wa ndani. Mengi kama nyanya na boga, mara nyingi huelewa, hutayarishwa na kuliwa kama mboga. Matunda ya tango mara nyingi zaidi ya 90% ya maji. [Citation inahitajika] Maua na uchafuzi Mbegu chache za tango ni sehemu ya sherehe, maua huunda matunda yasiyo na mbegu bila uchafuzi. Uchafuzi wa mashamba haya huharibika ubora. Nchini Marekani, hizi hupandwa kwa kawaida katika maeneo ya kijani, ambapo nyuki hutolewa. Katika Ulaya, wao ni mzima nje katika mikoa fulani, na nyuki hutolewa kutoka maeneo haya. Magogo mengi ya tango, hata hivyo, yana mimea na yanahitaji kupamba rangi. Maelfu ya mizinga ya nyuki za nyuki hutolewa kila mwaka kwa mashamba ya tango kabla ya kupasuka kwa kusudi hili. Matango pia yanaweza kupikwa na blubebees na aina nyingine za nyuki. Matango mengi ambayo yanahitaji kupamba rangi ni ya kutofautiana, hivyo poleni kutoka kwenye mmea tofauti inahitajika kuunda mbegu na matunda. [1] Kuna baadhi ya cultivars zinazohusika na zinazohusiana na kilimo cha 'Lemon'. [1] Dalili za uchafuzi wa kutosha ni pamoja na mimba ya matunda na matunda mabaya. Maua ya rangi ya mviringo yanaweza kuzalisha matunda ambayo ni ya kijani na kuendeleza kawaida karibu na mwisho wa shina, lakini ni rangi ya njano na imeharibika katika mwisho wa maua. Kilimo cha jadi huzalisha maua ya kiume kwanza, kisha kike, katika idadi sawa. Magugu yaliyo karibu zaidi ya gynoecious huzalisha maua yote ya kike. Wanaweza kuwa na mimea ya pollenizer iliyoingizwa, na idadi ya nyuki kwa eneo la kitengo imeongezeka, lakini mabadiliko ya joto hushawishi maua ya kiume hata kwenye mimea hii, ambayo inaweza kuwa ya kutosha kwa ajili ya kupitisha mishipa kutokea. [1] Maelezo ya Genomic ID ya genome ya NCBI 1639 Ploidy diploid Ukubwa wa aina ya 323.99 Mb Mitochondrion ya chombo iliyopangwa Ukubwa wa viungo 244.82 Mb Mwaka wa kukamilisha 2011 Genome Mnamo mwaka 2009, timu ya watafiti ya kimataifa ilitangaza kwamba walikuwa wametenganisha genome ya tango. [2] Uzalishaji Wazalishaji wa tano juu ya tango mwaka 2013 Uzalishaji wa Nchi, mamilioni ya tani China 54.3 Uturuki 1.8 Iran 1.6 Urusi 1.1 Ukraine 1.0 Dunia 71,365,573 Chanzo: Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo (FAOSTAT) [3] Kulingana na Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo la Umoja wa Mataifa kwa tango na uzalishaji wa gherkin mwaka 2013, China ilizalisha 76% ya pato la kimataifa, ikifuatiwa na Uturuki, Iran, Urusi na Ukraine (meza). Lishe Tango, na peel, ghafi Thamani ya lishe kwa 100 g (3.5 oz) Nishati 65 kJ (kcal 16) Karodi 3.63 g Sugars 1.67 Fiber ya vyakula 0.5 g Mafuta 0.11 g Protini 0.65 g Vitamini Thiamine (B1) (2%) 0.027 mg Riboflavin (B2) (3%) 0.033 mg Niacin (B3) (1%) 0.098 mg Pantothenic asidi (B5) (5%) 0.259 mg Vitamini B6 (3%) 0.04 mg Folate (B9) (2%) 7 μg Vitamini C (3%) 2.8 mg Vitamini K (16%) 16.4 μg Madini Calcium 0.65 g Vitamini Thiamine (B1) (2%) 0.027 mg Riboflavin (B2) (3%) 0.033 mg Niacin (B3) (1%) 0.098 mg Pantothenic asidi (B5) (5%) 0.259 mg Vitamini B6 (3%) 0.04 mg Folate (B9) (2%) 7 μg Vitamini C (3%) 2.8 mg Vitamini K (16%) 16.4 μg Madini Calcium (2%) 16 mg Iron (2%) 0.28 mg Magnésiamu (4%) 13 mg Manganese (4%) 0.079 mg Phosphorus (3%) 24 mg Potasiamu (3%) 147 mg Sodiamu (0%) 2 mg Zinc (2%) 0.2 mg Wilaya wengine Maji 95.23 g Fluoride 1.3 μg Unganisha kuingia kwa database ya USDA Asilimia ni karibu takriban kutumia mapendekezo ya Marekani kwa watu wazima. Katika huduma ya gramu 100, tango ghafi (na peel) ni maji ya 95%, hutoa kilojouli 67 (kilocalories 16) na hutoa maudhui ya chini ya virutubisho muhimu, kwa sababu inaonekana tu kwa vitamini K kwa asilimia 16 ya Thamani ya Kila siku (meza ). Aina Angalia pia: Orodha ya aina ya tango Katika kilimo cha kawaida, matango yanawekwa katika makundi matatu makuu ya kulima: "kupamba", "pickling", na "bila". Kutafuta Matango ya kukata Matango yaliyopandwa kula chakula huitwa matango ya slicing. Aina kuu za slicers hupandwa kwenye mizabibu na majani makubwa ambayo hutoa shading. [4] Wao hutumiwa hasa katika fomu isiyo ya rangi ya kijani, kwani fomu ya njano iliyoiva huwa kawaida na machungu. Vipande vilivyopandwa kwa kibiashara kwa soko la Amerika ya Kaskazini kwa kawaida ni zaidi, laini, sare zaidi katika rangi, na kuwa na ngozi kali zaidi. Slicers katika nchi nyingine ni ndogo na huwa na ngozi nyembamba, zaidi ya maridadi. Tango ndogo za kukata pia zinaweza kuchujwa. Pickling Matango ya Pickling Makala kuu: Tango za Pickled Matango yanaweza kuchujwa kwa ladha na maisha zaidi ya rafu. Ingawa tango lolote linaweza kuchujwa, vifuniko vya biashara hufanywa kutoka kwa matango husingiwa kwa uwiano wa uwiano wa urefu na upepo na ukosefu wa voids katika mwili. Matango hayo yaliyotajwa kwa pickling, inayoitwa picklers, kukua hadi 7 hadi 10 cm (3 hadi 4 in) kwa muda mrefu na 2.5 cm (1 in) pana. Ikilinganishwa na slicers, picklers huwa na muda mfupi, mzito, chini ya umbo mara kwa mara, na huwa na ngozi nyekundu yenye vidogo vidogo vyenye nyeupe au nyeusi. Hazijawahi kushikamana. Rangi inaweza kutofautiana na rangi ya njano au rangi ya kijani. Matango ya Pickling wakati mwingine huuzwa safi kama matango ya "Kirby" au "Uhuru". Matango yaliyochapwa yanachapishwa kwenye brine au mchanganyiko wa siki na brine, ingawa si siki peke yake, mara kwa mara pamoja na viungo mbalimbali. Matango yaliyochaguliwa huitwa "pickles" nchini Marekani au "gherkins" au "mviringo" huko Uingereza, jina la mwisho lililokuwa la kawaida zaidi kaskazini mwa Uingereza na London, ambako linamaanisha matango makubwa ya siki iliyokatwa kwa kawaida katika samaki Na maduka ya chip. Burupu Sio kuchanganyikiwa na Mbegu za Burpe. Tango la Isfahan lenye burpless awali kutoka Iran Tango zisizopigwa na matunda ni nzuri na zina ngozi nyembamba kuliko aina nyingine za tango, na zinajulikana kuwa rahisi kuponda na kuwa na ladha nzuri. Wanaweza kukua kwa muda mrefu kama meta mbili (0.61 m). Wao ni karibu bila mbegu, na wana ngozi nyeti. Mara nyingi hupandwa katika vitalu vya kijani, matango haya ya parthenocarpic mara nyingi hupatikana katika masoko ya mboga, hupunguka kwa plastiki. Wakati mwingine huchangiwa kama wasio na mbegu au wasio na burudani, kwa sababu mbegu na ngozi ya aina nyingine za matango zinasemekana kuwapa watu gesi. [5] Aina nyingine za cultivar zinauzwa kibiashara: 'Dosakai' ni turu, njano, tango kuonekana kwenye soko huko Guntur, India Rom na ladha Watu wengi huripoti harufu nzuri, karibu na maji ya harufu ya melon na ladha ya matango kutokana na misombo inayoitwa (E, Z) -nona-2,6-dienal, (Z) -2-nonenal na (E) -2-nonenal. [9] Tamu ya uchungu kidogo ya matango hutokea kwa cucurbitacins. [10] Historia ya kilimo Matango yaliyotokea India, ambapo aina nyingi nyingi zimezingatiwa, [11] [12] [13] kutoka Cucumis hystrix. [11] [14] Imekuwa ikipandwa kwa angalau miaka 3,000, na labda ililetwa kwa sehemu nyingine za Ulaya na Wagiriki au Warumi. Kumbukumbu za kilimo cha tango huonekana nchini Ufaransa katika karne ya 9, England katika karne ya 14, na katika Amerika Kaskazini na katikati ya karne ya 16. Kilimo cha awali Tango ya njano ya Hindi Tango zimeorodheshwa kati ya vyakula vya Uri ya zamani, na hadithi ya Gilgamesh inaelezea watu wanaokula matango. [Vyanzo vingine] Vyanzo vingine [nani?] Pia wanasema kuwa ilitolewa katika kale ya Thrace, na kwa hakika ni sehemu ya vyakula vya kisasa nchini Bulgaria Na Uturuki, sehemu ambazo hufanya hali hiyo ya kale. Matango yanasemwa katika Biblia kama moja ya vyakula ambavyo Waisraeli walipokuliwa huko Misri. [15] Kutoka India, imeenea kwa Ugiriki (ambako ilikuwa inaitwa "σίκυον", síkyon) na Italia (ambapo Warumi walipenda sana mazao), na baadaye nchini China. Robert Daniel, akizungumza juu ya nusu ya pili ya karne ya tatu AD, ameamua kutambua neno lisilojulikana, ολγιττα, na al-qitta ya Kiarabu, neno la kawaida kwa tango. [16] Kulingana na Pliny Mzee (The Natural History, Kitabu XIX, Sura ya 23), Wagiriki wa kale walikua matango, na kulikuwa na aina tofauti katika Italia, Afrika, na Moesia. Dola ya Kirumi Kulingana na Pliny, Mfalme Tiberius alikuwa na tango kwenye meza yake kila siku wakati wa majira ya joto na baridi. Warumi iliripotiwa kutumika mbinu za bandia (sawa na mfumo wa chafu) za kuongezeka kuwa na inapatikana kwa meza yake kila siku ya mwaka. "Kwa hakika, hakuwa na bila ya hayo, kwa kuwa alikuwa ameinua vitanda vilivyofanywa kwa muafaka juu ya magurudumu, kwa njia ambayo matango yalihamia na kufunuliwa kwa joto kamili la jua, wakati, wakati wa baridi, waliondolewa, na kuwekwa chini ya Ulinzi wa frames glazed na 'mirrorstone'. "[17] 'Mirrorstone' ni tafsiri halisi ya Pliny's 'lapis specularis', inaaminika kuwa ni mica ya karatasi. Inasema, pia walikulima katika nyumba za tango ambazo zimefunikwa na kitambaa cha mafuta kilichojulikana kama "specularia". [18] Pliny Mzee anaelezea matunda ya Kiitaliano kama mdogo sana, labda kama gherkin, akielezea kama tango ya mwitu mno mdogo kuliko yale yaliyopandwa. Pliny pia anaelezea maandalizi ya dawa inayojulikana kama elaterium, ingawa baadhi ya wasomi [ambao?] Wanaamini alikuwa akimaanisha Ecballium elaterium, inayojulikana katika nyakati za awali za Linnean kama "Cucumis silvestris" au "Cucumis asininus" ("tango za mwitu" au " Tango tunda "), aina tofauti na matango ya kawaida. [19] Pliny pia anaandika juu ya aina nyingine kadhaa ya tango, ikiwa ni pamoja na tango zilizolima, [20] na tiba kutoka kwa aina tofauti (9 kutoka kwa kulimwa, 5 kutoka "anguine", na 26 kutoka "mwitu"). Warumi wanasemekana kuwa wametumia matango ya kutibu maumivu ya kupigwa, macho mabaya, na kutisha panya. Wanawake wanaotamani kwa watoto walivaa viuno vyao. Walipelekwa pia na wajukuu, na kutupwa mbali wakati mtoto alizaliwa Ukurasa huu umebadilishwa kwa mara ya mwisho tarehe 4 Mei 2019, saa 16:53. Ukurasa ulitolewa kwa Parsoid . Maandishi yanapatikana chini ya leseni ya Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; matakwa mengine yanaweza kutakiwa. Tazama maelezo zaidi ya Matakwa ya Utumiaji . Sera ya faragha Kuhusu Wikipedia Kanusho Kanuni ya Maadili Watengenezaji takwimu Taarifa ya kuki Mtazamo wa rununu
|
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kanusho_kwa_jumla
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Campuses 3 Organisation and administration 4 University housing 5 Seal 6 International reputation 7 Cooperative agreements with other universities 8 List of rectors 9 Notable alumni 10 See also 11 References 12 External links University of Copenhagen Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Københavns Universitet Latin : Universitas Hauniensis [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] or Hafniensis [ 4 ] Motto Latin: Coelestem adspicit lucem Motto in English It (the eagle) beholds the celestial light Type Public research university [ 5 ] Established 1 June 1479 ; 546 years ago ( 1479-06-01 ) Academic affiliation IARU LERU EUA Europaeum Universities Denmark [ 6 ] Budget DKK 8.908 bn ($1.338 bn) (2018) [ 7 ] Rector David Dreyer Lassen [ 8 ] Academic staff 5,286 (2019) [ 9 ] Administrative staff 4,119 (2017) [ 9 ] Students 37,493 (2019) [ 10 ] Undergraduates 21,394 (2019) [ 10 ] Postgraduates 16,079 (2019) [ 10 ] Doctoral students 3,106 (2016) [ 11 ] Location Copenhagen , Denmark .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 55°40′47″N 12°34′21″E / 55.67972°N 12.57250°E / 55.67972; 12.57250 Campus Urban 94.2 ha (total) Student newspaper Uniavisen Colors .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Maroon and gray [ 12 ] Website www.ku.dk The University of Copenhagen ( Danish : Københavns Universitet , abbr. KU ) is a public research university in Copenhagen, Denmark . Founded in 1479, the University of Copenhagen is the second-oldest university in Scandinavia , after Uppsala University . The University of Copenhagen consists of six different faculties , with teaching taking place in its four distinct campuses, all situated in Copenhagen. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The university operates 36 different departments and 122 separate research centres in Copenhagen, as well as a number of museums and botanical gardens in and outside the Danish capital. [ 15 ] The University of Copenhagen also owns and operates multiple research stations around Denmark, with two additional ones located in Greenland . [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Additionally, The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the public hospitals of the Capital and Zealand Region of Denmark constitute the conglomerate Copenhagen University Hospital . [ 18 ] As of October 2022, 10 Nobel laureates [ 19 ] and 1 Turing Award laureate have been affiliated with the University of Copenhagen as students, alumni or faculty. [ 20 ] Alumni include one president of the United Nations General Assembly and at least 24 prime ministers of Denmark . History The University of Copenhagen was founded on 1 June 1479 and is the oldest university in Denmark. In 1475, Christian I of Denmark received a papal bull from Pope Sixtus IV with permission to establish a university in Denmark. [ 21 ] The bull was issued on 19 June 1475 as a result of the visit to Rome by Christian I's wife, Dorothea of Brandenburg , Queen of Denmark . [ 22 ] On 4 October 1478 Christian I of Denmark issued a royal decree by which he officially established the University of Copenhagen. In this decree, Christian I set down the rules and laws governing the university. The royal decree elected magistar Peder Albertsen as vice chancellor of the university, and the task was his to employ various learned scholars at the new university and thereby establish its first four faculties : theology , law , medicine and philosophy . The royal decree made the University of Copenhagen enjoy royal patronage from its very beginning. Furthermore, the university was explicitly established as an autonomous institution, giving it a great degree of juridical freedom. As such, the University of Copenhagen was to be administered without royal interference, and it was not subject to the usual laws governing the Danish people . [ 22 ] The University of Copenhagen was dissolved in about 1531 as a result of the spread of Protestantism. It was re-established in 1537 by King Christian III after the Lutheran Reformation . The king charged Johannes Bugenhagen , who came from Wittenberg to Copenhagen to take up a chair of theology, with the drawing up of a new University Charter. The resulting Charter was issued in 1539. [ 23 ] Between 1675 and 1788, the university introduced the concept of degree examinations. An examination for theology was added in 1675, followed by law in 1736. By 1788, all faculties required an examination before they would issue a degree. In 1807, most of the university's buildings were heavily damaged during the British bombardment of Copenhagen . [ 24 ] By 1836, however, the new main building of the university was inaugurated amid extensive building that continued until the end of the century. The University Library (now a part of the Royal Library ), the Zoological Museum , the Geological Museum , the Botanic Garden with greenhouses , and the Technical College were also established during this period. Between 1842 and 1850, the faculties at the university were restructured. Starting in 1842, the University Faculty of Medicine and the Academy of Surgeons merged to form the Faculty of Medical Science , while in 1848 the Faculty of Law was reorganised and became the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Political Science . In 1850, the Faculty of Mathematics and Science was separated from the Faculty of Philosophy . In 1845 and 1862 Copenhagen co-hosted Nordic student meetings with Lund University . The first female student was enrolled at the university in 1877. The university underwent explosive growth between 1960 and 1980. The number of students rose from around 6,000 in 1960 to about 26,000 in 1980, with a correspondingly large growth in the number of employees. Buildings built during this time period include the new Zoological Museum, the Hans Christian Ørsted and August Krogh Institutes, the campus centre on Amager Island , and the Panum Institute . The new university statute instituted in 1970 involved democratisation of the management of the university. It was modified in 1973 and subsequently applied to all higher education institutions in Denmark. The democratisation was later reversed with the 2003 university reforms. Further change in the structure of the university from 1990 to 1993 made a Bachelor's degree programme mandatory in virtually all subjects. Also in 1993, the law departments broke off from the Faculty of Social Sciences to form a separate Faculty of Law . In 1994, the University of Copenhagen designated environmental studies , north–south relations, and biotechnology as areas of special priority according to its new long-term plan. Starting in 1996 and continuing to the present, the university planned new buildings, including for the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Humanities at Amager (Ørestaden), along with a Biotechnology Centre. By 1999, the student population had grown to exceed 35,000, resulting in the university appointing additional professors and other personnel. In 2003, the revised Danish university law removed faculty, staff and students from the university decision process, creating a top-down control structure that has been described as absolute monarchy, since leaders are granted extensive powers while being appointed exclusively by higher levels in the organization. [ 25 ] In 2005, the Center for Health and Society (Center for Sundhed og Samfund – CSS) opened in central Copenhagen, housing the Faculty of Social Sciences and Institute of Public Health, which until then had been located in various places throughout the city. In May 2006, the university announced further plans to leave many of its old buildings in the inner city of Copenhagen , an area that has been home to the university for more than 500 years. The purpose of this has been to gather the university's many departments and faculties on three larger campuses in order to create a bigger, more concentrated and modern student environment with better teaching facilities, as well as to save money on rent and maintenance of the old buildings. The concentration of facilities on larger campuses also allows for more inter-disciplinary cooperation; for example, the Departments of Political Science and Sociology are now located in the same facilities at CSS and can pool resources more easily. In January 2007, the University of Copenhagen merged with the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University and the Danish University of Pharmaceutical Science. The two universities were converted into faculties under the University of Copenhagen, and were renamed as the Faculty of Life Sciences and the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. In January 2012, the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the veterinary third of the Faculty of Life Sciences merged with the Faculty of Health Sciences forming the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences – and the other two thirds of the Faculty of Life Sciences were merged into the Faculty of Science. Campuses The university has four main campus areas that are located in the Capital Region (three in Copenhagen and one in Frederiksberg ): [ 26 ] North Campus – home to most of the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences . City Campus – home to the Faculty of Social Sciences and Central Administration as well as parts of the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Science. South Campus – houses the Faculty of Humanities , the Faculty of Law , the Faculty of Theology , and a small proportion of the Faculty of Science. Frederiksberg Campus – home to sections of the Faculty of Science and the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. The Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences and the Faculty of Science also use the Taastrup Campus , which is located in Taastrup on the western outskirts of Copenhagen. [ 26 ] The Faculty of Science also has facilities in Helsingør , Hørsholm and Nødebo . [ 26 ] Organisation and administration The university is governed by a board consisting of 11 members: 6 members recruited outside the university form the majority of the board, 2 members are appointed by the scientific staff, 1 member is appointed by the administrative staff, and 2 members are appointed by the university students. The rector, the prorector and the director of the university are appointed by the university board. The rector in turn appoints directors of the different parts of the central administration and deans of the different faculties. The deans appoint heads of 50 departments. There is no faculty senate and faculty is not involved in the appointment of rector, deans, or department heads. Hence the university has no faculty governance, although there are elected Academic Boards at faculty level who advise the deans. [ 27 ] As of 2018 [update] , the governing body manages an annual budget of about DKK 8.9 billion. [ 7 ] The university is organized into six faculties and about 100 departments and research centres. The university employs about 5,600 academic staff and 4,400 technical and administrative staff. The six faculties are: Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Law Faculty of Science Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Theology The total number of enrolled students is about 36,500, including about 21,000 undergraduate students and 15,500 graduate students as of 2024. [ 28 ] The university has an international graduate talent programme which provides grants for international Ph.D., students and a tenure track carrier system. It operates about fifty master's programmes taught in English, and has arranged about 150 exchange agreements with other institutions and 800 Erasmus agreements. Each year there are about 1,700 incoming exchange students, 2,000 outbound exchange students and 4,000 international degree-seeking students. About 3,000 PhD students study there each year. University housing Most university students stay in privately owned dormitories ( kollegier in Danish) or apartments in Copenhagen . There are five dormitories that are partially administered by the university; however, only students who have passed at least two years of studies are considered for admission . These are normally referred to as the old dormitories , and they consist of: Regensen , Elers' Kollegium , Borchs Kollegium , Hassagers Kollegium , and Valkendorfs Kollegium . The University of Copenhagen also offers Carlsberg Foundation researcher apartments for a duration of 6 months to 3 years for visiting research and academic research staff who affiliated with research projects funded by the Carlsberg Foundation. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen is a separate commercial entity to the University of Copenhagen [ 29 ] run by Chairman Erik Bisgaard Madsen [ 30 ] and a board of directors. [ 31 ] The Housing Foundation Copenhagen provides short-term housing exclusively for university international students ( sometimes Danish students), university staff and guest researchers. [ 32 ] Their central office is based at South Campus. The Housing Foundation Copenhagen has received considerable criticism for the exploitation of international students for business profits and poor living conditions, [ 33 ] [ 34 ] and most recently the refusal of shortening contracts for many international students affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 35 ] Seal The university's oldest known seal dates from a 1531 letter, it depicts Saint Peter with a key and a book. In a circle around him is the text Sigillum universitatis studii haffnensis . When the university was re-established by Christian III in 1537 after the Protestant Reformation , it received a new seal, showing king Christian III with crown , sceptre , and globus cruciger above a crowned coat of arms vertically divided between halved versions of the coat of arms of Denmark (to the viewer's left, dexter ) and the coat of arms of Norway (to the viever's right, sinister ). The text is Sigillum Universitatis Hafniensis A Christiano III Rege Restauravit (i.e. Seal of the University of Copenhagen, reestablished by King Christian III). The 1537 seal is very similar to the current seal, which was made in 2000 and is shown at the top of this page. The text is different and the crowned shield shows the coat of arms of Denmark (as has been the case since 1820, when the heraldic reference to Norway was removed). The text is Sigillum Universitatis Hafniensis Fundatæ 1479 Reformatæ 1537 Seal of the University of Copenhagen Founded 1479 Reformed 1537 In addition to the university seal, each of the university's six faculties carry seals of their own. International reputation University rankings Global – Overall ARWU World [ 36 ] 32 (2024) CWUR World [ 37 ] 38 (2024) CWTS World [ 38 ] 35 (2024) QS World [ 39 ] 100 (2025) THE World [ 40 ] 97 (2025) USNWR Global [ 41 ] 44 (tie) (2024–2025) The 2021 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked the University of Copenhagen as the best university in Denmark and best in Continental Europe , fourth in Europe (after Oxford , UCL and Cambridge ) and 27th in the world. [ 42 ] The 2021 Academic Ranking of World Universities published by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked the University of Copenhagen as the best university in Denmark and Scandinavia, 7th in Europe and 30th in the world. [ 43 ] In the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2021, the University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 84th in the world. [ 44 ] In the 2021 QS World University Rankings list, the University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 76th in the world. [ 45 ] In the 2021 U.S. News & World Report 's Best Global Universities Rankings list, the University of Copenhagen was ranked first in Denmark and 34th in the world. [ 46 ] Cooperative agreements with other universities The university cooperates with universities around the world. In January 2006, the University of Copenhagen entered into a partnership of ten top universities, along with the: Australian National University , ETH Zürich , National University of Singapore , Peking University , University of California , University of Cambridge , University of Oxford , University of Tokyo and Yale University . The partnership is referred to as the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU). The Department of Scandinavian Studies and Linguistics at University of Copenhagen signed a cooperation agreement with the Danish Royal School of Library and Information Science in 2009. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] The university hosts the annual Aging Research and Drug Discovery conference in cooperation with Columbia University . The University of Copenhagen is an active member of the University of the Arctic . [ 49 ] UArctic is an international cooperative network based in the Circumpolar Arctic region, consisting of more than 200 universities, colleges, and other organizations with an interest in promoting education and research in the Arctic region. [ 50 ] List of rectors Notable alumni Over the course of its history, a sizeable number of University of Copenhagen alumni have become notable in their fields, both academic, and in the wider world. [ 52 ] Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Danish astronomer, first scientific documentation of supernovas , mentor of Johannes Kepler Thomas Fincke (1561–1656), Danish mathematician and physicist Caspar Bartholin (1585–1629), professor in medicine and theology. Author of textbooks on anatomy and the discoverer of the workings of the olfactory nerve . Olaus Wormius (1588–1655), Danish physician and antiquarian Thomas Bartholin (1616–1680), discoverer of the lymphatic system Rasmus Bartholin (1625–1698), professor in geometry and medicine. He discovered birefringence , but was unable to give a scientific explanation. Thomas Hansen Kingo (1634–1703), Danish bishop and poet Nicholas Steno (1638–1696), a pioneer in anatomy and geology Ole Rømer (1644–1710), Danish astronomer. He made the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light . Peder Horrebow (1679–1764), Danish astronomer and member of Académie des Sciences Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754), Danish-Norwegian writer and playwright Christian Jacob Protten (1715–1769), Euro-African Moravian missionary pioneer, linguist, translator and educationalist-administrator Morten Thrane Brunnich (1737–1827), Danish zoologist Caspar Wessel (1745–1818), mathematician Martin Vahl (1749–1804), Danish-Norwegian botanist and zoologist Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Danish physicist and chemist. He discovered electromagnetism . Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1778–1860), Danish lawyer and prime minister of Denmark (1853–1854) Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger (1779–1850), poet, author of lyrics of the Danish national anthem Der er et yndigt land N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783–1872), Danish writer, poet, philosopher and priest Christopher Hansteen (1784–1873), Norwegian astronomer and physicist Johan Ludvig Heiberg (1791–1860), Danish poet and critic Magnús Eiríksson (1806–1881), Icelandic theologian Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), Danish theologian and philosopher, the father of existentialism Anders Sandøe Ørsted (1816–1872), professor of botany (1851–1862) Hinrich Johannes Rink (1819–1893), Danish geologist, and founder of the first Greenlandic language newspaper Peter Ludvig Panum (1820–1885), Danish physiologist and pathologist; the Panum Building in Copenhagen is named in his honor. Hans Schjellerup (1827–1887), Danish astronomer Carl Lange (1834–1900), Danish physician Thorvald N. Thiele (1838–1910), Danish astronomer, actuary and mathematician Julius Petersen (1839–1910), Danish mathematician Eugenius Warming (1841–1924), Danish botanist and founding figure of ecology Georg Brandes (1842–1927), Danish writer and critic Vilhelm Thomsen (1842–1927), Danish linguist Harald Høffding (1843–1931), Danish philosopher, theologian and psychologist Herman Trier (1845–1925), Danish educator and politician Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), Danish bacteriologist, inventor of Gram staining Christian Bohr (1855–1911), Danish physician, who described Bohr effect Wilhelm Johannsen (1857–1927), Danish botanist. He first coined the word gene in its modern usage. Niels Ryberg Finsen (1860–1904), Nobel laureate in medicine (1903) Otto Jespersen (1860–1943), Danish linguist, co-founder of the International Phonetic Association Kirstine Meyer (1861–1941), Danish physicist Hannes Hafstein (1861–1922), Icelandic politician and poet Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger (1867–1928), Nobel laureate in medicine (1926) Holger Pedersen (1867–1953), Danish linguist Ove Jørgensen (1877–1950), Danish Homeric scholar and ballet critic Agner Krarup Erlang (1878–1929), creator of the field of telephone networks analysis S. P. L. Sørensen (1868–1939), Danish chemist, who introduced the concept of pH Martin Knudsen (1871–1949), Danish physicist August Krogh (1874–1949), Nobel laureate in medicine (1920) Holger Scheuermann (1877–1960), Danish surgeon after whom Scheuermann's disease is named Kirstine Smith (1878–1939), Danish statistician credited with creation of optimal design of experiments Benjamin Christensen (1879–1959), Danish film director, screenwriter and actor Ingeborg Hammer-Jensen Ingeborg Hammer-Jensen (1880–1955), classical scholar and philologist Niels Bohr (1885–1962). He contributed to development of the atomic model and quantum mechanics . Director at the university's Institute of Theoretical Physics . Nobel laureate in physics (1922). Øjvind Winge (1886–1964), Danish biologist Harald Bohr (1887–1951), Danish Olympic silver medalist football player and mathematician; brother of Niels Bohr Inge Lehmann (1888–1993), Danish seismologist discovering the Earth's inner core Jakob Nielsen (1890–1959), Danish mathematician Julie Vinter Hansen (1890–1960), Danish astronomer Carl Vaernet (1893–1965), Danish medical doctor Oskar Klein (1894–1977), Swedish theoretical physicist Henrik Dam (1895–1976), Nobel laureate in medicine (1943) Sir Ove Arup (1896–1988), Anglo-Danish structural engineer Alf Ross (1899–1979), Danish legal philosopher Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965), Danish linguist, founder of Copenhagen School Anton Frederik Bruun (1901–1961), Danish oceanographer Georg Rasch (1901–1980), Danish mathematician, statistician and psychometrician Knud Ejler Løgstrup (1905–1981), Danish philosopher and theologian. Pastor at Sandager-Holevad 1936–1943. Professor at University of Aarhus 1943–1975. Piet Hein (1905–1996), Danish mathematician, inventor and poet Bengt Strömgren (1908–1987), Danish astronomer and astrophysicist Hilde Levi (1909–2003), German-Danish physicist Niels Kaj Jerne (1911–1994), Nobel laureate in medicine (1984) Preben von Magnus (1912–1973), Danish virologist, who gave name to the Von Magnus phenomenon Jens Otto Krag (1914–1978), prime minister of Denmark (1962–1968, 1971–1972) Poul Hartling (1914–2000), prime minister of Denmark (1973–1975) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1978–1985), Nobel Peace Prize laureate on behalf of UNHCR (1981) Bjørn Aage Ibsen (1915–2007), Anesthetist and founder of intensive-care medicine Poul Bjørndahl Astrup (1915–2000), Danish clinical chemist, inventor of blood gas analyzer Jens Christian Skou (born 1918), Nobel laureate in chemistry (1997) for his discovery of Na+,K+-ATPase Hans H. Ørberg (1920–2010), linguist and scholar Aage Bohr (1922–2009), professor in nuclear physics and director of the Niels Bohr Institute at the university. Nobel laureate in physics (1975). Halfdan T. Mahler (1923–2016), Director-General of World Health Organization (1973–1988) Ólafía Einarsdóttir (1924–2017), first person from Iceland to earn a degree in archaeology Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022), American-born Danish nuclear physicist, Nobel laureate in physics (1975) Peter Naur (1928–2016), computer scientist, Turing Award in 2005 Poul Schlüter (1929–2021), prime minister of Denmark (1982–1993) Vigdís Finnbogadóttir (born 1930), the 4th President of Iceland (1980–1996) Ozer Schild (1930–2006), Danish-born Israeli academic, president of the University of Haifa and president of the College of Judea and Samaria ("Ariel College") Jørgen Rischel (1934–2007), Danish linguist, who analyzed Greenlandic and Mon-Khmer languages Per Kirkeby (born 1938), Danish painter and sculptor Per Pinstrup-Andersen (born 1939), Danish economist, 2001 World Food Prize laureate Søren Johansen (born 1939), Danish econometrician Lasse Hessel (born 1940), inventor of female condom Anders Boserup (1940–1990), co-founder of the Danish Institute for Peace and Conflict Research and the Nordic Peace Foundation Aage B. Sørensen (1941–2001), Danish sociologist Holger Bech Nielsen (born 1941), Danish physicist, one of three creators of string theory Jørgen Haugan (born 1941), Doctorate in Philosophy (1977); Norwegian author and lecturer Poul Nyrup Rasmussen (born 1943), prime minister of Denmark (1993–2001) Claus Bjørn (1944–2005), author, historian and broadcaster Litten Hansen (born 1944), former actress, activist and politician Niels Peter Lemche (born 1945), biblical scholar, founder of Copenhagen School Mogens Lykketoft (born 1946), Danish politician, the 70th President of the United Nations General Assembly (2015–2016) Halldór Ásgrímsson (born 1947), prime minister of Iceland (2004–2006) Ole Humlum (born 1949), Danish geologist and professor emeritus at the University of Oslo Uffe Haagerup (1949–2015), Danish mathematician Jesper Nygart (born 1956), Danish physician Peter Høeg (born 1957), Danish fiction writer. He won international acclaim with Smilla's Sense of Snow . Morten Frost (born 1958), Danish world-class badminton player and coach Mads Tofte (born 1959), computer scientist, vice chancellor of IT University of Copenhagen Ole Wæver (born 1960), scholar of International Relations, one of exponents of Copenhagen School Steve Scully (born 1960), American host, senior producer, and political editor of the C-SPAN network's Washington Journal . He studied at the University of Copenhagen as part of his master's program at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois . [ 53 ] Corinna Cortes (born 1961), computer scientist Lars Løkke Rasmussen (born 1964), prime minister of Denmark (2009–2011, 2015–2019) Lars Mikkelsen (born 1964), Danish actor Bjørn Lomborg (born 1965), Danish economist, author of The Skeptical Environmentalist Helle Thorning-Schmidt (born 1966), prime minister of Denmark (2011–2015) Marie-Louise Nosch (born 1970), archaeologist; Professor in the university's Saxo Institute Eskild Ebbesen (born 1972), Danish world-class lightweight rower Morten Meldal (born 1954), Nobel laureate in chemistry (2022) for his invention of Click chemistry Arne Astrup (born 1955), nutritionist and professor Jennifer Kewley Draskau (died 2024), Manx historian, linguist, teacher and political candidate See also Copenhagen School Copenhagen (play) The University of Copenhagen Symphony Orchestra List of Nobel laureates associated with the University of Copenhagen List of universities and colleges in Denmark List of medieval universities Open access in Denmark References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney . Sydney , New South Wales : William Brooks and Co. 1903. ISBN 9781112213304 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University . Dublin , Ireland : Hodges, Figgis & Co. 1894. ISBN 9781355361602 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Anderson, Peter John (1907). Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen: From 25th to 28th September, 1906 . Aberdeen , United Kingdom : Aberdeen University Press ( University of Aberdeen ). ISBN 9781363625079 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Record of the Jubilee Celebrations of the University of Sydney . Sydney , New South Wales : William Brooks and Co. 1903. ISBN 9781112213304 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ "About the universities" . Ministry of Higher Education and Science. Archived from the original on 13 January 2020 . Retrieved 13 January 2020 . ^ "Universities Denmark" . Universities Denmark. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018 . Retrieved 26 July 2020 . ^ a b "Økonomi" . University of Copenhagen. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019 . Retrieved 18 November 2019 . ^ "Rector" . University of Copenhagen. 1 March 2025. Archived from the original on 1 July 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ a b "Employees" . University of Copenhagen. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019 . Retrieved 24 July 2020 . ^ a b c "Students" . University of Copenhagen. 23 August 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019 . Retrieved 25 July 2020 . ^ "Forskning og formidling" [Research and circulation] (in Danish). University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . ^ "University of Copenhagen Design Guide" . University of Copenhagen. 4 December 2008. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 . Retrieved 24 August 2020 . ^ "Faculties of the University of Copenhagen" . University of Copenhagen. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 25 July 2020 . ^ "Departments at the University of Copenhagen" . University of Copenhagen. 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 25 July 2020 . ^ "Museums" . about.ku.dk . 16 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 24 July 2020 . ^ "Areas of research" . research.ku.dk . 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020 . Retrieved 24 July 2020 . ^ Archived 12 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish). Retrieved 24 July 2020. ^ Larsen, Jørgen Falck; Engelbrecht, Nils: Københavns Universitetshospital in 'Den Store Danske' at Archived 24 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish). Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ Kommunikation (5 October 2022). "Nobelpristagere" . universitetshistorie.ku.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 16 October 2022 . Retrieved 6 October 2022 . ^ "Peter Naur - A.M. Turing Award Winner" . Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . ^ Pinborg, Jan (1979). Universitas Studii Haffnensis. Stiftelsesdokumenter og Statutter 1479. English Translation by Brian Patrick McGuire . University of Copenhagen. pp. 84– 87. ISBN 87-87848-00-7 . ^ a b "History of the University of Copenhagen about 1479" . University of Copenhagen. 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019 . Retrieved 25 August 2020 . ^ Fink-Jensen, Morten (2020). The Foundation and Regulations of the University of Copenhagen 1539. Edited with Introduction and Notes. English Translation by Peter Fisher . Copenhagen: Gads Forlag. ISBN 978-87-93229-90-7 . ^ Gilman, Daniel Coit; Peck, Harry Thurston; Colby, Frank Moore (1905). The new international encyclopaedia . Dodd, Mead. p. 386 . ^ "Absolut monarki på universiteterne" . 23 August 2009. Archived from the original on 8 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . ^ a b c "Map and campus areas" . University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . ^ "Vedtægt for Københavns Universitet" . 16 June 2008. Archived from the original on 28 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . ^ Copenhagen, University of (23 August 2016). "Students – facts and figures" . about.ku.dk . Retrieved 17 December 2024 . ^ "Search CVR" . Data . Archived from the original on 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ Webmaster (11 February 2014). "Medarbejdere i Fakultetssekretariatet" . science.ku.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 27 November 2024 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ Katrin (9 May 2020). "About HF - Housing Foundation" . housingfoundation.dk . Archived from the original on 19 October 2021 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "The University of Copenhagen Housing Foundation" . housingfoundation.ku.dk . 13 November 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . ^ "Copenhagen Housing Foundation admits it illegally collected thousands from international students" . University Post (in Danish). 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "International researcher feels cheated by UCPH's Housing Foundation" . University Post (in Danish). 18 May 2017. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "The Copenhagen Post" . cphpost.dk (in Danish). 1 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 October 2021 . ^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024" . Retrieved 11 October 2024 . ^ "CWUR World University Rankings 2024" . Retrieved 11 October 2024 . ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking - Ranking 2024" . Retrieved 11 October 2024 . ^ "QS World University Rankings 2025" . Retrieved 11 October 2024 . ^ "World University Rankings 2025 - Times Higher Education (THE)" . 4 October 2024 . Retrieved 11 October 2024 . ^ "2024-2025 Best Universities in the World - US News" . Retrieved 11 October 2024 . ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking" . leidenranking.com . Archived from the original on 13 July 2021 . Retrieved 12 July 2021 . ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities" . Shanghairanking.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2020 . Retrieved 4 September 2021 . ^ "World University Rankings" . Times Higher Education . 25 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020 . Retrieved 4 September 2020 . ^ "QS World University Rankings" . QS Quacquarelli Symonds Ltd. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . ^ "Best Global Universities Rankings" . U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on 9 March 2018 . Retrieved 24 October 2020 . ^ "Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi – Københavns Universitet" . University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . ^ "Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademi – Københavns Universitet" . University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . ^ "Members" . UArctic . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "About Us" . UArctic - University of the Arctic . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "Rector – University of Copenhagen" . University of Copenhagen. Archived from the original on 3 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . ^ For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Copenhagen since its inception to the eve of the Industrial Revolution (1800), see David de la Croix , (2021), Scholars and Literati at the University of Copenhagen (1475–1800), Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE, 2: 21-29. Archived 9 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Congress and the Presidency in the TV and Digital Age" (PDF) . C-SPAN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . External links Scholars and Literati at the University of Copenhagen (1475–1800) , Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae – RETE Official website (in Danish) Official website "Student body size as of October 1 2007" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e University of Copenhagen v t e Academics Faculties Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Law Faculty of Science Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Theology Centres and departments Bioinformatics Centre Department of Biology Department of Chemistry Department of Computer Science Department of Mathematical Sciences Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Nano-Science Center Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies Center for Planetary Research Center for Protein Research Søren Kierkegaard Research Center Cosmic Dawn Center Institutes and laboratories Arnamagnæan Institute Hans Christian Ørsted Institute Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Arctic Station Urban Culture Lab Schools Royal School of Library and Information Science School of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Other Copenhagen–Tartu school TOPPS Master of International Health Museum Tusculanum Press Academics Faculties Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Law Faculty of Science Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Theology Centres and departments Bioinformatics Centre Department of Biology Department of Chemistry Department of Computer Science Department of Mathematical Sciences Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Nano-Science Center Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies Center for Planetary Research Center for Protein Research Søren Kierkegaard Research Center Cosmic Dawn Center Institutes and laboratories Arnamagnæan Institute Hans Christian Ørsted Institute Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Arctic Station Urban Culture Lab Schools Royal School of Library and Information Science School of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Other Copenhagen–Tartu school TOPPS Master of International Health Museum Tusculanum Press Faculties Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Law Faculty of Science Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Theology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Law Faculty of Science Faculty of Social Sciences Faculty of Theology Centres and departments Bioinformatics Centre Department of Biology Department of Chemistry Department of Computer Science Department of Mathematical Sciences Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Nano-Science Center Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies Center for Planetary Research Center for Protein Research Søren Kierkegaard Research Center Cosmic Dawn Center Bioinformatics Centre Department of Biology Department of Chemistry Department of Computer Science Department of Mathematical Sciences Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports Nano-Science Center Center for the Philosophy of Nature and Science Studies Center for Planetary Research Center for Protein Research Søren Kierkegaard Research Center Cosmic Dawn Center Institutes and laboratories Arnamagnæan Institute Hans Christian Ørsted Institute Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Arctic Station Urban Culture Lab Arnamagnæan Institute Hans Christian Ørsted Institute Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Arctic Station Urban Culture Lab Schools Royal School of Library and Information Science School of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Royal School of Library and Information Science School of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science Other Copenhagen–Tartu school TOPPS Master of International Health Museum Tusculanum Press Copenhagen–Tartu school TOPPS Master of International Health Museum Tusculanum Press University Campuses City Campus Frederiksberg Campus North Campus South Campus Historical dormitories Borchs Kollegium Elers' Kollegium Hassagers Kollegium Regensen Valkendorfs Kollegium Museums Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden University of Copenhagen Geological Museum Medical Museion University Campuses City Campus Frederiksberg Campus North Campus South Campus Historical dormitories Borchs Kollegium Elers' Kollegium Hassagers Kollegium Regensen Valkendorfs Kollegium Museums Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden University of Copenhagen Geological Museum Medical Museion Campuses City Campus Frederiksberg Campus North Campus South Campus City Campus Frederiksberg Campus North Campus South Campus Historical dormitories Borchs Kollegium Elers' Kollegium Hassagers Kollegium Regensen Valkendorfs Kollegium Borchs Kollegium Elers' Kollegium Hassagers Kollegium Regensen Valkendorfs Kollegium Museums Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden University of Copenhagen Geological Museum Medical Museion Natural History Museum of Denmark University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden University of Copenhagen Geological Museum Medical Museion v t e Network of Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA) v t e Amsterdam (UvA) Ankara (AU) Ankara (METU) Athens Belgrade Berlin (FU Berlin) Berlin (HU Berlin) Bratislava Brussels (ULB) Brussels (VUB) Bucharest Budapest Copenhagen Dublin (UCD) Edinburgh Helsinki Kiev Lausanne (UNIL) Lisbon (ULisboa) Lisbon (NOVA) Ljubljana London (KCL) Madrid (UC3M) Madrid (UCM) Moscow State Moscow (HSE) Nicosia Oslo Paris (PSL) Paris (USN) Prague Reykjavík Riga (Latvia) Rome III Rome-La Sapienza Rome-Tor Vergata Skopje Sofia Stockholm Tallinn (TU) Tallinn (TalTech) Tirana Vienna Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb Amsterdam (UvA) Ankara (AU) Ankara (METU) Athens Belgrade Berlin (FU Berlin) Berlin (HU Berlin) Bratislava Brussels (ULB) Brussels (VUB) Bucharest Budapest Copenhagen Dublin (UCD) Edinburgh Helsinki Kiev Lausanne (UNIL) Lisbon (ULisboa) Lisbon (NOVA) Ljubljana London (KCL) Madrid (UC3M) Madrid (UCM) Moscow State Moscow (HSE) Nicosia Oslo Paris (PSL) Paris (USN) Prague Reykjavík Riga (Latvia) Rome III Rome-La Sapienza Rome-Tor Vergata Skopje Sofia Stockholm Tallinn (TU) Tallinn (TalTech) Tirana Vienna Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb v t e 4EU+ Alliance v t e Charles Heidelberg Sorbonne Warsaw Copenhagen Milan Geneva Panthéon-Assas Charles Heidelberg Sorbonne Warsaw Copenhagen Milan Geneva Panthéon-Assas v t e International Alliance of Research Universities v t e Australian National California Berkeley Cambridge Cape Town Copenhagen ETH Zurich Oxford Peking Singapore National UTokyo Yale Australian National California Berkeley Cambridge Cape Town Copenhagen ETH Zurich Oxford Peking Singapore National UTokyo Yale v t e Universities in Denmark v t e Aarhus Copenhagen Aalborg Southern Denmark Roskilde Technical University of Denmark IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School Aarhus Copenhagen Aalborg Southern Denmark Roskilde Technical University of Denmark IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School v t e Europaeum v t e Bologna Católica CEU Charles Complutense Copenhagen FU Berlin Helsinki Geneva Graduate Institute Jagiellonian KU Leuven Leiden Luxembourg Munich Oxford Pompeu Fabra St Andrews Tartu Bologna Católica CEU Charles Complutense Copenhagen FU Berlin Helsinki Geneva Graduate Institute Jagiellonian KU Leuven Leiden Luxembourg Munich Oxford Pompeu Fabra St Andrews Tartu v t e Copenhagen v t e See also: Urban area of Copenhagen Official districts Amager Vest Amager Øst Bispebjerg Brønshøj-Husum Indre By Nørrebro Østerbro Valby Vanløse Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave Amager Vest Amager Øst Bispebjerg Brønshøj-Husum Indre By Nørrebro Østerbro Valby Vanløse Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave Notable localities and neighbourhoods Indre By Bellahøj Carlsberg Christiania Christianshavn Frederiksberg Frederiksstaden Holmen Islands Brygge Kongens Nytorv Nyboder Nyhavn Slotsholmen Indre By Bellahøj Carlsberg Christiania Christianshavn Frederiksberg Frederiksstaden Holmen Islands Brygge Kongens Nytorv Nyboder Nyhavn Slotsholmen Parks and open spaces Amager Strandpark Assistens Cemetery Frederiksberg Gardens Kastellet Kongens Have Superkilen Amager Strandpark Assistens Cemetery Frederiksberg Gardens Kastellet Kongens Have Superkilen Churches St. Alban's Alexander Nevsky Church St. Andrew's Anna Church St. Ansgar's Cathedral St. Augustine's Bernstorff Palace Bethlehem Church Brorson's Church Christian's Church Christ Church Elijah's Church Frederik's Church Frederiksberg Church Godthaab Church Grundtvig's Church Gustaf Church Hans Tausen's Church Holmen Church Holy Ghost Church Immanuel Church Isaiah Church St. James's Jerusalem's Church Jesus Church St. John's Church Kildevæld Church St. Luke's Church Mariendal Church St. Mark's St. Matthew's Nathanael's Church St. Paul's St. Peter's Philip's Church Reformed Church Church of Our Saviour Simon Peter's Church Solbjerg Church Sundby Church Trinitatis Church Zion's Church St. Alban's Alexander Nevsky Church St. Andrew's Anna Church St. Ansgar's Cathedral St. Augustine's Bernstorff Palace Bethlehem Church Brorson's Church Christian's Church Christ Church Elijah's Church Frederik's Church Frederiksberg Church Godthaab Church Grundtvig's Church Gustaf Church Hans Tausen's Church Holmen Church Holy Ghost Church Immanuel Church Isaiah Church St. James's Jerusalem's Church Jesus Church St. John's Church Kildevæld Church St. Luke's Church Mariendal Church St. Mark's St. Matthew's Nathanael's Church St. Paul's St. Peter's Philip's Church Reformed Church Church of Our Saviour Simon Peter's Church Solbjerg Church Sundby Church Trinitatis Church Zion's Church Museums Cisternerne Amber Museum Danish Design Centre Danish Museum of Art & Design Danish Revue Museum Fotografisk Center University of Copenhagen Geological Museum Hirschsprung Collection Jewish Museum Kastrupgård Kunsthal Charlottenborg Medical Museion Museum of Copenhagen National Museum of Denmark National Museum of Photography Natural History Museum of Denmark North Atlantic House Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Police Museum Revue Museum Royal Danish Naval Museum National Gallery of Denmark Storm P. Museum Tycho Brahe Planetarium War Museum Cisternerne Amber Museum Danish Design Centre Danish Museum of Art & Design Danish Revue Museum Fotografisk Center University of Copenhagen Geological Museum Hirschsprung Collection Jewish Museum Kastrupgård Kunsthal Charlottenborg Medical Museion Museum of Copenhagen National Museum of Denmark National Museum of Photography Natural History Museum of Denmark North Atlantic House Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Police Museum Revue Museum Royal Danish Naval Museum National Gallery of Denmark Storm P. Museum Tycho Brahe Planetarium War Museum Landmarks Amalienborg Børsen Charlottenborg Palace Christiansborg Palace Copenhagen City Hall Harbour Baths Fortifications Frederiksberg Palace Hotel Astoria Kongens Nytorv Lakes Langelinie The Little Mermaid Medicon Valley Nørreport Station Opera House Øresund Bridge Palace Hotel Radisson Blu Royal Hotel Rosenborg Castle Royal Danish Playhouse Royal Library Tivoli Gardens Amalienborg Børsen Charlottenborg Palace Christiansborg Palace Copenhagen City Hall Harbour Baths Fortifications Frederiksberg Palace Hotel Astoria Kongens Nytorv Lakes Langelinie The Little Mermaid Medicon Valley Nørreport Station Opera House Øresund Bridge Palace Hotel Radisson Blu Royal Hotel Rosenborg Castle Royal Danish Playhouse Royal Library Tivoli Gardens Politics and administration Capital Region Copenhagen Municipality Lord mayors of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Municipality Capital Region Copenhagen Municipality Lord mayors of Copenhagen Lord mayors of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Municipality Education Copenhagen Business School Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Technical University of Denmark University of Copenhagen UCC Copenhagen Business School Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Technical University of Denmark University of Copenhagen UCC Transport Copenhagen Airport Copenhagen Central Station Copenhagen Metro Port of Copenhagen S-train Cycling ( Super Bikeways ) Copenhagen Airport Copenhagen Central Station Copenhagen Metro Port of Copenhagen S-train Cycling ( Super Bikeways ) Districts History Lists Transport Districts History Lists Transport Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel Catalonia Other IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand) Yale LUX IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand) Yale LUX University of Copenhagen Education in Copenhagen Universities in Denmark 1479 establishments in Europe 1470s in Denmark 15th-century establishments in Europe Educational institutions established in the 15th century Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 Danish-language sources (da) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from March 2024 Articles containing Danish-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox mapframe without shape links in Wikidata Articles using infobox university Pages using infobox university with the image name parameter Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles using infobox templates with no data rows Commons link is on Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles with Danish-language sources (da) Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 21:30 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and career Toggle Early life and career subsection 1.1 Juan Perón 1.2 Early political career 1.2.1 José López Rega 1.2.2 Rise to power 1.1 Juan Perón 1.2 Early political career 1.2.1 José López Rega 1.2.2 Rise to power 1.2.1 José López Rega 1.2.2 Rise to power 2 Presidency (1974–1976) Toggle Presidency (1974–1976) subsection 2.1 Fall from power 2.2 Cabinet 2.1 Fall from power 2.2 Cabinet 3 Detention and exile Toggle Detention and exile subsection 3.1 Arrest in Spain 3.2 2020s 3.1 Arrest in Spain 3.2 2020s 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Isabel Perón Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский سرائیکی Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish . (October 2025) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:María Estela Martínez de Perón]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|María Estela Martínez de Perón}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:María Estela Martínez de Perón]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|María Estela Martínez de Perón}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation . Isabel Perón Perón in 1974 41st President of Argentina In office 1 July 1974 – 24 March 1976 Acting: 29 June 1974 – 1 July 1974 Vice President Herself Vacant Preceded by Juan Perón Succeeded by Jorge Rafael Videla 2nd President of the Justicialist Party In office 1 July 1974 – 21 February 1985 Preceded by Juan Perón Succeeded by Antonio Cafiero 28th Vice President of Argentina In office 12 October 1973 – 1 July 1974 President Juan Perón Preceded by Vicente Solano Lima Succeeded by Víctor Hipólito Martínez (1983) First Lady of Argentina In role 12 October 1973 – 1 July 1974 President Juan Perón Preceded by Norma Beatriz López Rega Succeeded by Alicia Raquel Hartridge (1976) Personal details Born María Estela Martínez Cartas ( 1931-02-04 ) 4 February 1931 (age 94) La Rioja , Argentina Party Justicialist Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Juan Perón ( m. 1961; died 1974) Signature .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Isabel Perón's voice Isabel Peron speaks in Cadena Nacional announcing the return to bargaining, an 80% salary increase and economic measures in 1975. (recorded 1975) Isabel Perón's voice Recorded 1974-76 Isabel Martínez de Perón ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish pronunciation: [isaˈβel maɾˈtines ðe peˈɾon] ⓘ , born María Estela Martínez Cartas ; 4 February 1931) is an Argentine politician who served as the 41st president of Argentina from 1974 to 1976. She was one of the first female republican heads of state in the world, and the first woman to serve as president of a country. Perón was the third wife of President Juan Perón . During her husband's third term as president from 1973 to 1974, she served as both the 29th vice president and first lady of Argentina . From 1974 until her resignation in 1985, she was also the second President of the Justicialist Party . Isabel Perón's politics exemplify right-wing Peronism and Orthodox Peronism . [ 1 ] Ideologically, she was considered [ by whom? ] close to corporate neo-fascism . [ n. 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Following her husband's death in office in 1974, she served as President for almost two years before the military took over the government with the 1976 coup . Perón was then placed under house arrest for five years before she was exiled to Spain in 1981. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] After democracy was restored in Argentina in 1983, she was a guest of honor at President Raúl Alfonsín 's inauguration. For several years, she was a nominal head of Juan Perón's Justicialist Party and played a constructive role in reconciliation discussion, but has never again played any important political role. In 2007, an Argentine judge ordered Perón's arrest over a 1976 forced disappearance on the grounds that it was authorised by her decrees allowing Argentina's armed forces to act against "subversives". [ 9 ] She was arrested near her home in Spain, [ 10 ] but Spanish courts subsequently refused her extradition to Argentina. [ 11 ] Since the death of Carlos Menem in 2021, Perón is the oldest living former Argentine president. [ note 1 ] Early life and career María Estela Martínez Cartas was born in La Rioja, Argentina , daughter of María Josefa Cartas Olguín and Carmelo Martínez. [ 12 ] She dropped out of school after the fifth grade. [ 13 ] In the early 1950s she became a nightclub dancer adopting the name Isabel, the Spanish form of Saint Elizabeth of Portugal , which she had chosen as her confirmation name . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ page needed ] [ 16 ] Juan Perón She met her future husband during his exile in Panama . [ 16 ] [ page needed ] Juan Domingo Perón , who was 35 years her senior, was attracted by her beauty and believed she could provide him with the female companionship he had been lacking since the death of his beloved second wife Eva Perón (Evita) in 1952. Perón brought Isabel with him when he moved to Madrid, Spain , in 1960. Authorities [ which? ] did not approve of Perón's cohabitation with a young woman to whom he was not married, so on 15 November 1961 the former president reluctantly married for a third time. [ 16 ] [ page needed ] Early political career As Perón resumed an active role in Argentine politics from exile, Isabel acted as a go-between from Spain to Argentina. Having been deposed in a coup in 1955, Perón was forbidden from returning to Argentina, so his new wife was appointed to travel in his stead. [ 17 ] The CGT leader José Alonso became one of her main advisers in Perón's dispute against Steelworkers' leader Augusto Vandor 's Popular Union faction during mid-term elections in 1965 ; Alonso and Vandor were both later assassinated in as-yet unexplained circumstances. [ 17 ] [ page needed ] José López Rega Isabel met José López Rega , who was a former policeman with an interest in occultism and fortune-telling , during a visit to Argentina in 1965. [ 17 ] She was interested in occult matters (and as president reportedly employed astrological divination to determine national policy), [ 18 ] so the two quickly became friends. Under pressure from Isabel, Perón appointed López as his personal secretary; López later founded the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A), a death squad accused of perpetrating 1,500 crimes in the 1970s. [ 19 ] Rise to power Héctor José Cámpora was nominated by Perón's Justicialist Party to run in the March 1973 presidential elections on the FREJULI ticket (a Peronist-led alliance). Cámpora won, but it was generally understood that Juan Perón held the real power; a popular phrase at the time was " Cámpora al gobierno, Perón al poder " (Cámpora in government, Perón in power). Later that year, Perón returned to Argentina, and Cámpora resigned to allow Perón to run for president. He chose Isabel as his nominee for the Vice Presidency to mollify feuding Peronist factions, as these could agree on no other running mate. His return from exile was marked by a growing rift between the right and left wings of the Peronist movement; while Cámpora represented the left wing, López Rega represented the right wing. The latter was, moreover, supported by the CGT labor federation leadership and Isabel herself, and this faction became known by the left as the entorno ('entourage') due to the inner-circle status Perón afforded them. Juan Perón had long been inimical to the left, but cultivated their support while he was in exile. His sympathies ended, however, after the assassination of CGT leader José Ignacio Rucci by the leftist Montoneros in September. [ 17 ] [ page needed ] Perón's victory in a snap election called by Congress in September 1973 was always considered likely, and he won with 62% of the vote. [ citation needed ] He began his third term on 12 October, with Isabel as Vice President. Perón was by then in precarious health, however; a CIA cable at the time described him as alternating between a lucid state and that of senile dependency. [ 20 ] Isabel had to take over as Acting President on several occasions during his tenure. [ 13 ] Presidency (1974–1976) Juan Perón suffered a series of heart attacks on 28 June 1974; Isabel was summoned home from a European trade mission and secretly sworn in as acting president the next day. [ 17 ] [ page needed ] Juan Perón died on 1 July 1974, less than a year after his third election to office. As vice-president his widow formally ascended to the presidency, thus becoming the first woman in the world to hold the title of "President", although she was not the first woman to lead a country . She was popularly known as La Presidente . [ 21 ] [ page needed ] Although she lacked Evita Perón's charisma, the grieving widow at first attracted support from the nation. She pledged to uphold the social market economy policies embodied in the 1973 "Social Pact" as well her husband's long-held orthodox Peronism and economic nationalism ; her first significant economic policy decisions were the enactment of a new, pro-labor employment contract law and the granting to YPF a monopoly over filling stations . [ 22 ] Even leftist groups, having fallen out with Juan Perón in previous months, publicly offered support to her. However she cancelled meetings with various constituent and political groups, and the sympathy resulting from her husband's death soon dissipated. Her government purged most leftists from university posts and the administration, and (as her husband and other Argentine presidents had done) used Federal intervention powers to unseat leftist governors. Following a string of political murders and a break by the Montoneros with the government, on 30 September Perón signed the Anti-Terrorism Law. This was the first in a series of measures which eroded constitutional rights , ostensibly for the sake of combating leftist violence. [ 21 ] [ page needed ] Another source of contention between her and the voters was the increasing impression that José López Rega , the Minister of Social Welfare, set the agenda for a broad swath of Perón's policies, vetting nearly all domestic and foreign policy. His public behaviour – which included bizarre actions such as silently mouthing her words as she spoke – began to cost the president much-needed support among the Argentine public. [ 20 ] Known to have fascist sympathies, López Rega was also notably corrupt and used his position to secure business partnerships with ( ODESSA network principal) Otto Skorzeny , (Libyan leader) Muammar Gaddafi , and (the Italian Fascist) Licio Gelli (to whose P-2 lodge López Rega belonged). [ 17 ] [ page needed ] López Rega's greatest influence upon Isabel Perón's presidency came through his recently formed Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (Triple A). A right-wing paramilitary force, between late 1973 and late 1974 the Triple A had already carried out nearly 300 murders, including that of Professor Silvio Frondizi (brother of former President Arturo Frondizi ), Congressman Rodolfo Ortega Peña, activist Father Carlos Mugica , Buenos Aires Province Assistant Police Chief Julio Troxler, former Córdoba Vice-Governor Atilio López and former Chilean Army head Carlos Prats . Other prominent public servants, such as UCR Senator Hipólito Solari Yrigoyen, and left-wing University of Buenos Aires President Rodolfo Puiggrós, narrowly survived Triple A attacks; Puiggrós was then removed from his post. [ 23 ] [ page needed ] Atrocities were also being committed by left-wing extremists. Organised in 1968, the anarchist Montoneros murdered former head of state Pedro Aramburu , popular CGT union Secretary General José Ignacio Rucci , construction workers' union leader Rogelio Coria, former Interior Minister Arturo Mor Roig and U.S. Consul John Egan, among other murders and kidnappings. Throughout 1974, the rise of a new and nearly-as-violent Trotskyist group, the ERP , added to the cycle of violence. Having gained notoriety after the murder of FIAT executive Oberdan Sallustro , the ERP began the year with a violent assault on the Azul barracks. It murdered, among others, a criminal court judge, Jorge Quiroga; the writer Jordán Bruno Genta ; and the publisher of La Plata 's centrist El Día , David Kraiselburd . The kidnapping of Esso executive Victor Samuelson, freed for a ransom of US$12 million, ignited what would become a rash of such crimes. [ 24 ] [ page needed ] However, the government and paramilitaries used this environment to target and murder many legitimate opponents of the regime, as listed above. [ citation needed ] Following the murder of Buenos Aires Police Chief Alberto Villar (one of López Rega's closest collaborators in the Triple A) and his wife, as well as amid increasing activity by the ERP in the Province of Tucumán , Perón was persuaded to declare a state of siege on 6 November (suspending, among other rights, habeas corpus ). Censorship also increased markedly, culminating in the closure by decree of one of the leading news dailies in Latin America ( Crónica ) and several other publications, as well as the banning of Argentine television figures such as talk show host Mirtha Legrand and comedian Tato Bores . [ 25 ] Operation Independence began in Tucumán on 5 February 1975. This military campaign, though successful from a military standpoint, gained notoriety for its brutality; in addition to going after insurgents, it attacked elected officials, magistrates, University of Tucumán faculty, and even secondary school teachers. [ 23 ] [ page needed ] [ 26 ] The government turned on the labor movement, the mainstay of Peronism for the better part of a quarter-century, classifying it as "subversive" and subject to reprisals. The November 1974 election of a left-wing union shop steward at a Villa Constitución steel mill and its disapproval by steelworkers' leader Lorenzo Miguel (a leading figure in the paramount CGT), resulted in a brutal 20 March 1975 police assault on the facility. The raid, executed jointly with Triple A heavies, led to the "disappearances" of many of the 300 workers arrested. [ 27 ] López Rega, meanwhile, arranged the dismissal of many of the most competent policy makers Perón had inherited from her husband's brief presidency; by May 1975, both Economy Minister José Ber Gelbard and Central Bank President Alfredo Gómez Morales had been replaced with right-wing López Rega loyalists. [ 28 ] [ page needed ] Isabel Perón initially maintained the Social Pact inherited from her husband, and succeeded in enhancing it with reforms such as the enactment in December 1974 of payroll taxes to strengthen the Public Retirement System . Yielding to pressure from labor she ignored the incomes policy aspect of the Social Pact, however, and while the economy remained otherwise stable, a price/wage spiral ensued with inflation rising from a low of 12% a year at the height of the Social Pact in May 1974 to 80% a year later. [ 29 ] The Social Pact also faced growing opposition by employers, particularly after conservative members of the General Economic Council (CGE) split from the conciliatory CGE in March 1975 to form the more combative APEGE; this group would later adopt the tactic of staging recurring lockouts against the administration. [ 30 ] Faced with record trade and budget deficits, the new Economy Minister, Celestino Rodrigo, proceeded to apply economic shock therapy in June. These measures doubled rates and fares and ordered a surprise halving of the peso 's value, which, by forcing those who could to stampede towards the U.S. dollar, destroyed the fragile financial balance that had been maintained to that point. [ 28 ] [ page needed ] Consumer prices doubled between May and August 1975 alone, [ 29 ] and though sharp, mandatory wage hikes had been negotiated between the government, labor and employers, the resulting shock (known as the Rodrigazo ) ignited protest across Argentina, including a two-day general strike by the CGT (the first ever against a Peronist administration). Following protests in front of his offices, the now hated José López Rega was hastily appointed Ambassador to Spain and boarded a flight into exile. [ 31 ] Fall from power López Rega left the country on 19 July. Shortly afterward, Perón dismissed her protégés in the Economy Ministry, Celestino Rodrigo, and in the Armed Forces High Command, General Alberto Numa Laplane, whom she replaced in August with General Jorge Videla , a quiet career officer with an uneventful military record. [ 25 ] The president's appointment of a pragmatic economist, Peronist wheelhorse Antonio Cafiero and her 13 September announcement of a leave of absence relieved ample sectors of society, from labor unions to business. Designating Senate President Ítalo Luder , a moderately conservative Peronist, in her stead, it was widely hoped that her leave would become permanent; but it was not to be. [ 31 ] Limited largely to the murder of security forces and public figures during 1974, political violence escalated during 1975 to include soft targets in the population at large as Trotskyist ERP and fascist Triple A extremists began taking to midnight lightning strikes against each other and civilian targets such as banks, buses, yachts, parking lots, and restaurants. [ 23 ] [ page needed ] Over 700 people died from political violence during Mrs. Perón's first 15 months in office, of which more than half were subversives and most of the remainder were security forces; by March 1976, civilians comprised fully half of the 1,358 deaths attributable to this conflict. [ 32 ] [ page needed ] The Montoneros, moreover, began a series of audacious attacks on military installations, including August dynamiting of the nearly finished destroyer Santísima Trinidad near the port of La Plata and the Operation Primicia , a terrorist attack on a military base in Formosa Province on 5 October. Anxious to placate the exasperated public, the military, hard-line labor leaders (particularly the steelworkers' Lorenzo Miguel ), and most other Peronists, on 6 October she and Luder signed new measures giving blanket immunity for the Armed Forces that they may (in her words) "annihilate subversive elements throughout the country" – in effect a nationwide extension of the state of siege that had been imposed in Tucumán. [ 10 ] The measure won her just enough support to return from "sick leave" and on 17 October (on Peronists' historically central Loyalty Day ), Perón appeared at the balcony of the Casa Rosada , back at her post. [ 21 ] [ page needed ] Perón's health remained fragile, however, and a gallbladder affliction forced her to take a second, shorter leave of absence in November. [ 31 ] Interior Minister Ángel Robledo's proposal that elections (scheduled for March 1977) should instead be held in November 1976 was approved by the president during this leave, bringing renewed hope that an increasingly rumored coup d'état could yet be averted. [ 23 ] [ page needed ] Anxiety over inflation, meanwhile, continued to dominate daily life. Monthly inflation did slow from the (then-record) 35% logged in July - but remained at 10–15% monthly between September and January 1976. A sudden fall in business investment had by then sent the economy into a sharp recession, however. GDP growth had already slowed from a 6.8% rate in the fourth quarter of 1974 to 1.4% in the second quarter; following the Rodrigazo crisis, the economy shrank 4.4% by the first quarter of 1976, with fixed investment falling by one sixth and auto production by a third. [ 28 ] [ page needed ] The mid-year recession had significantly curbed the growth in imports; but because exports continued to fall, the trade deficit reached a record billion dollars in 1975, nearly depleting foreign exchange reserves . [ 28 ] [ page needed ] The government's 1975 budget had been derailed by the crisis and by earlier commitments to cancel its then still-modest foreign debt, something which even so cost Argentina US$2.5 billion that year, alone. The resulting budget deficits (over US$5 billion, in 1975) and a series of lockouts in the agricultural and commercial sectors began to reassert pressure on prices after November, leading to hoarding and shortages. [ 28 ] [ page needed ] The appointment of Brigadier General Héctor Fautario , a loyalist of Perón, to the branch's high command, fueled broader support in the Air Force for action against her administration, and on 18 December, General Jesús Capellini attempted a coup d'état by seizing the Morón Airport and Air Base . The military joint chiefs, however, who obtained Fautario's dismissal, stayed the mutiny's hand, secretly concluding that the timing was premature. Partly in response, the nearly defeated People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) on 23 December besieged the important Monte Chingolo Armory , which claimed the lives of six military personnel and 85 guerrilla members; this defeat marked the end of the ERP's violent campaign. [ 24 ] Allegations had surfaced in August that Perón had embezzled large sums from the Cruzada de Solidaridad ('Solidarity Crusade'), a government-run charity, into her personal accounts in Spain. [ 31 ] A congressional investigation launched in November over the charity fund embezzlement allegations had meanwhile dissipated her remaining support in Congress , prompting the departure of the second-largest party in the FREJULI alliance, the centrist Integration and Development Movement (MID), and dividing the Peronist caucus into "Verticalist" and "Rebel" factions. Her administration was dealt further political blows from within her own party by a break in December with the Governor of Buenos Aires Victorio Calabró, who declared that "we won't make it [to the next elections]" [ 33 ] and with the resignation in January 1976 of Interior Minister Ángel Robledo, her chief legislative and military point man. [ 34 ] Isabel Perón granted ever more significant policy concessions to the largely conservative military in the early months of 1976, from security matters to economic. [ 35 ] Economy Minister Antonio Cafiero , supported by labor, was dismissed in February, and his replacement, Eugenio Mondelli, announced further shock therapy measures similar to the previous year's Rodrigazo – the Mondelazo . These measures included steep hikes in utility rates and a new devaluation of the already shredded peso, causing prices to more than double over the next three months (inflation reached a new record of over 700% by April) and leading a new wave of strikes and business lockouts. [ 28 ] [ page needed ] The opposition Radical Civic Union (UCR) initiated impeachment proceedings against the President in February with the support of the "Rebel" Peronist faction in Congress. Near defeat though still active, the Montoneros detonated a bomb at Army headquarters on 15 March, killing one and injuring 29 people. [ 24 ] The head of the CGE, Julio Broner, left Argentina with his family, altogether; CGT Secretary General Casildo Herreras followed suit, announcing from exile that he had "erased" himself. The leader of the opposition UCR Ricardo Balbín , while making efforts to form a multi-party congressional crisis committee, held a private meeting in February with Army Chief of Staff Videla and told him, "If you're planning to stage a coup, do so as soon as possible – expect no applause from us, but no obstacles either." [ 35 ] The media were by then openly counting down the days to the expected coup d'état, and several newspapers published editorials calling for Perón's overthrow. [ 36 ] Even as the joint chiefs professed loyalty to La Presidente , the Armed Forces High Command had already given final approval to a coup, code-named 'Operation Aries', when the president returned from her leave of absence in October 1975. [ 37 ] After working late into the evening of 23 March 1976, in the hope of averting a renewed business lockout, Perón celebrated her executive assistant's birthday with staff. Alerted to suspicious military exercises, she boarded the presidential helicopter shortly after midnight. It did not fly her to the Quinta de Olivos presidential residence but to an Air Force base in nearby Jorge Newbery International Airport , where she was formally deposed and arrested . [ 24 ] Cabinet Ministry Minister Start End Ministry of the Interior Benito Llambí 1 July 1974 13 August 1974 Alberto Rocamora 14 August 1974 11 July 1975 Antonio J. Benítez 11 July 1975 11 August 1975 Vicente Damasco 11 August 1975 16 September 1975 Ángel Federico Robledo 16 September 1975 15 January 1976 Roberto Ares 15 January 1976 24 March 1976 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship Alberto Vignes 1 July 1974 11 August 1975 Ángel Federico Robledo 11 August 1975 16 September 1975 Manuel Arauz Castex 2 October 1975 14 January 1976 Raúl Quijano 19 January 1976 24 March 1976 Ministry of Economy José Ber Gelbard 1 July 1974 21 October 1974 Alfredo Gómez Morales 21 October 1974 1 June 1975 Celestino Rodrigo 2 June 1975 17 July 1975 Pedro José Bonanni 22 July 1975 11 August 1975 Antonio Cafiero 14 August 1975 2 February 1976 Emilio Mondelli 3 February 1976 24 March 1976 Ministry of Culture and Education Jorge Alberto Taiana 1 July 1974 13 August 1974 Oscar Ivanissevich 14 August 1974 11 August 1975 Pedro Arrighi 11 August 1975 24 March 1976 Ministry of Social Welfare and Public Healthcare José López Rega 1 July 1974 11 July 1975 Carlos Villone 11 July 1975 20 July 1975 Rodolfo Raballos 20 July 1975 11 August 1975 Carlos Emery 11 August 1975 29 October 1975 Aníbal Demarco 29 October 1975 24 March 1976 Ministry of National Defence Ángel Federico Robledo 1 July 1974 13 August 1974 Adolfo M. Savino 14 August 1974 11 July 1975 Jorge Garrido 11 July 1975 16 September 1975 Tomás Vottero 16 September 1975 15 January 1976 Ricardo César Guardo 22 January 1976 8 March 1976 José Deheza 12 March 1976 24 March 1976 Ministry of Justice Antonio Juan Benítez 1 July 1974 10 June 1975 Ernesto Corvalán Nanclares 10 June 1975 14 January 1976 José Deheza 15 January 1976 12 March 1976 Augusto Pedro Saffores 12 March 1976 24 March 1976 Ministry of Labour Ricardo Otero 1 July 1974 29 June 1975 Cecilio Conditi 29 June 1975 11 August 1975 Carlos Ruckauf 11 August 1975 3 February 1976 Miguel Unamuno 3 February 1976 24 March 1976 Detention and exile The majority of Peronist officials in the national, provincial, and municipal governments were promptly arrested, brutally beaten, starved, tortured, and interrogated by military police. Many " disappeared " permanently during the subsequent Dirty War , including numerous right-wing Peronists. [ 23 ] Isabel Perón herself remained under house arrest in Villa La Angostura and other secluded locations for five years, and was eventually sent into exile in Spain in July 1981. She continued to serve as official head of her husband's Justicialist Party until her resignation in February 1985, nearly a decade after her fall from power. Though there were some who desired her return and wished for her return to power, she refused to stand for election to the presidency when elections were ultimately called in 1983 . She lived in Madrid , maintained close links with Francisco Franco 's family, and sometimes went to Marbella . [ 38 ] She sold Perón's Puerta de Hierro estate in 2001, [ 39 ] and relocated to a townhouse in the western suburb of Villafranca del Castillo . [ 40 ] Following the restoration of democracy in Argentina, Perón was pardoned from charges of corruption during her presidency and returned in December 1983 as a guest of honor at President Raúl Alfonsín 's inauguration, and in May 1984 to participate in policy talks arranged by Alfonsín and opposition leaders. Still nominally head of Juan Perón's Justicialist Party, she played a constructive role in the talks, supporting cooperation between the restive CGT labor union (her party's political base) and Alfonsín. The talks concluded with a weak agreement, and she resigned from her post as titular head of the party. [ 41 ] She returned to Argentina in 1988 to resolve probate disputes concerning the Perón estate, [ 42 ] then resumed residence in Spain under a very low profile. [ citation needed ] On October 17, 2024 (on Loyalty Day ), she met with Vice President Victoria Villarruel , citing the need to show national unity. [ 43 ] That same day, she inaugurated a bust of Perón in the Senate . [ 44 ] Arrest in Spain A judge in Mendoza, Argentina in November 2006 demanded testimony from Isabel Perón, along with other Peronist ministers of her government, in a case involving forced disappearances during her presidency; on 12 January 2007, she was arrested by police in Madrid. She was charged by the Argentine authorities with the disappearance of Héctor Aldo Fagetti Gallego on 25 February 1976, and for crimes related to her issuance of 6 October 1975 decree calling the Armed Forces to "annihilate subversive elements." [ 10 ] The Nunca Más ("Never Again") report released in 1984 by the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons recorded 600 disappearances and 500 assassinations under the Peronist governments from 1973 to 1976, and it is acknowledged that the Triple A alone murdered some 600 people. [ 45 ] The 2006 capture in Spain of Triple A death-squad overseer Rodolfo Almirón , who had also been in charge of López Rega's and Isabel Perón's personal security, shed further light on the extent of Triple A involvement in the early stages of the Dirty War. [ 38 ] Isabel Perón's extradition to Argentina was refused by Spain on 28 March 2008. Spain's National Court ruled twice that the charges against her did not constitute crimes against humanity, adding that the statute of limitations on the charges expired after 20 years. [ 11 ] The Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina unanimously dismissed on 21 June 2017 the petitions to interrogate Isabel Perón either as a witness or as a defendant. [ 46 ] 2020s In 2024, President Javier Milei called on all the living ex-Presidents to assist at the signing of the May 25th Pact on 9 July 2024 in the Casa de Tucumán . [ 47 ] Perón chose not to attend. See also National Reorganisation Process Notes ^ The rest of the former living presidents of Argentina are Adolfo Rodríguez Saá , Eduardo Duhalde , Cristina Fernández de Kirchner , Mauricio Macri and Alberto Fernández . The incumbent is Javier Milei . ^ In a conference she was seen performing the philo-fascist salute. [ 2 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Zanatta, Loris (1 August 2015). La larga agonía de la Nación católica: Iglesia y Dictadura en la Argentina (in Spanish). SUDAMERICANA. ISBN 978-950-07-5350-0 . ^ "María Estela Martínez, 'Isabelita Perón' " . El País (in Spanish). 14 January 2007. ISSN 1134-6582 . Retrieved 13 December 2023 . ^ "Technicians of the Spirit: Post-Fascist Technocratic Authoritarianism in Spain, Argentina, and Chile, 1945-1988 | WorldCat.org" . search.worldcat.org (in Spanish) . Retrieved 26 September 2024 . ^ Santucho, Julio (1988). Los últimos guevaristas: surgimiento y eclipse del Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (in Spanish). Puntosur Editores. ISBN 978-950-9889-17-0 . ^ Finchelstein, Federico (2 July 2014). "When Neo-Fascism Was Power in Argentina" . Public Seminar . Retrieved 13 December 2023 . ^ M, Pedro N. Miranda (1989). Terrorismo de estado: testimonio del horror en Chile y Argentina (in Spanish). Editorial Sextante. ^ "Argentina orders arrest of ex-President Peron" . NBC News. 12 January 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2021 . ^ Schumacher, Edward (10 September 1983). "Mrs. Peron is Given a Pardon" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 8 October 2021 . ^ Warrant for ex-Argentine leader , BBC News , 12 January 2007. ^ a b c "Isabel Peron's arrest signals shift in Argentina" . Los Angeles Times . 13 January 2007. ^ a b "Extradition of Isabel Perón To Argentina Is Rejected By Court" . The New York Times . 29 April 2008. ^ Binayán Carmona, Narciso. Maria Estela Martinez Cartas said one day: Zanga Cutiricutanga, that words were a tipic words in that years. Historia genealógica Argentina . EMECE, 1999, p. 578. ^ a b Buckman, Robert T. (2007). The World Today Series: Latin America 2007 . Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Stryker-Post Publications. ISBN 978-1-887985-84-0 . ^ The 100 Most Influential World Leaders of All Time (Britannica Educational Publishing 2009 ISBN 978-1-61530-059-4 ), p. 249 ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography: Orozco-Radisson (Gale Research 1998 ISBN 978-0-7876-2552-8 ^ a b c Eloy Martínez, Tomás (1985). La Novela de Perón . Random House. ISBN 0-679-78146-3 . [ page needed ] ^ a b c d e f Page, Joseph (1983). Perón: A Biography . Random House. ISBN 0-394-52297-4 . [ page needed ] ^ Ball, Deirdre, ed. (1992). Insight Guides – Argentina . APA Publications (HK) Ltd. p. 47. ISBN 962-421-048-9 . ^ "Argentinian death squad leader' arrested in Spain" . The Guardian . 30 December 2006. ^ a b Reed, Robert (12 November 1999). "Juan Perón & Cocaine Politics" . Consortium News . ^ a b c Crawley, Eduardo (1985). A House Divided . St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-39254-0 . ^ Solberg, Carl (1979). Oil and Nationalism in Argentina . Stanford University Press. p. 174 . ISBN 0-8047-0985-8 . ^ a b c d e Andersen, Martin (1993). Dossier Secreto . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-8213-0 . ^ a b c d Lewis, Paul (2002). Guerrillas and Generals . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-275-97360-3 . ^ a b "Presidencia de Isabel Perón" . Todo Argentina. ^ "Diario de Campaña de Acdel Vilas" . Nunca Más . Archived from the original on 20 September 2003. ^ "Propuesta a Acindar" . Río Negro . 2 October 2007. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. ^ a b c d e f Lewis, Paul (1990). The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4356-3 . ^ a b "Precios al consumidor – Serie histórica – Variaciones porcentuales" . INDEC . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ "Historia en Debate: Los Días del Golpe" . El Ruido de las Nueces . 5 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. ^ a b c d "Historia secreta de la caída de Isabel Perón" . Somos . September 1983. ^ Patricia and William Marchak (1999). God's Assassins: State Terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s . McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-2013-9 . ^ "Los mitos del 24 de marzo" . La Nueva Provincia . 24 March 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. ^ "Murió ayer el doctor Angel Federico Robledo" . La Nación . 16 November 2004. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . ^ a b "El pedido de Isabel Perón a Videla el día antes del golpe militar de 1976" . Red Biografo . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . ^ "El papel de la prensa durante el proceso militar" . Argentina a Diario . 24 March 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. ^ "El cruento éxito de la 'Operación Aries' " . El País (in Spanish). 23 March 2001. ^ a b Detienen en Valencia al ex dirigente de la Triple A Argentina Almirón Sena , El Mundo , 28 December 2006 (Spanish). ^ "Valdano compró la casa de Perón en Madrid" . La Nación . 21 January 2001. ^ "La reclusión de Isabelita Perón en Villafranca del Castillo" . ABC Estilo . 7 April 2019. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Book of the Year, 1985: Argentina. ^ "Isabel Peron Leaves Exile For Argentina" . Sun-Sentinel . Archived from the original on 23 July 2013 . Retrieved 28 April 2013 . ^ "Victoria Villarruel se reunió con Isabel Perón en el Día de la Lealtad: "Quiero reivindicar su figura" " . Infobae . 17 October 2024 . Retrieved 17 October 2024 . ^ "Villarruel inauguró un busto de Isabel Perón en el Senado y criticó a quienes la dejaron "a merced del terrorismo" " . Infobae . 17 October 2024 . Retrieved 17 October 2024 . ^ "L'ancienne présidente Argentine Isabel Perón arrêtée à Madrid, à la demande de Buenos Aires" , Le Monde , 13 January 2007 (French). ^ "La Corte rechazó citar a Isabel Perón para que declare por delitos de lesa humanidad" (in Spanish). El Litoral. 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . ^ "Quiénes son los seis ex presidentes argentinos que fueron invitados por Javier Milei a firmar el Pacto de Mayo" . Infobae (in Spanish). 20 June 2024. Further reading Guareschi, Roberto (5 November 2005). "Not quite the Evita of Argentine legend". New Straits Times . p. 21. Skard, Torild (2014) "Isabel Péron" in Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide . Bristol: Policy Press, ISBN 978-1-4473-1578-0 . External links First female president for Argentina Political offices Preceded by Vicente Solano Lima Vice President of Argentina 1973–1974 Vacant Title next held by Víctor Martínez Preceded by Juan Perón President of Argentina 1974–1976 Succeeded by Jorge Videla .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Heads of state of Argentina v t e May Revolution and independence war period up to Asamblea del Año XIII (1810–1814) Primera Junta (1810) Junta Grande (1810–1811) First Triumvirate (1811–1812) Second Triumvirate (1812–1814) Primera Junta (1810) Junta Grande (1810–1811) First Triumvirate (1811–1812) Second Triumvirate (1812–1814) Flag of Argentina Supreme directors of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (1814–1820) Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1814–1815) Carlos María de Alvear (1815) Juan José Viamonte (1815) José Rondeau (1815) Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (1815–1816) Antonio González de Balcarce (1816) Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1816–1819) José Rondeau (1819–1820) Juan Pedro Aguirre (1820) Gervasio Antonio de Posadas (1814–1815) Carlos María de Alvear (1815) Juan José Viamonte (1815) José Rondeau (1815) Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (1815–1816) Antonio González de Balcarce (1816) Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (1816–1819) José Rondeau (1819–1820) Juan Pedro Aguirre (1820) First presidential governments (1826–1827) Bernardino Rivadavia (1826–1827) Vicente López y Planes (1827) Bernardino Rivadavia (1826–1827) Vicente López y Planes (1827) Pacto Federal and Argentine Confederation (1827–1862) Manuel Dorrego (1827–1828) Juan Manuel de Rosas (1829–1832) Juan Ramón Balcarce (1832–1833) Juan José Viamonte (1833–1834) Manuel Vicente Maza (1834–1835) Juan Manuel de Rosas (1835–1852) Justo José de Urquiza (1854–1860) Santiago Derqui (1860–1861) Juan Esteban Pedernera (1861) Manuel Dorrego (1827–1828) Juan Manuel de Rosas (1829–1832) Juan Ramón Balcarce (1832–1833) Juan José Viamonte (1833–1834) Manuel Vicente Maza (1834–1835) Juan Manuel de Rosas (1835–1852) Justo José de Urquiza (1854–1860) Santiago Derqui (1860–1861) Juan Esteban Pedernera (1861) Historical presidencies (1862–1880) Bartolomé Mitre (1861–1868) Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1868–1874) Nicolás Avellaneda (1874–1880) Bartolomé Mitre (1861–1868) Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1868–1874) Nicolás Avellaneda (1874–1880) Generation of '80 (1880–1916) Julio Argentino Roca (1880–1886) Miguel Ángel Juárez (1886–1890) Carlos Pellegrini (1890–1892) Luis Sáenz Peña (1892–1895) José Evaristo Uriburu (1895–1898) Julio Argentino Roca (1898–1904) Manuel Quintana (1904–1905) José Figueroa Alcorta (1905–1910) Roque Sáenz Peña (1910–1914) Victorino de la Plaza (1914–1916) Julio Argentino Roca (1880–1886) Miguel Ángel Juárez (1886–1890) Carlos Pellegrini (1890–1892) Luis Sáenz Peña (1892–1895) José Evaristo Uriburu (1895–1898) Julio Argentino Roca (1898–1904) Manuel Quintana (1904–1905) José Figueroa Alcorta (1905–1910) Roque Sáenz Peña (1910–1914) Victorino de la Plaza (1914–1916) First Radical Civic Union terms (1916–1930) Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916–1922) Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1922–1928) Hipólito Yrigoyen (1928–1930) Hipólito Yrigoyen (1916–1922) Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear (1922–1928) Hipólito Yrigoyen (1928–1930) Infamous Decade (1930–1943) José Félix Uriburu (1930–1932) Agustín Pedro Justo (1932–1938) Roberto María Ortiz (1938–1942) Ramón Castillo (1942–1943) José Félix Uriburu (1930–1932) Agustín Pedro Justo (1932–1938) Roberto María Ortiz (1938–1942) Ramón Castillo (1942–1943) 1943 Argentine coup d'état (1943–1946) Arturo Rawson (1943) Pedro Pablo Ramírez (1943–1944) Edelmiro Julián Farrell (1944–1946) Arturo Rawson (1943) Pedro Pablo Ramírez (1943–1944) Edelmiro Julián Farrell (1944–1946) First Peronist terms (1946–1955) Juan Perón (1946–1955) Juan Perón (1946–1955) Revolución Libertadora (1955–1958) Eduardo Lonardi (1955) Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (1955–1958) Eduardo Lonardi (1955) Pedro Eugenio Aramburu (1955–1958) Fragile civilian governments – Proscription of Peronism (1958–1966) Arturo Frondizi (1958–1962) José María Guido (1962–1963) Arturo Umberto Illia (1963–1966) Arturo Frondizi (1958–1962) José María Guido (1962–1963) Arturo Umberto Illia (1963–1966) Argentine Revolution (1966–1973) Juan Carlos Onganía (1966–1970) Roberto Marcelo Levingston (1970–1971) Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (1971–1973) Juan Carlos Onganía (1966–1970) Roberto Marcelo Levingston (1970–1971) Alejandro Agustín Lanusse (1971–1973) Return of Perón (1973–1976) Héctor José Cámpora (1973) Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1973) Juan Perón (1973–1974) Isabel Perón (1974–1976) Héctor José Cámpora (1973) Raúl Alberto Lastiri (1973) Juan Perón (1973–1974) Isabel Perón (1974–1976) National Reorganization Process (1976–1983) Jorge Rafael Videla (1976–1981) Roberto Eduardo Viola (1981) Leopoldo Galtieri (1981–1982) Reynaldo Bignone (1982–1983) Jorge Rafael Videla (1976–1981) Roberto Eduardo Viola (1981) Leopoldo Galtieri (1981–1982) Reynaldo Bignone (1982–1983) Return to democracy (1983–present) Raúl Alfonsín ( 1983–1989 ) Carlos Menem ( 1989–1999 ) Fernando de la Rúa ( 1999–2001 ) Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (2001) Eduardo Duhalde (2001-2003) Néstor Kirchner ( 2003–2007 ) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ( 2007–2015 ) Mauricio Macri ( 2015–2019 ) Alberto Fernández ( 2019–2023 ) Javier Milei ( 2023–present ) Raúl Alfonsín ( 1983–1989 ) Carlos Menem ( 1989–1999 ) Fernando de la Rúa ( 1999–2001 ) Adolfo Rodríguez Saá (2001) Eduardo Duhalde (2001-2003) Néstor Kirchner ( 2003–2007 ) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner ( 2007–2015 ) Mauricio Macri ( 2015–2019 ) Alberto Fernández ( 2019–2023 ) Javier Milei ( 2023–present ) De facto leaders are in italics. President of Argentina Category List President of Argentina Category List v t e Juan Domingo Perón v t e Policy Five-Years Plans Huemul Project IAME Justicialista Railway nationalization Third Position Five-Years Plans Huemul Project IAME Justicialista Justicialista Railway nationalization Third Position Politics 1946 election 1948 election 1951 election 1954 election 1973 election Argentine Constitution (1949) ATLAS CGT Descamisado Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo Ezeiza massacre Grupo Cine Liberación Labour Party Loyalty Day GOU Peronism Unión Popular 1946 election 1948 election 1951 election 1954 election 1973 election Argentine Constitution (1949) ATLAS CGT Descamisado Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo Ezeiza massacre Grupo Cine Liberación Labour Party Loyalty Day GOU Peronism Unión Popular Key associates Juan Manuel Abal Medina Jorge Antonio Raúl Apold Ángel Borlenghi Juan Atilio Bramuglia Antonio Cafiero Héctor Cámpora Andrés Framini Licio Gelli Lorenzo Miguel José López Rega Domingo Mercante Delia Parodi Eva Perón Isabel Perón Juan Pistarini José Ignacio Rucci Alberto Teisaire Juan Manuel Abal Medina Jorge Antonio Raúl Apold Ángel Borlenghi Juan Atilio Bramuglia Antonio Cafiero Héctor Cámpora Andrés Framini Licio Gelli Lorenzo Miguel José López Rega Domingo Mercante Delia Parodi Eva Perón Isabel Perón Juan Pistarini José Ignacio Rucci Alberto Teisaire Anti-Peronism Ricardo Balbín Spruille Braden Bombing of Plaza de Mayo Revolución Libertadora Augusto Vandor Ricardo Balbín Spruille Braden Bombing of Plaza de Mayo Revolución Libertadora Augusto Vandor Personal Early life Eva Perón Isabel Perón Hands of Perón Early life Eva Perón Isabel Perón Hands of Perón See also La vida por Perón Perón: Apuntes para una biografía Puerta de Hierro, el exilio de Perón La vida por Perón Perón: Apuntes para una biografía Puerta de Hierro, el exilio de Perón v t e Peronism v t e Variants Federal Kirchnerism Menemism Orthodox Revolutionary Federal Kirchnerism Menemism Orthodox Revolutionary Presidents Juan Perón (1946–1955; 1973–1974) Héctor J. Cámpora (1973) Raúl Lastiri (1973) Isabel Perón (1974–1976) Carlos Menem (1989–1999) Eduardo Duhalde (2002–2003) Néstor Kirchner (2003–2007) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015) Alberto Fernández (2019–2023) Juan Perón (1946–1955; 1973–1974) Héctor J. Cámpora (1973) Raúl Lastiri (1973) Isabel Perón (1974–1976) Carlos Menem (1989–1999) Eduardo Duhalde (2002–2003) Néstor Kirchner (2003–2007) Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015) Alberto Fernández (2019–2023) Other leaders Eva Perón Domingo Mercante John William Cooke Delia Parodi Juan Manuel Abal Medina Antonio J. Benítez José Ignacio Rucci Augusto Vandor Agustín Tosco José López Rega Lorenzo Miguel Antonio Cafiero Saúl Ubaldini Hugo Moyano Sergio Massa Máximo Kirchner Axel Kicillof Eva Perón Domingo Mercante John William Cooke Delia Parodi Juan Manuel Abal Medina Antonio J. Benítez José Ignacio Rucci Augusto Vandor Agustín Tosco José López Rega Lorenzo Miguel Antonio Cafiero Saúl Ubaldini Hugo Moyano Sergio Massa Máximo Kirchner Axel Kicillof Parties and subgroups Current Justicialist Party Popular Union Broad Front Federal Commitment Evita Movement La Cámpora Renewal Front Historical Labour Party Radical Civic Union (Junta Renovadora) Independent Party Female Peronist Party Tendencia Revolucionaria Peronist Armed Forces Montoneros Current Justicialist Party Popular Union Broad Front Federal Commitment Evita Movement La Cámpora Renewal Front Justicialist Party Popular Union Broad Front Federal Commitment Evita Movement La Cámpora Renewal Front Historical Labour Party Radical Civic Union (Junta Renovadora) Independent Party Female Peronist Party Tendencia Revolucionaria Peronist Armed Forces Montoneros Labour Party Radical Civic Union (Junta Renovadora) Independent Party Female Peronist Party Tendencia Revolucionaria Peronist Armed Forces Montoneros Peronist Armed Forces Montoneros Alliances FREJULI FREJUPO Justicialist Front Concertación Front for Victory Frente de Todos Homeland Force FREJULI FREJUPO Justicialist Front Concertación Front for Victory Frente de Todos Homeland Force Key events October 17th Demonstration 1946 general election 1955 coup d'état Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo Ezeiza massacre Pact of Olivos October 17th Demonstration 1946 general election 1955 coup d'état Expulsion of Montoneros from Plaza de Mayo Ezeiza massacre Pact of Olivos Other General Confederation of Labour Marcha Peronista 1949 Constitution Category:Peronists General Confederation of Labour Marcha Peronista 1949 Constitution Category:Peronists Category v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Spain Netherlands Argentina Israel Finland United States France BnF data Spain Netherlands Argentina Israel Finland Other IdRef SNAC IdRef SNAC 1931 births Living people 20th-century Argentine dancers 20th-century Argentine women politicians 20th-century presidents of Argentina 20th-century women presidents Argentine actor-politicians Argentine anti-communists Argentine dancers Argentine expatriates in Spain Argentine fascists Argentine female dancers Argentine people of Spanish descent Dames Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic Far-right politics in Argentina Female heads of government First ladies and gentlemen of Argentina First women presidents Heads of state and government who were later imprisoned Justicialist Party politicians Leaders ousted by a coup People from La Rioja Province, Argentina Juan Perón Recipients of Argentine presidential pardons Vice presidents of Argentina Women fascists Women presidents in South America Women vice presidents in South America Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Biography articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia Use dmy dates from September 2019 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages with Spanish IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from March 2024 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019 Articles with hCards Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 8 January 2026, at 15:43 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders" . Kyiv: CNN . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus" . CNN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?" . BBC . 26 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus" . BBC News . 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование "Медузы" и "Медиазоны" о потерях" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ... ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies . p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8 . OCLC 1292198893 . OL 32226712M . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ " Ukraine ", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 19 January 2023 ^ "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft" . BBC News . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal (ed.). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2 . On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. i, 98. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0 . OCLC 1350843759 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025" . Russia Matters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine internal displacement report: General population Survey" (PDF) . Global Crisis Response Platform . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ Asadzade, Ulviyya; Sachalko, Borys (December 2025). "Ukraine Faces Labor Shortage as Russia's War Empties Factories and Farms" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ a b Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine" . Revue Canadienne des Slavistes . 64 ( 2– 3): 207– 219. doi : 10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 . ISSN 0008-5006 . ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 18 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ Al Jazeera Staff. " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine war: President Putin speech fact-checked" . BBC News . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2025 . ^ a b Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 ( 3– 4). Taylor & Francis : 1– 19. doi : 10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911 . S2CID 249527690 . ^ a b McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe" . n-tv.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ a b Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis" . Moscow Times . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ a b Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy" . Kyiv Post . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' " . The Day . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ "Istanbul Document 1999" . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ "Interview with French Television Company France 3" . President of Russia . 7 May 2005. ^ Interfax-Ukraine (22 February 2013). "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" . Kyiv Post . ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. ^ Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. ^ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych" . BBC News . 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2025 . ^ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea" . BBC News . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2025 . ^ Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6 . ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... ^ Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea" . International Comparative Jurisprudence . 3 (1): 25– 36. doi : 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003 . ISSN 2351-6674 . ^ Gouré, Daniel (3 March 2014). "Putin's Anschluss" . Lexington Institute . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Umland, Andreas (1 November 2016). "The Glazyev Tapes: Getting to the root of the conflict in Ukraine" . European Council on Foreign Relations . ^ "Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine" . The Moscow Times . 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138– 140. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 November 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement" . Reuters . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF) . International Criminal Court . 14 November 2016. pp. 33– 38. ^ "Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF) . European Court of Human Rights . 25 January 2023. ^ "Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region" . Al Jazeera . 18 January 2018. ^ Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism" . Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor . ^ Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability . Oxford University Press . p. 129. ^ "Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?" . BBC News . 28 July 2014. ^ O'Loughlin, John (2017). "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine" . Post-Soviet Affairs . 33 (2): 124– 144. doi : 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452 . ^ "Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot" . Ukrainska Pravda . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 15 July 2024 . ^ a b Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO" . Interfax-Ukraine . 29 March 2014. ^ "New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. ^ "Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 23 December 2014. ^ "How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality" . openDemocracy . ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . ibidem. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ Hall, Stephen (18 January 2024). "Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion" . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (17 July 2024). "How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ a b c Kirby, Jason (25 February 2022). "In taking Ukraine, Putin would gain a strategic commodities powerhouse" . The Globe and Mail . ^ a b c Brewster, Murray (27 May 2022). "Natural gas, rare earth minerals: What's at stake for Ukraine in the territory Russia is trying to conquer" . CBC News . ^ a b c Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis" . Wilson Center . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . ^ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka ( Associated Press ). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' " [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] ^ "Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine" (PDF) . United States Mission to the OSCE . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "2021 trends and observations" (PDF) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood" . LSE Public Policy Review . 3 (1) 4. doi : 10.31389/lseppr.86 . ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' " . The Kremlin . Government of Russia . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022 . ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine" . Thinking about... (newsletter) . Substack . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 25 January 2021 . fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. ^ Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). "History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine" . ^ a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . Columbia University Press . pp. 17, 57. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8 . ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' " . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" " . Axios . 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight" . NATO . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). "Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?" . Brookings Institution . ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say" . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most" . Journal of Democracy . 33 (2): 18– 27. doi : 10.1353/jod.2022.0015 . ISSN 1045-5736 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine" . Associated Press . 26 January 2022. ^ a b "US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine" . El País . 2 February 2022. ^ "Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands" . Axios . 1 February 2022. ^ "U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount" . The New York Times . 26 January 2022. ^ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). "France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis" . Reuters . ^ "Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons" . Deutsche Welle . 21 August 2022. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace" . Chatham House . doi : 10.55317/9781784135782 . ^ "West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky" . France 24 . 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says" . BBC News . 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2025. ^ a b c d Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (18 February 2022). "Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. ^ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (30 November 2022). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF) . Royal United Services Institute . pp. 1– 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2025. ^ "Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" " . Kyiv Post . 2 December 2022. ^ "Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders" . Sky News . 1 December 2022. ^ "Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine" . Bloomberg News . 20 March 2022. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (26 February 2022). "Putin's miscalculation" . Politico . Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ AFP (8 March 2022). "Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance" . France 24 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ "Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine" . www.ft.com . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions" . BBC News . 22 February 2022. ^ "Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation" . Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation . Federation Council of Russia . 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine" . Meduza . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Putin declares war on Ukraine" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" . The Spectator . 24 February 2022. ^ a b "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration" . BBC News . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood" . Time . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ "Missiles rain down around Ukraine" . Reuters . 25 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. ^ Dietrich, Marc (2023). A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas . Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . CriticalThreats . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (27 February 2022). "Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol" . USNI News . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Putin" . University of Hull . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization" . Interfax-Ukraine . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . ^ a b c Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . Center for Strategic & International Studies . Retrieved 25 November 2021 . ^ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (26 February 2022). "Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ "Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages" . Associated Press News . 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . ^ a b Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region" . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (26 April 2022). "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' " . Stars and Stripes . Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (10 May 2022). "The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (31 May 2022). "Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia" . The Guardian . ^ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (28 May 2022). "Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War" . Bloomberg . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (30 May 2022). "War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' " . 19fortyfive.com . ^ "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). " 'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says" . Politico . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital" . Financial Times . 26 February 2022. ISSN 0307-1766 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv" . AP News . 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). " 'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb" . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical" . Ukrinform . 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). " "Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender" . CNN . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show" . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' " . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv" . BBC News . 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region" . BBC News . Retrieved 2 April 2022 . ^ Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ Schwirtz, Michael and Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts" . Ukrinform . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" . National Post . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk" . CNN . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). "Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday" . CNN . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Boffey, Daniel and Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' " . The Hill . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails" . UN News . 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Bennett, Dalton (7 April 2022). "In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Nick; Wilson, Jamie; Harding, Luke (18 July 2023). "Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark, ed. (25 March 2022). "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass" . London: Yahoo! Finance . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . ^ "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa" . The Straits Times . SPH Media Trust . Reuters . 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster" . NPR . 11 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end" . Radio New Zealand News . 17 April 2022. ^ a b Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "US official briefs on Russia's war effort" . BBC . 2 May 2022. ^ "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine" . CBS News Videos via Yahoo News . 6 June 2022. ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (29 June 2022). "Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ Rainford, Sarah (5 July 2022). "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture" . BBC News . ^ Cherkasov, Alexander (26 June 2022). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (in Ukrainian). Novaya Gazeta . ^ "Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South" . The New York Times . 20 July 2022. ^ "Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence" . Ukrainska Pravda . 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Axe, David (15 September 2022). "The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine" . Forbes . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Schreck, Adam (21 April 2022). "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts" . Associated Press News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. ^ Prentice, Alessandra (28 April 2022). "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' " . Reuters . Kyiv. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (1 May 2022). "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Yahoo News . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2024 . ^ "Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped" . Reuters . 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (5 May 2022). "Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ " 'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol" . NPR . 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Koshiw, Isobel (8 May 2022). " 'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. ^ Petrenko, Roman (8 May 2022). "Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city" . Yahoo News . Ukrayinska Pravda . Archived from the original on 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (8 May 2022). "Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan; and Santora, Marc (16 May 2022). "Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ Harrison, Virginia and agencies (17 May 2022). "Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands" . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ "Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender" . Reuters . Mariupol. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ a b "Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . Reuters . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2025 . ^ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). " 'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates" . USA Today . Retrieved 8 April 2022 . ^ "Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol" . NBC News . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; and Tebor, Celina (10 April 2022). "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region" . Axios . ^ "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east" . Reuters . 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Murphy, Matt (23 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies" . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ "Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader" . The Australian . 25 May 2022. ISSN 1038-8761 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say" . The Guardian . 26 May 2022. ^ Markic, Igor. "Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk" [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. Rivista Italiana Difesa (in Italian). Coop Giornalistica La Riviera . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk" . Yahoo News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas" . NBC News . 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Suliman, Adela; Pietsch, Bryan; Pannett, Rachel (2 June 2022). "Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 4 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk" . BBC News . 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (12 June 2022). "Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (13 June 2022). "Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59, 453 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. ^ Hughes, Clyde (20 June 2022). "Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle" . UPI . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (24 June 2022). "Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on" . CNN . ^ "Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine" . CBS News . 3 July 2022. ^ Jones, Sam (4 July 2022). "Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk" . The Guardian . ^ "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro" . Al Jazeera . 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2 May 2022). "Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions" . Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Lewis, Simon (28 June 2022). "Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18" . Reuters . ^ "Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine" . France 24 . 7 July 2022 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Francois (20 July 2023). "Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy" . Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP" . Charter 97 . 20 August 2022. ^ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 20 August 2022 . ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 September 2022). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Troianovski, Anton (12 September 2022). "Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. ^ "Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" . France 24 . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" " [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (21 September 2022). "Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization" . CNBC . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ " 'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities" . Financial Times . 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" . BBC News . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Lister, Tim (30 September 2022). "Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law" . CNN . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway" . NBC News . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ Asami, Terajima (4 September 2022). "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . ^ Dammers, Tobias (10 September 2022). "Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" " [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. Tagesschau (in German) . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (4 October 2022). "Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ "Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive" . Reuters . 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (9 November 2022). "Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (11 November 2022). "Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (7 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (8 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (9 September 2022). "Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Osterman, Cynthia (9 September 2022). "Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (9 September 2022). "Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance" . CNN . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media" . Euromaidan Press . 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (10 September 2022). "Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says" . Reuters . 15 September 2022. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (1 October 2022). "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ a b c "Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains" . The Moscow Times . AFP . 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 March 2023). "Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (6 April 2023). "How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Galeotti, Mark (24 May 2023). "Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?" . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (6 February 2023). "Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ "The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war" . The Independent . 13 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Grove, Thomas (24 January 2023). "Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal . p. A6. ^ "Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut" . Bloomberg.com . 22 January 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ Santora, Marc (16 February 2023). "Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 March 2023). "How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 March 2023). "Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ Axe, David (18 January 2024). " 'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down" . Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ "Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar" . The Kyiv Independent . 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar" . news360.es . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ "Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut" . The New York Times . 1 February 2023. Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . ^ "Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor" . BBC News . 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 May 2023). "The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; and Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (27 June 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown" . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (8 June 2023). "Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia" . NBC News . ^ Dettmer, Jamie (9 June 2023). "Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance" . Politico . ^ Balmforth, Tom (12 June 2023). "Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive" . Reuters . ^ "Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin" . Associated Press . 25 June 2023. ^ "Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia" . BBC News . 1 July 2023. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack" . Reuters . 13 September 2023. ^ "As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants". CBS News . 21 September 2023. ^ "Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report". Al Jazeera . ^ Stern, David L. (22 September 2023). "Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol". The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . ^ Kilner, James (23 September 2023). "Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . ^ a b Page, Lewis (12 November 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Mazurenko, Alona (30 November 2023). "Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas" . Ukrainska Pravda . ^ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (11 December 2023). "U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (4 December 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). "Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army" . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ "Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka" . France 24 . 29 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians" . The New York Times . 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Axe, David (8 March 2024). "Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day" . Forbes . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ Watling, Jack (19 February 2024). "The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage" . Time . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Kullab, Samya and Morton, Elise (25 May 2024). "Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue" . AP News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Mayer, Daryna and Talmazan, Yuliya (17 May 2024). "Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea" . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Dress, Brad (7 June 2024). "US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over' " . The Hill . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Barnes, Joe (24 April 2024). "Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned" . The Telegraph . ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ Santora, Marc (14 May 2024). "How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians" . The New York Times . ^ "Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks" . Euromaidan Press . 7 April 2024. ^ "Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances" . Al Jazeera . 4 July 2024. ^ "Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting" . Reuters . 4 July 2024. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Struck, Julia (7 July 2024). "Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches" . Kyiv Post . ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ "The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front" . Meduza . 26 July 2024. ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Méheut, Constant (7 August 2024). "Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. ^ Farrell, Francis (8 August 2024). "Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil" . Kyiv Independent . ^ Méheut, Constant (15 August 2024). "Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says" . The New York Times . ^ "Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities" . Associated Press . 16 August 2024. ^ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (17 August 2024). "How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia" . CNN . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (31 August 2024). "Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault" . The Washington Post . ^ Evans, Angelica (6 February 2025). "Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (21 January 2025). "Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk" . Hudson Institute . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ O'Grady, Siobhán; Ebel, Francesca; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Morgunov, Serhiy; Korolchuk, Serhii (11 August 2025). "Ukraine invaded Russia, seizing land it hoped to trade. It couldn't hold on" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Johnson, Lizzie; Korolchuk, Serhii; Galouchka, Anastacia; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Ram, Ed; Chen, Yutao; Ledur, Júlia; Sand, Bishop (8 September 2025). "Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. ^ a b Miller, Christopher (30 August 2024). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences" . FT . Archived from the original on 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2024 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (22 August 2024). "Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east" . The Washington Post . ^ "The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town" . The Economist . 22 August 2024. ^ "Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine" . Associated Press . 22 August 2024. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2024 . Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (18 September 2024). "Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2024 . Retrieved 18 September 2024 . ^ "Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say" . Reuters . 24 September 2024. ^ Kilner, James (1 October 2024). "Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Harding, Luke (2 October 2024). "Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2024 . ^ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (30 October 2024). "Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2024 . ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (1 November 2024). "As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. ^ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (29 November 2024). "Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia" . AP News . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (3 January 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 3, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Eckel, Mike (3 January 2025). "Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says" . Reuters . 15 February 2025. ^ "Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine" . AP News . 26 January 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 2, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 2 February 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2025. ^ Basmat, Dmytro (18 February 2025). "Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ Jones, Seth G.; McCabe, Riley (11 August 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "UN warns of record civilian casualties in Ukraine" . UN News . 10 July 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 28 August 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (2 September 2025). "Putin's failed summer offensive shatters the myth of inevitable Russian victory" . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russia's summer offensive in Ukraine underwhelms – but Kyiv won't be celebrating" . CNN . 29 June 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Nov. 12, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia deploys 170,000 troops for push in Ukraine's Donetsk region, Zelenskyy says" . AP News . 31 October 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia in Review, Nov. 7–14, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Landale, James (1 November 2025). "Key town faces 'multi-thousand' Russian force, top Ukraine commander admits" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Osborn, Andrew (2 December 2025). "Russia says before talks with US it has fully captured city of Pokrovsk, Ukraine denies it" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 December 2025). "Ukrainians raise flag to show BBC the fight goes on in city claimed by Russia" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T (12 December 2025). "Russian forces 'completely cut off' from Kupiansk, says Ukrainian commander" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Dysa, Yuliia (12 December 2025). "Zelenskiy visits Kupiansk as Ukraine retakes parts of frontline town" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Noonan, Fiona (16 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 15, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ a b c Lough, John (10 November 2025). "Ukraine's best defence against Putin's energy war is more attacks on Russia's oil refining sector" . www.chathamhouse.org . London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved 20 November 2025 . ^ UK Parliament Library, Ukraine Update, October 2025. ^ Christou, William (8 November 2025). "Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian energy facilities kill at least seven" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Kirichenko, David (1 October 2025). "Russia's Fuel Crisis Deepens As Kremlin Warns Gas Station Owners" . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 May 2022). "Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Shuster, Simon (26 September 2022). "Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War" . Time . Retrieved 10 September 2023 . ^ a b "Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects" . Congressional Research Service. 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Hodge, Nathan (11 April 2022). "Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?" . CNN . ^ Ryan, Mick (10 September 2023). "The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?" . ABC . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Deliso, Meredith (8 May 2022). "Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ "Вооруженные силы Украины атаковали Миллерово «Точкой-У»" [Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U]. Rostov Gazeta (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Insinna, Valerie (19 September 2022). "It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals" . Breaking Defense . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (22 October 2022). "Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure" . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10" . The Kyiv Independent . 25 November 2022 . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ Boffey, Daniel (6 June 2025). " 'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bego, Katja (5 June 2025). "Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention" . Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (5 June 2025). "Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Gozzi, Laura (2 June 2025). "How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bondar, Kateryna (3 June 2025). "How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare" . CSIS . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?" . NBC News . 7 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2 June 2025). "Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 31 July 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ Cheetham, Joshua (11 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ Sands, Leo (7 September 2022). "Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Kirby, Paul (16 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts" . BBC News . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 August 2022). "Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (11 October 2022) [8 October 2022]. "Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3" . The New York Times . eISSN 1553-8095 . ISSN 0362-4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (16 July 2023). "Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia" . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ Goldsmith, Adam (3 June 2025). "Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine" . Associated Press News . 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ Impelli, Matthew (6 October 2022). "Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ "Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine" . Al-Arabiya . 8 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (16 October 2022). "Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say" . The Washington Post . ^ "Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions" . BBC News . 18 October 2022. ^ a b Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (16 October 2022). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . ^ "European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 5 November 2022 . ^ Atwood, Kylie (1 November 2022). "Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say" . CNN . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far" . Al Jazeera . 17 November 2022. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 March 2023). "Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks". The New York Times . ^ "UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective" . The Kyiv Independent . 1 December 2022. ^ Cranny-Evans, Sam (24 June 2024). "Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack" . Bellingcat . 9 July 2024. ^ Arhirova, Hanna (11 July 2024). "Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer" . AP . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (8 July 2024). "Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43" . CNN . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (8 July 2024). "Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital" . CBC News . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (8 July 2024). "Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey" . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (25 February 2022). "Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities" . Jane's Defence Weekly . ^ "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island" . The Maritime Executive . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news" . CNN . Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. ^ Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in" . The Times . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Saul, Jonathan (12 March 2022). "UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ Pedrozo, Raul (12 April 2022). "Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts" . West Point . United States Military Academy . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO . International Maritime Organization . 28 March 2022. Circular Letter No.4543 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live" . The Guardian . 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 April 2022 . ^ "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship" . The Free Press Journal . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Forgey, Quint (14 April 2022). "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship" . Politico . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media" . BBC News . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv" . Reuters . ^ "US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva" . ABC News . 6 May 2022. ^ "Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports" . Yahoo! News . Ukrainska Pravda . 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ "Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul" . Le Monde . 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage," , 26 December 2023, Reuters ; video and transcript on YouTube ; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 26 December 2023, Fox News , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate," , 26 December 2023, The Wall Street Journal , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike" . The Telegraph . 1 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Greenall, Robert (1 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' " . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Goryashko, Sergey (14 February 2024). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast" . Politico . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance" . Vox . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Doubek, James (1 March 2022). "Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military" . NPR . ^ Bella, Timothy (26 February 2022). "Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia" . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force" . YES! Magazine . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Voitovych, Olga (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest" . CNN International . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere" . The Economist . 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Judah, Tim (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders" . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now" . The Kyiv Independent . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (18 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ "What is the Real Cost and Benefit of Ukrainian Attacks on Russian Refining?" . Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Komuves, Anita; Dvorakova, Vera (22 August 2025). "Ukrainian attack suspends Russian oil flows to Hungary, Slovakia" . Reuters . Kyiv/Budapest: Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "Scholz zu Russland-Sanktionen: Deutschland stoppt Nord Stream 2" [Scholz on Russia sanctions: Germany stops Nord Stream 2]. ZDFheute (in German). Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (21 August 2025). "(S+) Nord Stream: Mutmaßlicher Angreifer auf Ostseepipelines gefasst" . Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349 . Retrieved 21 August 2025 . ^ "EU adopts 18th package of sanctions against Russia" . ec.europa.eu . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "EU imposes new sanctions on Russia's oil and banks after Robert Fico lifts his veto" . euronews.com . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "Russia says Ukraine 'virtually destroys' gas infrastructure in Sudzha" . Reuters . Moscow: Thomson Reuters. 28 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "More than 100,000 Ukrainian homes lose power after Russia targets energy sites" . France 24 . 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia says it put out fire at large oil refinery after latest Ukrainian drone attack" . Reuters . 25 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 August 2025). "Frustrated Russians grapple with fuel crisis as Ukraine attacks oil refineries" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia's oil and fuel export revenue fell in August, IEA says" . reuters.com . 11 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ Tan, Huileng (11 September 2025). "Putin's energy fix for drone-hit Russia: Dig up more coal" . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ "Drones strike Russia's major export-oriented oil refinery" . Bloomberg . 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 14 September 2025 – via Business Line . ^ a b Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . NATO . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (20 March 2024). "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts" . CNN . ^ a b Wolf, Zachary (21 September 2023). "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone" . CNN . ^ a b c "How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?" . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 September 2024. ^ Mills, Claire (12 May 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" . House of Commons Library . ^ "How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works" . Lawfare . 16 July 2024. ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War" . The New York Times . 22 June 2023. ^ Brunnstrom, David (19 September 2024). "Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit" . The Guardian . 26 April 2022. ^ Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2024). "Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines" . Atlantic Council . ^ "Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops" . Al Jazeera English . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Stezhensky, Alex (3 May 2025). "Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate" . New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Brown, Larisa (2 May 2025). "Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win" . www.thetimes.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2025 . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Najibullah, Farangis; Dobrynin, Sergei (8 March 2025). "How Important Is US Intelligence For Ukraine's War Effort?" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Murauskaite, Egle E. "U.S. Assistance to Ukraine in the Information Space: Intelligence, Cyber, and Signaling" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Vincent, Elise; Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 March 2025). " "Pause" of US intelligence sharing with Ukraine poses unprecedented challenges for allies" . Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Hudson, John; Dixon, Robyn (11 March 2025). "U.S. lifts pause on Ukraine aid as Kyiv agrees to ceasefire proposal" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "U.S.-Ukraine Intelligence Sharing: A Conversation with Calder Walton" . Belfer Center . 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Pancevski, Bojan; Ward, Alexander; Seligman, Lara (1 October 2025). "U.S. to Provide Ukraine With Intelligence for Missile Strikes Deep Inside Russia" . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Holland, Steve; Slattery, Gram (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia, say reports" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Balmforth, Tom (22 November 2025). "Exclusive: US threatens to cut intel, weapons to press Ukraine into peace deal, sources say" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Dariia, Mykailenko (15 January 2026). "France Supplies Majority of Intelligence Ukraine Uses in War With Russia, Macron Says" . UNITED24 Media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Macron: Coalition of the Willing provides 100% military support to Ukraine" . www.ukrinform.net . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia" . AP News . 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 23 July 2024 . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . ^ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine . Vol. 6. Instytut Europy Środkowej. hdl : 1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3 . ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2 . ^ "Putin's Strategic Failure" . IISS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. "Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" . SSRN 4048994 . ^ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (10 May 2024). Personalism and Personalist Regimes . Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6 . ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). Armed Conflict Survey 2023 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5 . ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... ^ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (12 December 2024). The Armed Conflict Survey 2024 . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5 . ^ "White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine" . Sun Sentinel . 9 June 2023 . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ "Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles" . Reuters . 21 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 14 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Axe, David. "Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases" . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ "Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says" . Politico . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). "North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ "US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia" . Reuters . 15 October 2024 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). "North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). "Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials" . Evening Standard . ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . CNA . 22 October 2024. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . TRT World . 23 October 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). "North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors' " . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). "US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . ^ "Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says" . The Guardian . 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 October 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (28 October 2024). "No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia" . Al Jazeera . 28 October 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk" . Kyiv Post . 7 November 2024 . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ Kang, Taejun (13 November 2024). "US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine" . Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces" . Reuters . 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 November 2024). "Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Vergun, David (18 November 2024). "North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting" . U.S. Department of Defence . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ Zimko, Oleksandra (24 November 2024). "DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ "Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive" . RBC-Ukraine . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ "2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel" . Kyiv Post . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . ^ "North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says" . Reuters . ^ "A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces" . AP News . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea" . BBC News . 19 December 2024 . Retrieved 21 December 2024 . ^ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (10 December 2024). "Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict" . Articles of War . Lieber Institute . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ "Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy" . Radio Free Asia . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front" . Reuters . 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T. (27 January 2025). "North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 January 2025). "Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs" . Politico . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Harding, Luke (18 January 2025). "Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 January 2025 . Retrieved 19 January 2025 . ^ Harvey, Lex (27 March 2025). "North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Munster, Ben (26 April 2025). "Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance" . Politico . Retrieved 26 April 2025 . ^ "North Korea to send military construction workers, deminers to rebuild Russia's Kursk region" . AFP . 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Mackenzie, Jean (12 August 2025). "North Koreans tell BBC they are being sent to work 'like slaves' in Russia" . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Shidore, Sarang (31 August 2023). "The Return of the Global South" . Foreign Affairs . ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). " 'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia" . Politico . ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources" . Kyodo News . 18 March 2023. ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate" . EU Observer . ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say" . Reuters . 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 July 2025). "Adversary Entente Task Force Update, July 16" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Walsh, Nick Paton and Davey-Attlee, Florence (19 February 2024). "The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2024 . ^ "Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee" . FP News . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (4 September 2024). "Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal" . Financial Times . ^ Slattery, Gram (24 July 2025). "Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "Slovakia and Hungary reject EU plan to phase out Russian gas by end-2027" . Reuters . 7 May 2025. ^ "How the West is helping Russia to fund its war on Ukraine" . 29 May 2025. ^ "The EU's continued trade with Russia undermines its support for Ukraine – EUROPP" . 9 October 2024. ^ Cook, Chris; Sheppard, David (24 September 2023). "Russia dodges G7 price cap sanctions on most of its oil exports" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . ^ Saul, Jonathan; Verma, Nidhi; Verma, Nidhi (26 May 2023). "Exclusive: Lloyd's Register drops ships of top Indian carrier of Russian oil" . Reuters . ^ "How Dubai became 'the new Geneva' for Russian oil trade" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China" . pravda.com.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Creel, Katherine; Yano, Shoji. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar ^ "Three years into war, US and Europe keep billions in trade with Russia" . Reuters . 6 August 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ Hamourtziadou, Lily (1 February 2023). "Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed" . The Conversation . ^ Kirby, Paul (13 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll" . BBC News . ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?" . Fortune . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 8 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends" . Ukrinform . 29 March 2022. ^ " 'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb" . BBC News . 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. ^ "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL" . Meduza . 12 October 2022. ^ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2022 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (25 June 2024). "Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements" . The Times . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer" . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies" . Ukrinform . 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (11 April 2022). "Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says" . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ " 'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers" . The Japan Times . 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. ^ "At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" . C.D. Howe Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2023 . ^ "The Cost of War to Ukraine" . The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies . Retrieved 8 October 2023 . ^ "Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death" . AP News . 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead" . Agence France-Presse republished in France 24 . 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ " "Our City Was Gone": Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine" . Human Rights Watch . 8 February 2024. p. 147 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks. ^ "Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 24 September 2023" . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 25 September 2023. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (11 December 2023). "Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Latypova, Leyla (17 May 2024). "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Petkova, Mariya (25 October 2022). " 'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Bessonov, Ania (4 October 2022). "Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine" . CBC . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine" . France 24 . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground" . BBC News . 4 July 2024. ^ Porter, Tom (6 December 2024). "Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them" . Business Insider . ^ "Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate" . Newsweek . 12 November 2024. ^ "120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing" . Meduza . 5 July 2024. Wikidata Q127245770 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. ^ Ivshina, Olga (30 December 2025). "Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal" . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Butt, Maira (31 December 2025). "Russian losses in Ukraine rising faster than ever, finds new analysis" . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine" . The New York Times . 24 April 2024. ^ "Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ "Country Comparisons — Death rate" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 13 September 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. ^ Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken" . Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft . ^ a b Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. August 2025 update" (PDF) . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict October 2025 update" (PDF) . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Список жертв войны в российских регионах" . 7x7 . 1 August 2023. ^ "Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024" . dw.com (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine's losses in the war" . UALosses . 21 May 2025. ^ a b c "Разрыв между городом и деревней: что известно о потерях России в Украине к декабрю" . BBC. 30 November 2025. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. "Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" . Mediazona . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 24 October 2025 . ^ "Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails" . Sky News . 16 May 2025. ^ "Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . ^ "Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit" . 17 June 2024. ^ "Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman" . 16 December 2024. ^ "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022" . Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic . 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 March 2023 . ^ "Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 28 December 2023. ^ "Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims" . The Moscow Times . 19 May 2025. ^ The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?" . The Economist . 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини . The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ "Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known" . France 24 . 17 February 2025. ^ "Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year" . USNEWS . 13 February 2025. ^ "Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories" . The New York Times . 30 October 2024. ^ Allison, George (6 November 2025). "Russian casualties exceed 1.1m since invasion says Britain" . UK Defence Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,404" . Ukrainska Pravda . 28 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers" . Moscow Times . 4 February 2025. ^ "N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul" . Yahoo News . ^ "Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine" . Euronews . 11 October 2024. ^ "About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says" . Euronews . 30 April 2025. Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect" . Associated Press . ^ "First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine" . The Guardian . 16 December 2024. "30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims" . The Kyiv Independent . 16 December 2024. ^ "Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?" . BBC News . 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF) . Ukraine . 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council . ^ "Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons" . The Guardian . 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF) . Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. ^ "Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, – Kyrylo Budanov" . Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine . 23 November 2024. ^ "UPDATE: Russian airstrike on Zaporizhzhia industrial site kills 13, injures 122" . Kyiv Independent . 8 January 2025. ^ "Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. ^ "Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says" . Reuters . 8 January 2025. ^ "UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder" . OHCHR . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians" . Forbes . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ a b "Russian authorities committed crimes against humanity targeting civilian population through drone attacks as well as war crimes of forcible transfer and deportation of civilians" . OHCHR . 28 October 2025. ^ a b "UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine" . UN News . 20 March 2024. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Stepanenko, Vasilisa; Kullab, Samya; Hanna, Arhipova (15 March 2024). "Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine" . Associated Press . ^ Hambling, David (29 December 2023). "What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Field, Matt (15 March 2024). "Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Rushton, James (6 April 2024). "Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ "2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find" . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Davies, Maia (13 January 2026). "Ukraine war: Last year was deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says" . BBC Home . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention" . Yale School of Medicine . 25 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Waterhouse, James (16 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ "On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace" . OHCHR . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ "Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading" . AP News . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (27 March 2024). "Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says" . Politico . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ "Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war" . EEAS . 16 October 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . ^ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR . 29 June 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2022 . ^ Shull, Abbie. "Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports" . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (6 July 2024). "In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2025 . ^ "Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 29 February 2024)" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . OHCHR . pp. 14– 15 . Retrieved 13 March 2025 . ^ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (12 June 2024). "FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites" . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ "US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says" . Reuters . 12 June 2024 . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina (24 March 2025). "Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 23 October 2025 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (7 August 2025). "Russia launches 'catalog' of Ukrainian children for adoption, sorted by eye and hair color" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ Vakulina, Sasha (8 August 2025). "Russia creates 'catalogue' of Ukrainian children for adoption" . euronews . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ "Russian occupation authorities publish database of Ukrainian children for adoption, sortable by hair and eye color" . Meduza . 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Cookman, Liz (8 August 2025). "Russia 'running slave catalogue of Ukrainian children to adopt' " . The Times and The Sunday Times . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (3 March 2022). "ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest" . Reuters . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. ^ "10: "World nuclear forces" ". Military Spending and Armaments, 2019 (PDF) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ Bufacchi, Vittorio (26 July 2022). "War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?" . Journal of Political Power . 16 (1): 6. doi : 10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495 . hdl : 10468/13459 . S2CID 251124184 . ^ Warburton, Moira (15 March 2022). "U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal" . Reuters . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 September 2023). "War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (28 March 2023). "Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes" . Violence . 3 (2): 281– 300. doi : 10.1177/26330024231167184 . S2CID 257852247 . ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov" . International Criminal Court . International Criminal Court . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ Roth, Andrew (25 June 2024). "ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say" . ABC . 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR" . www.unrefugees.org . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Farge, Emma (25 September 2023). "Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (16 March 2023). "UN inquiry finds" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war" . www.who.int . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System" . PHR . 7 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime" . EPP Group in the European Parliament . 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ "Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat" . Euronews . 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ a b "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 July 2022). "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (20 May 2022). "Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles" . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Ukraine" . IDMC . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight" . ABC News . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters . DW News . 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube. "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine" . Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic) . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK" . gov.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out" . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city" . BBC News . 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri" Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia]. РБК (in Russian). 6 September 2021. ^ Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. ^ Stone, Lyman (22 March 2023). "The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia" . IFStudies . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (30 March 2023). "The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population". Population, Space and Place . 29 (4) e2656. doi : 10.1002/psp.2656 . hdl : 10023/27301 . S2CID 257876682 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ a b Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023). "Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction" . WIIW . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die" . The Telegraph . 26 February 2023. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . 2022. ^ "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse" . The Economist . 4 March 2023. ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (28 February 2023). "Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia" . The RAND Blog . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" . NPR . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ "Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" . BBC News . 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Wachs, Johannes (15 May 2023). "Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . EPJ Data Science . 12 (1) 14. doi : 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 . PMC 10184088 . PMID 37215283 . ^ "The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile" . Financial Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ Sharma, Shweta (30 November 2023). "Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ Loh, Matthew (25 July 2024). "Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief" . Business Insider . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage" e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ " 'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine" . commondreams.org . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine" PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (13 June 2023). "Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine" . International Relations Review . 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Yermak, Andriy ; Wallström, Margot (16 August 2023). "Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (8 April 2024). "Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests" . Yahoo News . Retrieved 12 April 2024 . ^ Singha, Sutandra (17 December 2024). "Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change" . Chintan India foundation blog . India Foundation . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ^ "Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine" . Euroactive . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ^ de Guzman, Chad (19 May 2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave" . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2023 . ^ Tan, Huileng (22 May 2023). "Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it" . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ Chin, Yongchang (21 May 2023). "Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ "Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects" . The Guardian . The Guardian. 5 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). "US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ Harvey, Fiona (26 September 2023). " 'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (11 August 2024). "Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert" . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ O'Neil, Tyler (27 April 2022). "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' " . Fox News . ^ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says" . CNN . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Gill, Victoria (25 February 2022). "Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ " 'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" . aljazeera.com . 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" . NBC News . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ Horowitz, Julia (5 January 2022). "Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022" . CNN (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (14 March 2022). "Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says" . Reuters . ^ Porter, Richard (31 March 2022). "EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown" . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . ^ "Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says" . Reuters (Digital). 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2 March 2022). "Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ "How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?" . BBC (Digital). 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 March 2022. ^ "Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected" . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Garver, Rob (8 February 2024). "Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions" . Voice of America (Digital) . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Sonne, Paul (27 April 2024). "Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills" . New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ a b c Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (Report). Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). April 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "SITE's Torbjörn Becker briefs EU on Russia's economy and effects of sanctions" . Stockholm School of Economics . Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). 16 May 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "Китай принял первый груз санкционного российского СПГ перед визитом Путина к Си Цзиньпину" . Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). 30 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ a b Meredith, Sam (3 February 2023). "Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (8 March 2022). "EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?" . Associated Press (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Goldman, David (24 March 2022). "Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real" . CTV News . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Gavin, Gabriel (6 October 2023). "Politico" (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie (28 February 2022). "Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] ^ "Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions" . The Moscow Times . 5 January 2023. ^ Astier, Henri (14 June 2024). "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ a b "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine" . Chatham House . 3 October 2023. ^ "Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War" . Council of Councils . Council on Foreign Relations . 21 February 2024. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . ^ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (24 January 2024). "What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ Landale, James (25 February 2025). "US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine" . BBC Home . Retrieved 9 July 2025 . ^ Brennan, David (16 December 2025). "Trump-Putin Alaska summit looms large in Kremlin's Ukraine negotiating strategy" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Menon, Rajan (24 November 2025). "Trump's 'peace plan' was a pro-Kremlin abomination whose failure is a glimmer of hope for Ukraine" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Grozev, Christo; Weiss, Michael (26 November 2025). "Made in Moscow: The "U.S. peace plan" for Ukraine was substantially formulated months ago by Kremlin operative Kirill Dmitriev" . The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Bellinger, John B. III (28 February 2022). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary" . BBC News . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 February 2023 . ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts 18th package of economic and individual measures" . Council of the EU . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). "The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" . Energy Research & Social Science . 102 103150. Bibcode : 2023ERSS..10203150O . doi : 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 . ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). "Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine" . Nature Energy . 8 (4): 413– 421. Bibcode : 2023NatEn...8..413S . doi : 10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 . hdl : 11250/3106595 . ^ "Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' " . Reuters . 15 June 2023. ^ "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" . Europa (web portal). ^ "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU" . Europa (web portal). ^ Tambur, Silver (26 February 2022). "Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . Estonian world. ^ Brooks, Hannah (2 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . ^ Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). "Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion" . Financial Times . ^ Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). "Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)#cite_ref-726
|
An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Products and Services All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Resources for You For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public Explore NLM About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events Grants and Research NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications Home This page is no longer being maintained. You can find a previous version at: /careers/jobopenings.html . There is no guarentee that this redirect page will be maintained. You will be redirected in 10 seconds. Connect with NLM National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NLM Support Center Accessibility Careers NLM | NIH | HHS | USA.gov
|
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html#main
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia talk : Community portal Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version This page is for the discussion/improvement of the community portal only. Large changes to it should be discussed here first. For general questions about Wikipedia, please consult the Wikipedia FAQ first. For getting help about how to use or edit Wikipedia, visit the help desk . For other questions regarding factual topics, please use the reference desk . For discussion unrelated to the community portal , please visit the village pump forums. Community portal sections COTWs Open tasks Community bulletin board Wikipediasister-list Designs and redesigns Documentation page of current experimental redesign (August 2012) ( previous designs ) Please draft layout changes here: Community portal/Draft COTWs Open tasks Community bulletin board Wikipediasister-list Designs and redesigns Documentation page of current experimental redesign (August 2012) ( previous designs ) Please draft layout changes here: Archives Archive 1 Archive 2 Archive 3 Archive 4 Archive 5 Archive 6 Archive 7 Archive 8 Archive 9 Archive 10 Archive 11 Archive 12 Archive 13 Archive 14 Archive 15 Archive 16 Archive 17 Archive 18 Archive 19 Archive 20 Archive 1 Archive 2 Archive 3 Archive 4 Archive 5 Archive 6 Archive 7 Archive 8 Archive 9 Archive 10 Archive 11 Archive 12 Archive 13 Archive 14 Archive 15 Archive 16 Archive 17 Archive 18 Archive 19 Archive 20 This page has archives. Topics inactive for 90 days are automatically archived by Lowercase sigmabot III . Start a discussion about improving the Wikipedia:Community portal page Talk pages are where people discuss how to make content on Wikipedia the best that it can be. You can use this page to start a discussion with others about how to improve the " Wikipedia:Community portal " page. Wikipedia semi-protected talk pages This page was last edited on 16 November 2025, at 19:55 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Community_portal
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 2 Collaborative editing Toggle Collaborative editing subsection 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 3 Policies and content Toggle Policies and content subsection 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 4 Governance Toggle Governance subsection 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 5 Community Toggle Community subsection 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 6 Language editions Toggle Language editions subsection 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 7 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 8 Operation Toggle Operation subsection 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 9 Access to content Toggle Access to content subsection 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 10 Cultural influence Toggle Cultural influence subsection 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 11 Related projects 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 15 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 16 External links Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item The logo of Wikipedia , a globe made out of puzzle pieces featuring glyphs from various writing systems .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Screenshot Wikipedia's desktop homepage Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in 342 languages Headquarters San Francisco , California, US Country of origin United States Owner Wikimedia Foundation (since 2003) Created by .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger URL wikipedia .org Commercial No Registration Optional [ a ] Users 126 million (as of January 16, 2026) Launched January 15, 2001 (25 years ago) ( 2001-01-15 ) Current status Active Content license CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0 [ b ] Written in PHP OCLC number 52075003 Wikipedia [ c ] is a free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers , known as Wikipedians , through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki . Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. [ 1 ] Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Initially available only in English , Wikipedia exists in over 340 languages and is one of the world's most visited websites . The English Wikipedia , with over 7 million articles , remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 66 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about five edits per second on average) as of April 2024 [update] . [ W 1 ] As of December 2025 [update] , over 25% of Wikipedia's traffic comes from the United States, while Japan accounts for nearly 7%, and the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia each represent around 5%. [ 4 ] Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the democratization of knowledge , its extensive coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site, sometimes due to its criticism of the government or by content otherwise considered blasphemous. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Although Wikipedia's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, the encyclopedia has also been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and a geographical bias against the Global South . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward. [ 2 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for up-to-date information about those events. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] History Nupedia Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. [ 13 ] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. [ 14 ] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis , a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman . [ W 2 ] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, [ 17 ] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. [ 18 ] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. [ W 3 ] Launch and growth Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as "Wikipedia Day"), [ 19 ] as a single English language edition with the domain name www.wikipedia.com , [ W 4 ] and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. [ 17 ] The name, proposed by Sanger to forestall any potential damage to the Nupedia name, [ 20 ] originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Its integral policy of " neutral point of view " arose within its first year. [ 23 ] Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. [ 17 ] Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business. [ 24 ] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. [ W 5 ] [ W 6 ] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years. [ 25 ] Due to fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. [ W 7 ] Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org . [ 26 ] [ W 8 ] After an early period of exponential growth, [ 27 ] the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors appears to have peaked around early 2007. [ 28 ] The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. [ W 9 ] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". [ 27 ] Others suggested that the growth flattened naturally because articles that could be called " low-hanging fruit "—topics that clearly merit an article—had already been created and built up extensively. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain, found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. [ 34 ] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. [ 35 ] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". [ 36 ] A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. [ 37 ] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline. [ 38 ] In November 2013, New York magazine stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." [ 39 ] The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." [ 42 ] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users." [ 42 ] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky , associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]." [ 42 ] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. [ 43 ] As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, [ 44 ] from which cloud computing was the most cited page. [ 45 ] Sister projects Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation . These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary , a dictionary project launched in December 2002, [ W 10 ] Wikiquote , a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, [ 46 ] Wikibooks , a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, [ W 11 ] Wikimedia Commons , a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, [ W 12 ] Wikinews , for collaborative journalism, [ W 13 ] and Wikiversity , a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities. [ W 14 ] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies , is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing. [ 47 ] In 2012, Wikivoyage , an editable travel guide, [ 48 ] and Wikidata , an editable knowledge base, launched. [ W 15 ] Milestones In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. [ 49 ] With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked ninth, surpassing The New York Times (No. 10) and Apple (No. 11). [ 49 ] This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. [ 50 ] In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. [ W 16 ] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". [ 51 ] As of March 2023 [update] , it ranked sixth in popularity, according to Similarweb . [ 52 ] Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through " stigmergic accumulation". [ 53 ] [ 54 ] On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress —the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours . [ 55 ] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content. [ 56 ] [ W 17 ] In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia , an asteroid , was named after Wikipedia; [ 57 ] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument ; [ 58 ] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia . [ 59 ] In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander , Beresheet , crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA . [ 62 ] On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called " Vector 2022 ". [ 63 ] [ 64 ] It featured a redesigned menu bar , moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar , and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. [ 64 ] [ W 18 ] The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes. [ 63 ] [ 65 ] Both Sanger and Wales have given public interviews in late 2025 about their reflections about the status and state of Wikipedia leading up to its 25 years of operation on January 15, 2026; Wales appeared on the PBS television news show GZERO World interviewed by Ian Bremmer [ 66 ] and Sanger has appeared on the FOX news network interviewed by Ashley Rindsberg . [ 67 ] Wales's book The Seven Rules of Trust was published in October 2025 by Penguin Random House . It was described by the publisher as a "sweeping reflection on the global crisis of credibility and knowledge" with the book examining the "rules of trust" that enabled the growth and success of Wikipedia. [ 68 ] Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views Since January 2024, the Wikimedia Foundation has reported a roughly 50 percent increase in bandwidth use from downloads of multimedia content across its projects. According to the foundation, this growth is largely attributed to automated programs, or "scraper" bots, that collect large volumes of data from Wikimedia sites for use in training large language models and related applications. [ 69 ] In October 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported an estimated 8 percent decline in traffic as compared to the same months in 2024 in human page views. They speculate it reflects the use of generative AI and social media on how people tend to search for information. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Collaborative editing Restrictions Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only users with 10 edits that have an account that is four days old may create a new article. [ W 19 ] On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. [ 72 ] A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. [ 73 ] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. [ W 20 ] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas". [ 74 ] Wikipedia has delegated some functions to bots . Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors. [ 75 ] Bots must be approved by the community before their tasks are implemented. [ 76 ] In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. [ W 21 ] Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. [ 77 ] Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. [ 78 ] However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community. [ 79 ] Articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are placed under extended-confirmed protection. [ 80 ] Editors also can make only one revert per day across the entire field and can be banned from editing related articles. These restrictions were introduced in 2008. [ 81 ] In January 2025, the Arbitration Committee introduced the "balanced editing restriction", which requires sanctioned users to devote only a third of their edits to articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict even when no misconduct rules have been violated. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Review of changes Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. [ e ] [ 84 ] On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. [ W 22 ] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems. [ W 23 ] In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction". [ 85 ] Vandalism Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. [ 86 ] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively. [ W 24 ] Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair. [ 89 ] In the Seigenthaler biography incident , an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . [ 89 ] It remained uncorrected for four months. [ 89 ] Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University , called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". [ 89 ] The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people. [ 92 ] Disputes and edit warring Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". [ W 25 ] [ 93 ] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, [ 94 ] and criticized as creating a competitive [ 95 ] and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles . [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes, [ 98 ] [ 99 ] the influence of rival editing camps, [ 100 ] [ 101 ] the conversational structure, [ 102 ] and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush , anarchism , and Muhammad . [ 106 ] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia , Scientology , and 9/11 conspiracy theories . [ 106 ] In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia. [ 104 ] Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Wikipedia , with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies. [ 107 ] Policies and content External videos Jimmy Wales , The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, TED talks , 20 minutes Katherine Maher , What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks , 15 minutes Wikipedia is composed of 11 different namespaces , with its articles being present in mainspace . Other namespaces have a prefix before their page title and fulfill various purposes. For example, the project namespace uses the Wikipedia prefix and is used for self-governance related discussions. Most readers are not aware of these other namespaces. [ 108 ] The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. [ W 26 ] The five pillars are: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility Wikipedia has no firm rules The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. [ 109 ] Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent. [ W 21 ] Content policies and guidelines According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. [ W 27 ] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standards of "notability" , which generally means that the topic has been covered extensively in reliable sources that are independent of the article's subject. [ 110 ] Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized and therefore must not present original research. [ 111 ] Some subjects such as politicians and academics have specialized notability requirements. [ 110 ] Finally, Wikipedia must reflect a neutral point of view. This is accomplished through summarizing reliable sources, using impartial language, and ensuring that multiple points of view are presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable. [ 112 ] Information without citations may be tagged or removed entirely. [ 113 ] This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced. [ 114 ] As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages. [ 75 ] Governance Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article. [ W 28 ] Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights , granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. Some user rights are granted automatically, such as the autoconfirmed and extended confirmed groups, when thresholds for account age and edits are met. [ 73 ] Administrators Experienced editors can choose to run for " adminship ", [ 117 ] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. [ W 29 ] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits. [ W 29 ] By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. [ 38 ] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship. [ 118 ] Dispute resolution Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment", [ W 25 ] in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the discussion from the list after 30 days. [ W 30 ] However, editors have the discretion to close (and delist) the discussion early or late. If the result of a discussion is not obvious, a closer—an uninvolved editor usually in good standing—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side. [ 119 ] Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for logical negation and pronounced "not". [ 120 ] Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. [ 121 ] Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers . [ 121 ] : 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings. [ 121 ] : 83 Arbitration Committee The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. [ 122 ] Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, [ 123 ] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. [ 122 ] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). [ f ] Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). [ 122 ] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and antisocial behavior . [ W 31 ] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings. [ 122 ] Community Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. [ 124 ] Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike , [ 125 ] although not always with entirely negative connotations. [ 126 ] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials , has been referred to as " anti-elitism ". [ W 32 ] Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. [ 127 ] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there. [ 128 ] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". [ 129 ] Since Wikipedia relies on volunteer labour, editors frequently focus on topics that interest them. [ 130 ] The English Wikipedia has 7,122,774 articles, 51,074,164 registered editors, and 267,090 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. [ W 33 ] Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". [ 131 ] Editors who do not log in are in some sense " second-class citizens " on Wikipedia, [ 131 ] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", [ 132 ] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty. [ 132 ] New editors often struggle to understand Wikipedia's complexity. Experienced editors are encouraged to not "bite" the newcomers in order to create a more welcoming atmosphere. [ 133 ] Research A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". [ 134 ] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." [ 129 ] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders". [ 129 ] In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that "one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits." [ 135 ] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz , who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts. [ 136 ] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, [ 137 ] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. [ 138 ] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content". [ 139 ] Diversity Several studies have shown that most volunteer Wikipedia contributors are male. The results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female. [ 140 ] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors. [ 141 ] Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown , gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. [ 141 ] Andrew Lih , a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". [ 142 ] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors. [ 143 ] Language editions English (10.7%) Cebuano (9.20%) German (4.70%) French (4.10%) Swedish (4.00%) Dutch (3.30%) Spanish (3.10%) Russian (3.10%) Italian (2.90%) Polish (2.50%) Egyptian Arabic (2.50%) Chinese (2.30%) Japanese (2.20%) Ukrainian (2.10%) Vietnamese (2.00%) Arabic (2.00%) Waray (1.90%) Portuguese (1.90%) Persian (1.60%) Catalan (1.20%) Other (32.7%) There are currently 342 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias ). As of January 2026, the six largest, in order of article count, are the English , Cebuano , German , French , Swedish , and Dutch Wikipedias. [ W 35 ] The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot , which as of 2013 [update] had created about half the articles on the Swedish Wikipedia , and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias . The latter are both languages of the Philippines . In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ( Spanish , Russian , Italian , Polish , Egyptian Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Ukrainian , Vietnamese , Arabic , Waray , and Portuguese ), seven more have over 500,000 articles ( Persian , Catalan , Indonesian , Korean , Chechen , Serbian , and Norwegian ), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. [ W 36 ] [ W 35 ] The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 7.1 million articles. As of January 2021, [update] the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic. [ W 37 ] Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2024 Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color ) [ W 38 ] or points of view. [ W 39 ] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use . [ W 40 ] [ 145 ] The content of articles on the same subject can differ significantly between languages, depending on the sources editors use and other factors. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". [ W 41 ] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others). [ W 42 ] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia, [ W 43 ] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. [ W 44 ] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. [ W 44 ] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects. [ W 45 ] Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. [ 149 ] [ W 46 ] A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the Simple English Wikipedia . [ 148 ] English Wikipedia editor numbers On March 1, 2014, The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." [ 150 ] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014. [ 150 ] In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia. [ 150 ] Reception Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation , which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014. [update] [ 151 ] [ 121 ] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias . In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". [ 152 ] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's " undue-weight policy ", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic. [ 152 ] [ 156 ] A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin . [ 157 ] In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online." [ 158 ] Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased . In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much " leftist bias". [ 159 ] Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger , who left Wikipedia in 2002 to establish competing websites, has said that Wikipedia had become "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics. [ 162 ] Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western cultural bias " (or "pro-western bias") [ 163 ] or "Eurocentric bias", [ 164 ] reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship [ 165 ] and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors. [ 166 ] In October 2025, Larry Sanger published his Nine Theses , a critical assessment and reform agenda for Wikipedia. The proposal is part of his broader effort to address what Sanger perceives as systemic issues within Wikipedia, which include ideological bias, lack of transparency in the editor hierarchies and an ineffective consensus-based decision making procedure. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Accuracy of content External audio The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1 , Ideas with Paul Kennedy , CBC , January 15, 2014 Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts , lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. [ 169 ] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica , about three." [ 170 ] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects." [ 171 ] [ failed verification ] Others raised similar critiques. [ 172 ] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica , [ 173 ] [ 174 ] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica . [ 175 ] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature ' s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals ), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size , 42 or 4 × 10 1 articles compared, vs >10 5 and >10 6 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively). [ 176 ] As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it. [ W 47 ] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information, [ 177 ] vandalism , and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources". [ 178 ] Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them. [ 179 ] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created". [ 180 ] In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica , summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty." [ 181 ] Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. [ 182 ] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear. [ 183 ] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. [ 184 ] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles. [ 185 ] External videos Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry , Deutsche Welle , 7:13 mins [ 186 ] Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia. [ 84 ] [ W 48 ] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing. [ 187 ] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia. ' " [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report . [ 192 ] Discouragement in education Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; [ 193 ] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. [ 196 ] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said. [ 197 ] In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change. [ 198 ] In June 2007, Michael Gorman , former president of the American Library Association , condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". [ 199 ] A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education " flipped classroom ", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education. [ 200 ] Medical information On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information." [ 201 ] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues , as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process. [ 201 ] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference." [ 202 ] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed." [ 202 ] Coverage of topics and systemic bias Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. [ W 49 ] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism ). [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. [ W 50 ] The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. [ 205 ] The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China [ 206 ] and Pakistan, [ 207 ] among other countries. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles. [ 211 ] A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science". [ 212 ] An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers . [ 213 ] Systemic biases Wikipedia's policies may limit "its capacity for truly representing global knowledge". For example, Wikipedia only considers published sources to be reliable. Oral knowledge of Indigenous cultures is not always reflected in print. Marginalized topics are also more likely to lack significant coverage in reliable sources. Wikipedia's content is therefore limited as a result of larger systemic biases. [ 214 ] Academic studies of Wikipedia have shown that the average contributor to the English Wikipedia is an educated, technically inclined white male, aged 15–49, from a developed, predominantly Christian country. [ 215 ] The corresponding point of view (POV) is over-represented. [ 216 ] [ 165 ] This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias , gender bias , and geographical bias on Wikipedia . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references). [ 216 ] Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view . [ 217 ] In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare". [ 36 ] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors . [ 37 ] Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, with Africa being the most underrepresented. [ 219 ] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events. [ 220 ] Explicit content Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. [ 221 ] Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces , cadaver , human penis , vulva , and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. [ W 51 ] The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation , illustrations of zoophilia , and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children . [ W 52 ] The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer —a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions —features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers. [ 222 ] In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law . [ 223 ] [ 224 ] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon , were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003 . [ 225 ] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law . [ 225 ] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools. [ 226 ] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation, [ 227 ] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it." [ 227 ] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted". [ 228 ] Critics, including Wikipediocracy , noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared. [ 229 ] Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia regards one's right to remain a private citizen rather than a public figure in the eyes of the law. [ 230 ] [ g ] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life . The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment". [ W 53 ] In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated. [ 231 ] Wikipedia has a " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Volunteer Response Team " that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [ W 54 ] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project. [ W 55 ] In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers. [ 232 ] Sexism Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment . [ 233 ] [ 234 ] The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship. [ 235 ] Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics. [ 236 ] In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media. [ W 56 ] [ 237 ] Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou . [ 237 ] Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation." [ 239 ] Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage. [ 239 ] A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University 's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men." [ 240 ] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks . [ W 57 ] The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. [ 241 ] [ W 58 ] The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million. [ W 59 ] In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner. [ W 60 ] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free." [ 242 ] [ 243 ] The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue ( paid advocacy ) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said. [ 242 ] Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, [ W 61 ] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016. [ W 62 ] Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words." [ 142 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021. [ 244 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community. [ 245 ] Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates . These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. [ W 63 ] Software operations and support The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. [ W 64 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . [ W 65 ] MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. [ W 64 ] [ W 66 ] Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. [ W 67 ] Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. [ W 68 ] In April 2005, a Lucene extension [ W 69 ] [ W 70 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch . [ W 71 ] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor , was opened to public use. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". [ 249 ] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward. [ W 72 ] Automated editing Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. [ W 73 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson , created articles with his bot Lsjbot , which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days. [ 252 ] Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses). [ W 74 ] Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. [ 250 ] Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government. [ 253 ] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation. [ W 75 ] According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots. [ 254 ] Hardware operations and support As of 2021, [update] page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server . [ W 76 ] Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. [ W 76 ] The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. [ 255 ] Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. [ W 77 ] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia . [ W 78 ] [ 256 ] A second application data center was created in 2014 in Carrollton, Texas , to improve Wikipedia's reliability. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one, in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 259 ] In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ W 79 ] In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille , France. [ W 80 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ W 81 ] As of November 2024, [update] caching clusters are located in Amsterdam , San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo. [ W 82 ] [ W 83 ] Internal research and operational development Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits, [ 37 ] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. [ 260 ] Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition. [ 37 ] [ 249 ] The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe , who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment. [ 261 ] At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, [ W 84 ] the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually. [ 261 ] In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually, [ W 85 ] updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually. [ 261 ] Internal news publications Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia 's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wikipedia's sister projects . [ W 86 ] The Wikipedia Library Wikipedia editors sometimes struggle to access paywalled sources needed to improve a subject. [ 264 ] The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications , so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers." [ 267 ] Access to content Content licensing When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. [ W 87 ] The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL . This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. [ 268 ] In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. [ W 88 ] Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. [ W 89 ] In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009. [ W 90 ] [ W 91 ] [ W 92 ] [ W 93 ] The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, [ W 94 ] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law ). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. [ W 95 ] Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text. [ 269 ] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] Methods of access Since Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. [ W 96 ] The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Thousands of " mirror sites " exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com . [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Another example is Wapedia , which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did. [ W 97 ] Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset ) [ 274 ] and DuckDuckGo . Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs . An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles. [ W 98 ] The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles, [ W 99 ] the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles, [ W 100 ] and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles. [ W 101 ] Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and SOS Children , is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen. [ W 102 ] There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form. [ 275 ] [ W 103 ] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM . [ 276 ] The website DBpedia , begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. [ 277 ] Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF . [ W 104 ] As of February 2023, [update] it has over 101 million items. [ W 105 ] WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009. [ W 106 ] Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. [ W 107 ] Wikipedia publishes " dumps " of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, [update] there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images. [ W 108 ] Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this. [ 278 ] Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk , with an accuracy of 55 percent. [ 279 ] Mobile access Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection . Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller , deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. [ 51 ] By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees. [ 1 ] Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. [ W 97 ] In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone , Android -based devices, or WebOS -based devices. [ W 109 ] Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata like geoinformation . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google. [ W 110 ] [ W 111 ] The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews. [ W 112 ] Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access. [ W 113 ] [ 282 ] It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators. [ W 113 ] Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years, [ 283 ] and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. [ 37 ] Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Chinese access Access to Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015. [ 6 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult. [ 287 ] Cultural influence Trusted source to combat fake news In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] Noam Cohen , writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out ' fake news '." [ 289 ] [ 290 ] Readership In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors." [ 51 ] However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping. [ 43 ] The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022. [ 43 ] In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, [ W 114 ] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001. [ 291 ] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009. [ W 115 ] The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia. [ 292 ] In 2011, Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements. [ 293 ] According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization. [ W 116 ] As of February 2023, [update] Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion pageviews each month. [ W 1 ] COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic , Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Wikipedia's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet." [ 295 ] In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects. [ 298 ] There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021. [update] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Cultural significance Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. [ W 117 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] The Parliament of Canada 's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act . [ 303 ] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization [ 304 ] —though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. [ 305 ] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports. [ 306 ] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia. [ 307 ] Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism, [ 308 ] [ 309 ] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia . [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit , MySpace , and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. [ 314 ] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign , saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day." [ 315 ] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability. [ 316 ] One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama . He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues. [ 317 ] A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford -based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence ) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth". [ 318 ] [ 319 ] In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired , Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web " and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services , the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than " sapere aude " ( lit. ' dare to know ' ), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know." [ 320 ] Awards Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004. [ W 118 ] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category. [ 321 ] In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić , Eckart Höfling , and Peter Gabriel . The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger . [ 322 ] In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize , which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, [ 323 ] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation. [ 324 ] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Wikipedia users. [ 325 ] Satire Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on". [ 192 ] Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion , [ 326 ] as well as the 2010 The Onion article " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today". [ 327 ] In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office , office manager ( Michael Scott ) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee. [ 328 ] Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page. [ 329 ] " My Number One Doctor ", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs , played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide . [ 330 ] In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. [ 331 ] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia." [ 332 ] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia , which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. [ 333 ] Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles. [ 334 ] On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?" [ 335 ] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman . [ 336 ] In June 2024, nature.com published a fictional Wikipedia Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level. [ 337 ] Publishing The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica , which were unable to compete with a free alternative. [ 338 ] [ 339 ] [ 340 ] Nicholas Carr 's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0 " criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening." [ 341 ] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson , the former editor-in-chief of Wired , wrote in Nature that the " wisdom of crowds " approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes. [ 342 ] Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply". [ 343 ] Kathryn Hughes , professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" [ 343 ] Research use Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics , information retrieval and natural language processing . [ 344 ] [ 345 ] In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification", [ 346 ] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation . [ 347 ] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia. [ 348 ] In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] They used PageRank , CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)". [ 351 ] [ 352 ] The study was updated in 2019. [ 353 ] In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had "never caught it out". He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it. [ 354 ] A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications. [ 355 ] Studies related to Wikipedia have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence [ 319 ] to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism [ 356 ] [ 357 ] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] Related projects Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project , which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008. [ 360 ] Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2 ), [ 361 ] with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE ). [ W 119 ] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2 , which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. [ 362 ] Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review , such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium . [ 363 ] [ 364 ] The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] See also Internet portal Wikipedia portal Democratization of knowledge Interpedia – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of films about Wikipedia List of online encyclopedias List of Wikipedia controversies List of wikis Missing Links and Secret Histories Network effect Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Portal:Contents/Outlines QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Notes ^ Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files. ^ Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL ; media licensing varies. ^ Pronounced / ˌ w ɪ k ɪ ˈ p iː d i ə / ⓘ WIK -ih- PEE -dee-ə or / ˌ w ɪ k i -/ ⓘ WIK -ee- PEE -dee-ə in English ^ Available as an archive at the Nostalgia Wikipedia ^ Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely. ^ The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate. ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction. References Footnotes ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa (October 23, 2023). "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ a b "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ Anderson, Chris (May 8, 2006). "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100" . Time . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ "wikipedia.org" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on June 5, 2020 . Retrieved January 9, 2026 . ^ Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war" . NPR . Archived from the original on December 2, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ a b Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again" . International Business Times UK . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Noor, Poppy (July 29, 2018). "Wikipedia biases" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020 . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ Hern, Alex (September 15, 2015). "Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Wikipedia" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 17, 2022 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . ^ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (May 20, 2022). "Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started" . CNN . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved May 24, 2022 . ^ McNamee, Kai (September 15, 2022). "Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death" . NPR . Archived from the original on January 15, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Garber, Megan (October 12, 2011). "The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Kock, Ned ; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). "Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF) . International Journal of e-Collaboration . 12 (2). IGI Global: 1– 8. doi : 10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 . ISSN 1548-3681 . Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2016. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on October 11, 2007 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2007 . 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be" . Mid-day . January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 7. ^ Larry Sanger (January 11, 2001). "Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki..." Nupedia mailing list. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. ^ Miliard, Mike (March 1, 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?" . Salt Lake City Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2, 2009 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . ^ Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved May 5, 2009 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 29. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257– 286. ^ Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations . The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273 . ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H. ; Pirolli, Peter (October 25, 2009). "The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . WikiSym '09. ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . Archived from the original on September 26, 2024 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). "Wikipedia approaches its limits" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). "Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia" . Boston Review . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. ^ Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). "Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. ^ Gibbons, Austin; Vetrano, David; Biancani, Susan (2012). "Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow" (PDF) . Stanford Network Analysis Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . ^ Ortega Soto, José Felipe (2009). Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis (PhD thesis). Rey Juan Carlos University. hdl : 10115/11239 . Archived from the original on March 14, 2023 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Angwin, Julia (November 27, 2009). "Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 4, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ a b Rawlinson, Kevin (August 8, 2011). "Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors" . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 21, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2012 . ^ a b c d e Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Archived from the original on July 31, 2022 . Retrieved November 30, 2013 . ^ a b Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Ward, Katherine (November 25, 2013). New York Magazine. p. 18. ^ F., G. (May 5, 2013). "Who really runs Wikipedia?" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ Mandiberg, Michael (February 23, 2020). "Mapping Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on November 15, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Wikipedia page views?" . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on December 11, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2014 . ^ a b c "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites" . Alexa Internet . Archived from the original on February 3, 2021 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . ^ "Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ "Citations of Cloud Computing" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ Woods, Dan; Theony, Peter (2007). "3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis". Wikis for dummies (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . p. 58. ISBN 978-1-118-05066-8 . OCLC 1300481129 . OL 5741003W . ^ "NET News: Calling All Taxonomists" . Science . 307 (5712): 1021. February 18, 2005. doi : 10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a . S2CID 220095354 . ^ Luyt, Brendan (January 1, 2020). "A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia". Online Information Review . 45 (2): 356– 371. doi : 10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104 . ^ a b "New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic" (PDF) . Comscore . February 15, 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Perez, Juan Carlos (February 17, 2007). "Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites" . PCWorld . Archived from the original on March 19, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Similarweb. "Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on February 10, 2022 . Retrieved March 4, 2023 . ^ Loveland, Jeff; Reagle, Joseph (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production". New Media & Society . 15 (8): 1294. doi : 10.1177/1461444812470428 . ISSN 1461-4448 . S2CID 27886998 . ^ Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion?" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 9, 2013 . ^ Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves" . BBC News . January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ Workman, Robert (January 5, 2013). "Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia' " . Space.com . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Katz, Leslie (October 27, 2014). "A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)" . CNET . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Sawers, Paul (June 18, 2015). "You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000" . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on October 17, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 24, 2022 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun" . Vox . Archived from the original on November 29, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). "Startup packs all 16 GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes" . CNET . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved August 15, 2023 . ^ a b Pearl, Mike (January 18, 2023). "Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out" . Mashable . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Tech Desk (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Rauwerda, Annie (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point" . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ GZERO World. Ian Bremmer. "Why we still trust Wikipedia, with cofounder Jimmy Wales". Dec. 13, 2025. [1] ^ "Wikipedia's co-founder on anonymous editors, why the site is biased against conservatives and how to fix it: Larry Sanger criticizes 'reliable sources' system and anonymous administrators." By Ashley Rindsberg and Nora Moriarty, Fox News, October 9, 2025. [2] ^ "The Seven Rules of Trust" . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Weaver, Tanya (April 4, 2025). "AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure" . eandt.theiet.org . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Ha, Anthony (October 18, 2025). "Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video" . TechCrunch . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Miller, Marshall (October 17, 2025). "New User Trends on Wikipedia" . Diff . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). "Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 12, 2022 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 12–13. ^ Harrison, Stephen; Benjakob, Omer (January 14, 2021). "Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better" . Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 15, 2021 . ^ a b Ren, Yuqing; Zhang, Haifeng; Kraut, Robert E. (February 29, 2024). "How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors" . ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction . 31 (1): 1– 48. doi : 10.1145/3617369 . ISSN 1073-0516 . Archived from the original on September 12, 2024 . Retrieved September 12, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 36. ^ Henderson, William (December 10, 2012). "Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing" . BBC News . Archived from the original on November 27, 2022 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ Ajmani, Leah; Vincent, Nicholas; Chancellor, Stevie (September 28, 2023). "Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 7 (CSCW2): 1– 33. doi : 10.1145/3610198 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2023). "Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2023 . Retrieved December 20, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (October 4, 2020). "The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on January 8, 2024 . Retrieved March 6, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (February 5, 2025). "Project 2025's Creators Want to Dox Wikipedia Editors. The Tool They're Using Is Horrifying" . Slate . Archived from the original on July 19, 2025 . Retrieved February 5, 2025 . ^ Elia-Shalev, Asaf (January 24, 2025). "Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides" . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Archived from the original on June 10, 2025 . Retrieved May 27, 2025 . ^ a b Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF) . Linux Magazine . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007 . Retrieved July 13, 2007 . The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. ^ Ciffolilli, Andrea (December 2003). "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia" . First Monday . 8 (12). doi : 10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 . ^ West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup (2011). "Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit" . Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 . 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference. pp. 152– 161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.222.7963 . doi : 10.1145/2030376.2030394 . ISBN 978-1-4503-0788-8 . Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). "The palm zire 71 camera interface". CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF) . pp. 575– 582. doi : 10.1145/985921.985953 . ISBN 978-1-58113-702-6 . S2CID 10351688 . Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2006 . Retrieved January 24, 2007 . ^ Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (November 4, 2007). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007 . Retrieved October 13, 2007 . ^ a b c d Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Wikipedia 'biography' " . USA Today . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat . Farrar, Straus & Giroux . p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2 . ^ Buchanan, Brian (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace" . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on December 21, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress" " . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on July 8, 2012 . Retrieved July 26, 2012 . ^ Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study" . Technology. NBC News . Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. ^ Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D. (December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached". 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) . Huntington Beach, CA: IEEE. pp. 276– 287. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.2758 . doi : 10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 . ISBN 978-1-4673-9743-8 . S2CID 9353425 . ^ Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). "The singularity is not near". Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . Orlando, FL: ACM Press. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . ^ Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016). "Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?" . Harvard Business Review . ISSN 0017-8012 . Archived from the original on June 17, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia". Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6): 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . ^ Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (February 7, 2020). " "Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice" . Journal of Pragmatics . 163 : 46– 65. doi : 10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 1, 2023). Ognyanova, Katherine (ed.). "Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia" . PNAS Nexus . 2 (12) pgad385. doi : 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 . ISSN 2752-6542 . PMC 10697426 . PMID 38059265 . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Lerner, Jürgen; Lomi, Alessandro (December 21, 2020). "The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles" . Social Networks . 60 : 11– 25. doi : 10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A.; Strotmann, Andreas; Zhao, Dangzhi (April 4, 2023). "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps" . Journal of Documentation . 79 (3): 784– 810. doi : 10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 . ISSN 0022-0418 . Archived from the original on October 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 14, 2023 . ^ Ziembowicz, Karolina; Roszczyńska-Kurasińska, Magdalena; Rychwalska, Agnieszka; Nowak, Andrzej (October 3, 2022). "Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia" . Information, Communication & Society . 25 (13): 1987– 2005. doi : 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 . ISSN 1369-118X . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Chhabra, Anamika; Kaur, Rishemjit; Iyengar, S. R.S. (August 25, 2020). "Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration . ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/3412569.3412585 . ISBN 978-1-4503-8779-8 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ a b Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (September 9, 2020). "Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure" . Applied Network Science . 5 (1) 61. doi : 10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y . ISSN 2364-8228 . ^ "Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology . July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ a b c Yasseri, Taha ; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertész, János (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N. (eds.). The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis . Scarecrow Press. arXiv : 1305.5566 . doi : 10.2139/SSRN.2269392 . S2CID 12133330 . SSRN 2269392 . ^ Mayfield, Elijah; Black, Alan W. (November 7, 2019). "Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 3 (CSCW): 1– 26. doi : 10.1145/3359308 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 3. ^ "Who's behind Wikipedia?" . PC World . February 6, 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008 . Retrieved February 7, 2008 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 53–54. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 32. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 5–7. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 33. ^ Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune . p. 18. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Archived from the original on May 25, 2009 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). "Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists" . First Monday . 15 (3). Archived from the original on March 10, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause" . Boston Globe . Retrieved March 25, 2007 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (June 16, 2022). "Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" " . Slate . Archived from the original on August 24, 2022 . Retrieved July 22, 2022 . ^ Bandler, Aaron (June 21, 2024), "Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned' " , Jewish Journal , archived from the original on June 22, 2024 , retrieved May 3, 2025 ^ Harrison, Stephen (July 1, 2021), "Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail" , Slate , ISSN 1091-2339 , archived from the original on July 1, 2021 , retrieved May 13, 2025 ^ a b c d Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . doi : 10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 . ISBN 978-0-8047-9120-5 . JSTOR j.ctvqsdrf9 . ^ a b c d Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (March 5, 2009). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder" . Emory Law Journal . 59 (1). SSRN 1354424 . Archived from the original on June 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (1): 181. SSRN 1354424 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. ; Wattenberg, Martin M. ; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (January 3, 2007). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site" . CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Goodwin, Jean (2009). "The Authority of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2011 . Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers ^ Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Viktoria Institute. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.8218 . ^ a b c Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 61–62. ^ a b Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences" . Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . Archived from the original on January 26, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. ^ a b Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007). "Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education". Journal of Legal Education . 57 (1). Association of American Law Schools : 3– 9. JSTOR 42894005 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 10–11. ^ "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money" . Scientific American . October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones" . Slate . Archived from the original on September 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . ^ Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2014 . Retrieved February 23, 2008 . ^ Amichai-Hamburger, Yair; Lamdan, Naama; Madiel, Rinat; Hayat, Tsahi (2008). "Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members". CyberPsychology & Behavior . 11 (6). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 679– 681. doi : 10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 . PMID 18954273 . ^ McGreal, Scott A. (March 11, 2013). "The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members" . Psychology Today . Archived from the original on July 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). "After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?" . New Scientist . Archived from the original on April 21, 2015 . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ Cohen, Noam (January 31, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 6, 2013 . Retrieved October 28, 2013 . ^ a b "OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall" . CBC News . August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b Kessenides, Dimitra; Chafkin, Max (December 22, 2016). "Is Wikipedia Woke?" . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 15, 2022 . Retrieved September 21, 2022 . ^ Walker, Andy (June 21, 2018). "The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps" . memeburn . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ "List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. (January 3, 2007). "The Visual Side of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2006 . Retrieved October 30, 2007 . ^ Fians, Guilherme (September 16, 2025). "Wikipedia: Editing the narrative" . Chartered Institute of Linguists . Archived from the original on September 24, 2025 . Retrieved September 27, 2025 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (February 16, 2021). "Israeli 'rule,' not 'occupation': In a sign of the times, Hebrew Wikipedia renames a key article" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved March 16, 2024 . ^ a b Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (January 17, 2012). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS One . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . ^ Massa, Paolo; Scrinzi, Federico (January 4, 2013). "Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities" . First Monday . 18 (1). doi : 10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 . ^ a b c "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?" . The Economist . March 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 11, 2014 . ^ Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). "The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia" . Slate . Archived from the original on August 13, 2014 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ a b Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010). "Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge" . History News Network . Columbian College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Messer-Krusse, Timothy (February 12, 2012). "The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia" . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on December 18, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Colón Aguirre, Mónica; Fleming-May, Rachel A. (November 2012). " "You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia" (PDF) . The Journal of Academic Librarianship . 38 (6). Elsevier : 391– 399. doi : 10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013 . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia experience sparks national debate" . BGSU News . Bowling Green State University . February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds" . The Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. ^ Petrilli, Michael J. (Spring 2008). "Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?" . What Next. Education Next . 8 (2). Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2014 . ^ Benjakob, Omer; Harrison, Stephen (October 13, 2020). "From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades" . Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 . ISBN 978-0-262-36059-3 . Archived from the original on September 11, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2021 . ^ Lott, Maxim (February 18, 2021). "Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried" . Fox News . Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schwartz, Zach (November 11, 2015). "Wikipedia's Co-Founder Is Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic" . Vice . Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. ^ Brown, Lee (July 16, 2021). "Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' " . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 16, 2021 . Retrieved May 31, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Bias" . StosselTV . April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hube, Christoph (2017). "Bias in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . New York, New York, US: ACM Press. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia Archived November 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . ^ a b Bjork-James, Carwil (July 3, 2021). "New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia . 27 (3): 207– 228. Bibcode : 2021NRvHM..27..207B . doi : 10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 . S2CID 234286415 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784–810. ^ "Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' " . The New York Sun . October 4, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Nine Theses on Wikipedia" . LarrySanger.org . December 11, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up" . Wired . Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 8, 2015 . ^ Giles, Jim (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head" . Nature . 438 (7070): 900– 901. Bibcode : 2005Natur.438..900G . doi : 10.1038/438900a . PMID 16355180 . (subscription required) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. ^ Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2016. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response" (PDF) . March 23, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2006 . Retrieved July 13, 2010 . ^ " Nature ' s responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica " . Nature . March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2018 . ^ Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Rung, András; Kornai, András; Kertész, János (June 20, 2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia" . PLOS ONE . 7 (6) e38869. arXiv : 1202.3643 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...738869Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 . PMC 3380063 . PMID 22745683 . ^ Raphael, JR (August 26, 2009). "The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders" . PC World . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022 . Retrieved September 2, 2009 . ^ Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). Legal Research in a Nutshell (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters. pp. 32–34 . ISBN 978-0-314-26408-4 – via Internet Archive . ^ Cowen, Tyler (March 14, 2008). "Cooked Books" . The New Republic . Archived from the original on March 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Stuart, S.C. (June 3, 2021). "Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?" . PCMag . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ Mannix, Liam (September 13, 2022). "Evidence suggests Wikipedia is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously?" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schiff, Stacy (July 23, 2006). "Know It All" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 22, 2008 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Boyd, Danah (January 4, 2005). "Academia and Wikipedia" . Many 2 Many: A Group We blog on Social Software . Corante. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . [The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society [at Harvard Law School .] ^ McHenry, Robert (November 15, 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia" . Tech Central Station . Archived from the original on January 7, 2006. ^ Shapiro, Ari (April 27, 2018). "Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era" . NPR . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved May 1, 2018 . ^ "Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry" . Deutsche Welle . June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014 . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (June 16, 2014). "Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). "Politicians notice Wikipedia" . CNET . Archived from the original on July 30, 2009 . Retrieved January 28, 2007 . ^ Bergstein, Brian (January 23, 2007). "Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit" . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 19, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hafner, Katie (August 19, 2007). "Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Colbert, Stephen (July 30, 2006). "Wikiality" . Archived from the original on September 11, 2015 . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . ^ "Wide World of Wikipedia" . The Emory Wheel . April 21, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007 . Retrieved October 17, 2007 . ^ Waters, Neil L. (September 2007). "Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class" (PDF) . Communications of the ACM . 50 (9): 15– 17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.4996 . doi : 10.1145/1284621.1284635 . S2CID 11757060 . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Jaschik, Scott (January 26, 2007). "A Stand Against Wikipedia" . Inside Higher Ed . Archived from the original on July 8, 2007 . Retrieved January 27, 2007 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). "Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' " . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 21, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2007 . ^ Buis, Kyle (February 25, 2007). "Wikipedia sucks students in with reliable information" . The Orion . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Child, Maxwell L. (February 26, 2007). "Professors Split on Wiki Debate" . The Harvard Crimson . Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. ^ Chloe Stothart. "Web threatens learning ethos" Archived December 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Times Higher Education Supplement , 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2. ^ Zou, Di; Xie, Haoran; Wang, Fu Lee; Kwan, Reggie (April 10, 2020). "Flipped learning with Wikipedia in higher education" . Studies in Higher Education . 45 (5). Routledge : 1026– 1045. doi : 10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 . S2CID 216534736 . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (March 5, 2014). "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on October 24, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (May 7, 2014). "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ "The battle for Wikipedia's soul" . The Economist . March 6, 2008. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 7, 2008 . ^ Douglas, Ian (November 10, 2007). "Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2010 . ^ Cohen, Noam (February 5, 2008). "Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Taylor, Sophie (April 5, 2008). "China allows access to English Wikipedia" . Reuters . Archived from the original on December 29, 2020 . Retrieved July 29, 2008 . ^ Bruilliard, Karin (May 21, 2010). "Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 27, 2020 . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ Moon, Mariella (March 12, 2022). "Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus" . Yahoo! . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Mokhtar, Hassna'a (July 19, 2006). "What Is Wrong With Wikipedia?" . Arab News . Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. ^ Arthur, Charles (December 8, 2008). "Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Petrusich, Amanda (October 20, 2011). "Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020 . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ Lam, Shyong (Tony) K.; Uduwage, Anuradha; Dong, Zhenhua; Sen, Shilad; Musicant, David R.; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (October 3–5, 2011). WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance (PDF) . WikiSym'2011. Mountain View, California: ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ "The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth" . The Guardian . August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 37, 38, 47. ^ Livingstone, Randall M. (November 23, 2010). "Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality" . M/C Journal . 13 (6). doi : 10.5204/mcj.315 . ISSN 1441-2616 . Archived from the original on November 21, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . ^ a b Hube, Christoph (April 3, 2017). "Bias in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . S2CID 10472970 . ^ a b Ackerly, Brooke A.; Michelitch, Kristin (2022). "Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives" . PS: Political Science & Politics . 55 (2): 429– 433. doi : 10.1017/S1049096521001463 . S2CID 247795102 . ^ Beytía, Pablo (April 20, 2020). "The Positioning Matters" . Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 . WWW '20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 806– 810. doi : 10.1145/3366424.3383569 . ISBN 978-1-4503-7024-0 . S2CID 218523099 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ Graham, Mark (November 12, 2009). "Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content" . Zerogeography . Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. ^ Strohmaier, Markus (March 6, 2017). "KAT50 Society, Culture". Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia . GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences . doi : 10.7802/1411 . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). ^ Maxton, Richard (September 9, 2008). "Wikipedia attacked over porn pages" . Macquarie Network . Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. ^ Metz, Cade (December 7, 2008). "Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover" . The Register . Archived from the original on May 13, 2020 . Retrieved May 10, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . ^ Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI" . The Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 1, 2010 . Retrieved October 9, 2010 . ^ a b Metz, Cade (April 9, 2010). "Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn' " . The Register . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ "Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website" . The Economic Times . India. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved April 29, 2010 . ^ a b Agence France-Presse (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights" . BBC News . May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved May 19, 2010 . ^ Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). "Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break" . XBIZ.com . Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . ^ McStay, Andrew (2014). Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol . Digital Formation. Vol. 86. Peter Lang . doi : 10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 . ISBN 978-1-4541-9163-6 . ^ Kleinz, Torsten (September 2, 2006). "Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]" [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]]. Heise Online (in German). Heinz Heise . Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks" . BBC . April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ Paling, Emma (October 21, 2015). "Wikipedia's Hostility to Women" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Auerbach, David (December 11, 2014). "Encyclopedia Frown" . Slate . Archived from the original on October 23, 2015 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Murphy, Dan (August 1, 2013). "In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on December 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Kueppers, Courtney (March 23, 2020). "High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ a b c Schlanger, Zoë; Purtill, Corinne (October 2, 2018). "Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough" . Quartz . Archived from the original on October 25, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018" . The Nobel Prize . October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2018). "Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media" . Quartz . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (January 4, 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia" . Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6). Springer Science : 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ McGregor, Jena (March 17, 2020). "Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 21, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (May 1, 2014). "Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (May 1, 2014). "Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Salmon, Felix (February 4, 2021). "Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia" . Axios . Archived from the original on February 4, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ Lima, Cristiano (September 14, 2021). "Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 14, 2021 . ^ Protalinski, Emil (July 2, 2013). "Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English" . TNW . Archived from the original on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Curtis, Sophie (July 23, 2013). "Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ L. M. (December 13, 2011). "Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things" . The Economist . Archived from the original on June 9, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ a b Orlowski, Andrew (August 1, 2013). "Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 4, 2013 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ a b Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). "Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia" . BBC News . Archived from the original on July 28, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). "Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 5, 2012 . ^ Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (July 13, 2014). "For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ "MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address" . Al Jazeera . July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 22, 2014 . ^ Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution . Hachette Books . pp. 99– 106. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . OCLC 232977686 . ^ Friedman, Vitaly (January 12, 2021). "Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word)" . Smashing Magazine . Archived from the original on April 1, 2022 . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ Verge, Jason (January 14, 2013). "It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home" . Data Center Knowledge. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Data centers - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Bergsma, Mark (May 5, 2014). "Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center" . Diff . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ "Switch Datacenter - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Scherer, Frederic M. (2009) [1970]. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance . Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign . SSRN 1496716 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ a b c Trajtenberg, Manuel; Jaffe, Adam B. (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy . MIT Press . pp. 89– 153. doi : 10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-27623-8 . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ McCarthy, Caroline (July 18, 2008). "Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees" . CNET . Archived from the original on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 18, 2008 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 64. ^ Orlowitz, Jake (January 2018). "The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it" . JLIS.it . 9 (3). doi : 10.4403/jlis.it-12505 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 – via ResearchGate . ^ The British Newspaper Archive (July 18, 2014). "Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light" . British Newspaper Archive . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Hall, Sam (June 24, 2020). "ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library" . ICE Virtual Library . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 26, 2021 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses" . GNU Operating System . Free Software Foundation . Archived from the original on March 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (July 19, 2009). "Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 9, 2013 . ^ "Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case" . Reuters . November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved November 2, 2007 . ^ Anderson, Nate (May 2, 2008). "Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" " . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on August 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ "Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities" . Lexico Publishing Group, LLC . Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. ^ "Definition of Answers.com" . PCMag . Archived from the original on February 3, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Researching With Bing Reference" . Bing Community . Archived from the original on October 23, 2010 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia turned into book" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010). "Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten" . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on November 26, 2010 . Retrieved December 6, 2010 . ^ Bizer, Christian; Lehmann, Jens; Kobilarov, Georgi; Auer, Sören; Becker, Christian; Cyganiak, Richard; Hellmann, Sebastian (September 2009). "DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data". Journal of Web Semantics . 7 (3): 154– 165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.150.4898 . doi : 10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 . S2CID 16081721 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 16, 2021). "Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Shachaf, Pnina (October 16, 2009). "The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library?" (PDF) . Journal of Documentation . 65 (6): 977– 996. doi : 10.1108/00220410910998951 . ^ "Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia" . AndroGeoid . May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . ^ Hollington, Jesse David (November 30, 2008). "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps" . iLounge . Archived from the original on January 12, 2009 . Retrieved July 22, 2008 . ^ Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). "Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . ^ a b c Lih, Andrew (June 20, 2015). "Can Wikipedia Survive?" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Brown, Andrew (June 25, 2015). "Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Fox-Brewster, Thomas (May 22, 2015). "Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship" . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Henochowicz, Anne (May 20, 2015). "Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall" . China Digital Times . Archived from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved May 4, 2017 . ^ Perez, Sarah (June 12, 2015). "The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on August 24, 2020 . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (April 3, 2018). "Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button" . Meta . Archived from the original on January 11, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. ^ Constine, Josh (April 3, 2018). "Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context" . TechCrunch . Retrieved July 15, 2021 . ^ "694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks" . comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008 . Retrieved December 16, 2007 . Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US ^ Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (December 15, 2007). "Wikipedia users" (PDF) . Pew Internet & American Life Project . Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 15, 2007 . 36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. ^ SAI (October 7, 2011). "The World's Most Valuable Startups" . Business Insider . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Sachdev, Shaan (February 26, 2021). "Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic" . The New Republic . ISSN 0028-6583 . Archived from the original on February 28, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (March 15, 2020). "How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on May 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (September 2, 2020). "On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB" . Wired UK . ISSN 1357-0978 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Dodds, Laurence (April 3, 2020). "Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB" . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on April 11, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 22, 2020). "Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on December 27, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on May 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). "Learning to trust the internet again" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on August 27, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007 . Retrieved February 6, 2007 . ^ Sharma, Raghav (February 19, 2009). "Wikipedian Justice". Social Science Research Network . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.1346311 . S2CID 233749371 . SSRN 1346311 . ^ "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes" . LEGISinfo . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). "Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source" . Internet Business Law Services . Archived from the original on May 20, 2012 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . (The name " World Intellectual Property Office " should however read " World Intellectual Property Organization " in this source.) ^ Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). "Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). "The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence" . Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved April 14, 2007 . ^ Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". Nature News . doi : 10.1038/news.2008.1312 . ^ Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). "Wikipedia in the Newsroom" . American Journalism Review . Archived from the original on August 5, 2012 . Retrieved February 11, 2008 . ^ Lexington (September 24, 2011). "Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth" . The Economist . Retrieved September 27, 2011 . Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund". ^ "Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article" . Japan News Review . July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. ^ Richter, Bob (January 9, 2007). "Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered" . San Antonio Express-News . Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. ^ Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal" . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Coscarelli, Joe (July 29, 2014). "Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times" . Intelligencer . New York . Archived from the original on August 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). "Time's Person of the Year: You" . Time . Archived from the original on March 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vargas, Jose Antonio (September 17, 2007). "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Ablan, Jennifer (October 22, 2007). "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol" . Reuters . Retrieved October 24, 2007 . ^ Grillini, Franco (March 30, 2009). "Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 30, 2009 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030" . One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) . Stanford University . September 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved September 3, 2016 . ^ a b Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19, 2023 . Retrieved July 19, 2023 . ^ Derakhshan, Hossein (October 19, 2017). "How Social Media Endangers Knowledge" . Business. Wired . Condé Nast. eISSN 1078-3148 . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on October 22, 2018 . Retrieved October 22, 2018 . ^ "Webby Awards 2004" . The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. ^ "Die Quadriga – Award 2008" . Archived from the original on September 15, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum" . Praemium Erasmianum Foundation . Archived from the original on January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . ^ "Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015" [Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015]. Fundación Princesa de Asturias (in Spanish) . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ "Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano" [The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva España (in Spanish). October 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2015 . ^ "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence" . The Onion . July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today" . The Onion . November 24, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ " The Negotiation ". The Office . Season 3. Episode 19. April 5, 2007. NBC . ^ Jesdanun, Anick (April 12, 2007). " 'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia" . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved December 12, 2014 . ^ Bakken, Janae (December 6, 2007). " My Number One Doctor ". Scrubs . Season 7. Episode 145. NBC . ^ "Professor Wikipedia". CollegeHumor Originals . September 24, 2008. CollegeHumor . ^ Adams, Scott ( w , a ). Topper . May 8, 2009, United Media . ^ Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). "Bigipedia given second series" . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen" . British Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on July 31, 2009 . Retrieved July 31, 2009 . ^ Flake, Emily (August 23, 2013). "Manning/Wikipedia cartoon" . Conde Nast Collection . Archived from the original on October 12, 2014 . Retrieved August 26, 2013 . ^ " 'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement" . Today . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Burnett, Emma (June 12, 2024). "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3]" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 38867010 . ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2015 . ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic]" . GizmoCrazed . March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Caldwell, Christopher (June 14, 2013). "A chapter in the Enlightenment closes" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2022 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia. ^ Carr, Nicholas (October 3, 2005). "The amorality of Web 2.0" . Rough Type . Archived from the original on August 4, 2022 . Retrieved July 15, 2006 . ^ "Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds" . Nature . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ a b Flood, Alison (February 7, 2013). "Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast? " . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Mayo, Matthew (November 23, 2017). "Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing" . KDnuggets . Archived from the original on May 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Lindemann, Luke (February 19, 2021). "Wikipedia Corpus" . lukelindemann.com . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rada, Mihalcea ; Csomai, Andras (November 2007). "Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge" (PDF) . CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Lisbon; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 233– 242. doi : 10.1145/1321440.1321475 . ISBN 978-1-59593-803-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2016. ^ Milne, David; Witten, Ian H. (October 2008). "Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08". CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Napa Valley, CA; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 509– 518. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.148.3617 . doi : 10.1145/1458082.1458150 . ISBN 978-1-59593-991-3 . ^ Adafre, Sisay Fissaha; de Rijke, Maarten (August 2005). "Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05" (PDF) . LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery . ACM LinkKDD. Chicago; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 90– 97. doi : 10.1145/1134271.1134284 . ISBN 978-1-59593-135-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries" . MIT Technology Review . December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). "Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list" . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ a b Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). "Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances" . Times Higher Education . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Lages, J.; Patt, A.; Shepelyansky, D. (2016). "Wikipedia ranking of world universities". Eur. Phys. J. B . 89 (69): 69. arXiv : 1511.09021 . Bibcode : 2016EPJB...89...69L . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 . S2CID 1965378 . ^ Coquidé, C.; Lages, J.; Shepelyansky, D.L. (2019). "World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks". Eur. Phys. J. B . 92 (3): 3. arXiv : 1809.00332 . Bibcode : 2019EPJB...92....3C . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 . S2CID 52154548 . ^ "All hail Wikipedia" . The Times . December 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Thompson, Neil; Hanley, Douglas (February 13, 2018). "Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial". MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 . Rochester, NY. doi : 10.2139/ssrn.3039505 . S2CID 30918097 . SSRN 3039505 – via SSRN . ^ Sarabadani, Amir; Halfaker, Aaron ; Taraborelli, Dario (April 2017). "Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion". WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion . International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. Perth; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 1647– 1654. arXiv : 1703.03861 . doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053366 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Potthast, Martin; Stein, Benno; Gerling, Robert (2008). "Advances in Information Retrieval". In Macdonald, Craig; Ounis, Iadh; Plachouras, Vassilis; Ruthven, Ian; White, Ryen W. (eds.). Advances in Information Retrieval . 30th ECIR . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4956. Glasgow: Springer. pp. 663– 668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.188.1093 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 . ISBN 978-3-540-78645-0 . ^ Asthana, Sumit; Halfaker, Aaron (November 2018). Lampe, Cliff (ed.). "With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 2 (CSCW). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . 21. doi : 10.1145/3274290 . ISSN 2573-0142 . ^ Petroni, Fabio; Broscheit, Samuel; Piktus, Aleksandra; Lewis, Patrick; Izacard, Gautier; Hosseini, Lucas; Dwivedi-Yu, Jane; Lomeli, Maria; Schick, Timo; Bevilacqua, Michele; Mazaré, Pierre-Emmanuel; Joulin, Armand; Grave, Edouard; Riedel, Sebastian (2023). "Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI" . Nature Machine Intelligence . 5 (10): 1142– 1148. arXiv : 2207.06220 . doi : 10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 . ^ Heart Internet. "Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface" . Archived from the original on May 17, 2014 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias" . CNN . Archived from the original on August 14, 2004 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rubin, Harriet (May 31, 1998). "The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy" . Fast Company . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedia of Life" . National Museum of Natural History . Smithsonian . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia" . Society of Applied Neuroscience . Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?" . The Register . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site" . LinuxInsider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources ^ a b "Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 11, 2020 . Retrieved August 8, 2023 . ^ Stallman, Richard M. (June 20, 2007). "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved January 4, 2008 . ^ Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki" . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on April 14, 2003 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Wikipedia: HomePage" . Archived from the original on March 31, 2001 . Retrieved March 31, 2001 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 16, 2001). "Alternative language wikipedias" . Wikipedia-L (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved January 16, 2022 . ^ Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004 ^ "[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008" . Osdir . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vibber, Brion (August 16, 2002). "Brion VIBBER at pobox.com" . Wikimedia . Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 26, 2011 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (December 12, 2002). "Wiktionary project launched" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Talk:Science Hypertextbook project" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (March 19, 2004). "Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Eloquence. "User:Eloquence/History" . Wikinews . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity" . Wikiversity . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 24, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). "The Wikipedia data revolution" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011 . Retrieved March 8, 2015 . ^ "SOPA/Blackoutpage" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront" . Wikimedia Foundation . January 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Why create an account ^ Wikipedia:Protection policy#Full protection ^ a b Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen" . Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in German). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ Help:Recent changes ^ Wikipedia:New pages patrol ^ Vandalism . Wikipedia . Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ a b Wikipedia:Dispute resolution ^ Wikipedia:Five pillars ^ Wikipedia:Citing sources : "Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space." ^ Wikipedia:Ownership of content : "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia)." ^ a b Wikipedia:Administrators ^ Wikipedia:Requests for comment ^ Wikipedia:Banning policy ^ Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism" . Kuro5hin , Op–Ed . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.) ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedians ^ List of Wikipedias – Meta ^ a b "Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Special:Statistics ^ A455bcd9 (February 8, 2021). Wikipedia page views by language over time (PNG) . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on May 12, 2022 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Non-free content" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 8, 2003). "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ "Meta-Wiki" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013 . Retrieved March 24, 2009 . ^ "Meta-Wiki Statistics" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ a b "List of articles every Wikipedia should have" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:Notability ^ "Manual:Interwiki" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:General disclaimer ^ Sanger, Larry . "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)" . Citizendium . Archived from the original on November 3, 2006 . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content/FAQ ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content ^ "Privacy policy" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Volunteer Response Team" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software" . Open Technology Real Services . OTRS.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 . ^ "Draft:Donna Strickland" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Projects" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. October 12, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . May 17, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2022 . Retrieved October 14, 2014 . ^ "Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov" . Wikimedia Foundation . May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Neotarf (August 13, 2014). "Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia" . The Signpost . Archived from the original on January 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Lorente, Patricio (March 16, 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia chapters" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on November 12, 2005 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Bergsma, Mark. "Wikimedia Architecture" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ "MediaWiki Features" . WikiMatrix . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Project:Copyrights" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "UseMod: UseModWiki" . UseModWiki . Archived from the original on October 17, 2000. ^ Special:Version ^ Snow, Michael (April 18, 2005). "Internal search function returns to service" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 31, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Vibber, Brion. "[Wikitech-l] Lucene search" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on March 30, 2013 . Retrieved February 26, 2009 . ^ "Extension:CirrusSearch" . MediaWiki . Archived from the original on April 13, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Forrester, James (April 25, 2013). "The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bots ^ Aude (March 23, 2009). "Abuse Filter is enabled" . The Signpost . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bot policy ^ a b "Varnish" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Debian" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on April 18, 2021 . Retrieved April 9, 2021 . ^ Palmier, Guillaume (January 19, 2013). "Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on May 12, 2019 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ "⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "The journey to open our first data center in South America" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . July 26, 2024. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024 . Retrieved November 29, 2024 . ^ "Wikimedia servers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . April 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ "Data centers" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Peters, David; Walsh, Jay (2013). "Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020)" . Wikimedia Foundation . 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Copyrights ^ Vermeir, Walter (December 1, 2007). "Resolution:License update" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Wikipedia:Licensing update ^ Wikimedia ^ "Licensing update/Questions and Answers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ "Licensing_update/Timeline" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on August 17, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2009 . ^ Walsh, Jay (May 21, 2009). "Wikimedia community approves license migration" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 13, 2021 . Retrieved May 21, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia:Non-free content" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Commons:Fair use" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks ^ a b Seifi, Joe (August 27, 2007). "Wapedia review" . appSafari . Archived from the original on April 23, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM" . Wikipedia On DVD . Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. ^ "Polish Wikipedia on DVD" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:DVD ^ "¿Qué es la CDPedia?" . Py Ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. ^ "2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online" . WikiNews . Wikimedia Foundation . October 22, 2008 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Selection for Schools" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2012 . ^ "Wikidata:Introduction" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikidata:Statistics" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (October 13, 2009). "OpenMoko Launches WikiReader" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia policies on data download ^ "Data dumps/What's available for download" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched" . Wikimedia Technical Blog . Wikimedia Foundation . June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010 . Retrieved July 22, 2009 . ^ Finc, Tomasz (January 26, 2012). "Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia" . Google Play . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes" . App Store (iOS/iPadOS) . Apple Inc. August 4, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b "Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . February 16, 2018 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth ^ West, Stuart (2010). "Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013 . Retrieved April 16, 2014 . ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media ^ "Trophy shelf" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . GNU Operating System . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . Sources McDowell, Zachary; Vetter, Matthew (2022). Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality . New York: Routledge. pp. 1– 107. ISBN 978-0-367-55571-9 . Further reading Balke, Jeff (March 2008). "For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace" . Houston Chronicle . Broken Record (blog). Archived from the original on December 29, 2008 . Retrieved December 17, 2008 . Borland, John (August 14, 2007). "See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign" . Wired . Archived from the original on November 16, 2015 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out" . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust" . New Scientist . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules" . The Phoenix . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive" . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 22, 2008 . Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom" . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog" . London Review of Books . Archived from the original on May 27, 2009 . Retrieved June 3, 2009 . Stix, Gary , "Wiki-Curious: Are you a 'busybody,' a 'hunter" or a 'dancer'?", Scientific American , vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025), p. 18. "'Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them.'" Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World" . Time . Archived from the original on June 2, 2005 . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist" . The Economist . June 5, 2008 . Retrieved June 5, 2008 . Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries" , BBC News, October 21, 2013. "The Decline of Wikipedia" Archived October 23, 2013, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, MIT Technology Review , October 22, 2013 "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza" Archived March 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (March 2015), Capital Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard "Dark Side of Wikipedia" . Full Measure . Archived from the original on August 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 17, 2016 . Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson , April 17, 2016. (Includes video.) Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Wikipedia Works" . Cato Institute . Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus , Ideas, with Paul Kennedy , CBC Radio One , originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here ). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required). "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" The Independent , February 3, 2009. Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019 . Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo. Academic studies Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age . JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1535-2 . Jensen, Richard (October 2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812" (PDF) . The Journal of Military History . 76 (4): 523– 556. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS ONE . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . SSRN 1458162 . ( A blog post by the author. ) Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (8). arXiv : 0805.1154 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.4536 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 . S2CID 58893 . Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia" . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication . 12 (1): 88. doi : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren ; Riedl, John (2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 . pp. 259– 268. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . doi : 10.1145/1316624.1316663 . ISBN 978-1-59593-845-9 . S2CID 15350808 . Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. hdl : 1765/113937 . ISBN 978-94-028-1371-5 . OCLC 1081174169 . (Open access) Rosenzweig, Roy . Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past . (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.) Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (4). arXiv : cs/0702140 . Bibcode : 2007cs........2140W . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.342.6933 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 . hdl : 2027.42/136037 . S2CID 10484077 . Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist . 57 (5): 664. doi : 10.1177/0002764212469365 . S2CID 144208941 . Maggio, Lauren A.; Willinsky, John M. ; Steinberg, Ryan M.; Mietchen, Daniel; Wass, Joseph L.; Dong, Ting (2017). "Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia" . PLOS One . 12 (12) e0190046. PLOS . Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1290046M . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 . PMC 5739466 . PMID 29267345 . Books Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur . Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5 . (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It . San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4 . (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide . Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5 . Rafaeli, Sheizaf ; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In Barak, A. (ed.). Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press . pp. 243 –267. ISBN 978-0-521-69464-3 . Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality . Siduri. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9 . Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia . New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice? . Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7 . Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-5862-4 . Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2 . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-8944-8 . Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-53817-6 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/9781108780704 . ISBN 978-1-108-78070-4 . Book review–related articles Baker, Nicholson . "The Charms of Wikipedia" . The New York Review of Books , March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual , by John Broughton, as listed previously.) Crovitz, L. Gordon . "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.) Postrel, Virginia , "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it" , Pacific Standard , November/December 2014 issue. External links Official website – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) Wikipedia on Twitter Wikipedia on Instagram Wikipedia collected news and commentary at The Guardian Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia Ro, Christine (February 19, 2025). "Why these scientists devote time to editing and updating Wikipedia". Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-025-00244-7 . PMID 39972088 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia v t e Overview (outline) Biases gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Biases gender geographical ideological racial gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Community (Wikipedians) Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White History Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Bomis Nupedia Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war American politics Donald Trump Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Honors Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia References and analysis Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Mobile Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Content use DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education Related AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis List Category List Category v t e Wikipedia language editions by article count v t e 7,000,000+ English English 6,000,000+ Cebuano Cebuano 3,000,000+ German German 2,000,000+ French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish 1,000,000+ Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray 100,000+ Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh 10,000+ Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu 1,000+ Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof 500+ Bambara Wayuu Bambara Wayuu List of Wikimedia wikis v t e Wikimedia Foundation v t e People Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Abstract Wikipedia Other Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Related The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage v t e Wikis v t e Types Fan Personal Medical Semantic Fan Personal Medical Semantic Components Software Software Lists Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Comparisons Software Wiki farms Software Wiki farms Notable wikis Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Wiki farms Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint See also Wikis and education History Creole .wiki Wikis and education History Creole .wiki v t e Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation v t e Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST VIAF GND FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia Other IdRef MusicBrainz label IdRef MusicBrainz label Wikipedia 2001 establishments in the United States Creative Commons-licensed websites Free-content websites Internet properties established in 2001 Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Multilingual websites Wikis Online encyclopedias Social information processing Wikimedia projects Pages using the Phonos extension Pages including recorded pronunciations Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1: unfit URL CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use American English from September 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021 Articles containing Latin-language text Webarchive template other archives Guardian topic template using Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 22:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-Simonite-2013-50
|
Portada Portal da comunidade A Taberna Actualidade Cambios recentes Artigos de calidade Páxina ao chou Axuda Doazóns Crear unha conta Acceder ao sistema Doazóns Crear unha conta Acceder ao sistema Wikipedia : Portal da comunidade Qafár af Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية الدارجة অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা Brezhoneg Bosanski Basa Ugi Català Chavacano de Zamboanga Нохчийн Chamoru Chahta anumpa کوردی Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Ελληνικά English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Gàidhlig Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Hiri Motu Magyar Otsiherero Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo ꆇꉙ Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Patois Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Kongo Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Ripoarisch Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Ligure Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Madhurâ Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Ebon Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം ဘာသာမန် मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь Dorerin Naoero Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Oshiwambo Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala ଓଡ଼ିଆ Pangasinan Papiamentu Deitsch Pälzisch Polski Piemontèis پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Seeltersk Sunda Svenska ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Sakizaya தமிழ் ತುಳು తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Türkçe Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Winaray 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Wikipedia Conversa Ler Ver o código fonte Ver o historial Ler Ver o código fonte Ver o historial Páxinas que ligan con esta Cambios relacionados Ligazón permanente Información da páxina Xerar o enderezo URL acurtado Descargar o código QR Crear un libro Descargar como PDF Versión para imprimir Wikimedia Commons MediaWiki Wikisource multilingüe Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifuncións Wikimanía Wikifontes Elemento de Wikidata Atallo : WP:PC Dámosche a benvida ! O portal da comunidade é o lugar onde atopar posibilidades de colaboración, tarefas, e novas sobre a Wikipedia en galego. É a túa primeira vez na Wikipedia? Consulta a páxina de axuda para aprender os conceptos máis básicos. Atallo : WP:PC Dámosche a benvida ! Comeza a colaborar Se queres colaborar e non sabes como, mira as ligazóns de axuda que atoparás embaixo. Se non sabes en que podes colaborar, podes facelo no que che propoñemos: Colabora aumentando os esbozos ou bosquexos para ter artigos máis completos. Traduce os artigos que atopes nalgunha outra lingua ou corrixe os erros que atopes en galego . Tamén podes crear algún dos artigos solicitados . Traballa nas suxestións que se che propoñen máis abaixo . Comeza a colaborar Se queres colaborar e non sabes como, mira as ligazóns de axuda que atoparás embaixo. Se non sabes en que podes colaborar, podes facelo no que che propoñemos: Colabora aumentando os esbozos ou bosquexos para ter artigos máis completos. Traduce os artigos que atopes nalgunha outra lingua ou corrixe os erros que atopes en galego . Tamén podes crear algún dos artigos solicitados . Traballa nas suxestións que se che propoñen máis abaixo . Nesta páxina O portal da comunidade está orientado a coordinar os esforzos dos editores. Para axuda visita a páxina de axuda ; para consultas e debates visita A Taberna . Hoxe é venres 16 xaneiro 2026 04:11 ( UTC ) Novas da comunidade Proxectos e ferramentas Artigos solicitados Ideas para tarefas colaborativas Últimas páxinas creadas Últimas imaxes enviadas Nesta páxina O portal da comunidade está orientado a coordinar os esforzos dos editores. Para axuda visita a páxina de axuda ; para consultas e debates visita A Taberna . Novas da comunidade Proxectos e ferramentas Artigos solicitados Ideas para tarefas colaborativas Últimas páxinas creadas Últimas imaxes enviadas Comunidade Lista de usuarios ( Wikipedistas , Administradores , Burócratas ) Babel A actualidade da Galipedia Como comunicarse A Taberna ( Novas , Políticas , Técnica , Propostas , Axuda , Imaxes , Xeral ) Taboleiro dos administradores ( Dereitos , Bloqueos , Bots , Imaxes , Spam , Vandalismo , Xeral ) Páxinas no Facebook e mais no Twitter Comunidade Lista de usuarios ( Wikipedistas , Administradores , Burócratas ) Babel A actualidade da Galipedia Como comunicarse A Taberna ( Novas , Políticas , Técnica , Propostas , Axuda , Imaxes , Xeral ) Taboleiro dos administradores ( Dereitos , Bloqueos , Bots , Imaxes , Spam , Vandalismo , Xeral ) Páxinas no Facebook e mais no Twitter Decisións Artigos e imaxes destacadas Artigos de calidade ( Propor · Votar ) Artigos bos ( Propor · Votar ) Artigo Sobre Galicia ( Propor · Votar ) Imaxe do día ( Propor · Votar ) Políticas e normas Votacións en curso Temas a debate Outras Propostas de eliminación Ficheiros propostos para borrar Votacións á administración Peticións de aprobación de bots Decisións Artigos e imaxes destacadas Artigos de calidade ( Propor · Votar ) Artigos bos ( Propor · Votar ) Artigo Sobre Galicia ( Propor · Votar ) Imaxe do día ( Propor · Votar ) Artigos de calidade ( Propor · Votar ) Artigos bos ( Propor · Votar ) Artigo Sobre Galicia ( Propor · Votar ) Imaxe do día ( Propor · Votar ) Políticas e normas Votacións en curso Temas a debate Outras Propostas de eliminación Ficheiros propostos para borrar Votacións á administración Peticións de aprobación de bots Votacións en curso Temas a debate Propostas de eliminación Ficheiros propostos para borrar Votacións á administración Peticións de aprobación de bots [ editar ] Novas da comunidade 2025 Outubro 3: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo Muutos.art-taidetalo . Setembro 28: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo medio dólar do Tricentenario do Condado de York, Maine . 28: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo medio dólar do Centenario de Texas . 28: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo medio dólar do Centro Musical de Cincinnati . Xullo 24: Gyromitra esculenta tórnase o 262º artigo de calidade da Galipedia. Xuño 24: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo bo o artigo Albertine Lapensée . 24: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo Gyromitra esculenta . Maio 19: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo bo o artigo Showtime (baloncesto) . 19: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo bo o artigo La fille aux cheveux de lin . 18: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo Ottawa Charge . 6: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo Selección feminina de hóckey sobre xeo de España . Abril 5: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo Emma Goldman . 5: Ábrese unha votación para designar como artigo de calidade o artigo Guerra da Independencia de Mozambique . Marzo 3: Escóllese como 122 artigo bo o artigo Bandeira de Bután . Novas da comunidade 2025 Outubro Setembro Xullo Xuño Maio Abril Marzo Proxectos e ferramentas Mantemento - Listaxe de erros ortográficos Artigos Artigos de calidade - Artigos que foron escollidos como de calidade. Artigos con problemas - Están en categorías específicas. Páxinas curtas - Artigos que cómpre ampliar. Páxinas longas - Considerar se convén dividilas en artigos máis curtos. Páxinas orfas - Ningunha outra páxina apunta cara a estas, por que? Páxinas sen categoría - Hainas que incluír nunha. Sen ligazóns internas e sen ligazóns interlingüísticas - Hainas que ligar. Categorías Índice de categorías e árbore de categorías - Para ir organizando todo. Categorías requiridas - Algunhas hainas que crear. Categorías sen uso - Son necesarias? Existen con outro nome? Páxinas sen categorías - Hainas que incluír todas nunha categoría. Imaxes sen categorías - Hai que incluír todas as imaxes nunha categoría. Modelos sen categoría - Hainos que incluír todos nunha categoría. Imaxes Mantemento de imaxes - Imaxes con problemas. Imaxes sen uso - Son útiles? Precisan melloras? Imaxes sen categorías - Hai que incluír todas as imaxes nunha categoría. Lista de imaxes - Permite listalas por data, nome e tamaño. Redireccións Redireccións dobres e redireccións crebadas - Hainas que arranxar. Modelos Modelos sen uso - Son útiles? Foron substituídos por outros? Modelos sen categorizar - Hainos que incluír todos nunha categoría. v c e W i k i p r o x e c t o s Arquitectura Artigos de paneis Pontes Biografías Mulleres Galegas Protagonista do Día das Letras Galegas Traducir biografías de personalidades de Galicia Ciencias Naturais Bioloxía, Xeoloxía e Medicina Física e Química Matemáticas Toxicoloxía Ciencias Sociais Economía Dereitos humanos Audiovisual galego Deportes Fórmula 1 Hóckey sobre xeo RC Celta Filoloxía Linguas do mundo Χείρων·Chiron A esmorga Galipedia 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter A Galipedia na aula Categorías Galipedia falada Mantemento Modelos Proxectos pedagóxicos Wikidata Historia Prensa galega Conflito Irlandés Historia Imperio Austrohúngaro Música Rock And Roll Música Música escénica Música contemporánea Relixión Catolicismo oriental Mormonismo Papas Sociedade Contra o baleiro Diversidade sexual Feminismo Xeografía Concellos galegos Estradas Finlandia Fotos de parroquias Hidrografía Portugal Rusia Toponimia Proxectos e ferramentas Artigos Artigos de calidade - Artigos que foron escollidos como de calidade. Artigos con problemas - Están en categorías específicas. Páxinas curtas - Artigos que cómpre ampliar. Páxinas longas - Considerar se convén dividilas en artigos máis curtos. Páxinas orfas - Ningunha outra páxina apunta cara a estas, por que? Páxinas sen categoría - Hainas que incluír nunha. Sen ligazóns internas e sen ligazóns interlingüísticas - Hainas que ligar. Categorías Índice de categorías e árbore de categorías - Para ir organizando todo. Categorías requiridas - Algunhas hainas que crear. Categorías sen uso - Son necesarias? Existen con outro nome? Páxinas sen categorías - Hainas que incluír todas nunha categoría. Imaxes sen categorías - Hai que incluír todas as imaxes nunha categoría. Modelos sen categoría - Hainos que incluír todos nunha categoría. Imaxes Mantemento de imaxes - Imaxes con problemas. Imaxes sen uso - Son útiles? Precisan melloras? Imaxes sen categorías - Hai que incluír todas as imaxes nunha categoría. Lista de imaxes - Permite listalas por data, nome e tamaño. Redireccións Redireccións dobres e redireccións crebadas - Hainas que arranxar. Modelos Modelos sen uso - Son útiles? Foron substituídos por outros? Modelos sen categorizar - Hainos que incluír todos nunha categoría. v c e W i k i p r o x e c t o s v c e Arquitectura Artigos de paneis Pontes Artigos de paneis Pontes Biografías Mulleres Galegas Protagonista do Día das Letras Galegas Traducir biografías de personalidades de Galicia Mulleres Galegas Protagonista do Día das Letras Galegas Traducir biografías de personalidades de Galicia Ciencias Naturais Bioloxía, Xeoloxía e Medicina Física e Química Matemáticas Toxicoloxía Bioloxía, Xeoloxía e Medicina Física e Química Matemáticas Toxicoloxía Ciencias Sociais Economía Dereitos humanos Audiovisual galego Economía Dereitos humanos Audiovisual galego Deportes Fórmula 1 Hóckey sobre xeo RC Celta Fórmula 1 Hóckey sobre xeo RC Celta Filoloxía Linguas do mundo Χείρων·Chiron A esmorga Linguas do mundo Χείρων·Chiron A esmorga Galipedia 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter A Galipedia na aula Categorías Galipedia falada Mantemento Modelos Proxectos pedagóxicos Wikidata 1000 artigos que toda Wikipedia debería ter A Galipedia na aula Categorías Galipedia falada Mantemento Modelos Proxectos pedagóxicos Wikidata Historia Prensa galega Conflito Irlandés Historia Imperio Austrohúngaro Prensa galega Conflito Irlandés Historia Imperio Austrohúngaro Música Rock And Roll Música Música escénica Música contemporánea Rock And Roll Música Música escénica Música contemporánea Relixión Catolicismo oriental Mormonismo Papas Catolicismo oriental Mormonismo Papas Sociedade Contra o baleiro Diversidade sexual Feminismo Contra o baleiro Diversidade sexual Feminismo Xeografía Concellos galegos Estradas Finlandia Fotos de parroquias Hidrografía Portugal Rusia Toponimia Concellos galegos Estradas Finlandia Fotos de parroquias Hidrografía Portugal Rusia Toponimia [ editar ] Propostas de colaboración Estas son unhas suxestións de traballo de menor envergadura cós wikiproxectos e consisten en solicitudes de colaboración para rematar unha tarefa en particular que para unha persoa soa sería demasiado traballo. Temos 151 artigos que precisan de revisión ortográfica . Algúns artigos precisa de revisión dende hai moitos anos. A categoría páxinas con traducións non revisadas contén 752 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2016 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2016 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2016 contén 17 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2016 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2016 contén 18 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2016 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2016 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2017 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2017 contén 18 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2017 contén 15 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2017 contén 19 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2017 contén 28 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xullo de 2017 contén 53 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde agosto de 2017 contén 18 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2017 contén 34 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2017 contén 31 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2018 contén 62 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2018 contén 17 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2018 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xullo de 2018 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde agosto de 2018 contén 22 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde setembro de 2018 contén 23 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2018 contén 24 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2018 contén 41 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2018 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2019 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2019 contén 52 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2019 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2019 contén 24 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2019 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2019 contén 21 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2020 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2020 contén 36 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2020 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2020 contén 19 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde setembro de 2020 contén 26 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2021 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2021 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2021 contén 26 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2021 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2022 contén 20 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2022 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2023 contén 24 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde setembro de 2023 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2023 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2023 contén 27 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2024 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2024 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2024 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2024 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2024 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2024 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2025 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xullo de 2025 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2025 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2025 contén 27 artigos que precisan de revisión. Propostas de colaboración Estas son unhas suxestións de traballo de menor envergadura cós wikiproxectos e consisten en solicitudes de colaboración para rematar unha tarefa en particular que para unha persoa soa sería demasiado traballo. Temos 151 artigos que precisan de revisión ortográfica . Algúns artigos precisa de revisión dende hai moitos anos. A categoría páxinas con traducións non revisadas contén 752 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2016 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2016 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2016 contén 17 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2016 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2016 contén 18 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2016 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2016 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2017 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2017 contén 18 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2017 contén 15 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2017 contén 19 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2017 contén 28 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xullo de 2017 contén 53 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde agosto de 2017 contén 18 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2017 contén 34 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2017 contén 31 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2018 contén 62 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2018 contén 17 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2018 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xullo de 2018 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde agosto de 2018 contén 22 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde setembro de 2018 contén 23 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2018 contén 24 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2018 contén 41 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2018 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2019 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2019 contén 52 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2019 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2019 contén 24 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2019 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2019 contén 21 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2020 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2020 contén 36 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2020 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2020 contén 19 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde setembro de 2020 contén 26 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2021 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2021 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2021 contén 26 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2021 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2022 contén 20 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2022 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde marzo de 2023 contén 24 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde setembro de 2023 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2023 contén 16 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2023 contén 27 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xaneiro de 2024 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde abril de 2024 contén 12 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde maio de 2024 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xuño de 2024 contén 13 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2024 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde decembro de 2024 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde febreiro de 2025 contén 11 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde xullo de 2025 contén 14 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde outubro de 2025 contén 10 artigos que precisan de revisión. A categoría atención desde novembro de 2025 contén 27 artigos que precisan de revisión. [ editar ] Artigos solicitados Véxase tamén : Especial:Páxinas requiridas . Podes colaborar escribindo os seguintes artigos: Galicia Véxase tamén : Artigos sobre Galicia existentes na Wikipedia en inglés pero non na galega e Artigos sobre Galicia existentes na Wikipedia en castelán pero non na galega Illa Morraceira do Grilo , Illa Morraceira das Varandas , Sopa de burro canso , Colexio San Xosé de Cluny de Vigo ( artigo ), Cable Alemán (Vigo) , condado de Pallares , Asociación cultural e ecolóxica Ridimoas , Historia do ferrocarril en Galicia , Asociación Unha Grande Chea , Torre Esmeralda , Colexio Oficial de Psicoloxía de Galicia , Premio Dolores Llópiz: Psicoloxía e Sociedade , condado de Torre Penela , Irmandade da Sanidade Galega , Tetiñas Free , Monte Real Club de Yates de Baiona , Museo da Emigración Galega na Arxentina , Casa de Soutomaior , Colexio dos irlandeses ( artigo ) , Basílica da Asunción de Augas Santas , Cova da Valiña , Museo do chocolate de Parada de Sil , Xadrez de San Rosendo , Lagos de Lousada {{{1}}} , Herbario Merino , San Xoán de Filgueira , Os Moutillós ( artigo ) , Escola Superior de Comercio da Coruña , Sociedade Galega de Residuos Industriais , Santa (escultura) ( artigo ) , Ceamsa ( web ) , Ensaio de Cronoterapia Hygia ( artigo ) , Proxecto Memoria Dixital de Lugo ( web ) , Cortes de Santiago de Compostela e A Coruña ( es ) , Castellum Sancti Pelagii de Luto , Feira das San Lucas , Cerámicas Domínguez del Noroeste , Realidade Galega , Monte veciñal en man común , Os Grobos , Premio Taboada Chivite , Axencia Galega da Calidade Alimentaria , Escola Normal de Pontevedra , Escola Normal de Ourense , Escola Normal da Coruña , Premio Castelao de banda deseñada , Ferrocarril en Galicia , ABALINUX , Autoridade Portuaria de Vilagarcía de Arousa , Castillo de Montjuich (barco) , Os Mallos, A Coruña . Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto prensa galega . Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto artigos de paneis . Arquitectura de Galicia Capela dos Remedios de Ourense , Castro de Taramancos , Igrexa de San Martiño de Gargantáns , Igrexa de San Xoán de Ribadavia , Casa da Azucreira de Iria Flavia , Ermida da Estrela de Corme ( artigo ) , cárcere de Lugo , praza de touros de Noia , igrexa de Santa Baia da Espenuca , estación de Xuvia , Santuario da Nosa Señora das Ermidas (A Lama) , Casa Cervigón , Torre Quirosno , hórreo de Carnota , hórreo de Lira . Biografías Biografías con artigo en máis Wikipedias pero sen presenza na Galipedia Vera Leisner ( de: ) , Hans-Karl Schneider , Nikolai Trubetzkoy ( iw ), Efraín Ríos Montt , Luís Salvador de Austria ( ca: ) , Erich Auerbach , Claudio Guillén , Gerhard Domagk ( Nobel de Medicina ) , Odysséas Elýtis ( Nobel de Literatura ) , Carlos Saavedra Lamas ( Nobel de Economía ) , Nordahl Grieg , Robert G. Ingersoll , Camilo José Cela Conde , William Murdoch , Dionisio Ridruejo , Agustí Querol ( iw ) , D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson ( en: ) , Žarko Muljačić ( de: ) , Andreas Palaiologos , Omar Karami , Ronald Levinsohn ( pt: ) , Frank Christoph Schnitzler , Lauri Törni ( en: ) , Audie Murphy ( en: ) , Simo Häyhä ( en: ) , Fernão do Pó , Holly Woodlawn , Robert Bunsen ( iw ) , José Francisco de Isla , Semyon Kataev , Antonio Rodríguez Baixeiras , Calico Jack ( iw ) , Vasily Zaytsev ( iw ) , Shavarsh Karapetian , Jon Polito , Galeazzo Ciano ( iw ) , Henry Heimlich ( en ) , Baba Vanga , Dalibor Povolný ( species ) , Raymond Smullyan , Legendary Stardust Cowboy , António Ferreira Gomes ( pt: ) , Crispus Attucks ( iw ), Heinz Chez , Xavier Sala i Martín , Allen Buchanan , Baldomero Fernández Ladreda , Lena Dunham , Jorge Herralde ( iw ) , Martín Fayes , Isabel de Arménia ( iw ) , Ferdinando Scianna , Henri Blowitz , Edmond Pognon , John Tenniel , Joan Sales , Mateo Augusto Marroquí de Tovalina , José Fernández-España Vigil , Frederick Walton , Valentín García Yebra , Anders Breivik , Paco Camarasa , Sandra Mozarowsky , Ihor Kostenko , Alberta Williams King , José Luis López Aranguren , Álvaro Varela de Ugarte , Nomaindia Mfeketo , Lynne Brown , Oksana Shachko , Riccardo Morandi , Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza , Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient , Nicholas Alkemade , Jeanne Calment , María Elisa Álvarez Obaya , Kristi Stassinopoulou , Bulat Okudzhava , Pascale Casanova , Diego de Deza , José Patiño Rosales , Pedro de Deza Manuel , Charles Marie de La Condamine , Anna Catherine Parnell , Charles-Michel de l'Épée , Belén de Sárraga , Louis de Jaucourt , José Nicolás de Azara y Perera , Maria Teresa Cárcomo Lobo , Eva Illouz , Cassivelaunus , Bartolomé Rubia Hervás , Claudio López Lamadrid , Chicho Losa , Ania Horszowski , Roy Harper , Montague Summers , Marie Lloyd , Marcel Mauri de los Rios , Jaume Asens i Llodrà , Mark David Chapman , Sue Gardner , Concepción Company Company , Glynis Johns , Eileen Sharp , Guadalupe Ortiz de Landázuri , René Guénon , Valerie Solanas , Elizabeth McCombs , Paulina Ceremużyńska ( artigo ), Jacob Rees-Mogg , Benigno Rodríguez Santamaría , Paul Bocuse , Francisco María de Gorostidi , Francisco Xavier Martínez Villaverde , Juan Martínez Villaverde , Alexander von Kluck , John B. Goodenough , Vicente Nomdedeu Pardo , Hevrin Khalef , Johann Wenzel Peter , Ole Kirk Christiansen , Walter Ebeling , Kim Yo-jong , Javier Morata Pedreño , Jacques de Vaucanson , Kelly Preston , Miguel Sáenz , Abraham Ortelius , John Tyndall , Cornel West , Antonio Lorente , Rodrigo de Valencia ( DBE ) , Björn Járnsíða , Hasdai ibn Shaprut , François Louis Rousselet de Châteaurenault , Manuel de Paiva Boléo , Micaela Misiego , Fernando Corripio , Emilio Biel (1838-1915, fotógrafo) iw , Rosa Sensat i Vilà , Jacinto Javier Bowks de la Rosa , Yoon Suk-yeol , Steve Wilhite ( ca ) , Marcelina Bautista ( es: , pt: ) , Adelbert von Chamisso , Paulo Castro Seixas , José Ruiz y Blasco ( es: ) , Ricardo Balaca ( es: ) , Antonio Caula y Concejo ( es: ) , Valentín de Foronda , Marilyn Gaddis Rose ( necrolóxica ) , Francisco Serrano Castilla , Roderick Price Mann , Adrián Vázquez Lázara , Ortésia Cabrera Fuster ( ca: ) , Virginia Giuffre , Friedrich Merz , Tame Horomona Rehe ( iw ) , César do Paço , Hugo Albert Rennert . Personalidades de Galicia Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto galegas e Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto traducir biografías de personalidades de Galicia . Mago Teto , Liqen ( artigo ) , Carlos Búa Carballo , Ángel Bernardo Tahoces , Jacinto Rey González , Eugenio García Lalinde ( imaxe ) , José María Labín Caballero , José Pardo de Andrade Fariña , Germán Adrio Sobrido , Alexandre Veiga Rodríguez , Pedro Vázquez de Orxas , Manuel Ferreiro Losada ( necrolóxica ) , José Martínez Núñez ( necrolóxica ) , Tino Poza ( necrolóxica ) , Helena Pérez ( imaxe ) , Carlos López ( imaxe ) , José Luis Saco Cid , Pedro Solveira , José Terreros Segade ( obituario ) , Xan López Domínguez , Anxo Lamas , Jesús Hervada Fernández-España , Sandra Piñeiro Vilas , Carlos Abella Ramallo , Carlos Alfonso Abella de Arístegui , Clara Iglesias Cortizo , Frei Gregorio Balboa ( artigo ) , Marcos Rodríguez ( artigo ) , Juan Ángel Regojo Otero , Gracia Regojo Bacardí , José Luis Seoane Spiegelberg , Paz López-Felpeto , Cristina Carballedo , Ignacio Cerviño Quinteiro , Encarna Dasi Dorelle , María Jesús Fortes Alén , Fernando Filgueira Iglesias , María del Pilar Sánchez-Cantón Lenard , Francisco Bacariza Varela , Isabelle Kerdudo , Antonio Medal Carrera , Xoán Arias , Guillermo Togores y Díaz del Río , Julián Robiou , Francisco Cónsul Jove y Tineo , Cristian Fojón Caruncho , Manuel Rodríguez Pazos , Antonio Raúl de Toro Santos , Manuel Castiñeiras González ( artigo ) , Fran Sieira , César Mogo Zaro , Sergio Vázquez Torrón , Carlos San Basilio Pardo , Susana Reverter Vázquez , José Fariña Ferreiro ( artigo ) , Salvador Millán de Jesús , Manuel Millán Álvarez , Josefa Antonia Martí , Tonia Fuentes , Guillermo Quintana Lacaci , Manuel Recuero Astray ( artigo ) , Manuel Montero Rego (artigo) , Wenceslao Besteiro Fórneas , Alberto Álvarez Lugrís , María Xosé Rodríguez Válcarcel , Manuel Candia López , Álvaro Xil Varela , Labajjo , Manuel Jáudenes Bárcenas , Lope Sánchez de Moscoso Ulloa , José Solla ( artigo ) , Julio Prieto Villabrille , Jacinto Zunzunegui Romo , Ricardo Freire González ( artigo ) , Francisco de Zárraga Beográn , Cibrán Sierra ( artigo fotos ) , Gisela Basso Ramírez , Anxo Rabuñal , Juan Francisco Barrié d’Abadie , Wenceslao Requejo Buet , Inmaculada Valeije Álvarez , José Arijón Rama , Paz López Facal , Xosé Guillermo , Baltasar Gemme Fuentes , Asunción Bernárdez Rodal , Xosé Antón Miguélez Díaz , Venancio Salcines , Benjamín Suárez Estévez , Antonia Ortiz , Ventura Calonga , Jesús Caulonga Pereira , Anuska Caulonga Lorenço , Antón de Santiago {{{1}}} , Xosé Gayoso Díaz , Álvaro Cadaval Valladares , Ana López-Suevos Fraguela , Eduardo Coma , Vicente Bóveda Iglesias , Manuel Ayaso Dios , José Ben y Bóo , Ramón de Armada Fernández de Heredia , José Otero de Arce , Teodoro Sandomingo García , Pedro de la Puente Crespo , Rogelio García Yáñez , Francisco Javier Méndez Neira de Saavedra , María Sarmiento de Ribadeneira , Ángeles Santamarina Alducín ( artigo ) , Fernando Romero Martínez ( eu: ) , García de Caamaño , Antía Alberte Maneiro . Elvira Varela Bao , Andrea Cascallar , Teruca Bouza Vila , Floro Morán Lavandeira , Elena Freire Paz , Manuel Rodríguez Moret , Andrés Vivanco Bengoa , Franck Meyer {{{1}}} , Javier Vázquez Iglesias , Federico López Silvestre , Camilo Prado Freire , Luis Cabo Giorla , Gerardo Luaces Calvo , Fausto Cansado Justo , Xosé Luís Cabo Villaverde , César Blanco Gómez , Emilio Pascual Hidalgo , Guillermo Campos Piñón , Javier Varona Gómez , Lucía Freitas , Francisco Plácido Donapetry Iribarnegaray , Peter Punk , Constantino Miloro Antolino , Juan José Caamaño y Pardo , Concepción Pombo Romero , Mauro Leivas , Antonio Vázquez Liñeiro , Mayte Cabezas , Constantino Limia Nogueiras , Pedro Cabezas González , Francisco Prado Vilar , Francisco Franco Salgado-Araujo , Manuel Fernández Posse , Fernando Silva Sande , María Victoria Gómez Méndez , Ricardo López Castiñeira , María Crujeiras Casais , María Teresa Flores Arias , María José López Couso , Antonio Piña Alonso . Científicos galegos Marcelino Álvarez Muñiz , Manuel Baraja Fernández , Fermín Bescansa Casares , Antonio Casares Bellido , César Sobrado Maestro , Alberto Pazos Labrador , Gloria Revilla López , Ana María González Noya , Enrique Raviña Rubira , Humberto Michinel Álvarez , Beda Docampo Feijoo , Luis Máiz Eleizegui , Encina Calvo Iglesias , José Antonio Rodríguez Vázquez , Domingo Docampo Amoedo , Manuel Joaquín Reigosa Roger . Arte Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Artigos vitais/Expandido/Arte . Xil Pupila ( fr: ) , Barroco compostelán , Fernando García Blanco ( artigo ) , Francisco Pradilla , Casto Plasencia , Jaime Morera y Galicia , Alejandro Ferrant y Fischermans , César Montaña ( es: ) , Jean Leon Gerome Ferris ( en ) , Ksal ( artigo ) , Lionel Royer , Chip Kidd , Celso Miranda ( cadro ) ( cadros ) . Renascença Portuguesa . Audiovisual King of the Hill , Shock Treatment ( en: ) , Top Secret! , Grbavica , Česká televize , Sveriges Radio , Natsionalna Radiokompanya Ukraïny , Korean Broadcasting System , Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi , TV5MONDE , 2M TV , Qatar Radio , Polskie Radio , Société nationale de radiodiffusion et de télévision , RTL , Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska , Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi , Per qualche dollaro in più ( iw ), Cineclub , Angus McBean , The Golden Girls , Festival de Cinema Queer Mawjoudin , As tartarugas mutantes , Imagining Argentina ( es: ) , Elsa Martinelli , Viridiana , Matamba Joaquim , Basilio Martín Patino , The Substance ( iw ) , Poor Things ( iw ) , La infiltrada ( iw ) , Casa en flames ( iw ) , Historias para no contar ( iw ) , Babygirl ( iw ) , Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes ( iw ) , El 47 ( iw ) , A Quiet Place: Day One ( iw ) , Memoir of a Snail ( iw ) , Apagón (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Damsel ( iw ) , In from the Side ( iw ) , Black Doves ( iw ) , The New Mutants (filme) ( iw ) , El cuerpo en llamas ( iw ) , Gentleman Jack ( iw ) , The Lobster ( iw ) , Alma (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , From (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Chaos Walking ( iw ) , House of Gucci ( iw ) , Such Brave Girls ( iw ) , ¿Quién mató a Sara? ( iw ) , Palm Springs (filme) ( iw ) , Spectral ( iw ) , The Marsh King's Daughter ( iw ) , Bird Box Barcelona ( iw ) , Gyeongseong Creature ( iw ) , Gen V ( iw ) , Past Lives ( iw ) , Code 8: Part II ( iw ) , 3 Body Problem ( iw ) , Valle de sombras ( iw ) , La caza (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Sinister ( iw ) , La ley del deseo ( iw ) , Jonas (filme) ( iw ) , Army of the Dead ( iw ) , Handsome Devil ( iw ) , Sky Rojo ( iw ) , The Durrells ( iw ) , The Fabelmans ( iw ) , Oats Studios ( iw ) , Outside (filme) ( iw ) , Scream VI ( iw ) , 28 Years Later ( iw ) , Jurassic World Rebirth ( iw ) , Los Gringo Hunters , Femme (filme) ( iw ) , Bugonia (filme) ( iw ) , Eden (filme de 2024) ( iw ) , Azrael (filme) ( iw ) , Les Affamés ( iw ) , Young Hearts ( iw ) , Spectral ( iw ) , Yakarta (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Troll 2 (filme de 2025) ( iw ) , The Night Eats the World ( iw ) , Avatar: Fire and Ash ( iw ) , Daehongsu ( iw ) . Audiovisual galego Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto Audiovisual galego . Bolboreta, mariposa, papallona , Gondar (serie) , Xesús Ron , Xulio Lago , Pepe Penabade ( imaxe ) , Moncho Lemos , Cotolay , Eumenio Blanco , Verbas van , Festival de Cine Internacional de Ourense , Bernardo Montaña , Lobos e cordeiros , La tragedia de Xirobio , Pacto de Irmãos ( artigo ) , Certame de Curtas AS-PG , Pela del Álamo , Cinema Palleiriso , Antonio Francisco Simón , Vicente Montoto , Mayte Cabezas , Victoria Teijeiro , Festival Internacional de Cinema de Bueu , Cristal Lázare , Susana Leis , Damián Varela Pastrana , Gaspar Broullón , El famoso Carballeira , Pablo Alén Varela , Breixo Corral Campos , A coral ( páxina oficial ) , Isabel Garrido , Alejandro Jato , A traxedia de Xirobio , Réxime (serie de televisión) . Deportes Martin Wolfswinkel , boccia ( iw ), Deporte en Portugal , Deporte en España , Atlanta Silverbacks , Atlanta Xplosion , Gwinnett Gladiators , Gwinnett Braves , Softball , ( es: ) , Gwinnett Stadium ( en: ) , Cacau ( en: ) , Fredrik Ljungberg ( en: ) , Paulo Wanchope ( en: ) , Djamolidine Abdoujaparov ( en: ) , Will Grigg , Copa de España de fútbol sala feminino , Supercopa de España de fútbol sala feminino , Copa Ibérica de fútbol sala feminino , Wayne Rainey , Davor Čutura , Alfonsina Strada , Enda Muldoon ( en: ) , Peter Canavan ( en: ) , Joaquim Agostinho ( pt: ) , Eugen Sandow , VAR ( iw ) , Maurício de Oliveira Anastácio , Marcel Domingo , Aitor Elizegi , Johann Wilhelm Trollmann , Rafael Ceresuela Frías , Michèle Mouton , Michael Robinson ( iw ), Deporte feminino , UEFA Europa Conference League , Matías Dituro , Néstor Araújo , Orbelín Pineda ( iw ) , Andrés Vilariño ( eu: ) , Ander Vilariño ( eu: ) , Ángela Vilariño ( eu: ) , Cheikh Sarr , Velódromo . Deporte en Galicia Pablo Prieto Perille , Moisés Bernárdez Carro , Abel Bernárdez Carro , Aarón Bernárdez Carro , Xacob Agra , Rafael Cid Navarro , Evaristo Puentes Leira , Javier Cid Martínez ( es: ) , Alejandro Avecilla Porto , Samu Araújo , José Túnel Cabaleiro , Festival das Carrilanas de Esteiro , Rali de Carretillas de Vila de Cruces , Trofeo Concello de Monforte ( d: ) , Ricardo Ramilo Suárez , Francisco Castrillo ( artigo ) , Volta ao Ribeiro ( fr: ) , Modesto Rafael Méndez Delgado , Víctor Magariños Pazos , Luisa María García Pena , María José Fernández Vázquez , Alexander Kachelaev , Renato Tapia , Eugenio González ( artigo ) , Bandeira Concello de Vigo ( eu: ) , Jennifer Lores Cortizo ( es: ) , Laura del Rosario Loira ( es: ) , Daniel López Parada , Guillermo García Janeiro , Juan Campos Ignacio , Agustín Estévez Lores , Manuel Carballo Lores , Damián Canedo Midón , Anwar Mediero , Javier Álvarez Pérez , Olalla Fabeiro , Sara Vidal Acuña , Esther Castedo Potente , Herminio González Otero , Cristina Fernández Piñeiro , Sarai Sanmartín , José Santiago Pereira , Fermín Hortas Vidal , Miguel Méndez Martínez , Antonio López Martínez , Pedro Fernández Sarmiento , Iñaki Cabaleiro , Christian Costoya , Marita Millán . Economía Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto Economía . segredo bancario , Novo dólar taiwanés , Dólar trinitense , Franco monegasco , Franco luxemburgués , Franco de Xibutí , Franco das Comores , Franco de Burundi , Libra de Santa Helena , Coroa austro-húngara , Leu moldovo , Rublo letón , Rublo taxico ( es: ) , Peso cubano , Peso dominicano , Peso filipino , Reichsmark , Taka , Boliviano , Lempira , Rupiah , Rial iraní , Dinar iraquí , Rupia india , Dinar xordano , Rial omaní , Rial qatarí , Dinar sudanés , Offshoring , Imposto sobre a renda das persoas físicas , Cros , Banco Galicia , Drop shipping , Banco Simeón , Clesa . Estatística estatística política , estatística indus , estatística social , estatística económica , estatística cuántica , proba U de Mann-Whitney , bootstrapping , mostraxe de Gibbs , distribución bimodal . Historia Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto Historia e Wikipedia:Artigos vitais/Expandido/Historia . Paleocristián , Tíbet (1912–1951) , Historia política , Museo de Historia de Cataluña , Museo de Historia de Barcelona , Historia da muller , Historia do comunismo , Historia do antigo Israel , Monarquía Hispánica , Guerra de Siria , Blitzkrieg , Cabeço das Fráguas ( Artigo ; iw ) , Revolta decembrista , Santo graal do Cebreiro , Ditadura dos Coroneis , Museu Nacional (Brasil) ( iw ) , Orde Militar de María Teresa , Peste de Marsella de 1720 , Chant du départ , Liberación de París ( iw ), Guerra civil portuguesa , Senegambia , Rebelión do whisky , Boris Sheboldaev (buque) , Borrasca Filomena wd , Almoxarife , Alain Tranoy , Army Map Service , Cortes Españolas , xenocidio moriori ( iw ) , invención da tradición ( iw ) . Informática Source ( en: ) . Videoxogos Firaxis Games , Electronic Entertainment Expo , DreamHack , Grim Fandango , The Dig , Counter-Strike: Source , Dota 2 , Unreal , Digital Extremes , GT Interactive Software , Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn , DayZ , PC Fútbol , Odysee ( en ). Literatura República das letras ( en: ) , Dicionario etimolóxico , Vídeo poesía ( en: ) , Gene Wolfe ( en: ) , Cuestionario Proust ( fr: ) , Ramón de Campoamor , Historia da literatura , estrambote , Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre , Paulo e Virxinia , Décimo Xunio Xuvenal , Abu Tammam ( en: ) , Francisco González Ledesma , Os Seráns de Médan ( fr: ) , Algernon Charles Swinburne , George Meredith , B. Traven , Billy Collins , Nicolás Guillén , Geronimo Stilton , Danny Sheehy , Benoît Duteurtre , Augustpriset , Rodolfo Walsh , Premio Prometheus , Rachel Bluwstein , Gonzalo de Berceo , James Ellroy , Peter Härtling , Amos Tutuola , Sheridan Le Fanu , Luisa Villar Liébana , L. Frank Baum , Irvine Welsh , E. C. Segar , Santiago Posteguillo , Correlato obxectivo , Jella Lepman , Marta Chaves , Mariana Pinto dos Santos , Manon Roland , Chanson de toile , Radclyffe Hall , Editorial Juventud , Premio Ostana , Novela epistolar , Xil Pupila , Andrzej Zaniewski , Jon Scieszka , Pia Sloth Poulsen , Andrej Longo , Mary Sue , Judith Kerr , Núria Añó ( es: ) , Rupi Kaur , Theodor Plievier , Flamenca , C. Auguste Dupin , Aleksandr Herzen , LIBER , Philip Pullman , Kressmann Taylor , Felix Salten , George Brewer , Eavan Boland , P. G. Wodehouse , Rodolfo Gustavo da Paixão ( pt: ) , Maurice Leblanc , Felisberto Hernández , Lawrence Schimel , Elīna Brasliņa , Helen Dunmore , Bernardine Evaristo , Rede Galabra , César Mallorquí , Andreas Embirikos , Philéas Lebesgue , Sibilla Aleramo , Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes , Carmen Gómez Ojea , Robert Walser , Saint-John Perse , Anne Plantagenet , Rébecca Dautremer , Algernon Charles Swinburne , Concha Espina , Concretismo , Centopagine . Literatura galega Corpus Petroglyphorum Gallaeciae , Néveda , TAM ( artigo ) , Lieders , Xabier Vila-Coia , Isidoro Casulleras Galiana , Premio Compostela de Álbums Ilustrados , Eroski Paraíso (teatro) , Curva España (teatro) , Chan da Pólvora , Premio Leliadoura , Colección Arealonguiña . Medicina Eosinofilia , Poliarterite nodosa , Fractura de Colles , Anxina , Diurético , hidrocefalia , Cleptomanía , Celulite 30iw , Rigor mortis , Arnau de Vilanova , Barry Blumberg ( en ) , priapismo , tripanosomíase . Música Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto Música . Matt Elliott , Luna (banda) ( en: ) , Hedningarna , Manolo Kabezabolo ( es: ) , música medieval (34 iw) , Wiener Philharmoniker , Atlanta Symphony Orchestra , Atlanta Opera , Atlanta Ballet , Mudvayne , Ataúlfo Argenta , Sinfonía nº 7 (Shostakovich) , Abertura 1812 ( en: ) , Varg ( de: ) , Lil Hardin Armstrong , Isao Tomita ( iw ) , Garrotín , Ami Suzuki ( iw ) , Every Little Thing ( iw ) , Wilson Pickett , " Nel pozu María Luisa ", The Urge , Π L.T. , Antoine Chao ( fr: ) , Albert Ayler , Dave Holland ( iw ; necrolóxica ) , Las Bistecs , Massicot , House and Land , Liana Sharifian , " Arroja la bomba ", Wemean , Homero Manzi , Anna Marly , Girl group , Blind Lemon Jefferson ., Batucada ( pt ) , Stargroves , Francesco Cavalli , Lead Belly , Haruka Yoshimura ( en ) , Yui Ogura ( en ) , Dolio , Ivana Spagna , Los Quirotelvos , " Sloop John B ", Gregorio Baudot , Suite compostelana ( ca ) , Aureana do Sil , Jerónimo de Carrión ( es ) , Matías García Benayas ( es ) , Manuel de Egüés ( es ) , Liberato ( it , es , ca ) Música galega Hanom Ausse , Quant , O Jarbanzo Negro , Nouvelle Cuisine , Fusquenlha , Why Go , Noel Feáns , Artefactos ( myspace ) , Boy Elliott & the Plastic Bags , Agustín Lorenzo Loroño , Cantar de arrieiro , Tío Pío / El Parga ( artigo , web ) , Marcos Magán , Manu López , Fluzo ( web ) , Rosendo Mato Hermida , Fernando Fraga Traba , Mamá Cabra , Delahoja , " Aquí no hay playa " ( es: ) , Safari Orquestra , Zimmer 103 , Nova Canción Galega , Su Pombo , Mordem , Korosi Dansas , Festival de Pardiñas , Cantigas e Agarimos , Os Amigos dos Músicos , Samuel Diz Sierpes , Uxía Lambona , Manoele de Felisa , Sito Sedes , Emilio Rúa , Tino Grandío , Ramón de Arana Pérez , Luis María Fernández Espinosa , Sergio de la Ossa Jiménez , Eduardo Martínez Torner , José Mouriño Vilas , Branca Villares , Xulia Feixoo . Relixión Disputas cristolóxicas , Yeshúa , Representación de Xesús de Nazaret , Xesús de Nazaret no cine , Arcebispo de Dublín (católico) , Sexualidade dos papas ( fr: , es: ), Leviatán , Duos habet et bene pendentes , Iael , Sísera , arminianismo , pietismo , Jacobus de Voragine . Urbanismo Avenida do Mestre Mateo (Santiago de Compostela) , Avenida de Xoán XXIII (Santiago de Compostela) , Avenida de Vigo (Pontevedra) , Rúa do Progreso (Ourense) , Ronda da Muralla , Ronda do Carme , Ronda das Fontiñas , Piazza del Duomo , Montparnasse , Passivhaus . Xeografía Norcross ( en: ) , Peachtree Corners ( en: ) , Lawrenceville, Xeorxia ( en: ) , República de Crimea , Greymouth , Rexión de Wellington , Waikato , Rexión de Canterbury , Dependencia Ross , Illas Balleny , Illa Sturge , Faith, Dacota do Sur , República de Cospaia ( it: ) , Gulfport, Mississippi , Kliešniaki ( be ) , Abraham Ortelius , Břeclav , Home counties , Przemyśl . Xeografía de Galicia Monte Urdiñeira . Xornalismo Premio Puro Cora de Xornalismo , Premios Paraugas ( artigo ) ; Premio Alfredo Vicenti de Xornalismo Cívico ( artigo ) ( artigo ) , Antonio Gasset . Xornais Véxase tamén : Wikipedia:Wikiproxecto prensa galega . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution ( iw ), CNN Center ( iw ), Eurogamer , Joystiq . Personalidades Eberhard van der Laan ( iw ), Pedro Erquicia , Xaúl . Outros Devesa real , fonte terciaria , cuplé , Proteo , Pornopedia ( es: , en: ) , Centro Reto , Administración Central Tibetana , Diáspora armenia , Canal do Otário ( pt: , es: ) , mordaza , Accademia della Crusca , Superterra , Nevarada en febreiro de 2009 en Gran Bretaña e Irlanda ( en: ) , vida persoal ( iw ) , Fox terrier , Zugzwang , tautopónimo ( iw ), A gran néboa de Londres de 1952 , Land Rover Defender , refuxio de fauna , namasté , Atentado de Manchester de 2017 ( iw ), Incendio forestal de Pedrógão Grande de 2017 ( pt ) , Fonte da xuventude , Alternative für Deutschland , Operación Anubis , Childwickbury Manor , Rupes Nigra , Gerrymandering , Caso Matesa , Tapa de rexistro , Mary (elefanta) , Rebujito , MV Aquarius , Orixes dos vascos ( iw ) , Instituto Vasco Etxepare , Villa Grimaldi , Hotel Gellért , Botas de sete leguas , schnapps , Chaise longue , Laniakea , Rigor mortis , cavorco , Cabalo baio , Asociación Galega de Xermanistas , porco vietnamita , Freie Wähler , Ponte Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau d , Veni, vidi, vici , cincografía , Royal Army Ordnance Corps , Pilla , Papamóbil , Idris Gawr , Bron-Yr-Aur , Lucifugus Rofocalus , Belonefobia , Consell per la República , Bestiario de Aberdeen , Premio Veblen , Querela Arxentina ( artigo ) , Andar ás crebas ( en: ) , Siglas poveiras , Ys , pareo , Tmolo , Lord , Lady , Casa de Tócame Roque , Falucho (embarcación) , Día Mundial da Prevención do Suicidio , Mantícora , Jarl , Córtex cerebral , Día do Dominio Público , Menarquía , John o' Groats , Almanaque de Gotha , Gibson Girl , dereito consuetudinario , Russenorsk , Linguas omóticas , Revista científica galego-lusófona de educación ambiental , verde Lincoln , Rübezahl , Educador social ( es: ) , Irídia ( es: ) , Roubo de espermatozoides ( en , de , fr ) , Au pair ( es: , pt: ) , Centímetro cúbico , caldeiro de Gundestrup , Sometent , Witwatersrand Native Labour Association , Asian News International , Ask a Stupid Question Day , Holobionte , substantivo colectivo . Wikipedia Wikipedia:Wikipreitear ( iw ) , Wikipedia:ISBN ( iw ) , Axuda:AFI ( iw ) , Detención de Mark Bernstein ( iw ) . Véxase tamén Lista das 5.000 páxinas máis veces requiridas Imaxes solicitadas Lista de artigos que a Galipedia debería ter Artigos da Gran Enciclopedia Galega Wikipedia:Entradas do Dicionario biográfico de Galicia Wikipedia:Entradas de Gallegos. Quién es quien en la Galicia del siglo XXI Artigos solicitados Galicia Illa Morraceira do Grilo , Illa Morraceira das Varandas , Sopa de burro canso , Colexio San Xosé de Cluny de Vigo ( artigo ), Cable Alemán (Vigo) , condado de Pallares , Asociación cultural e ecolóxica Ridimoas , Historia do ferrocarril en Galicia , Asociación Unha Grande Chea , Torre Esmeralda , Colexio Oficial de Psicoloxía de Galicia , Premio Dolores Llópiz: Psicoloxía e Sociedade , condado de Torre Penela , Irmandade da Sanidade Galega , Tetiñas Free , Monte Real Club de Yates de Baiona , Museo da Emigración Galega na Arxentina , Casa de Soutomaior , Colexio dos irlandeses ( artigo ) , Basílica da Asunción de Augas Santas , Cova da Valiña , Museo do chocolate de Parada de Sil , Xadrez de San Rosendo , Lagos de Lousada {{{1}}} , Herbario Merino , San Xoán de Filgueira , Os Moutillós ( artigo ) , Escola Superior de Comercio da Coruña , Sociedade Galega de Residuos Industriais , Santa (escultura) ( artigo ) , Ceamsa ( web ) , Ensaio de Cronoterapia Hygia ( artigo ) , Proxecto Memoria Dixital de Lugo ( web ) , Cortes de Santiago de Compostela e A Coruña ( es ) , Castellum Sancti Pelagii de Luto , Feira das San Lucas , Cerámicas Domínguez del Noroeste , Realidade Galega , Monte veciñal en man común , Os Grobos , Premio Taboada Chivite , Axencia Galega da Calidade Alimentaria , Escola Normal de Pontevedra , Escola Normal de Ourense , Escola Normal da Coruña , Premio Castelao de banda deseñada , Ferrocarril en Galicia , ABALINUX , Autoridade Portuaria de Vilagarcía de Arousa , Castillo de Montjuich (barco) , Os Mallos, A Coruña . Arquitectura de Galicia Biografías Vera Leisner ( de: ) , Hans-Karl Schneider , Nikolai Trubetzkoy ( iw ), Efraín Ríos Montt , Luís Salvador de Austria ( ca: ) , Erich Auerbach , Claudio Guillén , Gerhard Domagk ( Nobel de Medicina ) , Odysséas Elýtis ( Nobel de Literatura ) , Carlos Saavedra Lamas ( Nobel de Economía ) , Nordahl Grieg , Robert G. Ingersoll , Camilo José Cela Conde , William Murdoch , Dionisio Ridruejo , Agustí Querol ( iw ) , D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson ( en: ) , Žarko Muljačić ( de: ) , Andreas Palaiologos , Omar Karami , Ronald Levinsohn ( pt: ) , Frank Christoph Schnitzler , Lauri Törni ( en: ) , Audie Murphy ( en: ) , Simo Häyhä ( en: ) , Fernão do Pó , Holly Woodlawn , Robert Bunsen ( iw ) , José Francisco de Isla , Semyon Kataev , Antonio Rodríguez Baixeiras , Calico Jack ( iw ) , Vasily Zaytsev ( iw ) , Shavarsh Karapetian , Jon Polito , Galeazzo Ciano ( iw ) , Henry Heimlich ( en ) , Baba Vanga , Dalibor Povolný ( species ) , Raymond Smullyan , Legendary Stardust Cowboy , António Ferreira Gomes ( pt: ) , Crispus Attucks ( iw ), Heinz Chez , Xavier Sala i Martín , Allen Buchanan , Baldomero Fernández Ladreda , Lena Dunham , Jorge Herralde ( iw ) , Martín Fayes , Isabel de Arménia ( iw ) , Ferdinando Scianna , Henri Blowitz , Edmond Pognon , John Tenniel , Joan Sales , Mateo Augusto Marroquí de Tovalina , José Fernández-España Vigil , Frederick Walton , Valentín García Yebra , Anders Breivik , Paco Camarasa , Sandra Mozarowsky , Ihor Kostenko , Alberta Williams King , José Luis López Aranguren , Álvaro Varela de Ugarte , Nomaindia Mfeketo , Lynne Brown , Oksana Shachko , Riccardo Morandi , Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza , Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient , Nicholas Alkemade , Jeanne Calment , María Elisa Álvarez Obaya , Kristi Stassinopoulou , Bulat Okudzhava , Pascale Casanova , Diego de Deza , José Patiño Rosales , Pedro de Deza Manuel , Charles Marie de La Condamine , Anna Catherine Parnell , Charles-Michel de l'Épée , Belén de Sárraga , Louis de Jaucourt , José Nicolás de Azara y Perera , Maria Teresa Cárcomo Lobo , Eva Illouz , Cassivelaunus , Bartolomé Rubia Hervás , Claudio López Lamadrid , Chicho Losa , Ania Horszowski , Roy Harper , Montague Summers , Marie Lloyd , Marcel Mauri de los Rios , Jaume Asens i Llodrà , Mark David Chapman , Sue Gardner , Concepción Company Company , Glynis Johns , Eileen Sharp , Guadalupe Ortiz de Landázuri , René Guénon , Valerie Solanas , Elizabeth McCombs , Paulina Ceremużyńska ( artigo ), Jacob Rees-Mogg , Benigno Rodríguez Santamaría , Paul Bocuse , Francisco María de Gorostidi , Francisco Xavier Martínez Villaverde , Juan Martínez Villaverde , Alexander von Kluck , John B. Goodenough , Vicente Nomdedeu Pardo , Hevrin Khalef , Johann Wenzel Peter , Ole Kirk Christiansen , Walter Ebeling , Kim Yo-jong , Javier Morata Pedreño , Jacques de Vaucanson , Kelly Preston , Miguel Sáenz , Abraham Ortelius , John Tyndall , Cornel West , Antonio Lorente , Rodrigo de Valencia ( DBE ) , Björn Járnsíða , Hasdai ibn Shaprut , François Louis Rousselet de Châteaurenault , Manuel de Paiva Boléo , Micaela Misiego , Fernando Corripio , Emilio Biel (1838-1915, fotógrafo) iw , Rosa Sensat i Vilà , Jacinto Javier Bowks de la Rosa , Yoon Suk-yeol , Steve Wilhite ( ca ) , Marcelina Bautista ( es: , pt: ) , Adelbert von Chamisso , Paulo Castro Seixas , José Ruiz y Blasco ( es: ) , Ricardo Balaca ( es: ) , Antonio Caula y Concejo ( es: ) , Valentín de Foronda , Marilyn Gaddis Rose ( necrolóxica ) , Francisco Serrano Castilla , Roderick Price Mann , Adrián Vázquez Lázara , Ortésia Cabrera Fuster ( ca: ) , Virginia Giuffre , Friedrich Merz , Tame Horomona Rehe ( iw ) , César do Paço , Hugo Albert Rennert . Personalidades de Galicia Científicos galegos Arte Xil Pupila ( fr: ) , Barroco compostelán , Fernando García Blanco ( artigo ) , Francisco Pradilla , Casto Plasencia , Jaime Morera y Galicia , Alejandro Ferrant y Fischermans , César Montaña ( es: ) , Jean Leon Gerome Ferris ( en ) , Ksal ( artigo ) , Lionel Royer , Chip Kidd , Celso Miranda ( cadro ) ( cadros ) . Renascença Portuguesa . Audiovisual King of the Hill , Shock Treatment ( en: ) , Top Secret! , Grbavica , Česká televize , Sveriges Radio , Natsionalna Radiokompanya Ukraïny , Korean Broadcasting System , Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi , TV5MONDE , 2M TV , Qatar Radio , Polskie Radio , Société nationale de radiodiffusion et de télévision , RTL , Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska , Antonio Isasi-Isasmendi , Per qualche dollaro in più ( iw ), Cineclub , Angus McBean , The Golden Girls , Festival de Cinema Queer Mawjoudin , As tartarugas mutantes , Imagining Argentina ( es: ) , Elsa Martinelli , Viridiana , Matamba Joaquim , Basilio Martín Patino , The Substance ( iw ) , Poor Things ( iw ) , La infiltrada ( iw ) , Casa en flames ( iw ) , Historias para no contar ( iw ) , Babygirl ( iw ) , Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes ( iw ) , El 47 ( iw ) , A Quiet Place: Day One ( iw ) , Memoir of a Snail ( iw ) , Apagón (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Damsel ( iw ) , In from the Side ( iw ) , Black Doves ( iw ) , The New Mutants (filme) ( iw ) , El cuerpo en llamas ( iw ) , Gentleman Jack ( iw ) , The Lobster ( iw ) , Alma (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , From (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Chaos Walking ( iw ) , House of Gucci ( iw ) , Such Brave Girls ( iw ) , ¿Quién mató a Sara? ( iw ) , Palm Springs (filme) ( iw ) , Spectral ( iw ) , The Marsh King's Daughter ( iw ) , Bird Box Barcelona ( iw ) , Gyeongseong Creature ( iw ) , Gen V ( iw ) , Past Lives ( iw ) , Code 8: Part II ( iw ) , 3 Body Problem ( iw ) , Valle de sombras ( iw ) , La caza (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Sinister ( iw ) , La ley del deseo ( iw ) , Jonas (filme) ( iw ) , Army of the Dead ( iw ) , Handsome Devil ( iw ) , Sky Rojo ( iw ) , The Durrells ( iw ) , The Fabelmans ( iw ) , Oats Studios ( iw ) , Outside (filme) ( iw ) , Scream VI ( iw ) , 28 Years Later ( iw ) , Jurassic World Rebirth ( iw ) , Los Gringo Hunters , Femme (filme) ( iw ) , Bugonia (filme) ( iw ) , Eden (filme de 2024) ( iw ) , Azrael (filme) ( iw ) , Les Affamés ( iw ) , Young Hearts ( iw ) , Spectral ( iw ) , Yakarta (serie de televisión) ( iw ) , Troll 2 (filme de 2025) ( iw ) , The Night Eats the World ( iw ) , Avatar: Fire and Ash ( iw ) , Daehongsu ( iw ) . Audiovisual galego Deportes Martin Wolfswinkel , boccia ( iw ), Deporte en Portugal , Deporte en España , Atlanta Silverbacks , Atlanta Xplosion , Gwinnett Gladiators , Gwinnett Braves , Softball , ( es: ) , Gwinnett Stadium ( en: ) , Cacau ( en: ) , Fredrik Ljungberg ( en: ) , Paulo Wanchope ( en: ) , Djamolidine Abdoujaparov ( en: ) , Will Grigg , Copa de España de fútbol sala feminino , Supercopa de España de fútbol sala feminino , Copa Ibérica de fútbol sala feminino , Wayne Rainey , Davor Čutura , Alfonsina Strada , Enda Muldoon ( en: ) , Peter Canavan ( en: ) , Joaquim Agostinho ( pt: ) , Eugen Sandow , VAR ( iw ) , Maurício de Oliveira Anastácio , Marcel Domingo , Aitor Elizegi , Johann Wilhelm Trollmann , Rafael Ceresuela Frías , Michèle Mouton , Michael Robinson ( iw ), Deporte feminino , UEFA Europa Conference League , Matías Dituro , Néstor Araújo , Orbelín Pineda ( iw ) , Andrés Vilariño ( eu: ) , Ander Vilariño ( eu: ) , Ángela Vilariño ( eu: ) , Cheikh Sarr , Velódromo . Deporte en Galicia Pablo Prieto Perille , Moisés Bernárdez Carro , Abel Bernárdez Carro , Aarón Bernárdez Carro , Xacob Agra , Rafael Cid Navarro , Evaristo Puentes Leira , Javier Cid Martínez ( es: ) , Alejandro Avecilla Porto , Samu Araújo , José Túnel Cabaleiro , Festival das Carrilanas de Esteiro , Rali de Carretillas de Vila de Cruces , Trofeo Concello de Monforte ( d: ) , Ricardo Ramilo Suárez , Francisco Castrillo ( artigo ) , Volta ao Ribeiro ( fr: ) , Modesto Rafael Méndez Delgado , Víctor Magariños Pazos , Luisa María García Pena , María José Fernández Vázquez , Alexander Kachelaev , Renato Tapia , Eugenio González ( artigo ) , Bandeira Concello de Vigo ( eu: ) , Jennifer Lores Cortizo ( es: ) , Laura del Rosario Loira ( es: ) , Daniel López Parada , Guillermo García Janeiro , Juan Campos Ignacio , Agustín Estévez Lores , Manuel Carballo Lores , Damián Canedo Midón , Anwar Mediero , Javier Álvarez Pérez , Olalla Fabeiro , Sara Vidal Acuña , Esther Castedo Potente , Herminio González Otero , Cristina Fernández Piñeiro , Sarai Sanmartín , José Santiago Pereira , Fermín Hortas Vidal , Miguel Méndez Martínez , Antonio López Martínez , Pedro Fernández Sarmiento , Iñaki Cabaleiro , Christian Costoya , Marita Millán . Economía segredo bancario , Novo dólar taiwanés , Dólar trinitense , Franco monegasco , Franco luxemburgués , Franco de Xibutí , Franco das Comores , Franco de Burundi , Libra de Santa Helena , Coroa austro-húngara , Leu moldovo , Rublo letón , Rublo taxico ( es: ) , Peso cubano , Peso dominicano , Peso filipino , Reichsmark , Taka , Boliviano , Lempira , Rupiah , Rial iraní , Dinar iraquí , Rupia india , Dinar xordano , Rial omaní , Rial qatarí , Dinar sudanés , Offshoring , Imposto sobre a renda das persoas físicas , Cros , Banco Galicia , Drop shipping , Banco Simeón , Clesa . Estatística estatística política , estatística indus , estatística social , estatística económica , estatística cuántica , proba U de Mann-Whitney , bootstrapping , mostraxe de Gibbs , distribución bimodal . Historia Paleocristián , Tíbet (1912–1951) , Historia política , Museo de Historia de Cataluña , Museo de Historia de Barcelona , Historia da muller , Historia do comunismo , Historia do antigo Israel , Monarquía Hispánica , Guerra de Siria , Blitzkrieg , Cabeço das Fráguas ( Artigo ; iw ) , Revolta decembrista , Santo graal do Cebreiro , Ditadura dos Coroneis , Museu Nacional (Brasil) ( iw ) , Orde Militar de María Teresa , Peste de Marsella de 1720 , Chant du départ , Liberación de París ( iw ), Guerra civil portuguesa , Senegambia , Rebelión do whisky , Boris Sheboldaev (buque) , Borrasca Filomena wd , Almoxarife , Alain Tranoy , Army Map Service , Cortes Españolas , xenocidio moriori ( iw ) , invención da tradición ( iw ) . Informática Source ( en: ) . Videoxogos Firaxis Games , Electronic Entertainment Expo , DreamHack , Grim Fandango , The Dig , Counter-Strike: Source , Dota 2 , Unreal , Digital Extremes , GT Interactive Software , Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn , DayZ , PC Fútbol , Odysee ( en ). Literatura República das letras ( en: ) , Dicionario etimolóxico , Vídeo poesía ( en: ) , Gene Wolfe ( en: ) , Cuestionario Proust ( fr: ) , Ramón de Campoamor , Historia da literatura , estrambote , Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre , Paulo e Virxinia , Décimo Xunio Xuvenal , Abu Tammam ( en: ) , Francisco González Ledesma , Os Seráns de Médan ( fr: ) , Algernon Charles Swinburne , George Meredith , B. Traven , Billy Collins , Nicolás Guillén , Geronimo Stilton , Danny Sheehy , Benoît Duteurtre , Augustpriset , Rodolfo Walsh , Premio Prometheus , Rachel Bluwstein , Gonzalo de Berceo , James Ellroy , Peter Härtling , Amos Tutuola , Sheridan Le Fanu , Luisa Villar Liébana , L. Frank Baum , Irvine Welsh , E. C. Segar , Santiago Posteguillo , Correlato obxectivo , Jella Lepman , Marta Chaves , Mariana Pinto dos Santos , Manon Roland , Chanson de toile , Radclyffe Hall , Editorial Juventud , Premio Ostana , Novela epistolar , Xil Pupila , Andrzej Zaniewski , Jon Scieszka , Pia Sloth Poulsen , Andrej Longo , Mary Sue , Judith Kerr , Núria Añó ( es: ) , Rupi Kaur , Theodor Plievier , Flamenca , C. Auguste Dupin , Aleksandr Herzen , LIBER , Philip Pullman , Kressmann Taylor , Felix Salten , George Brewer , Eavan Boland , P. G. Wodehouse , Rodolfo Gustavo da Paixão ( pt: ) , Maurice Leblanc , Felisberto Hernández , Lawrence Schimel , Elīna Brasliņa , Helen Dunmore , Bernardine Evaristo , Rede Galabra , César Mallorquí , Andreas Embirikos , Philéas Lebesgue , Sibilla Aleramo , Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes , Carmen Gómez Ojea , Robert Walser , Saint-John Perse , Anne Plantagenet , Rébecca Dautremer , Algernon Charles Swinburne , Concha Espina , Concretismo , Centopagine . Literatura galega Corpus Petroglyphorum Gallaeciae , Néveda , TAM ( artigo ) , Lieders , Xabier Vila-Coia , Isidoro Casulleras Galiana , Premio Compostela de Álbums Ilustrados , Eroski Paraíso (teatro) , Curva España (teatro) , Chan da Pólvora , Premio Leliadoura , Colección Arealonguiña . Medicina Eosinofilia , Poliarterite nodosa , Fractura de Colles , Anxina , Diurético , hidrocefalia , Cleptomanía , Celulite 30iw , Rigor mortis , Arnau de Vilanova , Barry Blumberg ( en ) , priapismo , tripanosomíase . Música Matt Elliott , Luna (banda) ( en: ) , Hedningarna , Manolo Kabezabolo ( es: ) , música medieval (34 iw) , Wiener Philharmoniker , Atlanta Symphony Orchestra , Atlanta Opera , Atlanta Ballet , Mudvayne , Ataúlfo Argenta , Sinfonía nº 7 (Shostakovich) , Abertura 1812 ( en: ) , Varg ( de: ) , Lil Hardin Armstrong , Isao Tomita ( iw ) , Garrotín , Ami Suzuki ( iw ) , Every Little Thing ( iw ) , Wilson Pickett , " Nel pozu María Luisa ", The Urge , Π L.T. , Antoine Chao ( fr: ) , Albert Ayler , Dave Holland ( iw ; necrolóxica ) , Las Bistecs , Massicot , House and Land , Liana Sharifian , " Arroja la bomba ", Wemean , Homero Manzi , Anna Marly , Girl group , Blind Lemon Jefferson ., Batucada ( pt ) , Stargroves , Francesco Cavalli , Lead Belly , Haruka Yoshimura ( en ) , Yui Ogura ( en ) , Dolio , Ivana Spagna , Los Quirotelvos , " Sloop John B ", Gregorio Baudot , Suite compostelana ( ca ) , Aureana do Sil , Jerónimo de Carrión ( es ) , Matías García Benayas ( es ) , Manuel de Egüés ( es ) , Liberato ( it , es , ca ) Música galega Relixión Disputas cristolóxicas , Yeshúa , Representación de Xesús de Nazaret , Xesús de Nazaret no cine , Arcebispo de Dublín (católico) , Sexualidade dos papas ( fr: , es: ), Leviatán , Duos habet et bene pendentes , Iael , Sísera , arminianismo , pietismo , Jacobus de Voragine . Urbanismo Avenida do Mestre Mateo (Santiago de Compostela) , Avenida de Xoán XXIII (Santiago de Compostela) , Avenida de Vigo (Pontevedra) , Rúa do Progreso (Ourense) , Ronda da Muralla , Ronda do Carme , Ronda das Fontiñas , Piazza del Duomo , Montparnasse , Passivhaus . Xeografía Norcross ( en: ) , Peachtree Corners ( en: ) , Lawrenceville, Xeorxia ( en: ) , República de Crimea , Greymouth , Rexión de Wellington , Waikato , Rexión de Canterbury , Dependencia Ross , Illas Balleny , Illa Sturge , Faith, Dacota do Sur , República de Cospaia ( it: ) , Gulfport, Mississippi , Kliešniaki ( be ) , Abraham Ortelius , Břeclav , Home counties , Przemyśl . Xeografía de Galicia Xornalismo Xornais Personalidades Eberhard van der Laan ( iw ), Pedro Erquicia , Xaúl . Outros Devesa real , fonte terciaria , cuplé , Proteo , Pornopedia ( es: , en: ) , Centro Reto , Administración Central Tibetana , Diáspora armenia , Canal do Otário ( pt: , es: ) , mordaza , Accademia della Crusca , Superterra , Nevarada en febreiro de 2009 en Gran Bretaña e Irlanda ( en: ) , vida persoal ( iw ) , Fox terrier , Zugzwang , tautopónimo ( iw ), A gran néboa de Londres de 1952 , Land Rover Defender , refuxio de fauna , namasté , Atentado de Manchester de 2017 ( iw ), Incendio forestal de Pedrógão Grande de 2017 ( pt ) , Fonte da xuventude , Alternative für Deutschland , Operación Anubis , Childwickbury Manor , Rupes Nigra , Gerrymandering , Caso Matesa , Tapa de rexistro , Mary (elefanta) , Rebujito , MV Aquarius , Orixes dos vascos ( iw ) , Instituto Vasco Etxepare , Villa Grimaldi , Hotel Gellért , Botas de sete leguas , schnapps , Chaise longue , Laniakea , Rigor mortis , cavorco , Cabalo baio , Asociación Galega de Xermanistas , porco vietnamita , Freie Wähler , Ponte Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau d , Veni, vidi, vici , cincografía , Royal Army Ordnance Corps , Pilla , Papamóbil , Idris Gawr , Bron-Yr-Aur , Lucifugus Rofocalus , Belonefobia , Consell per la República , Bestiario de Aberdeen , Premio Veblen , Querela Arxentina ( artigo ) , Andar ás crebas ( en: ) , Siglas poveiras , Ys , pareo , Tmolo , Lord , Lady , Casa de Tócame Roque , Falucho (embarcación) , Día Mundial da Prevención do Suicidio , Mantícora , Jarl , Córtex cerebral , Día do Dominio Público , Menarquía , John o' Groats , Almanaque de Gotha , Gibson Girl , dereito consuetudinario , Russenorsk , Linguas omóticas , Revista científica galego-lusófona de educación ambiental , verde Lincoln , Rübezahl , Educador social ( es: ) , Irídia ( es: ) , Roubo de espermatozoides ( en , de , fr ) , Au pair ( es: , pt: ) , Centímetro cúbico , caldeiro de Gundestrup , Sometent , Witwatersrand Native Labour Association , Asian News International , Ask a Stupid Question Day , Holobionte , substantivo colectivo . Wikipedia Wikipedia:Wikipreitear ( iw ) , Wikipedia:ISBN ( iw ) , Axuda:AFI ( iw ) , Detención de Mark Bernstein ( iw ) . Véxase tamén Lista das 5.000 páxinas máis veces requiridas Imaxes solicitadas Lista de artigos que a Galipedia debería ter Artigos da Gran Enciclopedia Galega Wikipedia:Entradas do Dicionario biográfico de Galicia Wikipedia:Entradas de Gallegos. Quién es quien en la Galicia del siglo XXI Últimas páxinas creadas A continuación amósanse as últimas 20 páxinas que foron creadas na Galipedia: 16 de xaneiro de 2026 02:31 16 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 02:31 Hamilton (musical) ( hist | editar ) [17.074 bytes] XabiPellitero ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creación dunha páxina para Hamilton o musical) Etiquetas : Edición visual Verificación de modificacións (referencias) amosada 15 de xaneiro de 2026 22:44 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 22:44 Wang Xiji ( hist | editar ) [2.163 bytes] Xosema ( conversa | contribucións ) (Novo artigo) 22:31 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 22:31 Alicia Relinque Eleta ( hist | editar ) [3.313 bytes] Vanicorps ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creada como tradución da páxina « Alicia Relinque Eleta ») Etiquetas : Tradución de contido Tradución de contido (versión 2) 21:19 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 21:19 Guante de Ouro ( hist | editar ) [664 bytes] ~2026-32639-3 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «O Guante de Ouro foi creado no 1994 na copa do mundo de Estados Unidos inicialmente chamado Premio Lev Yashin en Honor ao gran porteiro soviético e cambiouse o nome a Guante de Ouro no Mundial de Sudáfrica 2010. Creouse como premio para o mellor porteiro de cada mundial. Dende a súa creación os gañadores foron: 1994 (Estados Unidos): Michel Preud'homme, (Belga) 1998 (Francia): Fabien Barthez, (Francés) 2002 (Corea/Japón): Oliver Khan, (Alemán) 2006 (Alemania): Gian...») Etiquetas : Edición visual Verificación de modificacións (referencias) amosada 21:08 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 21:08 CapZ ( hist | editar ) [7.287 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:CapZ) creada orixinalmente como «"CapZ"» 20:45 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:45 Antonio Valencia Fernández ( hist | editar ) [2.267 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Antonio Valencia Fernández''', nado en Ourense o 26 de agosto de 1891 e finado en México , foi un militar e político galego . == Traxectoria == Oficial de carreira, ingresou na academia de Enxeñeiros o 13 de outubro de 1907. Foi promovido a tenente o 24 de xuño de 1913. Obtivo o título de piloto militar o 26 de febreiro de 1915. Foi nomeado comandante o 5 de marzo de 1920. Serviu en Marrocos e Cabo Juby. Pasou ao...») 20:27 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:27 Fosducina ( hist | editar ) [9.586 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:Phosducin) 20:04 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:04 Ramón Testa Ventosela ( hist | editar ) [1.923 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Ramón Testa Ventosela''', nado en Ourense o 9 de decembro de 1903 , foi un mecánico, chófer e político galego . == Traxectoria == Germán Testa Novoa e Rosario Ventosela Cid. Mecánico e chófer de Antonio Goicoechea. Logo do golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 chegou a Salamanca o 24 de agosto procedente de Portugal , onde se encontraba dende o 17 de xullo. Foi detido o 25 de agosto no Gran Hotel de Salam...») 19:38 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:38 Rexión Central, Uganda ( hist | editar ) [941 bytes] Chairego apc ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Xeografía política}}») 19:35 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:35 Victoria Cirlot ( hist | editar ) [10.687 bytes] Vanicorps ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creada como tradución da páxina « Victoria Cirlot ») Etiquetas : Tradución de contido Tradución de contido (versión 2) 19:20 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:20 Kayunga ( hist | editar ) [2.606 bytes] Chairego apc ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Xeografía política}}») 19:19 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:19 Quintín Testa Ventosela ( hist | editar ) [2.630 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Quintín Testa Ventosela''', nado en Ourense o 11 de novembro de 1911 e finado en Cidade de México en 1993 , foi un ebanista, militar e político galego . == Traxectoria == Ebanista e carpinteiro. En 1927 trasladouse a Bilbao onde traballou nas empresas Gogebola e Aranzabal. En 1932 incorporouse á UGT de Bilbao. Cando se produciu o golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 e...») 19:16 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:16 Arracada de Vilar de Santos ( hist | editar ) [3.728 bytes] O Breixo ( conversa | contribucións ) (Novo artigo.) Etiqueta : Edición visual 18:37 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:37 Xenócrates de Afrodisias ( hist | editar ) [1.633 bytes] Servando2 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{biografía}} '''Xenócrates de Afrodisias''' (en latín ''Xenocrates'', en grego antigo Ξενοκρὰτης) era un médico grego nado en Afrodisias en Cilicia que debeu vivir sobre a metade do século I e foi probabelmente contemporáneo de Andrómaco o Novo . ==Traxectoria== Galeno di que viviu dúas xeracións antes que a súa. Escribiu algúns libros de farmacia e Galeno critícao porque confeccioanba remedios con substancias desaxeitadas...») Etiquetas : edición de código 2017 Ligazóns a páxinas de homónimos 18:28 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:28 Pär Larson ( hist | editar ) [2.758 bytes] Ogalego.gal ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creación da entrada) Etiqueta : Edición visual 18:12 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:12 Xenócrates de Éfeso ( hist | editar ) [1.108 bytes] Servando2 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{biografía}} '''Xenócrates de ëfeso''' (en latín ''Xenocrates'', en grego antigo Ξενοκράτης) era un historiador e xeógrafo grego, que Plinio o Vello menciona a miúdo na súa obra '' Naturalis Historia '', como referencia ou autoridade. Traxectoria As súas obras non se conservaron. O seu floruit foi pouco antes ou de manira contemporánea que o de Plinio, que nunha pasaxe engade ao seu nome: ''qui de iis nuperrime scripsit'' (que escrib...») Etiqueta : edición de código 2017 18:05 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:05 Prefoldina ( hist | editar ) [8.110 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:Prefoldin) 16:05 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 16:05 Josep Gayá ( hist | editar ) [5.532 bytes] Scaletta ( conversa | contribucións ) (Artigo traducido da Wikipedia en inglés) 15:55 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 15:55 Alfredo Salzman Menéndez ( hist | editar ) [2.301 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Alfredo Salzman Menéndez''', nado en Monforte de Lemos o 17 de febreiro de 1893 e finado en México , foi un ferroviario e político galego . == Traxectoria == Perito industrial dende 1912. Traballou na Compañía Ferroviaria Ferrocarriles del Norte de España durante 29 anos e foi xefe de maquinistas en Barcelona . Miembro do Sindicato Nacional Ferroviario da UGT de Barcelona, estivo...») Etiqueta : Ligazóns a páxinas de homónimos 15:32 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 15:32 Marcelino Román Paz ( hist | editar ) [1.828 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Marcelino Román Paz''', nado en Xermade o 4 de agosto de 1900 e finado en México , foi un mecánico e político galego . == Traxectoria == Chófer e mecánico. Traballou na empresa Transportes Barquet en Vilanova i la Geltrú durante seis anos. Membro da UGT e afiliado ao PSUC . Logo do golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 foi delegado...») Preme aquí para ver máis páxinas novas . Últimas páxinas creadas A continuación amósanse as últimas 20 páxinas que foron creadas na Galipedia: 16 de xaneiro de 2026 02:31 16 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 02:31 Hamilton (musical) ( hist | editar ) [17.074 bytes] XabiPellitero ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creación dunha páxina para Hamilton o musical) Etiquetas : Edición visual Verificación de modificacións (referencias) amosada 15 de xaneiro de 2026 22:44 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 22:44 Wang Xiji ( hist | editar ) [2.163 bytes] Xosema ( conversa | contribucións ) (Novo artigo) 22:31 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 22:31 Alicia Relinque Eleta ( hist | editar ) [3.313 bytes] Vanicorps ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creada como tradución da páxina « Alicia Relinque Eleta ») Etiquetas : Tradución de contido Tradución de contido (versión 2) 21:19 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 21:19 Guante de Ouro ( hist | editar ) [664 bytes] ~2026-32639-3 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «O Guante de Ouro foi creado no 1994 na copa do mundo de Estados Unidos inicialmente chamado Premio Lev Yashin en Honor ao gran porteiro soviético e cambiouse o nome a Guante de Ouro no Mundial de Sudáfrica 2010. Creouse como premio para o mellor porteiro de cada mundial. Dende a súa creación os gañadores foron: 1994 (Estados Unidos): Michel Preud'homme, (Belga) 1998 (Francia): Fabien Barthez, (Francés) 2002 (Corea/Japón): Oliver Khan, (Alemán) 2006 (Alemania): Gian...») Etiquetas : Edición visual Verificación de modificacións (referencias) amosada 21:08 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 21:08 CapZ ( hist | editar ) [7.287 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:CapZ) creada orixinalmente como «"CapZ"» 20:45 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:45 Antonio Valencia Fernández ( hist | editar ) [2.267 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Antonio Valencia Fernández''', nado en Ourense o 26 de agosto de 1891 e finado en México , foi un militar e político galego . == Traxectoria == Oficial de carreira, ingresou na academia de Enxeñeiros o 13 de outubro de 1907. Foi promovido a tenente o 24 de xuño de 1913. Obtivo o título de piloto militar o 26 de febreiro de 1915. Foi nomeado comandante o 5 de marzo de 1920. Serviu en Marrocos e Cabo Juby. Pasou ao...») 20:27 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:27 Fosducina ( hist | editar ) [9.586 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:Phosducin) 20:04 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:04 Ramón Testa Ventosela ( hist | editar ) [1.923 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Ramón Testa Ventosela''', nado en Ourense o 9 de decembro de 1903 , foi un mecánico, chófer e político galego . == Traxectoria == Germán Testa Novoa e Rosario Ventosela Cid. Mecánico e chófer de Antonio Goicoechea. Logo do golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 chegou a Salamanca o 24 de agosto procedente de Portugal , onde se encontraba dende o 17 de xullo. Foi detido o 25 de agosto no Gran Hotel de Salam...») 19:38 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:38 Rexión Central, Uganda ( hist | editar ) [941 bytes] Chairego apc ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Xeografía política}}») 19:35 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:35 Victoria Cirlot ( hist | editar ) [10.687 bytes] Vanicorps ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creada como tradución da páxina « Victoria Cirlot ») Etiquetas : Tradución de contido Tradución de contido (versión 2) 19:20 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:20 Kayunga ( hist | editar ) [2.606 bytes] Chairego apc ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Xeografía política}}») 19:19 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:19 Quintín Testa Ventosela ( hist | editar ) [2.630 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Quintín Testa Ventosela''', nado en Ourense o 11 de novembro de 1911 e finado en Cidade de México en 1993 , foi un ebanista, militar e político galego . == Traxectoria == Ebanista e carpinteiro. En 1927 trasladouse a Bilbao onde traballou nas empresas Gogebola e Aranzabal. En 1932 incorporouse á UGT de Bilbao. Cando se produciu o golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 e...») 19:16 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:16 Arracada de Vilar de Santos ( hist | editar ) [3.728 bytes] O Breixo ( conversa | contribucións ) (Novo artigo.) Etiqueta : Edición visual 18:37 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:37 Xenócrates de Afrodisias ( hist | editar ) [1.633 bytes] Servando2 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{biografía}} '''Xenócrates de Afrodisias''' (en latín ''Xenocrates'', en grego antigo Ξενοκρὰτης) era un médico grego nado en Afrodisias en Cilicia que debeu vivir sobre a metade do século I e foi probabelmente contemporáneo de Andrómaco o Novo . ==Traxectoria== Galeno di que viviu dúas xeracións antes que a súa. Escribiu algúns libros de farmacia e Galeno critícao porque confeccioanba remedios con substancias desaxeitadas...») Etiquetas : edición de código 2017 Ligazóns a páxinas de homónimos 18:28 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:28 Pär Larson ( hist | editar ) [2.758 bytes] Ogalego.gal ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creación da entrada) Etiqueta : Edición visual 18:12 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:12 Xenócrates de Éfeso ( hist | editar ) [1.108 bytes] Servando2 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{biografía}} '''Xenócrates de ëfeso''' (en latín ''Xenocrates'', en grego antigo Ξενοκράτης) era un historiador e xeógrafo grego, que Plinio o Vello menciona a miúdo na súa obra '' Naturalis Historia '', como referencia ou autoridade. Traxectoria As súas obras non se conservaron. O seu floruit foi pouco antes ou de manira contemporánea que o de Plinio, que nunha pasaxe engade ao seu nome: ''qui de iis nuperrime scripsit'' (que escrib...») Etiqueta : edición de código 2017 18:05 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:05 Prefoldina ( hist | editar ) [8.110 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:Prefoldin) 16:05 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 16:05 Josep Gayá ( hist | editar ) [5.532 bytes] Scaletta ( conversa | contribucións ) (Artigo traducido da Wikipedia en inglés) 15:55 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 15:55 Alfredo Salzman Menéndez ( hist | editar ) [2.301 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Alfredo Salzman Menéndez''', nado en Monforte de Lemos o 17 de febreiro de 1893 e finado en México , foi un ferroviario e político galego . == Traxectoria == Perito industrial dende 1912. Traballou na Compañía Ferroviaria Ferrocarriles del Norte de España durante 29 anos e foi xefe de maquinistas en Barcelona . Miembro do Sindicato Nacional Ferroviario da UGT de Barcelona, estivo...») Etiqueta : Ligazóns a páxinas de homónimos 15:32 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 15:32 Marcelino Román Paz ( hist | editar ) [1.828 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Marcelino Román Paz''', nado en Xermade o 4 de agosto de 1900 e finado en México , foi un mecánico e político galego . == Traxectoria == Chófer e mecánico. Traballou na empresa Transportes Barquet en Vilanova i la Geltrú durante seis anos. Membro da UGT e afiliado ao PSUC . Logo do golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 foi delegado...») 16 de xaneiro de 2026 02:31 16 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 02:31 Hamilton (musical) ( hist | editar ) [17.074 bytes] XabiPellitero ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creación dunha páxina para Hamilton o musical) Etiquetas : Edición visual Verificación de modificacións (referencias) amosada 15 de xaneiro de 2026 22:44 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 22:44 Wang Xiji ( hist | editar ) [2.163 bytes] Xosema ( conversa | contribucións ) (Novo artigo) 22:31 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 22:31 Alicia Relinque Eleta ( hist | editar ) [3.313 bytes] Vanicorps ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creada como tradución da páxina « Alicia Relinque Eleta ») Etiquetas : Tradución de contido Tradución de contido (versión 2) 21:19 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 21:19 Guante de Ouro ( hist | editar ) [664 bytes] ~2026-32639-3 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «O Guante de Ouro foi creado no 1994 na copa do mundo de Estados Unidos inicialmente chamado Premio Lev Yashin en Honor ao gran porteiro soviético e cambiouse o nome a Guante de Ouro no Mundial de Sudáfrica 2010. Creouse como premio para o mellor porteiro de cada mundial. Dende a súa creación os gañadores foron: 1994 (Estados Unidos): Michel Preud'homme, (Belga) 1998 (Francia): Fabien Barthez, (Francés) 2002 (Corea/Japón): Oliver Khan, (Alemán) 2006 (Alemania): Gian...») Etiquetas : Edición visual Verificación de modificacións (referencias) amosada 21:08 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 21:08 CapZ ( hist | editar ) [7.287 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:CapZ) creada orixinalmente como «"CapZ"» 20:45 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:45 Antonio Valencia Fernández ( hist | editar ) [2.267 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Antonio Valencia Fernández''', nado en Ourense o 26 de agosto de 1891 e finado en México , foi un militar e político galego . == Traxectoria == Oficial de carreira, ingresou na academia de Enxeñeiros o 13 de outubro de 1907. Foi promovido a tenente o 24 de xuño de 1913. Obtivo o título de piloto militar o 26 de febreiro de 1915. Foi nomeado comandante o 5 de marzo de 1920. Serviu en Marrocos e Cabo Juby. Pasou ao...») 20:27 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:27 Fosducina ( hist | editar ) [9.586 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:Phosducin) 20:04 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 20:04 Ramón Testa Ventosela ( hist | editar ) [1.923 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Ramón Testa Ventosela''', nado en Ourense o 9 de decembro de 1903 , foi un mecánico, chófer e político galego . == Traxectoria == Germán Testa Novoa e Rosario Ventosela Cid. Mecánico e chófer de Antonio Goicoechea. Logo do golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 chegou a Salamanca o 24 de agosto procedente de Portugal , onde se encontraba dende o 17 de xullo. Foi detido o 25 de agosto no Gran Hotel de Salam...») 19:38 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:38 Rexión Central, Uganda ( hist | editar ) [941 bytes] Chairego apc ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Xeografía política}}») 19:35 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:35 Victoria Cirlot ( hist | editar ) [10.687 bytes] Vanicorps ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creada como tradución da páxina « Victoria Cirlot ») Etiquetas : Tradución de contido Tradución de contido (versión 2) 19:20 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:20 Kayunga ( hist | editar ) [2.606 bytes] Chairego apc ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Xeografía política}}») 19:19 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:19 Quintín Testa Ventosela ( hist | editar ) [2.630 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Quintín Testa Ventosela''', nado en Ourense o 11 de novembro de 1911 e finado en Cidade de México en 1993 , foi un ebanista, militar e político galego . == Traxectoria == Ebanista e carpinteiro. En 1927 trasladouse a Bilbao onde traballou nas empresas Gogebola e Aranzabal. En 1932 incorporouse á UGT de Bilbao. Cando se produciu o golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 e...») 19:16 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 19:16 Arracada de Vilar de Santos ( hist | editar ) [3.728 bytes] O Breixo ( conversa | contribucións ) (Novo artigo.) Etiqueta : Edición visual 18:37 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:37 Xenócrates de Afrodisias ( hist | editar ) [1.633 bytes] Servando2 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{biografía}} '''Xenócrates de Afrodisias''' (en latín ''Xenocrates'', en grego antigo Ξενοκρὰτης) era un médico grego nado en Afrodisias en Cilicia que debeu vivir sobre a metade do século I e foi probabelmente contemporáneo de Andrómaco o Novo . ==Traxectoria== Galeno di que viviu dúas xeracións antes que a súa. Escribiu algúns libros de farmacia e Galeno critícao porque confeccioanba remedios con substancias desaxeitadas...») Etiquetas : edición de código 2017 Ligazóns a páxinas de homónimos 18:28 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:28 Pär Larson ( hist | editar ) [2.758 bytes] Ogalego.gal ( conversa | contribucións ) (Creación da entrada) Etiqueta : Edición visual 18:12 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:12 Xenócrates de Éfeso ( hist | editar ) [1.108 bytes] Servando2 ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{biografía}} '''Xenócrates de ëfeso''' (en latín ''Xenocrates'', en grego antigo Ξενοκράτης) era un historiador e xeógrafo grego, que Plinio o Vello menciona a miúdo na súa obra '' Naturalis Historia '', como referencia ou autoridade. Traxectoria As súas obras non se conservaron. O seu floruit foi pouco antes ou de manira contemporánea que o de Plinio, que nunha pasaxe engade ao seu nome: ''qui de iis nuperrime scripsit'' (que escrib...») Etiqueta : edición de código 2017 18:05 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:05 Prefoldina ( hist | editar ) [8.110 bytes] Miguelferig ( conversa | contribucións ) (traducido de en:Prefoldin) 16:05 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 16:05 Josep Gayá ( hist | editar ) [5.532 bytes] Scaletta ( conversa | contribucións ) (Artigo traducido da Wikipedia en inglés) 15:55 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 15:55 Alfredo Salzman Menéndez ( hist | editar ) [2.301 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Alfredo Salzman Menéndez''', nado en Monforte de Lemos o 17 de febreiro de 1893 e finado en México , foi un ferroviario e político galego . == Traxectoria == Perito industrial dende 1912. Traballou na Compañía Ferroviaria Ferrocarriles del Norte de España durante 29 anos e foi xefe de maquinistas en Barcelona . Miembro do Sindicato Nacional Ferroviario da UGT de Barcelona, estivo...») Etiqueta : Ligazóns a páxinas de homónimos 15:32 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 15:32 Marcelino Román Paz ( hist | editar ) [1.828 bytes] Xas ( conversa | contribucións ) (Nova páxina: «{{Biografía}} '''Marcelino Román Paz''', nado en Xermade o 4 de agosto de 1900 e finado en México , foi un mecánico e político galego . == Traxectoria == Chófer e mecánico. Traballou na empresa Transportes Barquet en Vilanova i la Geltrú durante seis anos. Membro da UGT e afiliado ao PSUC . Logo do golpe de Estado do 18 de xullo de 1936 foi delegado...») Preme aquí para ver máis páxinas novas . Últimas imaxes subidas A continuación amósanse as últimas 12 imaxes cargadas na Galipedia. Convén comprobar que contan coa información e licenza apropiadas. Como proceder para eliminar imaxes . Pujolqueimada.jpg KoTToS17 22 de decembro de 2025 ás 17:10 794 × 628; 103 kB Francisco Méndez Mariño (Foto 2).tif Javi Noya 29 de outubro de 2025 ás 19:23 1.148 × 711; 1,28 MB Deportado e outras.jpg Heladio Anxo 15 de outubro de 2025 ás 12:09 1.396 × 1.582; 301 kB Joaquín Balboa e súa muller Julia cun familiar.jpg Heladio Anxo 15 de outubro de 2025 ás 11:48 619 × 439; 341 kB SMS Derfflinger German cruiser.jpg Tomás Vaello Ostrowska 29 de xullo de 2025 ás 09:59 720 × 528; 45 kB Vázquez Seijas.jpeg Moedagalega 10 de maio de 2025 ás 06:46 1.988 × 2.783; 1,79 MB Arbore bolas.png Andresv.63 20 de outubro de 2024 ás 18:11 419 × 243; 14 kB Eye movements of drivers.jpg LuzSall 4 de setembro de 2024 ás 11:17 534 × 532; 93 kB WidgrafOcupados.png Andresv.63 3 de xullo de 2024 ás 14:28 220 × 175; 11 kB Rochi Nóvoa en Trandeiras.jpg Keltian666 29 de abril de 2024 ás 12:11 4.024 × 6.048; 9,33 MB Escudo ArsenalCF Ferrol.jpg Erosstomee 28 de marzo de 2023 ás 15:50 256 × 346; 20 kB Gregorio Sanz.jpeg HombreDHojalata 11 de maio de 2020 ás 12:13 471 × 589; 128 kB Preme aquí para ver máis imaxes novas . Últimas imaxes subidas A continuación amósanse as últimas 12 imaxes cargadas na Galipedia. Convén comprobar que contan coa información e licenza apropiadas. Como proceder para eliminar imaxes . Pujolqueimada.jpg KoTToS17 22 de decembro de 2025 ás 17:10 794 × 628; 103 kB KoTToS17 22 de decembro de 2025 ás 17:10 794 × 628; 103 kB Francisco Méndez Mariño (Foto 2).tif Javi Noya 29 de outubro de 2025 ás 19:23 1.148 × 711; 1,28 MB Javi Noya 29 de outubro de 2025 ás 19:23 1.148 × 711; 1,28 MB Deportado e outras.jpg Heladio Anxo 15 de outubro de 2025 ás 12:09 1.396 × 1.582; 301 kB Heladio Anxo 15 de outubro de 2025 ás 12:09 1.396 × 1.582; 301 kB Joaquín Balboa e súa muller Julia cun familiar.jpg Heladio Anxo 15 de outubro de 2025 ás 11:48 619 × 439; 341 kB Heladio Anxo 15 de outubro de 2025 ás 11:48 619 × 439; 341 kB SMS Derfflinger German cruiser.jpg Tomás Vaello Ostrowska 29 de xullo de 2025 ás 09:59 720 × 528; 45 kB Tomás Vaello Ostrowska 29 de xullo de 2025 ás 09:59 720 × 528; 45 kB Vázquez Seijas.jpeg Moedagalega 10 de maio de 2025 ás 06:46 1.988 × 2.783; 1,79 MB Moedagalega 10 de maio de 2025 ás 06:46 1.988 × 2.783; 1,79 MB Arbore bolas.png Andresv.63 20 de outubro de 2024 ás 18:11 419 × 243; 14 kB Andresv.63 20 de outubro de 2024 ás 18:11 419 × 243; 14 kB Eye movements of drivers.jpg LuzSall 4 de setembro de 2024 ás 11:17 534 × 532; 93 kB LuzSall 4 de setembro de 2024 ás 11:17 534 × 532; 93 kB WidgrafOcupados.png Andresv.63 3 de xullo de 2024 ás 14:28 220 × 175; 11 kB Andresv.63 3 de xullo de 2024 ás 14:28 220 × 175; 11 kB Rochi Nóvoa en Trandeiras.jpg Keltian666 29 de abril de 2024 ás 12:11 4.024 × 6.048; 9,33 MB Keltian666 29 de abril de 2024 ás 12:11 4.024 × 6.048; 9,33 MB Escudo ArsenalCF Ferrol.jpg Erosstomee 28 de marzo de 2023 ás 15:50 256 × 346; 20 kB Erosstomee 28 de marzo de 2023 ás 15:50 256 × 346; 20 kB Gregorio Sanz.jpeg HombreDHojalata 11 de maio de 2020 ás 12:13 471 × 589; 128 kB HombreDHojalata 11 de maio de 2020 ás 12:13 471 × 589; 128 kB Preme aquí para ver máis imaxes novas . v c e Portais v c e Alemaña Anarquismo Andalucía Antigo Exipto Aragón Arte Asturias Austria Aves Aviación Ballet Baloncesto Balonmán Barcelona Bélxica Bretaña Bulgaria Bután Canadá Castela Cataluña Celtas China Cine Colombia Cornualla Córsega A Coruña Cultura castrexa Deportes gaélicos Dinamarca Diversidade sexual Escocia Era viquinga España Estados Unidos de América Estonia Eurovisión Feminismo Ferrol Finlandia Fórmula 1 Francia Fútbol Gales Galicia Grecia Grecia antiga Historia Hóckey a patíns Hóckey sobre xeo Hungría Illa de Man India Inglaterra Irán Irlanda Islandia Israel Italia Jazz Kirguizistán Lombardía Lugo Mozambique Muller Música Música clásica Música rock Noruega Ópera Ourense País Vasco Países Baixos Perú Pobos indíxenas de América Pobo muisca Pontevedra Portugal Reino Unido Roma antiga Romanía Rugby Rusia Santiago de Compostela Segunda guerra mundial Serbia Sistema Solar Suecia Suíza Suráfrica Star Wars Tampere Tanzania Terra Media Ucraína Vigo Xabarín Club Xapón Xogos Olímpicos Alemaña Anarquismo Andalucía Antigo Exipto Aragón Arte Asturias Austria Aves Aviación Ballet Baloncesto Balonmán Barcelona Bélxica Bretaña Bulgaria Bután Canadá Castela Cataluña Celtas China Cine Colombia Cornualla Córsega A Coruña Cultura castrexa Deportes gaélicos Dinamarca Diversidade sexual Escocia Era viquinga España Estados Unidos de América Estonia Eurovisión Feminismo Ferrol Finlandia Fórmula 1 Francia Fútbol Gales Galicia Grecia Grecia antiga Historia Hóckey a patíns Hóckey sobre xeo Hungría Illa de Man India Inglaterra Irán Irlanda Islandia Israel Italia Jazz Kirguizistán Lombardía Lugo Mozambique Muller Música Música clásica Música rock Noruega Ópera Ourense País Vasco Países Baixos Perú Pobos indíxenas de América Pobo muisca Pontevedra Portugal Reino Unido Roma antiga Romanía Rugby Rusia Santiago de Compostela Segunda guerra mundial Serbia Sistema Solar Suecia Suíza Suráfrica Star Wars Tampere Tanzania Terra Media Ucraína Vigo Xabarín Club Xapón Xogos Olímpicos Portal da comunidade Wikipedia:Administración Wikipedia:Páxinas semiprotexidas A última edición desta páxina foi o 15 de xaneiro de 2026 ás 18:01. Todo o texto está dispoñible baixo a licenza Creative Commons recoñecemento compartir igual 4.0 ; pódense aplicar termos adicionais. Consulte os termos de uso para obter máis información. Wikipedia® é unha marca rexistrada da Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , unha organización sen fins lucrativos. Normas de protección de datos Acerca de Wikipedia Advertencias Código de conduta Desenvolvedores Estatísticas Declaración de cookies Vista móbil
|
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal_da_comunidade
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 2 Collaborative editing Toggle Collaborative editing subsection 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 3 Policies and content Toggle Policies and content subsection 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 4 Governance Toggle Governance subsection 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 5 Community Toggle Community subsection 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 6 Language editions Toggle Language editions subsection 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 7 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 8 Operation Toggle Operation subsection 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 9 Access to content Toggle Access to content subsection 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 10 Cultural influence Toggle Cultural influence subsection 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 11 Related projects 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 15 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 16 External links Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item The logo of Wikipedia , a globe made out of puzzle pieces featuring glyphs from various writing systems .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Screenshot Wikipedia's desktop homepage Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in 342 languages Headquarters San Francisco , California, US Country of origin United States Owner Wikimedia Foundation (since 2003) Created by .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger URL wikipedia .org Commercial No Registration Optional [ a ] Users 126 million (as of January 16, 2026) Launched January 15, 2001 (25 years ago) ( 2001-01-15 ) Current status Active Content license CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0 [ b ] Written in PHP OCLC number 52075003 Wikipedia [ c ] is a free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers , known as Wikipedians , through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki . Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. [ 1 ] Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Initially available only in English , Wikipedia exists in over 340 languages and is one of the world's most visited websites . The English Wikipedia , with over 7 million articles , remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 66 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about five edits per second on average) as of April 2024 [update] . [ W 1 ] As of December 2025 [update] , over 25% of Wikipedia's traffic comes from the United States, while Japan accounts for nearly 7%, and the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia each represent around 5%. [ 4 ] Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the democratization of knowledge , its extensive coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site, sometimes due to its criticism of the government or by content otherwise considered blasphemous. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Although Wikipedia's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, the encyclopedia has also been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and a geographical bias against the Global South . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward. [ 2 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for up-to-date information about those events. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] History Nupedia Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. [ 13 ] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. [ 14 ] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis , a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman . [ W 2 ] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, [ 17 ] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. [ 18 ] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. [ W 3 ] Launch and growth Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as "Wikipedia Day"), [ 19 ] as a single English language edition with the domain name www.wikipedia.com , [ W 4 ] and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. [ 17 ] The name, proposed by Sanger to forestall any potential damage to the Nupedia name, [ 20 ] originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Its integral policy of " neutral point of view " arose within its first year. [ 23 ] Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. [ 17 ] Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business. [ 24 ] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. [ W 5 ] [ W 6 ] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years. [ 25 ] Due to fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. [ W 7 ] Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org . [ 26 ] [ W 8 ] After an early period of exponential growth, [ 27 ] the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors appears to have peaked around early 2007. [ 28 ] The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. [ W 9 ] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". [ 27 ] Others suggested that the growth flattened naturally because articles that could be called " low-hanging fruit "—topics that clearly merit an article—had already been created and built up extensively. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain, found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. [ 34 ] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. [ 35 ] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". [ 36 ] A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. [ 37 ] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline. [ 38 ] In November 2013, New York magazine stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." [ 39 ] The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." [ 42 ] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users." [ 42 ] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky , associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]." [ 42 ] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. [ 43 ] As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, [ 44 ] from which cloud computing was the most cited page. [ 45 ] Sister projects Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation . These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary , a dictionary project launched in December 2002, [ W 10 ] Wikiquote , a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, [ 46 ] Wikibooks , a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, [ W 11 ] Wikimedia Commons , a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, [ W 12 ] Wikinews , for collaborative journalism, [ W 13 ] and Wikiversity , a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities. [ W 14 ] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies , is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing. [ 47 ] In 2012, Wikivoyage , an editable travel guide, [ 48 ] and Wikidata , an editable knowledge base, launched. [ W 15 ] Milestones In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. [ 49 ] With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked ninth, surpassing The New York Times (No. 10) and Apple (No. 11). [ 49 ] This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. [ 50 ] In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. [ W 16 ] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". [ 51 ] As of March 2023 [update] , it ranked sixth in popularity, according to Similarweb . [ 52 ] Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through " stigmergic accumulation". [ 53 ] [ 54 ] On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress —the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours . [ 55 ] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content. [ 56 ] [ W 17 ] In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia , an asteroid , was named after Wikipedia; [ 57 ] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument ; [ 58 ] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia . [ 59 ] In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander , Beresheet , crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA . [ 62 ] On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called " Vector 2022 ". [ 63 ] [ 64 ] It featured a redesigned menu bar , moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar , and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. [ 64 ] [ W 18 ] The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes. [ 63 ] [ 65 ] Both Sanger and Wales have given public interviews in late 2025 about their reflections about the status and state of Wikipedia leading up to its 25 years of operation on January 15, 2026; Wales appeared on the PBS television news show GZERO World interviewed by Ian Bremmer [ 66 ] and Sanger has appeared on the FOX news network interviewed by Ashley Rindsberg . [ 67 ] Wales's book The Seven Rules of Trust was published in October 2025 by Penguin Random House . It was described by the publisher as a "sweeping reflection on the global crisis of credibility and knowledge" with the book examining the "rules of trust" that enabled the growth and success of Wikipedia. [ 68 ] Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views Since January 2024, the Wikimedia Foundation has reported a roughly 50 percent increase in bandwidth use from downloads of multimedia content across its projects. According to the foundation, this growth is largely attributed to automated programs, or "scraper" bots, that collect large volumes of data from Wikimedia sites for use in training large language models and related applications. [ 69 ] In October 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported an estimated 8 percent decline in traffic as compared to the same months in 2024 in human page views. They speculate it reflects the use of generative AI and social media on how people tend to search for information. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Collaborative editing Restrictions Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only users with 10 edits that have an account that is four days old may create a new article. [ W 19 ] On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. [ 72 ] A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. [ 73 ] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. [ W 20 ] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas". [ 74 ] Wikipedia has delegated some functions to bots . Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors. [ 75 ] Bots must be approved by the community before their tasks are implemented. [ 76 ] In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. [ W 21 ] Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. [ 77 ] Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. [ 78 ] However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community. [ 79 ] Articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are placed under extended-confirmed protection. [ 80 ] Editors also can make only one revert per day across the entire field and can be banned from editing related articles. These restrictions were introduced in 2008. [ 81 ] In January 2025, the Arbitration Committee introduced the "balanced editing restriction", which requires sanctioned users to devote only a third of their edits to articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict even when no misconduct rules have been violated. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Review of changes Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. [ e ] [ 84 ] On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. [ W 22 ] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems. [ W 23 ] In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction". [ 85 ] Vandalism Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. [ 86 ] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively. [ W 24 ] Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair. [ 89 ] In the Seigenthaler biography incident , an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . [ 89 ] It remained uncorrected for four months. [ 89 ] Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University , called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". [ 89 ] The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people. [ 92 ] Disputes and edit warring Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". [ W 25 ] [ 93 ] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, [ 94 ] and criticized as creating a competitive [ 95 ] and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles . [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes, [ 98 ] [ 99 ] the influence of rival editing camps, [ 100 ] [ 101 ] the conversational structure, [ 102 ] and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush , anarchism , and Muhammad . [ 106 ] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia , Scientology , and 9/11 conspiracy theories . [ 106 ] In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia. [ 104 ] Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Wikipedia , with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies. [ 107 ] Policies and content External videos Jimmy Wales , The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, TED talks , 20 minutes Katherine Maher , What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks , 15 minutes Wikipedia is composed of 11 different namespaces , with its articles being present in mainspace . Other namespaces have a prefix before their page title and fulfill various purposes. For example, the project namespace uses the Wikipedia prefix and is used for self-governance related discussions. Most readers are not aware of these other namespaces. [ 108 ] The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. [ W 26 ] The five pillars are: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility Wikipedia has no firm rules The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. [ 109 ] Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent. [ W 21 ] Content policies and guidelines According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. [ W 27 ] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standards of "notability" , which generally means that the topic has been covered extensively in reliable sources that are independent of the article's subject. [ 110 ] Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized and therefore must not present original research. [ 111 ] Some subjects such as politicians and academics have specialized notability requirements. [ 110 ] Finally, Wikipedia must reflect a neutral point of view. This is accomplished through summarizing reliable sources, using impartial language, and ensuring that multiple points of view are presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable. [ 112 ] Information without citations may be tagged or removed entirely. [ 113 ] This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced. [ 114 ] As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages. [ 75 ] Governance Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article. [ W 28 ] Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights , granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. Some user rights are granted automatically, such as the autoconfirmed and extended confirmed groups, when thresholds for account age and edits are met. [ 73 ] Administrators Experienced editors can choose to run for " adminship ", [ 117 ] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. [ W 29 ] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits. [ W 29 ] By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. [ 38 ] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship. [ 118 ] Dispute resolution Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment", [ W 25 ] in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the discussion from the list after 30 days. [ W 30 ] However, editors have the discretion to close (and delist) the discussion early or late. If the result of a discussion is not obvious, a closer—an uninvolved editor usually in good standing—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side. [ 119 ] Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for logical negation and pronounced "not". [ 120 ] Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. [ 121 ] Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers . [ 121 ] : 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings. [ 121 ] : 83 Arbitration Committee The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. [ 122 ] Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, [ 123 ] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. [ 122 ] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). [ f ] Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). [ 122 ] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and antisocial behavior . [ W 31 ] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings. [ 122 ] Community Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. [ 124 ] Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike , [ 125 ] although not always with entirely negative connotations. [ 126 ] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials , has been referred to as " anti-elitism ". [ W 32 ] Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. [ 127 ] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there. [ 128 ] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". [ 129 ] Since Wikipedia relies on volunteer labour, editors frequently focus on topics that interest them. [ 130 ] The English Wikipedia has 7,122,774 articles, 51,074,164 registered editors, and 267,090 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. [ W 33 ] Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". [ 131 ] Editors who do not log in are in some sense " second-class citizens " on Wikipedia, [ 131 ] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", [ 132 ] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty. [ 132 ] New editors often struggle to understand Wikipedia's complexity. Experienced editors are encouraged to not "bite" the newcomers in order to create a more welcoming atmosphere. [ 133 ] Research A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". [ 134 ] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." [ 129 ] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders". [ 129 ] In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that "one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits." [ 135 ] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz , who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts. [ 136 ] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, [ 137 ] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. [ 138 ] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content". [ 139 ] Diversity Several studies have shown that most volunteer Wikipedia contributors are male. The results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female. [ 140 ] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors. [ 141 ] Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown , gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. [ 141 ] Andrew Lih , a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". [ 142 ] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors. [ 143 ] Language editions English (10.7%) Cebuano (9.20%) German (4.70%) French (4.10%) Swedish (4.00%) Dutch (3.30%) Spanish (3.10%) Russian (3.10%) Italian (2.90%) Polish (2.50%) Egyptian Arabic (2.50%) Chinese (2.30%) Japanese (2.20%) Ukrainian (2.10%) Vietnamese (2.00%) Arabic (2.00%) Waray (1.90%) Portuguese (1.90%) Persian (1.60%) Catalan (1.20%) Other (32.7%) There are currently 342 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias ). As of January 2026, the six largest, in order of article count, are the English , Cebuano , German , French , Swedish , and Dutch Wikipedias. [ W 35 ] The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot , which as of 2013 [update] had created about half the articles on the Swedish Wikipedia , and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias . The latter are both languages of the Philippines . In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ( Spanish , Russian , Italian , Polish , Egyptian Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Ukrainian , Vietnamese , Arabic , Waray , and Portuguese ), seven more have over 500,000 articles ( Persian , Catalan , Indonesian , Korean , Chechen , Serbian , and Norwegian ), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. [ W 36 ] [ W 35 ] The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 7.1 million articles. As of January 2021, [update] the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic. [ W 37 ] Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2024 Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color ) [ W 38 ] or points of view. [ W 39 ] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use . [ W 40 ] [ 145 ] The content of articles on the same subject can differ significantly between languages, depending on the sources editors use and other factors. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". [ W 41 ] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others). [ W 42 ] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia, [ W 43 ] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. [ W 44 ] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. [ W 44 ] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects. [ W 45 ] Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. [ 149 ] [ W 46 ] A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the Simple English Wikipedia . [ 148 ] English Wikipedia editor numbers On March 1, 2014, The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." [ 150 ] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014. [ 150 ] In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia. [ 150 ] Reception Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation , which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014. [update] [ 151 ] [ 121 ] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias . In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". [ 152 ] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's " undue-weight policy ", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic. [ 152 ] [ 156 ] A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin . [ 157 ] In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online." [ 158 ] Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased . In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much " leftist bias". [ 159 ] Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger , who left Wikipedia in 2002 to establish competing websites, has said that Wikipedia had become "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics. [ 162 ] Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western cultural bias " (or "pro-western bias") [ 163 ] or "Eurocentric bias", [ 164 ] reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship [ 165 ] and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors. [ 166 ] In October 2025, Larry Sanger published his Nine Theses , a critical assessment and reform agenda for Wikipedia. The proposal is part of his broader effort to address what Sanger perceives as systemic issues within Wikipedia, which include ideological bias, lack of transparency in the editor hierarchies and an ineffective consensus-based decision making procedure. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Accuracy of content External audio The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1 , Ideas with Paul Kennedy , CBC , January 15, 2014 Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts , lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. [ 169 ] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica , about three." [ 170 ] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects." [ 171 ] [ failed verification ] Others raised similar critiques. [ 172 ] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica , [ 173 ] [ 174 ] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica . [ 175 ] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature ' s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals ), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size , 42 or 4 × 10 1 articles compared, vs >10 5 and >10 6 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively). [ 176 ] As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it. [ W 47 ] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information, [ 177 ] vandalism , and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources". [ 178 ] Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them. [ 179 ] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created". [ 180 ] In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica , summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty." [ 181 ] Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. [ 182 ] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear. [ 183 ] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. [ 184 ] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles. [ 185 ] External videos Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry , Deutsche Welle , 7:13 mins [ 186 ] Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia. [ 84 ] [ W 48 ] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing. [ 187 ] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia. ' " [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report . [ 192 ] Discouragement in education Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; [ 193 ] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. [ 196 ] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said. [ 197 ] In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change. [ 198 ] In June 2007, Michael Gorman , former president of the American Library Association , condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". [ 199 ] A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education " flipped classroom ", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education. [ 200 ] Medical information On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information." [ 201 ] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues , as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process. [ 201 ] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference." [ 202 ] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed." [ 202 ] Coverage of topics and systemic bias Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. [ W 49 ] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism ). [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. [ W 50 ] The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. [ 205 ] The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China [ 206 ] and Pakistan, [ 207 ] among other countries. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles. [ 211 ] A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science". [ 212 ] An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers . [ 213 ] Systemic biases Wikipedia's policies may limit "its capacity for truly representing global knowledge". For example, Wikipedia only considers published sources to be reliable. Oral knowledge of Indigenous cultures is not always reflected in print. Marginalized topics are also more likely to lack significant coverage in reliable sources. Wikipedia's content is therefore limited as a result of larger systemic biases. [ 214 ] Academic studies of Wikipedia have shown that the average contributor to the English Wikipedia is an educated, technically inclined white male, aged 15–49, from a developed, predominantly Christian country. [ 215 ] The corresponding point of view (POV) is over-represented. [ 216 ] [ 165 ] This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias , gender bias , and geographical bias on Wikipedia . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references). [ 216 ] Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view . [ 217 ] In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare". [ 36 ] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors . [ 37 ] Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, with Africa being the most underrepresented. [ 219 ] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events. [ 220 ] Explicit content Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. [ 221 ] Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces , cadaver , human penis , vulva , and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. [ W 51 ] The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation , illustrations of zoophilia , and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children . [ W 52 ] The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer —a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions —features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers. [ 222 ] In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law . [ 223 ] [ 224 ] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon , were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003 . [ 225 ] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law . [ 225 ] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools. [ 226 ] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation, [ 227 ] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it." [ 227 ] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted". [ 228 ] Critics, including Wikipediocracy , noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared. [ 229 ] Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia regards one's right to remain a private citizen rather than a public figure in the eyes of the law. [ 230 ] [ g ] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life . The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment". [ W 53 ] In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated. [ 231 ] Wikipedia has a " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Volunteer Response Team " that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [ W 54 ] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project. [ W 55 ] In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers. [ 232 ] Sexism Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment . [ 233 ] [ 234 ] The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship. [ 235 ] Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics. [ 236 ] In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media. [ W 56 ] [ 237 ] Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou . [ 237 ] Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation." [ 239 ] Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage. [ 239 ] A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University 's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men." [ 240 ] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks . [ W 57 ] The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. [ 241 ] [ W 58 ] The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million. [ W 59 ] In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner. [ W 60 ] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free." [ 242 ] [ 243 ] The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue ( paid advocacy ) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said. [ 242 ] Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, [ W 61 ] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016. [ W 62 ] Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words." [ 142 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021. [ 244 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community. [ 245 ] Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates . These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. [ W 63 ] Software operations and support The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. [ W 64 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . [ W 65 ] MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. [ W 64 ] [ W 66 ] Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. [ W 67 ] Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. [ W 68 ] In April 2005, a Lucene extension [ W 69 ] [ W 70 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch . [ W 71 ] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor , was opened to public use. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". [ 249 ] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward. [ W 72 ] Automated editing Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. [ W 73 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson , created articles with his bot Lsjbot , which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days. [ 252 ] Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses). [ W 74 ] Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. [ 250 ] Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government. [ 253 ] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation. [ W 75 ] According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots. [ 254 ] Hardware operations and support As of 2021, [update] page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server . [ W 76 ] Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. [ W 76 ] The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. [ 255 ] Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. [ W 77 ] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia . [ W 78 ] [ 256 ] A second application data center was created in 2014 in Carrollton, Texas , to improve Wikipedia's reliability. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one, in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 259 ] In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ W 79 ] In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille , France. [ W 80 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ W 81 ] As of November 2024, [update] caching clusters are located in Amsterdam , San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo. [ W 82 ] [ W 83 ] Internal research and operational development Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits, [ 37 ] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. [ 260 ] Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition. [ 37 ] [ 249 ] The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe , who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment. [ 261 ] At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, [ W 84 ] the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually. [ 261 ] In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually, [ W 85 ] updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually. [ 261 ] Internal news publications Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia 's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wikipedia's sister projects . [ W 86 ] The Wikipedia Library Wikipedia editors sometimes struggle to access paywalled sources needed to improve a subject. [ 264 ] The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications , so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers." [ 267 ] Access to content Content licensing When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. [ W 87 ] The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL . This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. [ 268 ] In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. [ W 88 ] Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. [ W 89 ] In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009. [ W 90 ] [ W 91 ] [ W 92 ] [ W 93 ] The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, [ W 94 ] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law ). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. [ W 95 ] Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text. [ 269 ] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] Methods of access Since Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. [ W 96 ] The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Thousands of " mirror sites " exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com . [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Another example is Wapedia , which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did. [ W 97 ] Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset ) [ 274 ] and DuckDuckGo . Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs . An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles. [ W 98 ] The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles, [ W 99 ] the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles, [ W 100 ] and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles. [ W 101 ] Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and SOS Children , is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen. [ W 102 ] There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form. [ 275 ] [ W 103 ] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM . [ 276 ] The website DBpedia , begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. [ 277 ] Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF . [ W 104 ] As of February 2023, [update] it has over 101 million items. [ W 105 ] WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009. [ W 106 ] Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. [ W 107 ] Wikipedia publishes " dumps " of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, [update] there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images. [ W 108 ] Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this. [ 278 ] Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk , with an accuracy of 55 percent. [ 279 ] Mobile access Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection . Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller , deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. [ 51 ] By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees. [ 1 ] Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. [ W 97 ] In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone , Android -based devices, or WebOS -based devices. [ W 109 ] Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata like geoinformation . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google. [ W 110 ] [ W 111 ] The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews. [ W 112 ] Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access. [ W 113 ] [ 282 ] It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators. [ W 113 ] Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years, [ 283 ] and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. [ 37 ] Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Chinese access Access to Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015. [ 6 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult. [ 287 ] Cultural influence Trusted source to combat fake news In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] Noam Cohen , writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out ' fake news '." [ 289 ] [ 290 ] Readership In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors." [ 51 ] However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping. [ 43 ] The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022. [ 43 ] In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, [ W 114 ] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001. [ 291 ] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009. [ W 115 ] The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia. [ 292 ] In 2011, Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements. [ 293 ] According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization. [ W 116 ] As of February 2023, [update] Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion pageviews each month. [ W 1 ] COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic , Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Wikipedia's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet." [ 295 ] In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects. [ 298 ] There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021. [update] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Cultural significance Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. [ W 117 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] The Parliament of Canada 's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act . [ 303 ] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization [ 304 ] —though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. [ 305 ] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports. [ 306 ] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia. [ 307 ] Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism, [ 308 ] [ 309 ] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia . [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit , MySpace , and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. [ 314 ] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign , saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day." [ 315 ] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability. [ 316 ] One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama . He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues. [ 317 ] A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford -based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence ) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth". [ 318 ] [ 319 ] In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired , Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web " and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services , the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than " sapere aude " ( lit. ' dare to know ' ), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know." [ 320 ] Awards Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004. [ W 118 ] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category. [ 321 ] In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić , Eckart Höfling , and Peter Gabriel . The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger . [ 322 ] In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize , which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, [ 323 ] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation. [ 324 ] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Wikipedia users. [ 325 ] Satire Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on". [ 192 ] Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion , [ 326 ] as well as the 2010 The Onion article " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today". [ 327 ] In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office , office manager ( Michael Scott ) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee. [ 328 ] Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page. [ 329 ] " My Number One Doctor ", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs , played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide . [ 330 ] In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. [ 331 ] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia." [ 332 ] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia , which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. [ 333 ] Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles. [ 334 ] On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?" [ 335 ] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman . [ 336 ] In June 2024, nature.com published a fictional Wikipedia Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level. [ 337 ] Publishing The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica , which were unable to compete with a free alternative. [ 338 ] [ 339 ] [ 340 ] Nicholas Carr 's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0 " criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening." [ 341 ] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson , the former editor-in-chief of Wired , wrote in Nature that the " wisdom of crowds " approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes. [ 342 ] Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply". [ 343 ] Kathryn Hughes , professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" [ 343 ] Research use Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics , information retrieval and natural language processing . [ 344 ] [ 345 ] In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification", [ 346 ] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation . [ 347 ] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia. [ 348 ] In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] They used PageRank , CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)". [ 351 ] [ 352 ] The study was updated in 2019. [ 353 ] In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had "never caught it out". He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it. [ 354 ] A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications. [ 355 ] Studies related to Wikipedia have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence [ 319 ] to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism [ 356 ] [ 357 ] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] Related projects Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project , which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008. [ 360 ] Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2 ), [ 361 ] with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE ). [ W 119 ] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2 , which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. [ 362 ] Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review , such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium . [ 363 ] [ 364 ] The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] See also Internet portal Wikipedia portal Democratization of knowledge Interpedia – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of films about Wikipedia List of online encyclopedias List of Wikipedia controversies List of wikis Missing Links and Secret Histories Network effect Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Portal:Contents/Outlines QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Notes ^ Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files. ^ Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL ; media licensing varies. ^ Pronounced / ˌ w ɪ k ɪ ˈ p iː d i ə / ⓘ WIK -ih- PEE -dee-ə or / ˌ w ɪ k i -/ ⓘ WIK -ee- PEE -dee-ə in English ^ Available as an archive at the Nostalgia Wikipedia ^ Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely. ^ The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate. ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction. References Footnotes ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa (October 23, 2023). "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ a b "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ Anderson, Chris (May 8, 2006). "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100" . Time . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ "wikipedia.org" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on June 5, 2020 . Retrieved January 9, 2026 . ^ Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war" . NPR . Archived from the original on December 2, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ a b Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again" . International Business Times UK . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Noor, Poppy (July 29, 2018). "Wikipedia biases" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020 . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ Hern, Alex (September 15, 2015). "Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Wikipedia" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 17, 2022 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . ^ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (May 20, 2022). "Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started" . CNN . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved May 24, 2022 . ^ McNamee, Kai (September 15, 2022). "Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death" . NPR . Archived from the original on January 15, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Garber, Megan (October 12, 2011). "The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Kock, Ned ; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). "Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF) . International Journal of e-Collaboration . 12 (2). IGI Global: 1– 8. doi : 10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 . ISSN 1548-3681 . Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2016. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on October 11, 2007 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2007 . 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be" . Mid-day . January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 7. ^ Larry Sanger (January 11, 2001). "Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki..." Nupedia mailing list. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. ^ Miliard, Mike (March 1, 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?" . Salt Lake City Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2, 2009 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . ^ Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved May 5, 2009 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 29. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257– 286. ^ Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations . The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273 . ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H. ; Pirolli, Peter (October 25, 2009). "The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . WikiSym '09. ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . Archived from the original on September 26, 2024 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). "Wikipedia approaches its limits" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). "Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia" . Boston Review . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. ^ Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). "Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. ^ Gibbons, Austin; Vetrano, David; Biancani, Susan (2012). "Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow" (PDF) . Stanford Network Analysis Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . ^ Ortega Soto, José Felipe (2009). Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis (PhD thesis). Rey Juan Carlos University. hdl : 10115/11239 . Archived from the original on March 14, 2023 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Angwin, Julia (November 27, 2009). "Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 4, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ a b Rawlinson, Kevin (August 8, 2011). "Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors" . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 21, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2012 . ^ a b c d e Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Archived from the original on July 31, 2022 . Retrieved November 30, 2013 . ^ a b Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Ward, Katherine (November 25, 2013). New York Magazine. p. 18. ^ F., G. (May 5, 2013). "Who really runs Wikipedia?" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ Mandiberg, Michael (February 23, 2020). "Mapping Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on November 15, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Wikipedia page views?" . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on December 11, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2014 . ^ a b c "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites" . Alexa Internet . Archived from the original on February 3, 2021 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . ^ "Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ "Citations of Cloud Computing" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ Woods, Dan; Theony, Peter (2007). "3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis". Wikis for dummies (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . p. 58. ISBN 978-1-118-05066-8 . OCLC 1300481129 . OL 5741003W . ^ "NET News: Calling All Taxonomists" . Science . 307 (5712): 1021. February 18, 2005. doi : 10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a . S2CID 220095354 . ^ Luyt, Brendan (January 1, 2020). "A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia". Online Information Review . 45 (2): 356– 371. doi : 10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104 . ^ a b "New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic" (PDF) . Comscore . February 15, 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Perez, Juan Carlos (February 17, 2007). "Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites" . PCWorld . Archived from the original on March 19, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Similarweb. "Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on February 10, 2022 . Retrieved March 4, 2023 . ^ Loveland, Jeff; Reagle, Joseph (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production". New Media & Society . 15 (8): 1294. doi : 10.1177/1461444812470428 . ISSN 1461-4448 . S2CID 27886998 . ^ Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion?" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 9, 2013 . ^ Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves" . BBC News . January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ Workman, Robert (January 5, 2013). "Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia' " . Space.com . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Katz, Leslie (October 27, 2014). "A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)" . CNET . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Sawers, Paul (June 18, 2015). "You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000" . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on October 17, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 24, 2022 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun" . Vox . Archived from the original on November 29, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). "Startup packs all 16 GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes" . CNET . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved August 15, 2023 . ^ a b Pearl, Mike (January 18, 2023). "Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out" . Mashable . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Tech Desk (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Rauwerda, Annie (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point" . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ GZERO World. Ian Bremmer. "Why we still trust Wikipedia, with cofounder Jimmy Wales". Dec. 13, 2025. [1] ^ "Wikipedia's co-founder on anonymous editors, why the site is biased against conservatives and how to fix it: Larry Sanger criticizes 'reliable sources' system and anonymous administrators." By Ashley Rindsberg and Nora Moriarty, Fox News, October 9, 2025. [2] ^ "The Seven Rules of Trust" . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Weaver, Tanya (April 4, 2025). "AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure" . eandt.theiet.org . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Ha, Anthony (October 18, 2025). "Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video" . TechCrunch . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Miller, Marshall (October 17, 2025). "New User Trends on Wikipedia" . Diff . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). "Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 12, 2022 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 12–13. ^ Harrison, Stephen; Benjakob, Omer (January 14, 2021). "Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better" . Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 15, 2021 . ^ a b Ren, Yuqing; Zhang, Haifeng; Kraut, Robert E. (February 29, 2024). "How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors" . ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction . 31 (1): 1– 48. doi : 10.1145/3617369 . ISSN 1073-0516 . Archived from the original on September 12, 2024 . Retrieved September 12, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 36. ^ Henderson, William (December 10, 2012). "Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing" . BBC News . Archived from the original on November 27, 2022 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ Ajmani, Leah; Vincent, Nicholas; Chancellor, Stevie (September 28, 2023). "Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 7 (CSCW2): 1– 33. doi : 10.1145/3610198 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2023). "Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2023 . Retrieved December 20, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (October 4, 2020). "The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on January 8, 2024 . Retrieved March 6, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (February 5, 2025). "Project 2025's Creators Want to Dox Wikipedia Editors. The Tool They're Using Is Horrifying" . Slate . Archived from the original on July 19, 2025 . Retrieved February 5, 2025 . ^ Elia-Shalev, Asaf (January 24, 2025). "Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides" . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Archived from the original on June 10, 2025 . Retrieved May 27, 2025 . ^ a b Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF) . Linux Magazine . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007 . Retrieved July 13, 2007 . The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. ^ Ciffolilli, Andrea (December 2003). "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia" . First Monday . 8 (12). doi : 10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 . ^ West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup (2011). "Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit" . Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 . 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference. pp. 152– 161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.222.7963 . doi : 10.1145/2030376.2030394 . ISBN 978-1-4503-0788-8 . Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). "The palm zire 71 camera interface". CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF) . pp. 575– 582. doi : 10.1145/985921.985953 . ISBN 978-1-58113-702-6 . S2CID 10351688 . Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2006 . Retrieved January 24, 2007 . ^ Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (November 4, 2007). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007 . Retrieved October 13, 2007 . ^ a b c d Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Wikipedia 'biography' " . USA Today . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat . Farrar, Straus & Giroux . p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2 . ^ Buchanan, Brian (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace" . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on December 21, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress" " . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on July 8, 2012 . Retrieved July 26, 2012 . ^ Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study" . Technology. NBC News . Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. ^ Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D. (December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached". 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) . Huntington Beach, CA: IEEE. pp. 276– 287. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.2758 . doi : 10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 . ISBN 978-1-4673-9743-8 . S2CID 9353425 . ^ Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). "The singularity is not near". Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . Orlando, FL: ACM Press. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . ^ Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016). "Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?" . Harvard Business Review . ISSN 0017-8012 . Archived from the original on June 17, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia". Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6): 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . ^ Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (February 7, 2020). " "Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice" . Journal of Pragmatics . 163 : 46– 65. doi : 10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 1, 2023). Ognyanova, Katherine (ed.). "Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia" . PNAS Nexus . 2 (12) pgad385. doi : 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 . ISSN 2752-6542 . PMC 10697426 . PMID 38059265 . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Lerner, Jürgen; Lomi, Alessandro (December 21, 2020). "The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles" . Social Networks . 60 : 11– 25. doi : 10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A.; Strotmann, Andreas; Zhao, Dangzhi (April 4, 2023). "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps" . Journal of Documentation . 79 (3): 784– 810. doi : 10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 . ISSN 0022-0418 . Archived from the original on October 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 14, 2023 . ^ Ziembowicz, Karolina; Roszczyńska-Kurasińska, Magdalena; Rychwalska, Agnieszka; Nowak, Andrzej (October 3, 2022). "Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia" . Information, Communication & Society . 25 (13): 1987– 2005. doi : 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 . ISSN 1369-118X . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Chhabra, Anamika; Kaur, Rishemjit; Iyengar, S. R.S. (August 25, 2020). "Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration . ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/3412569.3412585 . ISBN 978-1-4503-8779-8 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ a b Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (September 9, 2020). "Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure" . Applied Network Science . 5 (1) 61. doi : 10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y . ISSN 2364-8228 . ^ "Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology . July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ a b c Yasseri, Taha ; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertész, János (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N. (eds.). The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis . Scarecrow Press. arXiv : 1305.5566 . doi : 10.2139/SSRN.2269392 . S2CID 12133330 . SSRN 2269392 . ^ Mayfield, Elijah; Black, Alan W. (November 7, 2019). "Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 3 (CSCW): 1– 26. doi : 10.1145/3359308 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 3. ^ "Who's behind Wikipedia?" . PC World . February 6, 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008 . Retrieved February 7, 2008 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 53–54. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 32. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 5–7. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 33. ^ Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune . p. 18. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Archived from the original on May 25, 2009 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). "Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists" . First Monday . 15 (3). Archived from the original on March 10, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause" . Boston Globe . Retrieved March 25, 2007 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (June 16, 2022). "Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" " . Slate . Archived from the original on August 24, 2022 . Retrieved July 22, 2022 . ^ Bandler, Aaron (June 21, 2024), "Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned' " , Jewish Journal , archived from the original on June 22, 2024 , retrieved May 3, 2025 ^ Harrison, Stephen (July 1, 2021), "Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail" , Slate , ISSN 1091-2339 , archived from the original on July 1, 2021 , retrieved May 13, 2025 ^ a b c d Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . doi : 10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 . ISBN 978-0-8047-9120-5 . JSTOR j.ctvqsdrf9 . ^ a b c d Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (March 5, 2009). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder" . Emory Law Journal . 59 (1). SSRN 1354424 . Archived from the original on June 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (1): 181. SSRN 1354424 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. ; Wattenberg, Martin M. ; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (January 3, 2007). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site" . CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Goodwin, Jean (2009). "The Authority of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2011 . Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers ^ Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Viktoria Institute. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.8218 . ^ a b c Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 61–62. ^ a b Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences" . Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . Archived from the original on January 26, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. ^ a b Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007). "Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education". Journal of Legal Education . 57 (1). Association of American Law Schools : 3– 9. JSTOR 42894005 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 10–11. ^ "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money" . Scientific American . October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones" . Slate . Archived from the original on September 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . ^ Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2014 . Retrieved February 23, 2008 . ^ Amichai-Hamburger, Yair; Lamdan, Naama; Madiel, Rinat; Hayat, Tsahi (2008). "Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members". CyberPsychology & Behavior . 11 (6). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 679– 681. doi : 10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 . PMID 18954273 . ^ McGreal, Scott A. (March 11, 2013). "The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members" . Psychology Today . Archived from the original on July 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). "After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?" . New Scientist . Archived from the original on April 21, 2015 . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ Cohen, Noam (January 31, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 6, 2013 . Retrieved October 28, 2013 . ^ a b "OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall" . CBC News . August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b Kessenides, Dimitra; Chafkin, Max (December 22, 2016). "Is Wikipedia Woke?" . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 15, 2022 . Retrieved September 21, 2022 . ^ Walker, Andy (June 21, 2018). "The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps" . memeburn . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ "List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. (January 3, 2007). "The Visual Side of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2006 . Retrieved October 30, 2007 . ^ Fians, Guilherme (September 16, 2025). "Wikipedia: Editing the narrative" . Chartered Institute of Linguists . Archived from the original on September 24, 2025 . Retrieved September 27, 2025 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (February 16, 2021). "Israeli 'rule,' not 'occupation': In a sign of the times, Hebrew Wikipedia renames a key article" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved March 16, 2024 . ^ a b Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (January 17, 2012). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS One . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . ^ Massa, Paolo; Scrinzi, Federico (January 4, 2013). "Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities" . First Monday . 18 (1). doi : 10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 . ^ a b c "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?" . The Economist . March 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 11, 2014 . ^ Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). "The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia" . Slate . Archived from the original on August 13, 2014 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ a b Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010). "Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge" . History News Network . Columbian College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Messer-Krusse, Timothy (February 12, 2012). "The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia" . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on December 18, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Colón Aguirre, Mónica; Fleming-May, Rachel A. (November 2012). " "You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia" (PDF) . The Journal of Academic Librarianship . 38 (6). Elsevier : 391– 399. doi : 10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013 . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia experience sparks national debate" . BGSU News . Bowling Green State University . February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds" . The Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. ^ Petrilli, Michael J. (Spring 2008). "Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?" . What Next. Education Next . 8 (2). Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2014 . ^ Benjakob, Omer; Harrison, Stephen (October 13, 2020). "From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades" . Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 . ISBN 978-0-262-36059-3 . Archived from the original on September 11, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2021 . ^ Lott, Maxim (February 18, 2021). "Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried" . Fox News . Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schwartz, Zach (November 11, 2015). "Wikipedia's Co-Founder Is Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic" . Vice . Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. ^ Brown, Lee (July 16, 2021). "Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' " . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 16, 2021 . Retrieved May 31, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Bias" . StosselTV . April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hube, Christoph (2017). "Bias in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . New York, New York, US: ACM Press. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia Archived November 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . ^ a b Bjork-James, Carwil (July 3, 2021). "New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia . 27 (3): 207– 228. Bibcode : 2021NRvHM..27..207B . doi : 10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 . S2CID 234286415 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784–810. ^ "Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' " . The New York Sun . October 4, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Nine Theses on Wikipedia" . LarrySanger.org . December 11, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up" . Wired . Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 8, 2015 . ^ Giles, Jim (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head" . Nature . 438 (7070): 900– 901. Bibcode : 2005Natur.438..900G . doi : 10.1038/438900a . PMID 16355180 . (subscription required) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. ^ Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2016. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response" (PDF) . March 23, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2006 . Retrieved July 13, 2010 . ^ " Nature ' s responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica " . Nature . March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2018 . ^ Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Rung, András; Kornai, András; Kertész, János (June 20, 2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia" . PLOS ONE . 7 (6) e38869. arXiv : 1202.3643 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...738869Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 . PMC 3380063 . PMID 22745683 . ^ Raphael, JR (August 26, 2009). "The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders" . PC World . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022 . Retrieved September 2, 2009 . ^ Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). Legal Research in a Nutshell (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters. pp. 32–34 . ISBN 978-0-314-26408-4 – via Internet Archive . ^ Cowen, Tyler (March 14, 2008). "Cooked Books" . The New Republic . Archived from the original on March 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Stuart, S.C. (June 3, 2021). "Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?" . PCMag . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ Mannix, Liam (September 13, 2022). "Evidence suggests Wikipedia is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously?" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schiff, Stacy (July 23, 2006). "Know It All" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 22, 2008 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Boyd, Danah (January 4, 2005). "Academia and Wikipedia" . Many 2 Many: A Group We blog on Social Software . Corante. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . [The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society [at Harvard Law School .] ^ McHenry, Robert (November 15, 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia" . Tech Central Station . Archived from the original on January 7, 2006. ^ Shapiro, Ari (April 27, 2018). "Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era" . NPR . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved May 1, 2018 . ^ "Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry" . Deutsche Welle . June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014 . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (June 16, 2014). "Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). "Politicians notice Wikipedia" . CNET . Archived from the original on July 30, 2009 . Retrieved January 28, 2007 . ^ Bergstein, Brian (January 23, 2007). "Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit" . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 19, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hafner, Katie (August 19, 2007). "Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Colbert, Stephen (July 30, 2006). "Wikiality" . Archived from the original on September 11, 2015 . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . ^ "Wide World of Wikipedia" . The Emory Wheel . April 21, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007 . Retrieved October 17, 2007 . ^ Waters, Neil L. (September 2007). "Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class" (PDF) . Communications of the ACM . 50 (9): 15– 17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.4996 . doi : 10.1145/1284621.1284635 . S2CID 11757060 . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Jaschik, Scott (January 26, 2007). "A Stand Against Wikipedia" . Inside Higher Ed . Archived from the original on July 8, 2007 . Retrieved January 27, 2007 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). "Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' " . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 21, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2007 . ^ Buis, Kyle (February 25, 2007). "Wikipedia sucks students in with reliable information" . The Orion . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Child, Maxwell L. (February 26, 2007). "Professors Split on Wiki Debate" . The Harvard Crimson . Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. ^ Chloe Stothart. "Web threatens learning ethos" Archived December 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Times Higher Education Supplement , 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2. ^ Zou, Di; Xie, Haoran; Wang, Fu Lee; Kwan, Reggie (April 10, 2020). "Flipped learning with Wikipedia in higher education" . Studies in Higher Education . 45 (5). Routledge : 1026– 1045. doi : 10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 . S2CID 216534736 . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (March 5, 2014). "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on October 24, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (May 7, 2014). "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ "The battle for Wikipedia's soul" . The Economist . March 6, 2008. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 7, 2008 . ^ Douglas, Ian (November 10, 2007). "Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2010 . ^ Cohen, Noam (February 5, 2008). "Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Taylor, Sophie (April 5, 2008). "China allows access to English Wikipedia" . Reuters . Archived from the original on December 29, 2020 . Retrieved July 29, 2008 . ^ Bruilliard, Karin (May 21, 2010). "Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 27, 2020 . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ Moon, Mariella (March 12, 2022). "Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus" . Yahoo! . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Mokhtar, Hassna'a (July 19, 2006). "What Is Wrong With Wikipedia?" . Arab News . Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. ^ Arthur, Charles (December 8, 2008). "Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Petrusich, Amanda (October 20, 2011). "Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020 . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ Lam, Shyong (Tony) K.; Uduwage, Anuradha; Dong, Zhenhua; Sen, Shilad; Musicant, David R.; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (October 3–5, 2011). WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance (PDF) . WikiSym'2011. Mountain View, California: ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ "The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth" . The Guardian . August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 37, 38, 47. ^ Livingstone, Randall M. (November 23, 2010). "Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality" . M/C Journal . 13 (6). doi : 10.5204/mcj.315 . ISSN 1441-2616 . Archived from the original on November 21, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . ^ a b Hube, Christoph (April 3, 2017). "Bias in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . S2CID 10472970 . ^ a b Ackerly, Brooke A.; Michelitch, Kristin (2022). "Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives" . PS: Political Science & Politics . 55 (2): 429– 433. doi : 10.1017/S1049096521001463 . S2CID 247795102 . ^ Beytía, Pablo (April 20, 2020). "The Positioning Matters" . Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 . WWW '20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 806– 810. doi : 10.1145/3366424.3383569 . ISBN 978-1-4503-7024-0 . S2CID 218523099 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ Graham, Mark (November 12, 2009). "Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content" . Zerogeography . Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. ^ Strohmaier, Markus (March 6, 2017). "KAT50 Society, Culture". Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia . GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences . doi : 10.7802/1411 . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). ^ Maxton, Richard (September 9, 2008). "Wikipedia attacked over porn pages" . Macquarie Network . Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. ^ Metz, Cade (December 7, 2008). "Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover" . The Register . Archived from the original on May 13, 2020 . Retrieved May 10, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . ^ Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI" . The Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 1, 2010 . Retrieved October 9, 2010 . ^ a b Metz, Cade (April 9, 2010). "Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn' " . The Register . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ "Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website" . The Economic Times . India. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved April 29, 2010 . ^ a b Agence France-Presse (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights" . BBC News . May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved May 19, 2010 . ^ Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). "Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break" . XBIZ.com . Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . ^ McStay, Andrew (2014). Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol . Digital Formation. Vol. 86. Peter Lang . doi : 10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 . ISBN 978-1-4541-9163-6 . ^ Kleinz, Torsten (September 2, 2006). "Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]" [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]]. Heise Online (in German). Heinz Heise . Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks" . BBC . April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ Paling, Emma (October 21, 2015). "Wikipedia's Hostility to Women" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Auerbach, David (December 11, 2014). "Encyclopedia Frown" . Slate . Archived from the original on October 23, 2015 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Murphy, Dan (August 1, 2013). "In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on December 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Kueppers, Courtney (March 23, 2020). "High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ a b c Schlanger, Zoë; Purtill, Corinne (October 2, 2018). "Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough" . Quartz . Archived from the original on October 25, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018" . The Nobel Prize . October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2018). "Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media" . Quartz . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (January 4, 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia" . Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6). Springer Science : 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ McGregor, Jena (March 17, 2020). "Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 21, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (May 1, 2014). "Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (May 1, 2014). "Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Salmon, Felix (February 4, 2021). "Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia" . Axios . Archived from the original on February 4, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ Lima, Cristiano (September 14, 2021). "Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 14, 2021 . ^ Protalinski, Emil (July 2, 2013). "Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English" . TNW . Archived from the original on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Curtis, Sophie (July 23, 2013). "Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ L. M. (December 13, 2011). "Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things" . The Economist . Archived from the original on June 9, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ a b Orlowski, Andrew (August 1, 2013). "Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 4, 2013 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ a b Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). "Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia" . BBC News . Archived from the original on July 28, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). "Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 5, 2012 . ^ Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (July 13, 2014). "For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ "MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address" . Al Jazeera . July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 22, 2014 . ^ Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution . Hachette Books . pp. 99– 106. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . OCLC 232977686 . ^ Friedman, Vitaly (January 12, 2021). "Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word)" . Smashing Magazine . Archived from the original on April 1, 2022 . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ Verge, Jason (January 14, 2013). "It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home" . Data Center Knowledge. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Data centers - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Bergsma, Mark (May 5, 2014). "Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center" . Diff . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ "Switch Datacenter - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Scherer, Frederic M. (2009) [1970]. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance . Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign . SSRN 1496716 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ a b c Trajtenberg, Manuel; Jaffe, Adam B. (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy . MIT Press . pp. 89– 153. doi : 10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-27623-8 . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ McCarthy, Caroline (July 18, 2008). "Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees" . CNET . Archived from the original on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 18, 2008 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 64. ^ Orlowitz, Jake (January 2018). "The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it" . JLIS.it . 9 (3). doi : 10.4403/jlis.it-12505 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 – via ResearchGate . ^ The British Newspaper Archive (July 18, 2014). "Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light" . British Newspaper Archive . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Hall, Sam (June 24, 2020). "ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library" . ICE Virtual Library . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 26, 2021 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses" . GNU Operating System . Free Software Foundation . Archived from the original on March 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (July 19, 2009). "Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 9, 2013 . ^ "Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case" . Reuters . November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved November 2, 2007 . ^ Anderson, Nate (May 2, 2008). "Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" " . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on August 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ "Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities" . Lexico Publishing Group, LLC . Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. ^ "Definition of Answers.com" . PCMag . Archived from the original on February 3, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Researching With Bing Reference" . Bing Community . Archived from the original on October 23, 2010 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia turned into book" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010). "Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten" . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on November 26, 2010 . Retrieved December 6, 2010 . ^ Bizer, Christian; Lehmann, Jens; Kobilarov, Georgi; Auer, Sören; Becker, Christian; Cyganiak, Richard; Hellmann, Sebastian (September 2009). "DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data". Journal of Web Semantics . 7 (3): 154– 165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.150.4898 . doi : 10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 . S2CID 16081721 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 16, 2021). "Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Shachaf, Pnina (October 16, 2009). "The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library?" (PDF) . Journal of Documentation . 65 (6): 977– 996. doi : 10.1108/00220410910998951 . ^ "Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia" . AndroGeoid . May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . ^ Hollington, Jesse David (November 30, 2008). "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps" . iLounge . Archived from the original on January 12, 2009 . Retrieved July 22, 2008 . ^ Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). "Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . ^ a b c Lih, Andrew (June 20, 2015). "Can Wikipedia Survive?" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Brown, Andrew (June 25, 2015). "Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Fox-Brewster, Thomas (May 22, 2015). "Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship" . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Henochowicz, Anne (May 20, 2015). "Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall" . China Digital Times . Archived from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved May 4, 2017 . ^ Perez, Sarah (June 12, 2015). "The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on August 24, 2020 . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (April 3, 2018). "Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button" . Meta . Archived from the original on January 11, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. ^ Constine, Josh (April 3, 2018). "Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context" . TechCrunch . Retrieved July 15, 2021 . ^ "694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks" . comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008 . Retrieved December 16, 2007 . Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US ^ Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (December 15, 2007). "Wikipedia users" (PDF) . Pew Internet & American Life Project . Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 15, 2007 . 36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. ^ SAI (October 7, 2011). "The World's Most Valuable Startups" . Business Insider . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Sachdev, Shaan (February 26, 2021). "Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic" . The New Republic . ISSN 0028-6583 . Archived from the original on February 28, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (March 15, 2020). "How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on May 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (September 2, 2020). "On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB" . Wired UK . ISSN 1357-0978 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Dodds, Laurence (April 3, 2020). "Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB" . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on April 11, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 22, 2020). "Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on December 27, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on May 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). "Learning to trust the internet again" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on August 27, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007 . Retrieved February 6, 2007 . ^ Sharma, Raghav (February 19, 2009). "Wikipedian Justice". Social Science Research Network . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.1346311 . S2CID 233749371 . SSRN 1346311 . ^ "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes" . LEGISinfo . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). "Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source" . Internet Business Law Services . Archived from the original on May 20, 2012 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . (The name " World Intellectual Property Office " should however read " World Intellectual Property Organization " in this source.) ^ Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). "Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). "The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence" . Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved April 14, 2007 . ^ Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". Nature News . doi : 10.1038/news.2008.1312 . ^ Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). "Wikipedia in the Newsroom" . American Journalism Review . Archived from the original on August 5, 2012 . Retrieved February 11, 2008 . ^ Lexington (September 24, 2011). "Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth" . The Economist . Retrieved September 27, 2011 . Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund". ^ "Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article" . Japan News Review . July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. ^ Richter, Bob (January 9, 2007). "Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered" . San Antonio Express-News . Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. ^ Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal" . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Coscarelli, Joe (July 29, 2014). "Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times" . Intelligencer . New York . Archived from the original on August 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). "Time's Person of the Year: You" . Time . Archived from the original on March 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vargas, Jose Antonio (September 17, 2007). "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Ablan, Jennifer (October 22, 2007). "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol" . Reuters . Retrieved October 24, 2007 . ^ Grillini, Franco (March 30, 2009). "Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 30, 2009 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030" . One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) . Stanford University . September 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved September 3, 2016 . ^ a b Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19, 2023 . Retrieved July 19, 2023 . ^ Derakhshan, Hossein (October 19, 2017). "How Social Media Endangers Knowledge" . Business. Wired . Condé Nast. eISSN 1078-3148 . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on October 22, 2018 . Retrieved October 22, 2018 . ^ "Webby Awards 2004" . The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. ^ "Die Quadriga – Award 2008" . Archived from the original on September 15, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum" . Praemium Erasmianum Foundation . Archived from the original on January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . ^ "Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015" [Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015]. Fundación Princesa de Asturias (in Spanish) . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ "Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano" [The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva España (in Spanish). October 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2015 . ^ "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence" . The Onion . July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today" . The Onion . November 24, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ " The Negotiation ". The Office . Season 3. Episode 19. April 5, 2007. NBC . ^ Jesdanun, Anick (April 12, 2007). " 'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia" . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved December 12, 2014 . ^ Bakken, Janae (December 6, 2007). " My Number One Doctor ". Scrubs . Season 7. Episode 145. NBC . ^ "Professor Wikipedia". CollegeHumor Originals . September 24, 2008. CollegeHumor . ^ Adams, Scott ( w , a ). Topper . May 8, 2009, United Media . ^ Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). "Bigipedia given second series" . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen" . British Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on July 31, 2009 . Retrieved July 31, 2009 . ^ Flake, Emily (August 23, 2013). "Manning/Wikipedia cartoon" . Conde Nast Collection . Archived from the original on October 12, 2014 . Retrieved August 26, 2013 . ^ " 'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement" . Today . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Burnett, Emma (June 12, 2024). "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3]" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 38867010 . ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2015 . ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic]" . GizmoCrazed . March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Caldwell, Christopher (June 14, 2013). "A chapter in the Enlightenment closes" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2022 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia. ^ Carr, Nicholas (October 3, 2005). "The amorality of Web 2.0" . Rough Type . Archived from the original on August 4, 2022 . Retrieved July 15, 2006 . ^ "Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds" . Nature . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ a b Flood, Alison (February 7, 2013). "Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast? " . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Mayo, Matthew (November 23, 2017). "Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing" . KDnuggets . Archived from the original on May 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Lindemann, Luke (February 19, 2021). "Wikipedia Corpus" . lukelindemann.com . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rada, Mihalcea ; Csomai, Andras (November 2007). "Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge" (PDF) . CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Lisbon; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 233– 242. doi : 10.1145/1321440.1321475 . ISBN 978-1-59593-803-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2016. ^ Milne, David; Witten, Ian H. (October 2008). "Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08". CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Napa Valley, CA; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 509– 518. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.148.3617 . doi : 10.1145/1458082.1458150 . ISBN 978-1-59593-991-3 . ^ Adafre, Sisay Fissaha; de Rijke, Maarten (August 2005). "Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05" (PDF) . LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery . ACM LinkKDD. Chicago; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 90– 97. doi : 10.1145/1134271.1134284 . ISBN 978-1-59593-135-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries" . MIT Technology Review . December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). "Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list" . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ a b Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). "Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances" . Times Higher Education . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Lages, J.; Patt, A.; Shepelyansky, D. (2016). "Wikipedia ranking of world universities". Eur. Phys. J. B . 89 (69): 69. arXiv : 1511.09021 . Bibcode : 2016EPJB...89...69L . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 . S2CID 1965378 . ^ Coquidé, C.; Lages, J.; Shepelyansky, D.L. (2019). "World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks". Eur. Phys. J. B . 92 (3): 3. arXiv : 1809.00332 . Bibcode : 2019EPJB...92....3C . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 . S2CID 52154548 . ^ "All hail Wikipedia" . The Times . December 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Thompson, Neil; Hanley, Douglas (February 13, 2018). "Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial". MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 . Rochester, NY. doi : 10.2139/ssrn.3039505 . S2CID 30918097 . SSRN 3039505 – via SSRN . ^ Sarabadani, Amir; Halfaker, Aaron ; Taraborelli, Dario (April 2017). "Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion". WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion . International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. Perth; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 1647– 1654. arXiv : 1703.03861 . doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053366 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Potthast, Martin; Stein, Benno; Gerling, Robert (2008). "Advances in Information Retrieval". In Macdonald, Craig; Ounis, Iadh; Plachouras, Vassilis; Ruthven, Ian; White, Ryen W. (eds.). Advances in Information Retrieval . 30th ECIR . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4956. Glasgow: Springer. pp. 663– 668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.188.1093 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 . ISBN 978-3-540-78645-0 . ^ Asthana, Sumit; Halfaker, Aaron (November 2018). Lampe, Cliff (ed.). "With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 2 (CSCW). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . 21. doi : 10.1145/3274290 . ISSN 2573-0142 . ^ Petroni, Fabio; Broscheit, Samuel; Piktus, Aleksandra; Lewis, Patrick; Izacard, Gautier; Hosseini, Lucas; Dwivedi-Yu, Jane; Lomeli, Maria; Schick, Timo; Bevilacqua, Michele; Mazaré, Pierre-Emmanuel; Joulin, Armand; Grave, Edouard; Riedel, Sebastian (2023). "Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI" . Nature Machine Intelligence . 5 (10): 1142– 1148. arXiv : 2207.06220 . doi : 10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 . ^ Heart Internet. "Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface" . Archived from the original on May 17, 2014 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias" . CNN . Archived from the original on August 14, 2004 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rubin, Harriet (May 31, 1998). "The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy" . Fast Company . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedia of Life" . National Museum of Natural History . Smithsonian . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia" . Society of Applied Neuroscience . Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?" . The Register . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site" . LinuxInsider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources ^ a b "Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 11, 2020 . Retrieved August 8, 2023 . ^ Stallman, Richard M. (June 20, 2007). "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved January 4, 2008 . ^ Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki" . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on April 14, 2003 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Wikipedia: HomePage" . Archived from the original on March 31, 2001 . Retrieved March 31, 2001 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 16, 2001). "Alternative language wikipedias" . Wikipedia-L (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved January 16, 2022 . ^ Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004 ^ "[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008" . Osdir . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vibber, Brion (August 16, 2002). "Brion VIBBER at pobox.com" . Wikimedia . Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 26, 2011 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (December 12, 2002). "Wiktionary project launched" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Talk:Science Hypertextbook project" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (March 19, 2004). "Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Eloquence. "User:Eloquence/History" . Wikinews . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity" . Wikiversity . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 24, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). "The Wikipedia data revolution" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011 . Retrieved March 8, 2015 . ^ "SOPA/Blackoutpage" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront" . Wikimedia Foundation . January 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Why create an account ^ Wikipedia:Protection policy#Full protection ^ a b Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen" . Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in German). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ Help:Recent changes ^ Wikipedia:New pages patrol ^ Vandalism . Wikipedia . Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ a b Wikipedia:Dispute resolution ^ Wikipedia:Five pillars ^ Wikipedia:Citing sources : "Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space." ^ Wikipedia:Ownership of content : "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia)." ^ a b Wikipedia:Administrators ^ Wikipedia:Requests for comment ^ Wikipedia:Banning policy ^ Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism" . Kuro5hin , Op–Ed . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.) ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedians ^ List of Wikipedias – Meta ^ a b "Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Special:Statistics ^ A455bcd9 (February 8, 2021). Wikipedia page views by language over time (PNG) . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on May 12, 2022 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Non-free content" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 8, 2003). "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ "Meta-Wiki" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013 . Retrieved March 24, 2009 . ^ "Meta-Wiki Statistics" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ a b "List of articles every Wikipedia should have" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:Notability ^ "Manual:Interwiki" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:General disclaimer ^ Sanger, Larry . "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)" . Citizendium . Archived from the original on November 3, 2006 . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content/FAQ ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content ^ "Privacy policy" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Volunteer Response Team" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software" . Open Technology Real Services . OTRS.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 . ^ "Draft:Donna Strickland" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Projects" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. October 12, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . May 17, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2022 . Retrieved October 14, 2014 . ^ "Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov" . Wikimedia Foundation . May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Neotarf (August 13, 2014). "Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia" . The Signpost . Archived from the original on January 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Lorente, Patricio (March 16, 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia chapters" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on November 12, 2005 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Bergsma, Mark. "Wikimedia Architecture" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ "MediaWiki Features" . WikiMatrix . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Project:Copyrights" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "UseMod: UseModWiki" . UseModWiki . Archived from the original on October 17, 2000. ^ Special:Version ^ Snow, Michael (April 18, 2005). "Internal search function returns to service" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 31, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Vibber, Brion. "[Wikitech-l] Lucene search" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on March 30, 2013 . Retrieved February 26, 2009 . ^ "Extension:CirrusSearch" . MediaWiki . Archived from the original on April 13, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Forrester, James (April 25, 2013). "The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bots ^ Aude (March 23, 2009). "Abuse Filter is enabled" . The Signpost . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bot policy ^ a b "Varnish" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Debian" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on April 18, 2021 . Retrieved April 9, 2021 . ^ Palmier, Guillaume (January 19, 2013). "Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on May 12, 2019 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ "⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "The journey to open our first data center in South America" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . July 26, 2024. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024 . Retrieved November 29, 2024 . ^ "Wikimedia servers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . April 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ "Data centers" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Peters, David; Walsh, Jay (2013). "Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020)" . Wikimedia Foundation . 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Copyrights ^ Vermeir, Walter (December 1, 2007). "Resolution:License update" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Wikipedia:Licensing update ^ Wikimedia ^ "Licensing update/Questions and Answers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ "Licensing_update/Timeline" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on August 17, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2009 . ^ Walsh, Jay (May 21, 2009). "Wikimedia community approves license migration" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 13, 2021 . Retrieved May 21, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia:Non-free content" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Commons:Fair use" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks ^ a b Seifi, Joe (August 27, 2007). "Wapedia review" . appSafari . Archived from the original on April 23, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM" . Wikipedia On DVD . Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. ^ "Polish Wikipedia on DVD" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:DVD ^ "¿Qué es la CDPedia?" . Py Ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. ^ "2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online" . WikiNews . Wikimedia Foundation . October 22, 2008 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Selection for Schools" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2012 . ^ "Wikidata:Introduction" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikidata:Statistics" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (October 13, 2009). "OpenMoko Launches WikiReader" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia policies on data download ^ "Data dumps/What's available for download" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched" . Wikimedia Technical Blog . Wikimedia Foundation . June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010 . Retrieved July 22, 2009 . ^ Finc, Tomasz (January 26, 2012). "Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia" . Google Play . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes" . App Store (iOS/iPadOS) . Apple Inc. August 4, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b "Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . February 16, 2018 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth ^ West, Stuart (2010). "Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013 . Retrieved April 16, 2014 . ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media ^ "Trophy shelf" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . GNU Operating System . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . Sources McDowell, Zachary; Vetter, Matthew (2022). Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality . New York: Routledge. pp. 1– 107. ISBN 978-0-367-55571-9 . Further reading Balke, Jeff (March 2008). "For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace" . Houston Chronicle . Broken Record (blog). Archived from the original on December 29, 2008 . Retrieved December 17, 2008 . Borland, John (August 14, 2007). "See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign" . Wired . Archived from the original on November 16, 2015 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out" . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust" . New Scientist . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules" . The Phoenix . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive" . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 22, 2008 . Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom" . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog" . London Review of Books . Archived from the original on May 27, 2009 . Retrieved June 3, 2009 . Stix, Gary , "Wiki-Curious: Are you a 'busybody,' a 'hunter" or a 'dancer'?", Scientific American , vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025), p. 18. "'Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them.'" Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World" . Time . Archived from the original on June 2, 2005 . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist" . The Economist . June 5, 2008 . Retrieved June 5, 2008 . Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries" , BBC News, October 21, 2013. "The Decline of Wikipedia" Archived October 23, 2013, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, MIT Technology Review , October 22, 2013 "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza" Archived March 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (March 2015), Capital Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard "Dark Side of Wikipedia" . Full Measure . Archived from the original on August 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 17, 2016 . Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson , April 17, 2016. (Includes video.) Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Wikipedia Works" . Cato Institute . Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus , Ideas, with Paul Kennedy , CBC Radio One , originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here ). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required). "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" The Independent , February 3, 2009. Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019 . Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo. Academic studies Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age . JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1535-2 . Jensen, Richard (October 2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812" (PDF) . The Journal of Military History . 76 (4): 523– 556. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS ONE . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . SSRN 1458162 . ( A blog post by the author. ) Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (8). arXiv : 0805.1154 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.4536 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 . S2CID 58893 . Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia" . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication . 12 (1): 88. doi : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren ; Riedl, John (2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 . pp. 259– 268. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . doi : 10.1145/1316624.1316663 . ISBN 978-1-59593-845-9 . S2CID 15350808 . Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. hdl : 1765/113937 . ISBN 978-94-028-1371-5 . OCLC 1081174169 . (Open access) Rosenzweig, Roy . Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past . (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.) Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (4). arXiv : cs/0702140 . Bibcode : 2007cs........2140W . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.342.6933 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 . hdl : 2027.42/136037 . S2CID 10484077 . Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist . 57 (5): 664. doi : 10.1177/0002764212469365 . S2CID 144208941 . Maggio, Lauren A.; Willinsky, John M. ; Steinberg, Ryan M.; Mietchen, Daniel; Wass, Joseph L.; Dong, Ting (2017). "Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia" . PLOS One . 12 (12) e0190046. PLOS . Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1290046M . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 . PMC 5739466 . PMID 29267345 . Books Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur . Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5 . (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It . San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4 . (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide . Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5 . Rafaeli, Sheizaf ; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In Barak, A. (ed.). Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press . pp. 243 –267. ISBN 978-0-521-69464-3 . Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality . Siduri. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9 . Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia . New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice? . Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7 . Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-5862-4 . Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2 . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-8944-8 . Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-53817-6 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/9781108780704 . ISBN 978-1-108-78070-4 . Book review–related articles Baker, Nicholson . "The Charms of Wikipedia" . The New York Review of Books , March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual , by John Broughton, as listed previously.) Crovitz, L. Gordon . "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.) Postrel, Virginia , "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it" , Pacific Standard , November/December 2014 issue. External links Official website – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) Wikipedia on Twitter Wikipedia on Instagram Wikipedia collected news and commentary at The Guardian Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia Ro, Christine (February 19, 2025). "Why these scientists devote time to editing and updating Wikipedia". Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-025-00244-7 . PMID 39972088 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia v t e Overview (outline) Biases gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Biases gender geographical ideological racial gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Community (Wikipedians) Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White History Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Bomis Nupedia Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war American politics Donald Trump Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Honors Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia References and analysis Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Mobile Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Content use DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education Related AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis List Category List Category v t e Wikipedia language editions by article count v t e 7,000,000+ English English 6,000,000+ Cebuano Cebuano 3,000,000+ German German 2,000,000+ French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish 1,000,000+ Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray 100,000+ Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh 10,000+ Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu 1,000+ Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof 500+ Bambara Wayuu Bambara Wayuu List of Wikimedia wikis v t e Wikimedia Foundation v t e People Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Abstract Wikipedia Other Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Related The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage v t e Wikis v t e Types Fan Personal Medical Semantic Fan Personal Medical Semantic Components Software Software Lists Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Comparisons Software Wiki farms Software Wiki farms Notable wikis Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Wiki farms Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint See also Wikis and education History Creole .wiki Wikis and education History Creole .wiki v t e Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation v t e Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST VIAF GND FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia Other IdRef MusicBrainz label IdRef MusicBrainz label Wikipedia 2001 establishments in the United States Creative Commons-licensed websites Free-content websites Internet properties established in 2001 Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Multilingual websites Wikis Online encyclopedias Social information processing Wikimedia projects Pages using the Phonos extension Pages including recorded pronunciations Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1: unfit URL CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use American English from September 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021 Articles containing Latin-language text Webarchive template other archives Guardian topic template using Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 22:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_ref-442
|
An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Products and Services All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Resources for You For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public Explore NLM About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events Grants and Research NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications Home Web Policies NLM Web Policies Privacy and Security Policy | Social Media Comments Policy | Copyright | Logo Policy Privacy and Security Policy Privacy The National Library of Medicine (NLM) complies with requirements for privacy and security established by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This page outlines our privacy and security policy as they apply to our sites as well as third party sites and applications that NLM uses (for example, Facebook and YouTube). Your Visit to the NLM Websites Your visit to the NLM websites is private and secure. When you visit the NLM websites, we do not collect any personally identifiable information (PII) about you, unless you choose to explicitly provide it to us. We do, however, collect some data about your visit to our website to help us better understand public use of the site and to make it more useful to visitors. This page describes the information that is automatically collected and stored. NLM never collects information for commercial marketing or any purpose not related to NLM's functions . What Type of Information NLM Collects When you visit any website, certain information about your visit can be collected. NLM automatically collects and stores the following type of information about your visit: The name of the domain you use to access the Internet (for example, verizon.com, if you are using a Verizon online account, or stanford.edu, if you are connecting from Stanford University's domain) The date and time of your visit to our website The pages and documents you viewed on our website from an external search engine such as Bing or Google The URL of the website you visited prior to ours The words you searched for on our website The type and version of your Web browser and operating system, and Your location at the time of your visit, down to the city-level This information is used to measure the number of visitors to the various sections of our site and improve organization, coverage, system performance or other problem areas. This information is not used for associating search terms or patterns of site navigation with individual users. When search features offer suggested terms, these suggestions are based on aggregated data only. NLM periodically deletes its web logs. On occasion, NLM may provide aggregated information to third party entities it contracts with for the purposes of research analysis. Aggregated data cannot be linked back to an individual user. If your electronic medical record (EMR), patient health record (PHR) or other system links you to MedlinePlus, your diagnosis codes or other information, such as medications or procedures names, are sent to our site in order to link you to the most appropriate information. No personally identifiable information is collected in this process. How NLM Uses Cookies When you visit any web site, it may place a small text file, known as a "cookie," on your computer. The cookie allows the website to "remember" specific information about your visit while you are connected or when you return to that site. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Memo M-10-22, Guidance for Online Use of Web Measurement and Customization Technologies allows Federal agencies to use session and persistent cookies. The cookie makes it easier for you to use the dynamic features of web pages. Cookies from NLM web pages only collect information about your browser's visit to the site; they do not collect personal information about you. While visiting certain NLM websites, you may occasionally encounter a web page that automatically employs cookies to make it easier to use the web page’s dynamic features. NLM websites may use either single session (temporary) or multi-session (persistent) cookies. Session cookies last only as long as your web browser is open. Once you close your browser, the cookie disappears. Persistent cookies are stored on your computer for longer periods. Session Cookies: We use session cookies for technical purposes such as to enable better navigation through our site. The OMB Memo 10-22 Guidance defines our use of session cookies as "Usage Tier 1 – Single Session." This tier encompasses any use of single session web measurement and customization technologies. Persistent Cookies: We use persistent cookies to enhance the web experience for our users. Persistent cookies remain on your computer between visits to NLM until they expire. The OMB Memo 10-22 Guidance defines our use of persistent cookies as "Usage Tier 2 – Multi-session without Personally Identifiable Information (PII)." This tier encompasses any use of multi-session web measurement and customization technologies when no PII is collected. For example, NLM uses persistent cookies to enable PubMed’s My NCBI feature. The persistent cookie retains user preferences such as search result filters, LinkOut displays, institutional icon links, document delivery services, etc. across user sessions. Users may opt out of the persistent cookie selection in their My NCBI settings at any time. NLM may employ persistent cookies in other ways consistent with our mission and the OMB guidelines to analyze use patterns and improve our users' experience on NLM websites. How to Opt Out or Disable Cookies If you do not wish to have session or persistent cookies placed on your computer, you can disable them at any time from your web browser. If you opt out of cookies, you will still have access to all information and resources at NLM, but you may not be able to use cookie-dependent features. See USA.gov’s Web Measurement and Customization Opt-Out page for instructions on disabling or opting out of cookies in the most popular browsers. Please note when you disable cookies from your web browser, you will disable cookies from all sources, not just those from NLM. Personally Identifiable Information (PII) You do not have to give us personal information to visit the NLM website. If you choose to send us personal information by email, or by filling out a form on our web site, we use this information to respond to your message and to help us provide you with the information or material you requested. If provided, personally identifiable information is maintained in a database that is regularly purged after 410 days. Third-party contractors employed by NLM may have access to this information in order to provide a response to your question or comment. These contractors are held to strict policies to safeguard the information and provide the same level of privacy protection as guaranteed by NLM. On occasion, we may conduct a study concerning the types of questions sent to us. These studies help us to improve our websites in order to make them more responsive to the needs of our users. Disclosure NLM does not give, share, sell, or transfer any personal information about our visitors, unless required by law enforcement or statute. For further information about the NIH privacy policy, please contact the NIH Senior Official listed below, or visit Celeste Dade-Vinson Privacy Act Officer NIH Office of the Senior Official for Privacy (OSOP) National Institutes of Health, Office of Management Assessment 6011 Executive Blvd., Suite 601, MSC 7669 Rockville, MD 20852 Phone: (301) 496-4606 or (301) 402-6201 Fax: (301) 402-0169 Links from NLM to Other Websites Some NLM websites, such as MedlinePlus and PubMed, provide links to other Internet sites that provide health information. Once you link to another site, you are subject to the privacy policy of the new site. Visiting an Official NLM Page on Third-Party Websites NLM maintains accounts on third-party websites, such as social media sites, as tools to better interact with the public. The security and privacy policies of third-party websites apply to your activity on those sites. Users of third-party websites often share information with the general public, user community, and/or the third-party operating the website. You should review the privacy policies of all websites before using them and ensure that you understand how your information may be used. You should also adjust privacy settings of your account for any third-party website to match your preferences. See the list of NLM’s social media accounts on the Connect with NLM page. NLM Accounts Common third-party website privacy policies used by NLM include: Apple and iTunes Customer Privacy Policy Facebook Data Policy Flickr Privacy Policy GitHub Privacy Policy Google and YouTube Privacy Policy and you can manage the privacy settings for your Google account Instagram Data Policy LinkedIn Privacy Policy Pinterest Privacy Policy WordPress Privacy Policy X Privacy Policy How NLM Collects and Uses Information from Third-Party Websites If you have an account/profile with a third-party website, and choose to follow, like, friend, or comment on a third-party website managed by NLM, certain personal information associated with your account may be made available to us based on the privacy policies of the third-party website and your privacy settings within that website. We do not share personally identifiable information made available through these websites. NLM conducts and publishes a Privacy Impact Assessment for each use of a third-party website. Each use of a third-party website may have unique features or practices. NLM sometimes collects and uses the information made available through third-party websites. Google Analytics When you browse through the NLM websites, we use Google Analytics software to gather and temporarily store a variety of information about your visit. However, this information cannot be used to identify you as an individual. We do not associate any of the data we collect with you as an individual. Instead, we aggregate this data from all visits in order to improve our website and provide a better user experience to our visitors. The aggregate data is available only to NLM web managers and other designated staff who require this information to perform their duties. It is retained only for as long as needed for proper analysis. The Google Analytics Privacy Policy is available at . Demographic and Interest Data On some portions of our website we have enabled Google Analytics and other third-party software (listed below), to provide aggregate demographic and interest data of our visitors. This information cannot be used to identify you as an individual. While these tools are used by some websites to serve advertisements, NLM only uses them to measure demographic data. NLM has no control over advertisements served on other websites. DoubleClick : NLM uses DoubleClick to understand the characteristics and demographics of the people who visit NLM sites. Only NLM staff conducts analyses on the aggregated data from DoubleClick. No personally identifiable information is collected by DoubleClick from NLM websites. The DoubleClick Privacy Policy is available at You can opt-out of receiving DoubleClick advertising at Control the ads you see when you see them and Block or allow pop-ups in Chrome You can opt-out of receiving DoubleClick advertising at Control the ads you see when you see them and Block or allow pop-ups in Chrome Survey tools: NLM also uses surveys to collect opinions and feedback from a random sample of visitors and to understand our visitors’ satisfaction with the NLM website. These surveys do not collect PII and participation is voluntary. If you decline a survey, you will still have access to the identical information and resources on the NLM website as those who take the survey. Answers to surveys help NLM improve its websites to make them easier to use and more responsive to the needs of our visitors. The following privacy policies are available at Qualtrics : Survey Monkey : Qualtrics : Survey Monkey : Web Measurement and Customization Tools NLM uses the specified software and features below: Bit.ly: NLM uses Bit.ly to shorten long URLs for use in email and social media messages. Bit.ly provides analytics on how many people clicked on the URLs distributed by NLM. Bit.ly analytics do not provide any personally identifiable information about the visitors who click the shortened links. The Bit.ly Privacy Policy is available at . CrazyEgg: NLM uses CrazyEgg to obtain information on how visitors are interacting with specific NLM web pages. This allows NLM to evaluate and to modify its websites to improve value and usability. The data CrazyEgg collects includes information about how visitors navigate around a web page and the most commonly clicked links on a specific web page. CrazyEgg does not collect personally identifiable information. The Crazy Egg Privacy Policy is available at . GovDelivery: NLM uses the Granicus GovDelivery Communications Suite to email newsletters and other messages to visitors who subscribe to them on NLM websites. Only NLM staff and managers who email newsletters using GovDelivery and/or monitor the results of email initiatives have access to the subscriber lists. GovDelivery never allows access to the subscriber lists to anyone outside of NLM for any purpose. GovDelivery also provides aggregate data, such as email opens rates, and total clicks on links. The Granicus privacy policy is available at . Security The U.S. Government maintains this site. For site security purposes and to ensure that this service remains available to all users, we use software programs to monitor traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage. Causing damage to federal computer systems is a violation of U.S. law and is subject to criminal prosecution in federal court. In the event of authorized law enforcement investigations, and pursuant to any required legal process, information from NLM web logs may be used to help identify an individual. Social Media Comments Policy We encourage and welcome your comments on NLM’s social media properties , including Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, X, and our blogs. In accordance with the Federal Government's other social media comment policies, NLM has instituted the following policy in an effort to maintain respectful interaction: All viewpoints are welcome, but comments should remain relevant to NLM. We respect the varying opinions; however, intentionally spreading misleading or false information is prohibited. Personal attacks, profanity, and aggressive behavior are prohibited. No spam, advertising, or promoting of products/services. This includes repeated posts of identical or very similar content in a counter-productive manner. NLM does not provide medical advice. Please refrain from seeking medical advice . Comments and/or links will be hidden if they contain: Unfair/unsubstantiated partisan political views Commercial endorsements Discriminatory, racist, offensive, obscene, inflammatory, unlawful, or otherwise objectionable statements, language, or content. Personally identifiable information. This refers to information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, either alone or when combined with other personal or identifying information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual. To protect your privacy, please do not share personal information, such as your address, email, or telephone number, in the text of your comment. Please see NLM's privacy policy. Records of posts and comments will be kept. We reserve the right to block or hide offenders of this policy. The views expressed in user comments reflect those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health, or the Federal government. Linking to a non-federal site does not constitute an endorsement by NLM, NIH, HHS, or any of its employees. Do not submit copyrighted or other proprietary material in any form unless you clearly indicate that you have permission to do so. By posting your comments or other work, you grant NLM and anyone viewing the NLM website permission to copy, distribute, make derivatives, display or perform the commenter's work publicly and free-of-charge. Reporters are asked to send questions through their normal channels and to refrain from submitting questions via social media. All media inquiries must be directed to the NLM Office of Communications and Public Liaison at nlm-support@nlm.nih.gov . For help with NLM products and services, please contact the NLM Support Center . For general information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues please visit NLM’s MedlinePlus . Copyright Attribution and Rights for Government Works: Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S. Please acknowledge NLM as the source of the information by including the phrase “Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine” or “Source: National Library of Medicine.” Copyright Protections for Non-Government Works: When using NLM Web sites, you may encounter documents, illustrations, photographs, or other content contributed by or licensed from private individuals, companies, or organizations that may be protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. You can sometimes tell if content is copyrighted if it has the copyright symbol, the name of the copyright holder, or the statement "All rights reserved." However, a copyright notice is not required by law and therefore not all copyrighted content is necessarily marked in this way. Transmission or reproduction of copyrighted items (beyond that allowed by fair use as defined in the U.S. copyright laws) requires the written permission of the copyright holders. NLM Resources with Further Guidance: Some NLM resources also have additional copyright and licensing policies and information, including: Copyright Information & Downloading National Library of Medicine Data Historical Collections Copyright Information and Patron Guide to Copyright and Historical Materials MedlinePlus Copyright Information National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Website and Data Usage Policies and Disclaimers MedPix® Licensing Information PubMed Central (PMC) Copyright Notice User Responsibility: It is your responsibility to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when using materials that are not in the public domain. NLM cannot guarantee the copyright status for any item. Disclaimers Liability: For documents and software available from NLM, the U.S. Government does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed. Endorsement: NLM does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, processes, or services. The views and opinions of authors expressed on NLM Web sites do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government, and they may not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. Pop-Up Advertisements: When visiting our Web site, your Web browser may produce pop-up advertisements. These advertisements were most likely produced by other Web sites you visited or by third-party software installed on your computer. The National Library of Medicine does not endorse or recommend products or services for which you may view a pop-up advertisement on your computer screen while visiting our site. Links to External Web Sites: Some NLM Web pages may provide links to other Internet sites only for the convenience of web users. NLM is not responsible for the availability or content of these external sites, nor does NLM endorse, warrant or guarantee the products, services or information described or offered at these other Internet sites. It is the responsibility of the user to examine the copyright and licensing restrictions of external Web sites and to secure all necessary permission. Users cannot assume that the external sites will abide by the same privacy provisions as those outlined in the NLM Privacy Policy . Medical Information: It is not the intention of NLM to provide specific medical advice, but rather to provide users with information to better understand health and disease. Specific medical advice will not be provided, and NLM urges you to consult with a qualified health professional for diagnosis and for answers to your personal medical questions. Contact the NLM If you have concerns relating to copyright, such as improper attribution or NLM using your work without permission, please contact the NLM Support Center . If you have concerns relating to History of Medicine content, please see the Historical Collections Copyright Information page. Logo Policy The NLM logo policy is derived directly from the official logo policies of NIH and HHS, which specify that HHS, NIH, and IC logos may be used only on official communications products that have been created by or for the principal benefit or use of the federal government. The NLM logo and other offering logos may not be used by the private sector, including grantees, vendors, and contractors, regardless of whether the organization is commercial or non-profit. Along with this, the NLM logo must not appear alongside private sector logos, as this could imply favoritism or endorsement of that particular organization. This holds true even if NLM collaborates with and/or funds in the private sector organization. Grantees and grantee organizations may not use the NLM logo on any of their communications products (presentations, posters, brochures, websites, etc.) Rather, they should acknowledge NLM funding support through text. Please use the following language to cite source materials: Source: National Library of Medicine; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Last Reviewed: December 2, 2024 Connect with NLM National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NLM Support Center Accessibility Careers NLM | NIH | HHS | USA.gov
|
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html#privacy_security
|
Hlavná stránka Portál komunity Kaviareň Posledné úpravy Náhodná stránka Pomocník Špeciálne stránky Prispieť Vytvoriť účet Prihlásiť sa Prispieť Vytvoriť účet Prihlásiť sa Obsah Začiatok 1 Život Přepnout podsekci Život 1.1 Detstvo 1.2 Štúdium 1.3 Prvá svetová vojna 1.4 Vzostup 1.5 Nacistický diktátor 1.6 Predohra k vojne 1.7 Druhá svetová vojna 1.8 Hitler ako veliteľ armády 1.8.1 Zásahy do velenia armády 1.9 Atentát 20. júla 1944 1.10 Posledné boje 1.11 Smrť v bunkri 1.1 Detstvo 1.2 Štúdium 1.3 Prvá svetová vojna 1.4 Vzostup 1.5 Nacistický diktátor 1.6 Predohra k vojne 1.7 Druhá svetová vojna 1.8 Hitler ako veliteľ armády 1.8.1 Zásahy do velenia armády 1.8.1 Zásahy do velenia armády 1.9 Atentát 20. júla 1944 1.10 Posledné boje 1.11 Smrť v bunkri 2 Referencie 3 Iné projekty Adolf Hitler Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Fulfulde Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni ગુજરાતી Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Ilokano Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ladin Lombard ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Papiamentu Picard Polski Piemontèis پنجابی پښتو Português Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски සිංහල Simple English سرائیکی Slovenščina ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ Tagalog Tolışi Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Stránka Diskusia Čítať Upraviť Upraviť zdroj Zobraziť históriu Čítať Upraviť Upraviť zdroj Zobraziť históriu Odkazy na túto stránku Súvisiace úpravy Nahrať súbor Trvalý odkaz Informácie o stránke Citovať túto stránku Získať skrátené URL Stiahnuť QR kód Použiť starší parser Vytvoriť knihu Stiahnuť ako PDF Verzia pre tlač Wikimedia Commons Wikicitáty Položka Wikidata Adolf Hitler nemecký politik pochádzajúci z Rakúska a diktátor nacistického Nemecka v rokoch 1933 – 1945 Hitler v roku 1938 Vodca Veľkonemeckej ríše V úrade 2. august 1934 – 30. apríl 1945 Paul von Hindenburg (prezident) Karl Dönitz (prezident) 24. ríšsky kancelár Nemecka V úrade 30. január 1933 – 30. apríl 1945 Kurt von Schleicher Joseph Goebbels Biografické údaje Narodenie 20. apríl 1889 Braunau am Inn , Rakúsko-Uhorsko (dnešné Rakúsko ) Úmrtie 30. apríl 1945 (56 rokov) Berlín , Nacistické Nemecko (dnešné Nemecko ) Politická strana NSDAP Štátna príslušnosť rakúska (do 1925) bez štátnej príslušnosti (1925 – 1932) nemecká (od 1932) Rodina Rodičia Alois Hitler (rod. Schickelgruber, 1837 – 1903) Klara Hitler (rod. Pölzlová, 1860 – 1903) [ 1 ] Súrodenci Gustav Hitler (1885 – 1887), Ida Hitlerová(1886 – 1888), Otto Hitler(1887), Edmund Hitler(1894 – 1900), Paula Hitlerová(1896 – 1960) [ 1 ] Manželka Eva Braunová (1945) Partnerka Eva Braunová (do 1945) Maria Reiterová Geli Raubalová Odkazy Adolf Hitler (multimediálne súbory) Politický portál Biografický portál Adolf Hitler (* 20. apríl 1889 , Braunau am Inn [ 2 ] – † 30. apríl 1945 , Berlín ) bol nemecký politik pochádzajúci z Rakúska , ktorý bol od roku 1933 diktátorom nacistického Nemecka až do svojej samovraždy v roku 1945 . Najskôr člen a potom líder Národnosocialistickej nemeckej robotníckej strany (NSDAP), autor národnosocialistickej koncepcie štátu (v diele Mein Kampf , 1925 ), stál od roku 1933 na čele Nemecka ako ríšsky kancelár a od roku 1934 ako vodca a ríšsky kancelár ( Führer und Reichskanzler ). [ 3 ] V Nemecku zriadil totalitnú diktatúru. Agresívnou zahraničnou politikou voči okolitým krajinám rozvrátil versaillský systém ( anšlus Rakúska , Mníchovská dohoda , okupácia Čiech a Moravy ) a vyvolal v Európe druhú svetovú vojnu . Bol inšpirátorom a hlavným organizátorom masového vraždenia obyvateľstva a vojnových zajatcov v okupovaných krajinách, obzvlášť v Poľsku a Sovietskom zväze . Za nepriateľov Nemecka považoval nielen politických oponentov, ale aj rôzne skupiny obyvateľstva, najmä Židov , Rómov , Slovanov , homosexuálov, bisexuálov, postihnutých a iných. Bol zodpovedný za hmotné a morálne zničenie Nemecka v priebehu vojny. Adolf Hitler nemecký politik pochádzajúci z Rakúska a diktátor nacistického Nemecka v rokoch 1933 – 1945 Hitler v roku 1938 Vodca Veľkonemeckej ríše V úrade 2. august 1934 – 30. apríl 1945 Paul von Hindenburg (prezident) Karl Dönitz (prezident) Paul von Hindenburg (prezident) Karl Dönitz (prezident) 24. ríšsky kancelár Nemecka V úrade 30. január 1933 – 30. apríl 1945 Kurt von Schleicher Joseph Goebbels Kurt von Schleicher Joseph Goebbels Biografické údaje Narodenie 20. apríl 1889 Braunau am Inn , Rakúsko-Uhorsko (dnešné Rakúsko ) Úmrtie 30. apríl 1945 (56 rokov) Berlín , Nacistické Nemecko (dnešné Nemecko ) Politická strana NSDAP Štátna príslušnosť rakúska (do 1925) bez štátnej príslušnosti (1925 – 1932) nemecká (od 1932) Rodina Rodičia Alois Hitler (rod. Schickelgruber, 1837 – 1903) Klara Hitler (rod. Pölzlová, 1860 – 1903) [ 1 ] Súrodenci Gustav Hitler (1885 – 1887), Ida Hitlerová(1886 – 1888), Otto Hitler(1887), Edmund Hitler(1894 – 1900), Paula Hitlerová(1896 – 1960) [ 1 ] Manželka Eva Braunová (1945) Partnerka Eva Braunová (do 1945) Maria Reiterová Geli Raubalová Odkazy Adolf Hitler (multimediálne súbory) Politický portál Biografický portál Politický portál Biografický portál Adolf Hitler (* 20. apríl 1889 , Braunau am Inn [ 2 ] – † 30. apríl 1945 , Berlín ) bol nemecký politik pochádzajúci z Rakúska , ktorý bol od roku 1933 diktátorom nacistického Nemecka až do svojej samovraždy v roku 1945 . Najskôr člen a potom líder Národnosocialistickej nemeckej robotníckej strany (NSDAP), autor národnosocialistickej koncepcie štátu (v diele Mein Kampf , 1925 ), stál od roku 1933 na čele Nemecka ako ríšsky kancelár a od roku 1934 ako vodca a ríšsky kancelár ( Führer und Reichskanzler ). [ 3 ] V Nemecku zriadil totalitnú diktatúru. Agresívnou zahraničnou politikou voči okolitým krajinám rozvrátil versaillský systém ( anšlus Rakúska , Mníchovská dohoda , okupácia Čiech a Moravy ) a vyvolal v Európe druhú svetovú vojnu . Bol inšpirátorom a hlavným organizátorom masového vraždenia obyvateľstva a vojnových zajatcov v okupovaných krajinách, obzvlášť v Poľsku a Sovietskom zväze . Za nepriateľov Nemecka považoval nielen politických oponentov, ale aj rôzne skupiny obyvateľstva, najmä Židov , Rómov , Slovanov , homosexuálov, bisexuálov, postihnutých a iných. Bol zodpovedný za hmotné a morálne zničenie Nemecka v priebehu vojny. Život [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitlerova kniha Mein Kampf ( slov. Môj boj ) je podľa mnohých názorov veľmi zlým prameňom pre opis Hitlerovho života. [ 4 ] Obsahuje výrazne tendenčne podané spomienky na jeho celý dovtedajší život a jej hlavným posolstvom je šíriť vieru, že práve on je tým vyvoleným, ktorý má za úlohu od „božskej prozreteľnosti“ doviesť Nemecko opäť na „výslnie moci a cti“. Sám Hitler za života prísne zatajoval svoj pôvod. Nechal dokonca v roku 1938 zrovnať so zemou rodné dediny svojich rodičov a starých rodičov v Dolnom Rakúsku (pri Česku ) . Dôvodom môže byť Hitlerov nevyjasnený pôvod spojený s incestom (jeho matka bola zároveň neter jeho otca). Keďže si Hitler nebol istý, kto bol jeho starý otec, pretože jeho otec bol nemanželské dieťa, objavovali sa špekulácie, že práve Hitler ako hlavný reprezentant rasistickej ideológie má za predkov Čechov alebo Židov . Hitler sa stravoval vegetariánsky [ 5 ] , ako dospelý prestal fajčiť a na verejnosti nepil alkohol, napriek tomu trpel viacerými chorobami a pravidelne užíval okrem iného kokaín [ 6 ] a eukodal ( oxykodón ) [ 7 ] . Detstvo [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Rodokmeň Adolfa Hitlera Hitler sa narodil v Braunau am Inn v dnešnom Rakúsku ako štvrté zo šiestich detí (4 zomreli v detskom veku) colníka nemeckého pôvodu Aloisa Hitlera a jeho tretej ženy Kláry [ 3 ] (pôvodom Rakúšanky), ktorá bola zároveň jeho neter. [ 8 ] Hitlerova sestra z tohto manželstva Paula, ktorá sa dožila dospelosti, bola od neho mladšia o 8 rokov. Deti Aloisa z druhého manželstva (Alois junior a Angela) [ 8 ] žili po smrti jeho druhej ženy tiež v ich domácnosti. Štúdium [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Kvôli otcovmu povolaniu sa rodina často sťahovala, takže Hitler navštevoval ľudové školy v Passau , Lambachu a Leondingu pri Linzi . Potom študoval na reálnom gymnáziu v Linzi , ale štúdium nedokončil. Podľa niektorých názorov pre absolútnu neschopnosť, ktorá vyvrcholila, keď jeho otec v roku 1903 zomrel a Hitlera nemal viac kto nútiť učiť sa. Od roku 1903 poberal podporu pre polosiroty a od roku 1905 ho finančne podporovala matka a teta, pretože odišiel do Viedne, kde sa pokúšal dostať sa na prestížnu umeleckú školu. V októbri 1907 ho neprijali na Viedenskú umeleckú akadémiu , poradili mu však nech skúsi svoj talent využiť pri štúdiu architektúry . Po tom, čo sa dozvedel, že jeho matke chorej na rakovinu prsníka zostáva len niekoľko týždňov života, vrátil sa koncom roka 1907 do Linzu. V decembri 1907 pochoval matku a zdedil po nej 1000 korún. Pretože sa vydával za študenta, mohol od januára 1908 poberať dôchodok pre siroty vo výške mesačne 25 korún. Na jar 1908 presvedčil rodičov svojho jediného zdokumentovaného priateľa z detstva Augusta Kubizeka aby ho pustili študovať z Linzu na konzervatórium do Viedne. Kubizekovi rodičia boli českého pôvodu a tak Hitler s Kubizekom bývali vo Viedni v podnájme u Češky Marie Zakreys ( Stumpergasse 31 ). V októbri 1908 Kubizeka prijali na Viedenskú umeleckú akadémiu, Hitlera však ani nepripustili k talentovým skúškam. Na jeseň 1908 Kubizek absolvoval 8 týždňovú vojenskú službu v rakúskej armáde. V tomto období sa ich cesty rozišli. Hitler si požičal od svojej tety Johanny ďalších 924 korún (bez toho, že by sa priznal k neúspechom) a z podnájmu odišiel v novembri 1908 bez toho, aby zanechal odkaz Kubizekovi. Živil sa príležitostnými zamestnaniami a privyrábal si predajom obrázkov a pohľadníc pozoruhodností Viedne, ktoré sám maľoval väčšinou podľa fotografií. Striedal miesta pobytu, s tým ako mu dochádzali peniaze, býval stále ďalej od centra Viedne. V roku 1909 býval v útulku pre bezdomovcov v Meidlingu a v roku 1910 v mužskej ubytovni na ulici Meldemannstraße . Tu bol v kontakte aj so židovskými obyvateľmi ubytovne, ktorí Hitlerove obrazy predávali. V tomto období mal finančné problémy ako aj problémy s políciou, ktorá mu, napríklad, na základe udania zakázala používať neoprávnený titul akademický maliar . Vo Viedni sa zoznámil s antisemitskými a rasistickými názormi ( Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels , Georg Ritter von Schönerer a pod.). Viac ako o politiku sa však podľa Kubizeka zaujímal o operu, najmä o Richarda Wagnera , skladateľa nemeckých nacionalistických opier. Jeho najobľúbenejšia opera bola Rienzi, der letzte der Tribunen (Rienzi, posledný tribún) o stredovekom tribúnovi, ktorý rečníckym umením získal podporu ľudu. Wagner venoval partitúru tejto opery bavorskému kráľovi a z rodinného archívu vo Wittelsbachu si ju neskôr Hitler jednoducho privlastnil. Dnes je partitúra stratená [ 9 ] . Hitler už ako vrcholný predstaviteľ robil všetko pre to, aby „vygumoval“ svoju minulosť. Po obsadení Rakúska v roku 1938 miesta narodenia svojich rodičov a starých rodičov ( Döllersheim a jeho časť Strones) vyhlásil za uzatvorenú vojenskú oblasť (napríklad bol zničený náhrobný kameň jeho starej matky) a vo Viedni nechal zničiť dokumentáciu o miestach svojho pobytu s tým, že počas "štúdia" býval v honosnej štvrti. V roku 1939 pozval Hitler Kubizeka ako svojho hosťa do Bayreuthu , kde sa usporadúvali Wagnerove hudobné slávnosti . O Kubizekovi sa vyjadril ako o "jedinom Čechovi, ktorý má právo byť priateľom Vodcu". Kubizek sa nezaujímal o politiku a do NSDAP vstúpil až v roku 1942. Prežil vojnu a aj pre svoju známosť s Hitlerom bol zadržiavaný 16 mesiacov po vojne v Camp Marcus W. Orr, kde vypovedal ku svojim vzťahom a dokumentom súvisiacich s Hitlerom. Až po vojne v roku 1953 napísal knihu o svojom priateľovi z mladosti. [ 10 ] Prvá svetová vojna [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler (úplne vľavo) so svojimi spolubojovníkmi počas prvej svetovej vojny Po tom, čo mu v roku 1913 vyplatili dedičstvo po otcovi (820 korún), presťahoval sa do nemeckého Mníchova . [ 3 ] Dôvodom bola snaha naďalej sa vyhýbať rakúskej vojenskej službe ako aj jeho "znechutenie" z rakúsko-uhorského mnohonárodnostného štátu a multikultúrnej Viedne. No už v roku 1914 sa prihlásil ako dobrovoľník k 16. bavorskému pluku a nastúpil na front prvej svetovej vojny . [ 3 ] Skoro celú vojnu strávil ako pešia spojka na západnom fronte . Dostal rad Železného kríža II. triedy (1914) za nešpecifikované zásluhy. Po zranení nohy v roku 1916 na čas prerušil službu, ale na front sa opäť vrátil v marci 1917 a potom (roku 1918 ) dostal aj vyznamenanie Železný kríž I. triedy na návrh židovského plukovného adjutanta ( regimentsadjutanta) Huga Gutmanna . Jeho spolubojovníci ho nenávideli za jeho nekritickú poslušnosť voči dôstojníkom. Krátko pred koncom vojny, 15. októbra 1918, po plynovom útoku dočasne oslepol a dostal sa do lazaretu v Pasewalku v Dolnom Pomoransku . Ošetrujúci psychiater Hitlera klasifikoval ako psychopata , úplne nevhodného zastávať vedúce funkcie. Keďže ho ako hysterika označil aj Hitlerov nadriadený dôstojník, nie je čudné, že napriek vyznamenaniam nedosiahol vyššiu hodnosť ako tú najnižšiu – slobodník . V lazarete ho v novembri 1918 zastihla správa o porážke Nemecka vo vojne. Podľa novších výskumov bolo oslepnutie asi hysterická reakcia na túto porážku. Hitler, podobne ako ostatní nemeckí nacionalisti, rád uveril konšpiračnej teórii šírenej najprv najvyšším vedením armády, ktorá tvrdila, že nemecká armáda "nebola porazená na bojisku" ale odnárodnení civilisti jej "pichli nôž do chrbta". Mysleli sa tým vodcovia sociálnych a demokratických strán ( Sociálnodemokratická strana Nemecka , Spartakovci ), ktorí viedli revolúciu, ktorá 9. novembra 1918 viedla k abdikácii cisára. Nemeckí antisemiti zároveň spájali „vnútorných“ a „vonkajších nepriateľov Ríše“ s „medzinárodným židovstvom “. 9. novembra 1918 vznikla Weimarská republika , ktorej predstavitelia 28. júna 1919 podpísali v Paríži Versaillskú zmluvu . Na jej základe muselo Nemecko okrem iného odstúpiť 13% svojho územia, obmedziť flotilu a ozbrojené sily na 100 000 mužov a platiť vysoké finančné reparácie , ktoré predstavovali 33 000 000 000 $. Vzostup [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Po skončení vojny striedal zamestnania, živil sa hlavne ako dôverník Reichswehru (armáda a námorníctvo) v Mníchove , v Bavorsku , ktoré bolo ako slobodný štát súčasťou Weimarskej republiky . Bola to funkcia spojky medzi armádou a vládou vedenou židovským predsedom vlády Eisnerom , ktorého pohrebu sa Hitler 26. februára 1919 osobne zúčastnil. Za Eisnera bolo Bavorsko deklarované ako ľudový štát ( Volksstaat Bayern ). Eisner, sociálny demokrat, bol zavraždený vo februári 1919, čo viedlo ku komunistickej revolúcii a vzniku Bavorskej republiky rád , ktorá bola vyhlásená 6. apríla 1919. Hitlerov stranícky preukaz DAP s číslom 7, dodatočne upravený, aby sa mohol radiť k najstarším členom. Pôvodne mal číslo 555 – skutočné poradie sa zvyšovalo o 500, aby sa vzbudilo zdanie, že strana je početnejšia. Po vojenskej porážke Bavorskej republiky rád v máji 1919 obviňoval Hitler pred súdom svojich kamarátov z pluku za to, že spolupracovali práve s republikou rád. Potom sa dokázateľne niekoľkokrát stretol s veliteľom oddelenia vyšetrovania (Aufklärungsabteilung) Reichswehru Karlom Mayrom , čo viedlo k domnienkam, že sa stal dôverníkom tajnej služby. Isté je, že v júni a v júli 1919 absolvoval „antiboľševistické školenia“ na mníchovskej univerzite a v septembri 1919 prenikol do Nemeckej robotníckej strany ( Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – DAP ), ktorú sledovali Mayrovi dôverníci ako možný zdroj boľševizmu a spartakizmu . Táto socialisticko , nacionalisticko a xenofóbno - antisemitsky orientovaná strana mala málo členov a tak v októbri 1919 Hitler namiesto donášania sa stal jej 55. straníkom (s Mayrovým súhlasom). Do strany ho prijal predseda Anton Drexler, pretože na zhromaždeniach, konaných väčšinou v krčmách, sa Hitler prejavil ako dobrý rečník, už vtedy so svojou typickou gestikuláciou. Až do 31. marca 1920 bol Hitler zamestnancom armády (Reichswehru). Potom sa stal plateným straníckym rečníkom . V roku 1920 presadil Hitler zmenu názvu strany s prívlastkom národnosocialistická ( Národnosocialistická nemecká robotnícka strana – Nazionalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP ) a spolu s Drexlerom a Gottfriedom Federom spísali 25-bodový program strany. [ 11 ] Hitlerov neskorší osobný tajomník Rudolf Hess , ktorý sa stal členom NSDAP v máji 1920 (členská legitimácia č. 16) bol zároveň členom okultistickej spoločnosti Thule (bájny ostrov, z ktorého vraj vzišla árijská rasa ), ktorá inšpirovala NSDAP použitím svastiky , symbolov runového písma a pod. Kľúčovou postavou prvých rokov NSDAP bol kapitán Ernst Röhm , ktorý pomohol vyzbierať peniaze. [ 11 ] V decembri 1920 kúpila NSDAP od vydavateľstva Franz-Eher-Verlag zadĺžené noviny Völkischer Beobachter (doslova Ľudový pozorovateľ) za 155 000 mariek a postupne získavala vplyv a nových priaznivcov. V roku 1921 sa Hitler zmocnil vedenia strany tým, že v nej zaviedol " vodcovský princíp " a predsedu Drexlera odsunul za čestného predsedu. Teraz už bol známou osobnosťou v Bavorsku , ale mimo neho bol podceňovaný [ 12 ] . Ako vodca nemeckého nacizmu viedol v Mníchove neúspešný takzvaný "pivný", " pivnicový " alebo Hitler- Ludendorffov pokus o puč, pri ktorom 9. novembra 1923 pri prestrelke s políciou zomrelo 16 pučistov a 4 policajti. Hitler sa len zranil pri páde ale udalosť neskôr využil propagandisticky legendou o zastrelených martýroch a krvavej zástave ( Blutfahne ). Po dvoch dňoch bol zaistený a keďže v tom čase súdy v Nemecku boli veľmi mierne voči pravicovému extrémizmu (sudca si dokonca od Hitlera vypočul kritiku, že je Žid), dostal Hitler len 5 rokov vtedy existujúceho tzv. väzenia cti v Landsbergu (kde nebolo treba pracovať a pod. ). Vo väzení diktoval svoju knihu Mein Kampf , ktorá sa pôvodne mala volať Štyri a pol roka boja proti klamstvám, hlúposti a zbabelosti . Odsedel menej ako 9 mesiacov a 20. decembra 1924 bol prepustený za dobré správanie. Po prepustení sa obával, že by mohol byť z Bavorska vyhostený do Rakúska, kde by bol bezvýznamný a v roku 1925 si dal odňať rakúske občianstvo, nemecké však získal až roku 1932 , keď sa zamestnal na Úrade pre kultúru a meranie krajiny v Braunschweigu . Vybavením nemeckého občianstva bola poverená Hitlerova podporovateľka Magda Quandtová (vtedy manželka veľkopodnikateľa Günthera Quandta , neskoršie manželka ministra propagandy Josepha Goebbelsa ). Vo februári 1925 sa NSDAP ako jedinej z extrémistických strán podarilo dosiahnuť zrušenie zákazu svojho pôsobenia, ktoré platilo od puču v novembri 1923 . NSDAP vydávala nové preukazy aj členom iných strán a prevzala a zreorganizovala aj ozbrojené oddiely SA a SS . V rokoch 1924 až 1929 sa nemecká ekonomika vďaka dotáciám zo zahraničia relatívne stabilizovala a vyzeralo to, že Nemecku sa podarí prekonať úpadok spôsobený vojnou. Vo voľbách v máji 1928 získala NSDAP len 2,6 % hlasov (810 127) napriek tomu, že počet členov na konci roka 1928 bol už približne 130 000. Čím horšie sa darilo Nemecku, tým lepšie sa darilo nacistom. [ 11 ] Veľká hospodárska kríza , ktorá začala v roku 1929 aj v Nemecku spôsobila nezamestnanosť a nespokojnosť, ktorá pomohla Hitlerovi a jeho strane dostať sa k moci. 27. marca 1930 sa rozpadla koalícia demokratických strán, ktorá bola základom tzv. Weimarskej republiky . Vo voľbách do Ríšskeho snemu v júli 1932 sa NSDAP s 37,4 % hlasov stala najsilnejšou stranou a prezident Paul von Hindenburg Hitlera 30. januára 1933 menoval ríšskym kancelárom . V roku 1933 bolo nezamestnaných viac ako šesť miliónov Nemcov a životná úroveň dramaticky nízka. Nacistický diktátor [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler na prehliadke SA v Norimbergu , november 1935 Po prístupe k moci postupne zaviedol v Nemecku nacistickú diktatúru . Po požiari Ríšskeho snemu 27. februára 1933, z ktorého obvinil komunistov, primäl prezidenta k podpisu dvoch mimoriadnych nariadení Na ochranu národa a štátu a Proti zrade a velezradným činom . Na ich základe boli zrušené občianske práva a slobody, čo neskôr viedlo k zákazu komunistickej strany , fyzickej likvidácii "revolučných kádrov" a antifašistov. Nakoniec jediným odsúdeným za požiar bol Holanďan Marinus van der Lubbe . Obvinený Georgi Dimitrov , ktorému sa podarilo pred súdom dokázať možnú účasť Göringa na požiari, bol spolu s ostatnými oslobodený. 1. augusta 1934 sa Hitlerovi podarilo presadiť spojenie úradu ríšskeho prezidenta a ríšskeho kancelára, deň nato zomrel prezident Hindenburg . Týmto sa Hitler stal 2. augusta 1934 prakticky neobmedzeným vládcom Nemecka, keď prevzal aj právomoci prezidenta. Sám sebe si kancelár Hitler udelil zákonom titul „vodca“ ( nem. Führer ). Pozícia s plným názvom Führer und Reichskanzler (vodca a ríšsky kancelár) spojila úrady prezidenta a kancelára a v jeho rukách skoncentrovala neobmedzenú moc. Hitler a nacisti potláčali akúkoľvek opozíciu. Pre svojich ideologických a „rasových nepriateľov“ prikázal zriadiť koncentračné a vyhladzovacie tábory ešte v polovici 30. rokov . Masové vyhladzovanie a popravy najrôznejších skupín nemeckého i podmaneného obyvateľstva dosiahlo svoj vrchol neskôr počas vojny. Bol iniciátorom rasistickej politiky namierenej najmä proti Židom . V roku 1935 boli s jeho prispením schválené Norimberské zákony , ktoré postihovali „rasovo menejcenné obyvateľstvo“. Medzi iným boli Židia pozbavení občianstva a nesmeli uzatvoriť manželstvo s Árijcami . V noci z 9. na 10. novembra 1938 sa s Hitlerovým súhlasom uskutočnil veľký pogrom proti Židom po celej krajine tzv. krištáľová noc , ktorý nakoniec viedol k ich deportácii do get [ 13 ] . V marci roku 1935 zaviedol v Nemecku všeobecnú brannú povinnosť a začal sa systematicky pripravovať na agresívnu vojnu. Postupne likvidoval jednotlivé ustanovenia Versaillského mieru , obsadil Porýnie nemeckým vojskom. V rokoch 1936 – 1939 aktívne podporoval Franca v španielskej občianskej vojne . Nacistické vydavateľstvo Eher získalo v roku 1939 až 44 % podiel na trhu (ktorý sa potom do roku 1944 zvýšil až na 83%). Nacistický denník Völkischer Beobachter v 40 miliónovom Nemecku dosahoval miliónové náklady (v roku 1941 mal 1 200 000 výtlačkov). Pomocou zastrašovania domnelých aj skutočných nepriateľov ozbrojenými oddielmi a tajnou políciou Gestapo (vedených Himmlerom ) ako aj propagandou (v roku 1941 zamestnávalo Goebbelsovo ministerstvo propagandy 60 000 ľudí a okrem tlače ovládlo aj film) sa podarilo Hitlerovi a jeho spolupracovníkom sfanatizovať Nemcov nacizmom a v záujme cieľu získať "životný priestor" „tisícročnej nemeckej ríše" vybudovať diktatúru , ktorá hnala sfanatizovaných občanov do vojny. Predohra k vojne [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] V roku 1938 anšlusom pripojil k Nemecku Rakúsko , čím opäť porušil jeden z bodov Versaillskej zmluvy . So súhlasom nedôrazných predstaviteľov Francúzska a Spojeného kráľovstva postupne likvidoval aj samostatnosť Česko-Slovenska . Za formálnej pomoci Talianska , 30. septembra 1938 uzavrelo Nemecko s predstaviteľmi Francúzska a Británie Mníchovskú dohodu , čím pozbavilo Československú republiku Sudet , resp. západných pohraničných území obývaných z viac než polovice nemeckým obyvateľstvom [ 14 ] . Zmluva fakticky pozbavila Česko-Slovensko možnosti efektívne sa brániť nemeckej agresii, keďže Nemcami zabraté územie zahŕňalo väčšinu novovybudovaných česko-slovenských pohraničných opevnení . Hitler ďalej oslabil Česko-Slovensko aj prípravou viedenského diktátu , ktorým 2. novembra 1938 prinútil krajinu odovzdať Maďarsku časť južného Slovenska a celú Podkarpatskú Rus . Situácia viedla v Česko-Slovensku k vnútropolitickej kríze ČSR a umožnila Hitlerovi prebrať kontrolu aj nad zvyškom krajiny. Hitler využil autonomistické tendencie prevládajúce v slovenských politických kruhoch a na jednaní v Berlíne prinútil Jozefa Tisa aby 14. marca 1939 v Bratislave bola vyhlásená samostatnosť Slovenského štátu . Nasledujúceho dňa sa v Berlíne vyhrážal prezidentovi okliešteného Česka, že na zvyšok krajiny zaútočí a bude bombardovať Prahu, čím Emila Háchu prinútil k podpisu dokumentov, ktoré v nasledujúcich dňoch viedli k vyhláseniu protektorátu Böhmen und Mähren . Likvidáciou Česko-Slovenskej republiky – posledného demokratického štátu v Strednej Európe zostával Hitlerovi na východných hraniciach Nemecka už len jeden nepohodlný sused – Poľsko . Agresívnou politikou územných požiadaviek eskaloval napätie medzi Nemeckom a Poľskom . Útoku na Poľsko predchádzala veľmi dôležitá diplomatická hra. Hitler, ktorý sa obával vojny na dvoch frontoch (západe a východe) využil nerozhodnosť západných demokratických krajín. Tie videli v Hitlerovom nacistickom Nemecku nezmieriteľného ideologického nepriateľa komunistického Sovietskeho zväzu a očakávali, že Hitlerova expanzia bude smerovať naň. Sovietske návrhy na "kolektívnu bezpečnosť" zostali nevypočuté a tak Stalin uprednostnil uzavretie dohody priamo s Hitlerom, dúfajúc že využije vzniknutý čas na prípravu krajiny na vojnu [ 15 ] . 23. augusta 1939 podpísali v Moskve nemecký a sovietsky minister zahraničných vecí von Ribbentrop a Molotov pakt o neútočení , ktorý obsahoval dohodu o delení Poľska. V rozpútaní novej veľkej vojny v Európe tak Hitlerovi už nič nestálo v ceste. Druhá svetová vojna [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Bližšie informácie v článkoch : druhá svetová vojna a Poľská obranná vojna (1939) Hitler v Poľsku s Bormannom, Rommelom a von Reichenauom Hitler sa pri útoku na svojho východného suseda spoliehal na viacero faktorov, jednak na to, že Poľsko rýchlo porazí za pomoci Sovietskeho zväzu, ktorému prenechal východnú časť krajiny a tiež na to, že západní Spojenci – Francúzsko a Británia nezaútočia na Nemecko zo západu dosť rýchlo a dôrazne. Útok na Poľsko s krycím označením Fall Weiss pre Hitlera po vojenskej stránke pripravil generálny štáb na čele s generálom Halderom a vrchným veliteľom armády generálom Brauchitschom , ktorý velil útoku. Pre ospravedlnenie vpádu do Poľska bol v predvečer vojny zinscenovaný Gliwický incident , ktorý bol len jedným z radu pohraničných incidentov. 1. septembra 1939 nemecké vojská bez vyhlásenia vojny napadli Poľsko . V Európe sa začala druhá svetová vojna . Nemecké jednotky taktikou bleskovej vojny rýchlo prenikali zo západu z Nemecka, z juhu zo Sliezska a Slovenska ako aj zo severu z Východného Pruska . Poliaci sa čoskoro ocitli v ťažkej situácii, ale po tom, čo 17. septembra 1939 zaútočili aj sovietske vojská z východu, poľská obrana celkom skolabovala. V beznádejnej situácii im nepomohlo ani to, že Francúzsko a Spojené kráľovstvo 3. septembra 1939 vyhlásili Nemecku vojnu. Západní Spojenci prakticky po celú dobu od jesene 1939 až do jari 1940 neviedli na francúzsko-nemeckej hranici žiadnu významnú bojovú činnosť a to aj napriek tomu, že na západe Nemecka boli iba minimálne vojenské sily. Toto obdobie pokoja na západnom fronte je známe ako čudná vojna . Hitler ako veliteľ armády [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler na začiatku vojny prenechával vojenské rozhodnutia na svojich generálov, neskôr však priamo velil jednotkám. Bol hlavným zodpovedným za zločiny nacistického Nemecka počas druhej svetovej vojny . Prvým zásahom do priebehu vojenskej operácie Weserübung (napadnutie Dánska a Nórska v apríli 1940) po vylodení Spojencov bolo jeho nariadenie na ústup nemeckých vojsk z nórskeho Narviku do neutrálneho Švédska , kde by však boli internované. Po zásahu generála Jodla bol však jeho nezmyselný rozkaz zrušený a vojakom prikázané držať pozície, čím v júni 1940 donútili Spojencov k evakuácii z Nórska. Hitler neskôr pri akejkoľvek kríze presadzoval zotrvanie v pôvodných pozíciach. [ 16 ] 10 mája 1940 Hitler zaútočil na Francúzsko keď najprv jeho armády rýchlo dobyli Belgicko , Holandsko a Luxembursko . Priamo Hitler však nariadil 17. a 22. mája zastaviť postup útočného hrotu tankov (Panzertruppe) aby sa doplnili a posilnili pozície na krídlach. 24. mája v rozpore so stanoviskom viacerých generálov rozhodol aby tankový útok nepokračoval na posledné väčšie mesto pri Lamanšskom prielive Dunkerque ale mala ho bombardovať Luftwaffe. Práve vtedy Hitler ako politik prevzal od generálov vedenie vojny. Zastavenie postupu umožnilo evakuovať koncom mája cez kanál do Anglicka počas operácie Dynamo 224 tisíc britských a 112 tisíc francúzskych a belgických vojakov. Počiatočné úspechy a kapitulácia Francúzska presvedčili Hitlerovho hlavného spojenca, talianskeho vodcu Benita Mussoliniho pridať sa aktívne vo vojne k Nemecku. Počas tohto obdobia sa Hitler po abdikácii Waltera von Brauchitscha stal najvyšším veliteľom pozemného vojska. V tejto funkcii potláčal všetkých generálov bývalého generálneho štábu na úkor svojich priaznivcov a verných nacistov . Hitler a Mussolini v okupovanej Juhoslávii 22. júna 1941 Hitler prikázal trojmiliónovému vojsku zaútočiť na Sovietsky zväz , čím porušil pakt neútočenia , ktorý uzavrel spolu so Stalinom pred tromi rokmi. Predpokladal, že sa jeho armáde podarí zničiť ZSSR v priebehu niekoľkých mesiacov ešte pred príchodom zimy. Nemcom sa podarilo preniknúť hlboko do sovietskeho územia, obsadiť pobaltské štáty , Ukrajinu , Bielorusko a veľkú časť západu ZSSR. Hitler bol prvý, kto rozpútal vojnu aj v oblastiach za polárnym kruhom, kde sa predtým vojenské operácie nikdy neviedli. Postupne sa však prejavila nepripravenosť nemeckej armády na extrémne podmienky ZSSR. Nepodarilo sa jej obsadiť Stalingrad (súčasný Volgograd ) a v najdôležitejšom smere útoku boli nemecké vojská zastavené v bitke pred Moskvou v decembri 1941. Pod tlakom Červenej armády niektorí nemeckí velitelia ustúpili o niekoľko 100 km . Tých, ktorí ustúpili, Hitler odvolal. Veril totiž, že práve jeho rozkazy držať pozície za každú cenu a neustupovať sú faktorom, ktorý odvráti nemeckú porážku. [ 17 ] Manstein vo svojich pamätiach (vydaných až po vojne) uvádza niekoľko zaujímavých pohľadov na Hitlera ako vojaka. Napriek kritike jeho nerozhodnosti a nedostatočného vojenského vzdelania odmieta lacnú frázu „slobodník z prvej svetovej vojny“ [ 17 ] , často používanú v súvislosti s jeho vojenskými schopnosťami. Po začatí vojny Hitler v plnej miere uskutočňoval svoje plány na likvidáciu preňho nežiaducich skupín. V januári 1942 sa konala utajovaná konferencia vo Wannsee , kde sa ľudia z Hitlerovho blízkeho okolia vrátane Heydricha (veliteľa Ríšskeho bezpečnostného úradu) dohodli na takzvanom „ konečnom riešení “ židovskej otázky, čo bol nacistický eufemizmus pre systematické vyvraždenie ( genocídu ) všetkých Židov – holokaust . Hitler síce nikdy nepodpísal žiadny písomný rozkaz, ktorý by priamo preukazoval, že išlo o jeho zámer, ale jeho podriadení poznali jeho priania a konali v ich zmysle [ 13 ] . Zásahy do velenia armády [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Na východnom fronte sa v nasledujúcom období rozpútali ťažké boje, ktoré si vyžiadali obrovské množstvo obetí. Hitler vojská na východe riadil z hlavného stanu Werwolf ležiaceho blízko mesta Vinnica na západe Ukrajiny. Hitler s Mannerheimom na východnom fronte vo Fínsku, leto 1942 Jeho zásahy do velenia boli niekedy neodborné a nerozhodné. Pri bojoch v južnej časti ZSSR nemecké vojská nedobyli Kaukaz a navyše sa zaplietli do dlhotrvajúcich a vyčerpávajúcich bojov o Stalingrad , ktoré sa pokúšali obaja diktátori z prestížnych i strategických dôvodov udržať za každú cenu . V dôsledku neuspokojivého tempa postupu odvolal Hitler veliteľa skupiny armád A maršala Lista a týmto jednotkám velil sám. Neskôr výrazne podcenil sovietsku armádu, ktorá najprv porazila krídla 6. armády , rozvrátila nemecký južný front a potom celkom obkľúčila nemecké vojská v okolí Stalingradu . Spočiatku zvažoval evakuáciu tohto vojska, bol však ubezpečený Göringom , že letectvo Luftwaffe zabezpečí dostatočný prísun zásob obkľúčeným jednotkám a preto trval na tom, aby 6. armáda naďalej držala svoje pozície. Zásobovanie však nebolo dostatočné, čo nakoniec vyústilo v kapituláciu a zajatie jej veliteľa maršala Paulusa v januári 1943. Až po tejto porážke pri Stalingrade , nariadil prechod krajiny na vojnový režim, keď 13. januára 1943 vyhlásil prostredníctvom Goebbelsa totálnu mobilizáciu a prechod priemyslu na vojnovú výrobu. Napriek tomu Nemecko Spojencov v ukazovateľoch priemyselnej výroby nedobehlo. Nacistická politika presadzujúca konzervatívne postavenie žien v spoločnosti neumožnila ich efektívnu mobilizáciu ako pracovnej sily pre zvýšenie vojnového úsilia [ 13 ] . Namiesto toho, aby pozemná armáda Heer dopĺňala svoje divízie bojujúce na fronte, uprednostňoval vytváranie nových. Tak krátko po bitke o Stalingrad vznikla napríklad znovu aj 6. armáda (jej základ tvorili príslušníci bývalej 6. armády, ktorí boli evakuovaní, alebo neboli v obkľúčení). To, že nedbal na doplňovanie frontových jednotiek, malo výrazný vplyv na ich opotrebovanie. Nové jednotky museli navyše naberať nové skúsenosti. Hitler neuspel aj v ďalších cieľoch. Jeho armády sa na obsadených územiach správali zločinne, kradli výrobky, kapitál, služby ale aj kultúrne diela a dokonca obyvateľstvo, ktoré najprv verbovali a potom posielali na nútené práce vo svoj vlastný prospech. Nacisti v oblastiach východnej Európy, viedli tvrdú rasistickú politiku spojenú so zločinmi, ktoré zaskočili aj obyvateľstvo, ktoré inak opovrhovalo stalinizmom na vlastnom území. Hitler tak využil protisovietske naladenie časti obyvateľstva iba čiastočne. Systematicky pristúpil k získavaniu spojencov z radov obyvateľstva až v období, kedy jeho armády prestávali byť na frontoch úspešné a začali byť zo sovietskeho územia vytláčané (napr. Vlasovci ). V júni a júli 1943 sústredil jednotky armády a SS k útoku na výbežok frontu pri Kursku . Kurská bitka , do ktorej bez dostatočného uváženia vrhol svoje vojská, nakoniec skončila ťažkými stratami pechoty i tankov. Počas vylodenia spojencov v Normandii v lete 1944 sčasti aj kvôli dezinformácii vedenej spojeneckou rozviedkou, Hitler ignoroval hrozbu a prikázal držať tankové zálohy v blízkosti Cherbourgu a neskôr zase viesť nezmyselný protiútok pri Mortaine , ktorý uväznil v pasci niekoľko desiatok tisíc vojakov a stal sa známy ako obkľúčenie pri Falaise . V tom istom období bola nemecká skupina armád Stred v Bielorusku nečakane napadnutá sovietskymi silami. V priebehu mesiaca utrpeli Nemci straty asi 170 000 mŕtvych a nezvestných vojakov a stredná časť ich frontu sa celkom rozpadla. Atentát 20. júla 1944 [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler pri návšteve zbombardovaného mesta v roku 1944 Bližšie informácie v hlavnom článku : Stauffenbergov pokus o prevrat Po úspechu spojeneckej operácie Overlord , ako aj porážky pri bojoch v Bielorusku vzrástlo medzi mnohými dôstojníkmi nemeckej armády odhodlanie Hitlera zlikvidovať. Práve v tomto období, keď boli pozície Tretej ríše otrasené, pre to bola najvhodnejšia doba. 20. júla 1944 naňho uskutočnil Claus von Stauffenberg v sídle štábu Wolfsschanze vo Východnom Prusku bombový atentát, ktorý sa však nepodaril. Diktátor bol len ľahko zranený. Hitler túto opozíciu príslušníkov generálneho štábu kruto potrestal. Ludwig Beck , jeden z vodcov sprisahania, ktorý mal nahradiť Hitlera do doby než bude ustanovená legitímna vláda, samotný von Stauffenberg ,ako aj ďalší medzi nimi mnohí poľní maršali boli popravení. Populárneho Rommela , o ktorom bol Hitler presvedčený, že bol súčasťou príprav atentátu, prinútil spáchať samovraždu. Na Hitlera bolo spáchaných ešte niekoľko atentátov, ktoré boli všetky neúspešné. Hitler tieto prežité atentáty považoval za znamenia osudu a tvrdil o sebe, že bol povolaný Bohom. Po atentáte poslal lietadlom svoju zakrvavenú bundu uniformy svojej milenke. Posledné boje [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Od konca roku 1944 žil Hitler vo svojom Ríšskom kancelárstve v Berlíne, ktoré malo vo dvore protilietadlový kryt, vybudovaný špeciálne pre neho (nemecky Führerbunker). Bojové operácie v tej dobe riadil len z máp. Jeho nádeje na uzavretie separátneho mieru so západnými Spojencami sa miešali s vierou v použitie moderných zbraní ako boli balistické rakety V2 , nových typov lietadiel napr. Messerschmitt Me 262 alebo tankov napr. Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger II . Rovnako veril, že aliancia západných demokracií so Stalinovým komunistickým ZSSR je neprirodzená a sleduje protichodné politické ciele, čo by malo viesť k jej rozpadu. Nechápal však, že dokiaľ bude žiť a bude na slobode, táto podivuhodná koalícia bude držať pohromade. [ 18 ] V septembri 1944 Hitler prikázal pripraviť ofenzívu v Ardenách , ktorá naplánovaná na december mala dosiahnuť Antverpy a oddeliť od seba anglické a americko-kanadské vojská. Tento veľmi nerealistický plán zahrňoval aj neekonomické presuny vojsk z východného frontu, kde práve prebiehali boje o Budapešť a Sovieti navyše pripravovali útok z Poľska , ktorý urýchlene začali na žiadosť spojencov. Na jeho konci sa Sovietske jednotky nachádzali na Odre , menej než 100 km od Berlína. 19. marca 1945 Hitler vydal rozkaz na likvidáciu infraštruktúry oblastí, ktoré mali padnúť do rúk nepriateľa. Nacisti následne začali viesť taktiku spálenej zeme aj na vlastnom území. V prípade, že by boli tieto rozkazy splnené v plnej miere , tisíce Nemcov by zahynuli na následky hladu a chorôb bez strechy nad hlavou. Smrť v bunkri [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Posledné týždne svojho života strávil v bunkri v Berlíne . Išlo o bunker budovy starého ríšskeho kancelárstva na Wilhelmstraße, ktorý Adolf Hitler používal ako svoju hlavnú súkromnú rezidenciu v Berlíne a preto je bunker označovaný ako Führerbunker . Hitlerov zdravotný stav sa ku koncu vojny zhoršoval (pravdepodobne Parkinsonova choroba ). Najmä po 20. apríli 1945, kedy sa Berlín dostal po prvýkrát pod paľbu sovietskeho delostrelectva, bol Hitler výrazne otupený s prerušovanými záchvatmi zúrivosti [ 19 ] . 20. apríla, v deň svojich 56. narodenín, Hitler uskutočnil svoju poslednú cestu mimo bunker. V delostrelectvom a bombami zničenej záhrade Ríšskeho kancelárstva vyznamenal Železným krížom chlapcov z Hitlerjugendu . V nasledujúcich dňoch sovietske vojská postupne Berlín obkľúčili. Napriek vojensky absolútne beznádejnej situácii Hitler dúfal, že sa jednotky Waffen SS generála Steinera prebojujú zo severu k mestu, zatiaľ čo jednotky 8. armády sa k mestu dostanú z juhu, čím narušia sovietske obchvatné operácie. Vzhľadom na celkovú sovietsku prevahu a dynamiku ich postupu to boli úplne nereálne predstavy. Správa o Hitlerovej smrti v Stars and Stripes Keď sa 22. apríla na vojenskej porade Hitler dozvedel od príslušníkov štábu o tom, že nemecký protiútok sa ani nikdy nemohol začať a naopak nemecké jednotky boli na všetkých úsekoch zatlačené späť a Sovietom sa podarilo preniknúť do mesta, vyzval všetkých okrem Keitela , Jodla , Krebsa a Burgdorfa , aby opustili miestnosť a v hysterickom záchvate obvinil generálov zo zrady a nekompetentnosti, pri čom po prvýkrát priznal, že vojna je prehratá. Následne vyhlásil, že zostane v Berlíne až do konca a spácha samovraždu. 23. apríla Göring v telegrame z Berchtesgadenu v Bavorsku oznámil, že ak je Hitler obkľúčený v Berlíne, mal by byť poverený vedením Nemecka on, a oznámil tiež, že dáva ultimátum, po ktorom bude považovať Hitlera za neschopného riadiť vojenské operácie. Hitler následne nariadil Göringa zatknúť a neskôr ho vo svojej poslednej vôli pozbavil akejkoľvek funkcie. 28. apríla Hitler zistil, že Himmler sa pokúšal viesť so západnými spojencami vyjednávania o kapitulácii. Následne nariadil Himmlera zatknúť a zastreliť a popraviť aj Himmlerovho adjutanta a styčného dôstojníka SS pri hlavnom stane (Führerhauptquartier) Hermana Fegeleina (manžela sestry Hitlerovej milenky Braunovej ). 29. apríla sa zosobášil s Evou Braunovou . V priebehu tohto dňa Hitler zistil, že Mussolini bol popravený. Opustil svadobnú recepciu, aby spolu so sekretárkou pripravil poslednú vôľu a tzv. politický testament , v ktorom okrem iného z neúspechu vo vojne obvinil Židov a Nemcov, ktorí zlyhali pri plnení jeho plánov. 30. apríla 1945, len dva dni pred dobytím bunkru, spáchal Hitler samovraždu so svojou manželkou. Prehryzol kyanidovú tabletku (cyankáli) a potom sa zastrelil do hlavy pištoľou Walther 7,65. Deň predtým, než spáchal samovraždu, otrávil svojho psa, nemeckého ovčiaka Blondi . Hitlerove telesné pozostatky jeho služobníctvo a strážcovia poliali benzínom a čiastočne spálili v kráteri pred bunkrom, následne ho tam i pochovali spolu s manželkou a psom. V tom čase sa ešte v bunkri ukrývali okrem služobníctva a strážcov aj jeho osobný tajomník Martin Bohrman a minister Joseph Goebbels s manželkou a ich 6 detí. Goebbels s manželkou a deťmi zomreli 1. mája 1945. V noci z 1. na 2. mája aj všetci ostatní opustili bunker a 2. mája skončil Wehrmacht boje v Berlíne a bunker bol obsadený červenou armádou. Krátko po konci vojny boli jeho telesné pozostatky exhumované zvláštnou sovietskou jednotkou SMERŠ . Časť lebky so stopami po guľke a čeľusť , ktorú jednoznačne identifikoval Hitlerov osobný zubár, sa dodnes nachádza v štátnom archíve ( GARF ) pod dozorom KGB (dnešné FSB ) v Moskve . Zvyšok pozostatkov bol zničený pri meste Schönebeck a rozprášený do blízkej rieky v roku 1970 . [ 20 ] V roku 2017 francúzski výskumníci porovnali pozostatky z Moskvy so sovietskou pitevnou správou, röntgenovými a zubnými záznamami a historickými údajmi. Konštatovali, že úlomok lebky sa zhodoval s röntgenovým záznamom Hitlera, ktorý vznikol rok pred jeho smrťou a zistenia o zuboch boli tiež v súlade so samovraždou. Pozostatky sú teda Hitlerove. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Hitler spáchal samovraždu, aby sa vyhol Norimberskému procesu . Jeho zodpovednosť za zločiny nacistického Nemecka však bola potvrdená radom výpovedí na tomto súde. Pretože Stalin a Žukov , napriek existujúcim dôkazom, zatajovali Spojencom Hitlerovu smrť, vzniklo viacero konšpiračných teórií , z ktorých najznámejšia je, že Hitler sa preplavil ponorkou U-530 do argentínskeho prístavu Mar del Plata . [ 23 ] Ponorka sa tam skutočne vynorila 10. júla 1945 a vyvolala veľký rozruch, pretože to bolo až dva mesiace po kapitulácii Nemecka. Fámu rozširoval tam žijúci Maďar Ladislao Szabo [ 24 ] [ 23 ] , ktorého citoval najprv miestny denník La Critica a 17. a 18. júla 1945 sa táto fáma dostala až do hlavných médií v USA . Život Hitlerova kniha Mein Kampf ( slov. Môj boj ) je podľa mnohých názorov veľmi zlým prameňom pre opis Hitlerovho života. [ 4 ] Obsahuje výrazne tendenčne podané spomienky na jeho celý dovtedajší život a jej hlavným posolstvom je šíriť vieru, že práve on je tým vyvoleným, ktorý má za úlohu od „božskej prozreteľnosti“ doviesť Nemecko opäť na „výslnie moci a cti“. Sám Hitler za života prísne zatajoval svoj pôvod. Nechal dokonca v roku 1938 zrovnať so zemou rodné dediny svojich rodičov a starých rodičov v Dolnom Rakúsku (pri Česku ) . Dôvodom môže byť Hitlerov nevyjasnený pôvod spojený s incestom (jeho matka bola zároveň neter jeho otca). Keďže si Hitler nebol istý, kto bol jeho starý otec, pretože jeho otec bol nemanželské dieťa, objavovali sa špekulácie, že práve Hitler ako hlavný reprezentant rasistickej ideológie má za predkov Čechov alebo Židov . Hitler sa stravoval vegetariánsky [ 5 ] , ako dospelý prestal fajčiť a na verejnosti nepil alkohol, napriek tomu trpel viacerými chorobami a pravidelne užíval okrem iného kokaín [ 6 ] a eukodal ( oxykodón ) [ 7 ] . Detstvo [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Rodokmeň Adolfa Hitlera Hitler sa narodil v Braunau am Inn v dnešnom Rakúsku ako štvrté zo šiestich detí (4 zomreli v detskom veku) colníka nemeckého pôvodu Aloisa Hitlera a jeho tretej ženy Kláry [ 3 ] (pôvodom Rakúšanky), ktorá bola zároveň jeho neter. [ 8 ] Hitlerova sestra z tohto manželstva Paula, ktorá sa dožila dospelosti, bola od neho mladšia o 8 rokov. Deti Aloisa z druhého manželstva (Alois junior a Angela) [ 8 ] žili po smrti jeho druhej ženy tiež v ich domácnosti. Detstvo Hitler sa narodil v Braunau am Inn v dnešnom Rakúsku ako štvrté zo šiestich detí (4 zomreli v detskom veku) colníka nemeckého pôvodu Aloisa Hitlera a jeho tretej ženy Kláry [ 3 ] (pôvodom Rakúšanky), ktorá bola zároveň jeho neter. [ 8 ] Hitlerova sestra z tohto manželstva Paula, ktorá sa dožila dospelosti, bola od neho mladšia o 8 rokov. Deti Aloisa z druhého manželstva (Alois junior a Angela) [ 8 ] žili po smrti jeho druhej ženy tiež v ich domácnosti. Štúdium [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Kvôli otcovmu povolaniu sa rodina často sťahovala, takže Hitler navštevoval ľudové školy v Passau , Lambachu a Leondingu pri Linzi . Potom študoval na reálnom gymnáziu v Linzi , ale štúdium nedokončil. Podľa niektorých názorov pre absolútnu neschopnosť, ktorá vyvrcholila, keď jeho otec v roku 1903 zomrel a Hitlera nemal viac kto nútiť učiť sa. Od roku 1903 poberal podporu pre polosiroty a od roku 1905 ho finančne podporovala matka a teta, pretože odišiel do Viedne, kde sa pokúšal dostať sa na prestížnu umeleckú školu. V októbri 1907 ho neprijali na Viedenskú umeleckú akadémiu , poradili mu však nech skúsi svoj talent využiť pri štúdiu architektúry . Po tom, čo sa dozvedel, že jeho matke chorej na rakovinu prsníka zostáva len niekoľko týždňov života, vrátil sa koncom roka 1907 do Linzu. V decembri 1907 pochoval matku a zdedil po nej 1000 korún. Pretože sa vydával za študenta, mohol od januára 1908 poberať dôchodok pre siroty vo výške mesačne 25 korún. Na jar 1908 presvedčil rodičov svojho jediného zdokumentovaného priateľa z detstva Augusta Kubizeka aby ho pustili študovať z Linzu na konzervatórium do Viedne. Kubizekovi rodičia boli českého pôvodu a tak Hitler s Kubizekom bývali vo Viedni v podnájme u Češky Marie Zakreys ( Stumpergasse 31 ). V októbri 1908 Kubizeka prijali na Viedenskú umeleckú akadémiu, Hitlera však ani nepripustili k talentovým skúškam. Na jeseň 1908 Kubizek absolvoval 8 týždňovú vojenskú službu v rakúskej armáde. V tomto období sa ich cesty rozišli. Hitler si požičal od svojej tety Johanny ďalších 924 korún (bez toho, že by sa priznal k neúspechom) a z podnájmu odišiel v novembri 1908 bez toho, aby zanechal odkaz Kubizekovi. Živil sa príležitostnými zamestnaniami a privyrábal si predajom obrázkov a pohľadníc pozoruhodností Viedne, ktoré sám maľoval väčšinou podľa fotografií. Striedal miesta pobytu, s tým ako mu dochádzali peniaze, býval stále ďalej od centra Viedne. V roku 1909 býval v útulku pre bezdomovcov v Meidlingu a v roku 1910 v mužskej ubytovni na ulici Meldemannstraße . Tu bol v kontakte aj so židovskými obyvateľmi ubytovne, ktorí Hitlerove obrazy predávali. V tomto období mal finančné problémy ako aj problémy s políciou, ktorá mu, napríklad, na základe udania zakázala používať neoprávnený titul akademický maliar . Vo Viedni sa zoznámil s antisemitskými a rasistickými názormi ( Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels , Georg Ritter von Schönerer a pod.). Viac ako o politiku sa však podľa Kubizeka zaujímal o operu, najmä o Richarda Wagnera , skladateľa nemeckých nacionalistických opier. Jeho najobľúbenejšia opera bola Rienzi, der letzte der Tribunen (Rienzi, posledný tribún) o stredovekom tribúnovi, ktorý rečníckym umením získal podporu ľudu. Wagner venoval partitúru tejto opery bavorskému kráľovi a z rodinného archívu vo Wittelsbachu si ju neskôr Hitler jednoducho privlastnil. Dnes je partitúra stratená [ 9 ] . Hitler už ako vrcholný predstaviteľ robil všetko pre to, aby „vygumoval“ svoju minulosť. Po obsadení Rakúska v roku 1938 miesta narodenia svojich rodičov a starých rodičov ( Döllersheim a jeho časť Strones) vyhlásil za uzatvorenú vojenskú oblasť (napríklad bol zničený náhrobný kameň jeho starej matky) a vo Viedni nechal zničiť dokumentáciu o miestach svojho pobytu s tým, že počas "štúdia" býval v honosnej štvrti. V roku 1939 pozval Hitler Kubizeka ako svojho hosťa do Bayreuthu , kde sa usporadúvali Wagnerove hudobné slávnosti . O Kubizekovi sa vyjadril ako o "jedinom Čechovi, ktorý má právo byť priateľom Vodcu". Kubizek sa nezaujímal o politiku a do NSDAP vstúpil až v roku 1942. Prežil vojnu a aj pre svoju známosť s Hitlerom bol zadržiavaný 16 mesiacov po vojne v Camp Marcus W. Orr, kde vypovedal ku svojim vzťahom a dokumentom súvisiacich s Hitlerom. Až po vojne v roku 1953 napísal knihu o svojom priateľovi z mladosti. [ 10 ] Štúdium Kvôli otcovmu povolaniu sa rodina často sťahovala, takže Hitler navštevoval ľudové školy v Passau , Lambachu a Leondingu pri Linzi . Potom študoval na reálnom gymnáziu v Linzi , ale štúdium nedokončil. Podľa niektorých názorov pre absolútnu neschopnosť, ktorá vyvrcholila, keď jeho otec v roku 1903 zomrel a Hitlera nemal viac kto nútiť učiť sa. Od roku 1903 poberal podporu pre polosiroty a od roku 1905 ho finančne podporovala matka a teta, pretože odišiel do Viedne, kde sa pokúšal dostať sa na prestížnu umeleckú školu. V októbri 1907 ho neprijali na Viedenskú umeleckú akadémiu , poradili mu však nech skúsi svoj talent využiť pri štúdiu architektúry . Po tom, čo sa dozvedel, že jeho matke chorej na rakovinu prsníka zostáva len niekoľko týždňov života, vrátil sa koncom roka 1907 do Linzu. V decembri 1907 pochoval matku a zdedil po nej 1000 korún. Pretože sa vydával za študenta, mohol od januára 1908 poberať dôchodok pre siroty vo výške mesačne 25 korún. Na jar 1908 presvedčil rodičov svojho jediného zdokumentovaného priateľa z detstva Augusta Kubizeka aby ho pustili študovať z Linzu na konzervatórium do Viedne. Kubizekovi rodičia boli českého pôvodu a tak Hitler s Kubizekom bývali vo Viedni v podnájme u Češky Marie Zakreys ( Stumpergasse 31 ). V októbri 1908 Kubizeka prijali na Viedenskú umeleckú akadémiu, Hitlera však ani nepripustili k talentovým skúškam. Na jeseň 1908 Kubizek absolvoval 8 týždňovú vojenskú službu v rakúskej armáde. V tomto období sa ich cesty rozišli. Hitler si požičal od svojej tety Johanny ďalších 924 korún (bez toho, že by sa priznal k neúspechom) a z podnájmu odišiel v novembri 1908 bez toho, aby zanechal odkaz Kubizekovi. Živil sa príležitostnými zamestnaniami a privyrábal si predajom obrázkov a pohľadníc pozoruhodností Viedne, ktoré sám maľoval väčšinou podľa fotografií. Striedal miesta pobytu, s tým ako mu dochádzali peniaze, býval stále ďalej od centra Viedne. V roku 1909 býval v útulku pre bezdomovcov v Meidlingu a v roku 1910 v mužskej ubytovni na ulici Meldemannstraße . Tu bol v kontakte aj so židovskými obyvateľmi ubytovne, ktorí Hitlerove obrazy predávali. V tomto období mal finančné problémy ako aj problémy s políciou, ktorá mu, napríklad, na základe udania zakázala používať neoprávnený titul akademický maliar . Vo Viedni sa zoznámil s antisemitskými a rasistickými názormi ( Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels , Georg Ritter von Schönerer a pod.). Viac ako o politiku sa však podľa Kubizeka zaujímal o operu, najmä o Richarda Wagnera , skladateľa nemeckých nacionalistických opier. Jeho najobľúbenejšia opera bola Rienzi, der letzte der Tribunen (Rienzi, posledný tribún) o stredovekom tribúnovi, ktorý rečníckym umením získal podporu ľudu. Wagner venoval partitúru tejto opery bavorskému kráľovi a z rodinného archívu vo Wittelsbachu si ju neskôr Hitler jednoducho privlastnil. Dnes je partitúra stratená [ 9 ] . Hitler už ako vrcholný predstaviteľ robil všetko pre to, aby „vygumoval“ svoju minulosť. Po obsadení Rakúska v roku 1938 miesta narodenia svojich rodičov a starých rodičov ( Döllersheim a jeho časť Strones) vyhlásil za uzatvorenú vojenskú oblasť (napríklad bol zničený náhrobný kameň jeho starej matky) a vo Viedni nechal zničiť dokumentáciu o miestach svojho pobytu s tým, že počas "štúdia" býval v honosnej štvrti. V roku 1939 pozval Hitler Kubizeka ako svojho hosťa do Bayreuthu , kde sa usporadúvali Wagnerove hudobné slávnosti . O Kubizekovi sa vyjadril ako o "jedinom Čechovi, ktorý má právo byť priateľom Vodcu". Kubizek sa nezaujímal o politiku a do NSDAP vstúpil až v roku 1942. Prežil vojnu a aj pre svoju známosť s Hitlerom bol zadržiavaný 16 mesiacov po vojne v Camp Marcus W. Orr, kde vypovedal ku svojim vzťahom a dokumentom súvisiacich s Hitlerom. Až po vojne v roku 1953 napísal knihu o svojom priateľovi z mladosti. [ 10 ] Prvá svetová vojna [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler (úplne vľavo) so svojimi spolubojovníkmi počas prvej svetovej vojny Po tom, čo mu v roku 1913 vyplatili dedičstvo po otcovi (820 korún), presťahoval sa do nemeckého Mníchova . [ 3 ] Dôvodom bola snaha naďalej sa vyhýbať rakúskej vojenskej službe ako aj jeho "znechutenie" z rakúsko-uhorského mnohonárodnostného štátu a multikultúrnej Viedne. No už v roku 1914 sa prihlásil ako dobrovoľník k 16. bavorskému pluku a nastúpil na front prvej svetovej vojny . [ 3 ] Skoro celú vojnu strávil ako pešia spojka na západnom fronte . Dostal rad Železného kríža II. triedy (1914) za nešpecifikované zásluhy. Po zranení nohy v roku 1916 na čas prerušil službu, ale na front sa opäť vrátil v marci 1917 a potom (roku 1918 ) dostal aj vyznamenanie Železný kríž I. triedy na návrh židovského plukovného adjutanta ( regimentsadjutanta) Huga Gutmanna . Jeho spolubojovníci ho nenávideli za jeho nekritickú poslušnosť voči dôstojníkom. Krátko pred koncom vojny, 15. októbra 1918, po plynovom útoku dočasne oslepol a dostal sa do lazaretu v Pasewalku v Dolnom Pomoransku . Ošetrujúci psychiater Hitlera klasifikoval ako psychopata , úplne nevhodného zastávať vedúce funkcie. Keďže ho ako hysterika označil aj Hitlerov nadriadený dôstojník, nie je čudné, že napriek vyznamenaniam nedosiahol vyššiu hodnosť ako tú najnižšiu – slobodník . V lazarete ho v novembri 1918 zastihla správa o porážke Nemecka vo vojne. Podľa novších výskumov bolo oslepnutie asi hysterická reakcia na túto porážku. Hitler, podobne ako ostatní nemeckí nacionalisti, rád uveril konšpiračnej teórii šírenej najprv najvyšším vedením armády, ktorá tvrdila, že nemecká armáda "nebola porazená na bojisku" ale odnárodnení civilisti jej "pichli nôž do chrbta". Mysleli sa tým vodcovia sociálnych a demokratických strán ( Sociálnodemokratická strana Nemecka , Spartakovci ), ktorí viedli revolúciu, ktorá 9. novembra 1918 viedla k abdikácii cisára. Nemeckí antisemiti zároveň spájali „vnútorných“ a „vonkajších nepriateľov Ríše“ s „medzinárodným židovstvom “. 9. novembra 1918 vznikla Weimarská republika , ktorej predstavitelia 28. júna 1919 podpísali v Paríži Versaillskú zmluvu . Na jej základe muselo Nemecko okrem iného odstúpiť 13% svojho územia, obmedziť flotilu a ozbrojené sily na 100 000 mužov a platiť vysoké finančné reparácie , ktoré predstavovali 33 000 000 000 $. Prvá svetová vojna Po tom, čo mu v roku 1913 vyplatili dedičstvo po otcovi (820 korún), presťahoval sa do nemeckého Mníchova . [ 3 ] Dôvodom bola snaha naďalej sa vyhýbať rakúskej vojenskej službe ako aj jeho "znechutenie" z rakúsko-uhorského mnohonárodnostného štátu a multikultúrnej Viedne. No už v roku 1914 sa prihlásil ako dobrovoľník k 16. bavorskému pluku a nastúpil na front prvej svetovej vojny . [ 3 ] Skoro celú vojnu strávil ako pešia spojka na západnom fronte . Dostal rad Železného kríža II. triedy (1914) za nešpecifikované zásluhy. Po zranení nohy v roku 1916 na čas prerušil službu, ale na front sa opäť vrátil v marci 1917 a potom (roku 1918 ) dostal aj vyznamenanie Železný kríž I. triedy na návrh židovského plukovného adjutanta ( regimentsadjutanta) Huga Gutmanna . Jeho spolubojovníci ho nenávideli za jeho nekritickú poslušnosť voči dôstojníkom. Krátko pred koncom vojny, 15. októbra 1918, po plynovom útoku dočasne oslepol a dostal sa do lazaretu v Pasewalku v Dolnom Pomoransku . Ošetrujúci psychiater Hitlera klasifikoval ako psychopata , úplne nevhodného zastávať vedúce funkcie. Keďže ho ako hysterika označil aj Hitlerov nadriadený dôstojník, nie je čudné, že napriek vyznamenaniam nedosiahol vyššiu hodnosť ako tú najnižšiu – slobodník . V lazarete ho v novembri 1918 zastihla správa o porážke Nemecka vo vojne. Podľa novších výskumov bolo oslepnutie asi hysterická reakcia na túto porážku. Hitler, podobne ako ostatní nemeckí nacionalisti, rád uveril konšpiračnej teórii šírenej najprv najvyšším vedením armády, ktorá tvrdila, že nemecká armáda "nebola porazená na bojisku" ale odnárodnení civilisti jej "pichli nôž do chrbta". Mysleli sa tým vodcovia sociálnych a demokratických strán ( Sociálnodemokratická strana Nemecka , Spartakovci ), ktorí viedli revolúciu, ktorá 9. novembra 1918 viedla k abdikácii cisára. Nemeckí antisemiti zároveň spájali „vnútorných“ a „vonkajších nepriateľov Ríše“ s „medzinárodným židovstvom “. 9. novembra 1918 vznikla Weimarská republika , ktorej predstavitelia 28. júna 1919 podpísali v Paríži Versaillskú zmluvu . Na jej základe muselo Nemecko okrem iného odstúpiť 13% svojho územia, obmedziť flotilu a ozbrojené sily na 100 000 mužov a platiť vysoké finančné reparácie , ktoré predstavovali 33 000 000 000 $. Vzostup [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Po skončení vojny striedal zamestnania, živil sa hlavne ako dôverník Reichswehru (armáda a námorníctvo) v Mníchove , v Bavorsku , ktoré bolo ako slobodný štát súčasťou Weimarskej republiky . Bola to funkcia spojky medzi armádou a vládou vedenou židovským predsedom vlády Eisnerom , ktorého pohrebu sa Hitler 26. februára 1919 osobne zúčastnil. Za Eisnera bolo Bavorsko deklarované ako ľudový štát ( Volksstaat Bayern ). Eisner, sociálny demokrat, bol zavraždený vo februári 1919, čo viedlo ku komunistickej revolúcii a vzniku Bavorskej republiky rád , ktorá bola vyhlásená 6. apríla 1919. Hitlerov stranícky preukaz DAP s číslom 7, dodatočne upravený, aby sa mohol radiť k najstarším členom. Pôvodne mal číslo 555 – skutočné poradie sa zvyšovalo o 500, aby sa vzbudilo zdanie, že strana je početnejšia. Po vojenskej porážke Bavorskej republiky rád v máji 1919 obviňoval Hitler pred súdom svojich kamarátov z pluku za to, že spolupracovali práve s republikou rád. Potom sa dokázateľne niekoľkokrát stretol s veliteľom oddelenia vyšetrovania (Aufklärungsabteilung) Reichswehru Karlom Mayrom , čo viedlo k domnienkam, že sa stal dôverníkom tajnej služby. Isté je, že v júni a v júli 1919 absolvoval „antiboľševistické školenia“ na mníchovskej univerzite a v septembri 1919 prenikol do Nemeckej robotníckej strany ( Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – DAP ), ktorú sledovali Mayrovi dôverníci ako možný zdroj boľševizmu a spartakizmu . Táto socialisticko , nacionalisticko a xenofóbno - antisemitsky orientovaná strana mala málo členov a tak v októbri 1919 Hitler namiesto donášania sa stal jej 55. straníkom (s Mayrovým súhlasom). Do strany ho prijal predseda Anton Drexler, pretože na zhromaždeniach, konaných väčšinou v krčmách, sa Hitler prejavil ako dobrý rečník, už vtedy so svojou typickou gestikuláciou. Až do 31. marca 1920 bol Hitler zamestnancom armády (Reichswehru). Potom sa stal plateným straníckym rečníkom . V roku 1920 presadil Hitler zmenu názvu strany s prívlastkom národnosocialistická ( Národnosocialistická nemecká robotnícka strana – Nazionalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP ) a spolu s Drexlerom a Gottfriedom Federom spísali 25-bodový program strany. [ 11 ] Hitlerov neskorší osobný tajomník Rudolf Hess , ktorý sa stal členom NSDAP v máji 1920 (členská legitimácia č. 16) bol zároveň členom okultistickej spoločnosti Thule (bájny ostrov, z ktorého vraj vzišla árijská rasa ), ktorá inšpirovala NSDAP použitím svastiky , symbolov runového písma a pod. Kľúčovou postavou prvých rokov NSDAP bol kapitán Ernst Röhm , ktorý pomohol vyzbierať peniaze. [ 11 ] V decembri 1920 kúpila NSDAP od vydavateľstva Franz-Eher-Verlag zadĺžené noviny Völkischer Beobachter (doslova Ľudový pozorovateľ) za 155 000 mariek a postupne získavala vplyv a nových priaznivcov. V roku 1921 sa Hitler zmocnil vedenia strany tým, že v nej zaviedol " vodcovský princíp " a predsedu Drexlera odsunul za čestného predsedu. Teraz už bol známou osobnosťou v Bavorsku , ale mimo neho bol podceňovaný [ 12 ] . Ako vodca nemeckého nacizmu viedol v Mníchove neúspešný takzvaný "pivný", " pivnicový " alebo Hitler- Ludendorffov pokus o puč, pri ktorom 9. novembra 1923 pri prestrelke s políciou zomrelo 16 pučistov a 4 policajti. Hitler sa len zranil pri páde ale udalosť neskôr využil propagandisticky legendou o zastrelených martýroch a krvavej zástave ( Blutfahne ). Po dvoch dňoch bol zaistený a keďže v tom čase súdy v Nemecku boli veľmi mierne voči pravicovému extrémizmu (sudca si dokonca od Hitlera vypočul kritiku, že je Žid), dostal Hitler len 5 rokov vtedy existujúceho tzv. väzenia cti v Landsbergu (kde nebolo treba pracovať a pod. ). Vo väzení diktoval svoju knihu Mein Kampf , ktorá sa pôvodne mala volať Štyri a pol roka boja proti klamstvám, hlúposti a zbabelosti . Odsedel menej ako 9 mesiacov a 20. decembra 1924 bol prepustený za dobré správanie. Po prepustení sa obával, že by mohol byť z Bavorska vyhostený do Rakúska, kde by bol bezvýznamný a v roku 1925 si dal odňať rakúske občianstvo, nemecké však získal až roku 1932 , keď sa zamestnal na Úrade pre kultúru a meranie krajiny v Braunschweigu . Vybavením nemeckého občianstva bola poverená Hitlerova podporovateľka Magda Quandtová (vtedy manželka veľkopodnikateľa Günthera Quandta , neskoršie manželka ministra propagandy Josepha Goebbelsa ). Vo februári 1925 sa NSDAP ako jedinej z extrémistických strán podarilo dosiahnuť zrušenie zákazu svojho pôsobenia, ktoré platilo od puču v novembri 1923 . NSDAP vydávala nové preukazy aj členom iných strán a prevzala a zreorganizovala aj ozbrojené oddiely SA a SS . V rokoch 1924 až 1929 sa nemecká ekonomika vďaka dotáciám zo zahraničia relatívne stabilizovala a vyzeralo to, že Nemecku sa podarí prekonať úpadok spôsobený vojnou. Vo voľbách v máji 1928 získala NSDAP len 2,6 % hlasov (810 127) napriek tomu, že počet členov na konci roka 1928 bol už približne 130 000. Čím horšie sa darilo Nemecku, tým lepšie sa darilo nacistom. [ 11 ] Veľká hospodárska kríza , ktorá začala v roku 1929 aj v Nemecku spôsobila nezamestnanosť a nespokojnosť, ktorá pomohla Hitlerovi a jeho strane dostať sa k moci. 27. marca 1930 sa rozpadla koalícia demokratických strán, ktorá bola základom tzv. Weimarskej republiky . Vo voľbách do Ríšskeho snemu v júli 1932 sa NSDAP s 37,4 % hlasov stala najsilnejšou stranou a prezident Paul von Hindenburg Hitlera 30. januára 1933 menoval ríšskym kancelárom . V roku 1933 bolo nezamestnaných viac ako šesť miliónov Nemcov a životná úroveň dramaticky nízka. Vzostup Po skončení vojny striedal zamestnania, živil sa hlavne ako dôverník Reichswehru (armáda a námorníctvo) v Mníchove , v Bavorsku , ktoré bolo ako slobodný štát súčasťou Weimarskej republiky . Bola to funkcia spojky medzi armádou a vládou vedenou židovským predsedom vlády Eisnerom , ktorého pohrebu sa Hitler 26. februára 1919 osobne zúčastnil. Za Eisnera bolo Bavorsko deklarované ako ľudový štát ( Volksstaat Bayern ). Eisner, sociálny demokrat, bol zavraždený vo februári 1919, čo viedlo ku komunistickej revolúcii a vzniku Bavorskej republiky rád , ktorá bola vyhlásená 6. apríla 1919. Po vojenskej porážke Bavorskej republiky rád v máji 1919 obviňoval Hitler pred súdom svojich kamarátov z pluku za to, že spolupracovali práve s republikou rád. Potom sa dokázateľne niekoľkokrát stretol s veliteľom oddelenia vyšetrovania (Aufklärungsabteilung) Reichswehru Karlom Mayrom , čo viedlo k domnienkam, že sa stal dôverníkom tajnej služby. Isté je, že v júni a v júli 1919 absolvoval „antiboľševistické školenia“ na mníchovskej univerzite a v septembri 1919 prenikol do Nemeckej robotníckej strany ( Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – DAP ), ktorú sledovali Mayrovi dôverníci ako možný zdroj boľševizmu a spartakizmu . Táto socialisticko , nacionalisticko a xenofóbno - antisemitsky orientovaná strana mala málo členov a tak v októbri 1919 Hitler namiesto donášania sa stal jej 55. straníkom (s Mayrovým súhlasom). Do strany ho prijal predseda Anton Drexler, pretože na zhromaždeniach, konaných väčšinou v krčmách, sa Hitler prejavil ako dobrý rečník, už vtedy so svojou typickou gestikuláciou. Až do 31. marca 1920 bol Hitler zamestnancom armády (Reichswehru). Potom sa stal plateným straníckym rečníkom . V roku 1920 presadil Hitler zmenu názvu strany s prívlastkom národnosocialistická ( Národnosocialistická nemecká robotnícka strana – Nazionalsozialistiche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP ) a spolu s Drexlerom a Gottfriedom Federom spísali 25-bodový program strany. [ 11 ] Hitlerov neskorší osobný tajomník Rudolf Hess , ktorý sa stal členom NSDAP v máji 1920 (členská legitimácia č. 16) bol zároveň členom okultistickej spoločnosti Thule (bájny ostrov, z ktorého vraj vzišla árijská rasa ), ktorá inšpirovala NSDAP použitím svastiky , symbolov runového písma a pod. Kľúčovou postavou prvých rokov NSDAP bol kapitán Ernst Röhm , ktorý pomohol vyzbierať peniaze. [ 11 ] V decembri 1920 kúpila NSDAP od vydavateľstva Franz-Eher-Verlag zadĺžené noviny Völkischer Beobachter (doslova Ľudový pozorovateľ) za 155 000 mariek a postupne získavala vplyv a nových priaznivcov. V roku 1921 sa Hitler zmocnil vedenia strany tým, že v nej zaviedol " vodcovský princíp " a predsedu Drexlera odsunul za čestného predsedu. Teraz už bol známou osobnosťou v Bavorsku , ale mimo neho bol podceňovaný [ 12 ] . Ako vodca nemeckého nacizmu viedol v Mníchove neúspešný takzvaný "pivný", " pivnicový " alebo Hitler- Ludendorffov pokus o puč, pri ktorom 9. novembra 1923 pri prestrelke s políciou zomrelo 16 pučistov a 4 policajti. Hitler sa len zranil pri páde ale udalosť neskôr využil propagandisticky legendou o zastrelených martýroch a krvavej zástave ( Blutfahne ). Po dvoch dňoch bol zaistený a keďže v tom čase súdy v Nemecku boli veľmi mierne voči pravicovému extrémizmu (sudca si dokonca od Hitlera vypočul kritiku, že je Žid), dostal Hitler len 5 rokov vtedy existujúceho tzv. väzenia cti v Landsbergu (kde nebolo treba pracovať a pod. ). Vo väzení diktoval svoju knihu Mein Kampf , ktorá sa pôvodne mala volať Štyri a pol roka boja proti klamstvám, hlúposti a zbabelosti . Odsedel menej ako 9 mesiacov a 20. decembra 1924 bol prepustený za dobré správanie. Po prepustení sa obával, že by mohol byť z Bavorska vyhostený do Rakúska, kde by bol bezvýznamný a v roku 1925 si dal odňať rakúske občianstvo, nemecké však získal až roku 1932 , keď sa zamestnal na Úrade pre kultúru a meranie krajiny v Braunschweigu . Vybavením nemeckého občianstva bola poverená Hitlerova podporovateľka Magda Quandtová (vtedy manželka veľkopodnikateľa Günthera Quandta , neskoršie manželka ministra propagandy Josepha Goebbelsa ). Vo februári 1925 sa NSDAP ako jedinej z extrémistických strán podarilo dosiahnuť zrušenie zákazu svojho pôsobenia, ktoré platilo od puču v novembri 1923 . NSDAP vydávala nové preukazy aj členom iných strán a prevzala a zreorganizovala aj ozbrojené oddiely SA a SS . V rokoch 1924 až 1929 sa nemecká ekonomika vďaka dotáciám zo zahraničia relatívne stabilizovala a vyzeralo to, že Nemecku sa podarí prekonať úpadok spôsobený vojnou. Vo voľbách v máji 1928 získala NSDAP len 2,6 % hlasov (810 127) napriek tomu, že počet členov na konci roka 1928 bol už približne 130 000. Čím horšie sa darilo Nemecku, tým lepšie sa darilo nacistom. [ 11 ] Veľká hospodárska kríza , ktorá začala v roku 1929 aj v Nemecku spôsobila nezamestnanosť a nespokojnosť, ktorá pomohla Hitlerovi a jeho strane dostať sa k moci. 27. marca 1930 sa rozpadla koalícia demokratických strán, ktorá bola základom tzv. Weimarskej republiky . Vo voľbách do Ríšskeho snemu v júli 1932 sa NSDAP s 37,4 % hlasov stala najsilnejšou stranou a prezident Paul von Hindenburg Hitlera 30. januára 1933 menoval ríšskym kancelárom . V roku 1933 bolo nezamestnaných viac ako šesť miliónov Nemcov a životná úroveň dramaticky nízka. Nacistický diktátor [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler na prehliadke SA v Norimbergu , november 1935 Po prístupe k moci postupne zaviedol v Nemecku nacistickú diktatúru . Po požiari Ríšskeho snemu 27. februára 1933, z ktorého obvinil komunistov, primäl prezidenta k podpisu dvoch mimoriadnych nariadení Na ochranu národa a štátu a Proti zrade a velezradným činom . Na ich základe boli zrušené občianske práva a slobody, čo neskôr viedlo k zákazu komunistickej strany , fyzickej likvidácii "revolučných kádrov" a antifašistov. Nakoniec jediným odsúdeným za požiar bol Holanďan Marinus van der Lubbe . Obvinený Georgi Dimitrov , ktorému sa podarilo pred súdom dokázať možnú účasť Göringa na požiari, bol spolu s ostatnými oslobodený. 1. augusta 1934 sa Hitlerovi podarilo presadiť spojenie úradu ríšskeho prezidenta a ríšskeho kancelára, deň nato zomrel prezident Hindenburg . Týmto sa Hitler stal 2. augusta 1934 prakticky neobmedzeným vládcom Nemecka, keď prevzal aj právomoci prezidenta. Sám sebe si kancelár Hitler udelil zákonom titul „vodca“ ( nem. Führer ). Pozícia s plným názvom Führer und Reichskanzler (vodca a ríšsky kancelár) spojila úrady prezidenta a kancelára a v jeho rukách skoncentrovala neobmedzenú moc. Hitler a nacisti potláčali akúkoľvek opozíciu. Pre svojich ideologických a „rasových nepriateľov“ prikázal zriadiť koncentračné a vyhladzovacie tábory ešte v polovici 30. rokov . Masové vyhladzovanie a popravy najrôznejších skupín nemeckého i podmaneného obyvateľstva dosiahlo svoj vrchol neskôr počas vojny. Bol iniciátorom rasistickej politiky namierenej najmä proti Židom . V roku 1935 boli s jeho prispením schválené Norimberské zákony , ktoré postihovali „rasovo menejcenné obyvateľstvo“. Medzi iným boli Židia pozbavení občianstva a nesmeli uzatvoriť manželstvo s Árijcami . V noci z 9. na 10. novembra 1938 sa s Hitlerovým súhlasom uskutočnil veľký pogrom proti Židom po celej krajine tzv. krištáľová noc , ktorý nakoniec viedol k ich deportácii do get [ 13 ] . V marci roku 1935 zaviedol v Nemecku všeobecnú brannú povinnosť a začal sa systematicky pripravovať na agresívnu vojnu. Postupne likvidoval jednotlivé ustanovenia Versaillského mieru , obsadil Porýnie nemeckým vojskom. V rokoch 1936 – 1939 aktívne podporoval Franca v španielskej občianskej vojne . Nacistické vydavateľstvo Eher získalo v roku 1939 až 44 % podiel na trhu (ktorý sa potom do roku 1944 zvýšil až na 83%). Nacistický denník Völkischer Beobachter v 40 miliónovom Nemecku dosahoval miliónové náklady (v roku 1941 mal 1 200 000 výtlačkov). Pomocou zastrašovania domnelých aj skutočných nepriateľov ozbrojenými oddielmi a tajnou políciou Gestapo (vedených Himmlerom ) ako aj propagandou (v roku 1941 zamestnávalo Goebbelsovo ministerstvo propagandy 60 000 ľudí a okrem tlače ovládlo aj film) sa podarilo Hitlerovi a jeho spolupracovníkom sfanatizovať Nemcov nacizmom a v záujme cieľu získať "životný priestor" „tisícročnej nemeckej ríše" vybudovať diktatúru , ktorá hnala sfanatizovaných občanov do vojny. Nacistický diktátor Po prístupe k moci postupne zaviedol v Nemecku nacistickú diktatúru . Po požiari Ríšskeho snemu 27. februára 1933, z ktorého obvinil komunistov, primäl prezidenta k podpisu dvoch mimoriadnych nariadení Na ochranu národa a štátu a Proti zrade a velezradným činom . Na ich základe boli zrušené občianske práva a slobody, čo neskôr viedlo k zákazu komunistickej strany , fyzickej likvidácii "revolučných kádrov" a antifašistov. Nakoniec jediným odsúdeným za požiar bol Holanďan Marinus van der Lubbe . Obvinený Georgi Dimitrov , ktorému sa podarilo pred súdom dokázať možnú účasť Göringa na požiari, bol spolu s ostatnými oslobodený. 1. augusta 1934 sa Hitlerovi podarilo presadiť spojenie úradu ríšskeho prezidenta a ríšskeho kancelára, deň nato zomrel prezident Hindenburg . Týmto sa Hitler stal 2. augusta 1934 prakticky neobmedzeným vládcom Nemecka, keď prevzal aj právomoci prezidenta. Sám sebe si kancelár Hitler udelil zákonom titul „vodca“ ( nem. Führer ). Pozícia s plným názvom Führer und Reichskanzler (vodca a ríšsky kancelár) spojila úrady prezidenta a kancelára a v jeho rukách skoncentrovala neobmedzenú moc. Hitler a nacisti potláčali akúkoľvek opozíciu. Pre svojich ideologických a „rasových nepriateľov“ prikázal zriadiť koncentračné a vyhladzovacie tábory ešte v polovici 30. rokov . Masové vyhladzovanie a popravy najrôznejších skupín nemeckého i podmaneného obyvateľstva dosiahlo svoj vrchol neskôr počas vojny. Bol iniciátorom rasistickej politiky namierenej najmä proti Židom . V roku 1935 boli s jeho prispením schválené Norimberské zákony , ktoré postihovali „rasovo menejcenné obyvateľstvo“. Medzi iným boli Židia pozbavení občianstva a nesmeli uzatvoriť manželstvo s Árijcami . V noci z 9. na 10. novembra 1938 sa s Hitlerovým súhlasom uskutočnil veľký pogrom proti Židom po celej krajine tzv. krištáľová noc , ktorý nakoniec viedol k ich deportácii do get [ 13 ] . V marci roku 1935 zaviedol v Nemecku všeobecnú brannú povinnosť a začal sa systematicky pripravovať na agresívnu vojnu. Postupne likvidoval jednotlivé ustanovenia Versaillského mieru , obsadil Porýnie nemeckým vojskom. V rokoch 1936 – 1939 aktívne podporoval Franca v španielskej občianskej vojne . Nacistické vydavateľstvo Eher získalo v roku 1939 až 44 % podiel na trhu (ktorý sa potom do roku 1944 zvýšil až na 83%). Nacistický denník Völkischer Beobachter v 40 miliónovom Nemecku dosahoval miliónové náklady (v roku 1941 mal 1 200 000 výtlačkov). Pomocou zastrašovania domnelých aj skutočných nepriateľov ozbrojenými oddielmi a tajnou políciou Gestapo (vedených Himmlerom ) ako aj propagandou (v roku 1941 zamestnávalo Goebbelsovo ministerstvo propagandy 60 000 ľudí a okrem tlače ovládlo aj film) sa podarilo Hitlerovi a jeho spolupracovníkom sfanatizovať Nemcov nacizmom a v záujme cieľu získať "životný priestor" „tisícročnej nemeckej ríše" vybudovať diktatúru , ktorá hnala sfanatizovaných občanov do vojny. Predohra k vojne [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] V roku 1938 anšlusom pripojil k Nemecku Rakúsko , čím opäť porušil jeden z bodov Versaillskej zmluvy . So súhlasom nedôrazných predstaviteľov Francúzska a Spojeného kráľovstva postupne likvidoval aj samostatnosť Česko-Slovenska . Za formálnej pomoci Talianska , 30. septembra 1938 uzavrelo Nemecko s predstaviteľmi Francúzska a Británie Mníchovskú dohodu , čím pozbavilo Československú republiku Sudet , resp. západných pohraničných území obývaných z viac než polovice nemeckým obyvateľstvom [ 14 ] . Zmluva fakticky pozbavila Česko-Slovensko možnosti efektívne sa brániť nemeckej agresii, keďže Nemcami zabraté územie zahŕňalo väčšinu novovybudovaných česko-slovenských pohraničných opevnení . Hitler ďalej oslabil Česko-Slovensko aj prípravou viedenského diktátu , ktorým 2. novembra 1938 prinútil krajinu odovzdať Maďarsku časť južného Slovenska a celú Podkarpatskú Rus . Situácia viedla v Česko-Slovensku k vnútropolitickej kríze ČSR a umožnila Hitlerovi prebrať kontrolu aj nad zvyškom krajiny. Hitler využil autonomistické tendencie prevládajúce v slovenských politických kruhoch a na jednaní v Berlíne prinútil Jozefa Tisa aby 14. marca 1939 v Bratislave bola vyhlásená samostatnosť Slovenského štátu . Nasledujúceho dňa sa v Berlíne vyhrážal prezidentovi okliešteného Česka, že na zvyšok krajiny zaútočí a bude bombardovať Prahu, čím Emila Háchu prinútil k podpisu dokumentov, ktoré v nasledujúcich dňoch viedli k vyhláseniu protektorátu Böhmen und Mähren . Likvidáciou Česko-Slovenskej republiky – posledného demokratického štátu v Strednej Európe zostával Hitlerovi na východných hraniciach Nemecka už len jeden nepohodlný sused – Poľsko . Agresívnou politikou územných požiadaviek eskaloval napätie medzi Nemeckom a Poľskom . Útoku na Poľsko predchádzala veľmi dôležitá diplomatická hra. Hitler, ktorý sa obával vojny na dvoch frontoch (západe a východe) využil nerozhodnosť západných demokratických krajín. Tie videli v Hitlerovom nacistickom Nemecku nezmieriteľného ideologického nepriateľa komunistického Sovietskeho zväzu a očakávali, že Hitlerova expanzia bude smerovať naň. Sovietske návrhy na "kolektívnu bezpečnosť" zostali nevypočuté a tak Stalin uprednostnil uzavretie dohody priamo s Hitlerom, dúfajúc že využije vzniknutý čas na prípravu krajiny na vojnu [ 15 ] . 23. augusta 1939 podpísali v Moskve nemecký a sovietsky minister zahraničných vecí von Ribbentrop a Molotov pakt o neútočení , ktorý obsahoval dohodu o delení Poľska. V rozpútaní novej veľkej vojny v Európe tak Hitlerovi už nič nestálo v ceste. Predohra k vojne V roku 1938 anšlusom pripojil k Nemecku Rakúsko , čím opäť porušil jeden z bodov Versaillskej zmluvy . So súhlasom nedôrazných predstaviteľov Francúzska a Spojeného kráľovstva postupne likvidoval aj samostatnosť Česko-Slovenska . Za formálnej pomoci Talianska , 30. septembra 1938 uzavrelo Nemecko s predstaviteľmi Francúzska a Británie Mníchovskú dohodu , čím pozbavilo Československú republiku Sudet , resp. západných pohraničných území obývaných z viac než polovice nemeckým obyvateľstvom [ 14 ] . Zmluva fakticky pozbavila Česko-Slovensko možnosti efektívne sa brániť nemeckej agresii, keďže Nemcami zabraté územie zahŕňalo väčšinu novovybudovaných česko-slovenských pohraničných opevnení . Hitler ďalej oslabil Česko-Slovensko aj prípravou viedenského diktátu , ktorým 2. novembra 1938 prinútil krajinu odovzdať Maďarsku časť južného Slovenska a celú Podkarpatskú Rus . Situácia viedla v Česko-Slovensku k vnútropolitickej kríze ČSR a umožnila Hitlerovi prebrať kontrolu aj nad zvyškom krajiny. Hitler využil autonomistické tendencie prevládajúce v slovenských politických kruhoch a na jednaní v Berlíne prinútil Jozefa Tisa aby 14. marca 1939 v Bratislave bola vyhlásená samostatnosť Slovenského štátu . Nasledujúceho dňa sa v Berlíne vyhrážal prezidentovi okliešteného Česka, že na zvyšok krajiny zaútočí a bude bombardovať Prahu, čím Emila Háchu prinútil k podpisu dokumentov, ktoré v nasledujúcich dňoch viedli k vyhláseniu protektorátu Böhmen und Mähren . Likvidáciou Česko-Slovenskej republiky – posledného demokratického štátu v Strednej Európe zostával Hitlerovi na východných hraniciach Nemecka už len jeden nepohodlný sused – Poľsko . Agresívnou politikou územných požiadaviek eskaloval napätie medzi Nemeckom a Poľskom . Útoku na Poľsko predchádzala veľmi dôležitá diplomatická hra. Hitler, ktorý sa obával vojny na dvoch frontoch (západe a východe) využil nerozhodnosť západných demokratických krajín. Tie videli v Hitlerovom nacistickom Nemecku nezmieriteľného ideologického nepriateľa komunistického Sovietskeho zväzu a očakávali, že Hitlerova expanzia bude smerovať naň. Sovietske návrhy na "kolektívnu bezpečnosť" zostali nevypočuté a tak Stalin uprednostnil uzavretie dohody priamo s Hitlerom, dúfajúc že využije vzniknutý čas na prípravu krajiny na vojnu [ 15 ] . 23. augusta 1939 podpísali v Moskve nemecký a sovietsky minister zahraničných vecí von Ribbentrop a Molotov pakt o neútočení , ktorý obsahoval dohodu o delení Poľska. V rozpútaní novej veľkej vojny v Európe tak Hitlerovi už nič nestálo v ceste. Druhá svetová vojna [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Bližšie informácie v článkoch : druhá svetová vojna a Poľská obranná vojna (1939) Hitler v Poľsku s Bormannom, Rommelom a von Reichenauom Hitler sa pri útoku na svojho východného suseda spoliehal na viacero faktorov, jednak na to, že Poľsko rýchlo porazí za pomoci Sovietskeho zväzu, ktorému prenechal východnú časť krajiny a tiež na to, že západní Spojenci – Francúzsko a Británia nezaútočia na Nemecko zo západu dosť rýchlo a dôrazne. Útok na Poľsko s krycím označením Fall Weiss pre Hitlera po vojenskej stránke pripravil generálny štáb na čele s generálom Halderom a vrchným veliteľom armády generálom Brauchitschom , ktorý velil útoku. Pre ospravedlnenie vpádu do Poľska bol v predvečer vojny zinscenovaný Gliwický incident , ktorý bol len jedným z radu pohraničných incidentov. 1. septembra 1939 nemecké vojská bez vyhlásenia vojny napadli Poľsko . V Európe sa začala druhá svetová vojna . Nemecké jednotky taktikou bleskovej vojny rýchlo prenikali zo západu z Nemecka, z juhu zo Sliezska a Slovenska ako aj zo severu z Východného Pruska . Poliaci sa čoskoro ocitli v ťažkej situácii, ale po tom, čo 17. septembra 1939 zaútočili aj sovietske vojská z východu, poľská obrana celkom skolabovala. V beznádejnej situácii im nepomohlo ani to, že Francúzsko a Spojené kráľovstvo 3. septembra 1939 vyhlásili Nemecku vojnu. Západní Spojenci prakticky po celú dobu od jesene 1939 až do jari 1940 neviedli na francúzsko-nemeckej hranici žiadnu významnú bojovú činnosť a to aj napriek tomu, že na západe Nemecka boli iba minimálne vojenské sily. Toto obdobie pokoja na západnom fronte je známe ako čudná vojna . Druhá svetová vojna Hitler sa pri útoku na svojho východného suseda spoliehal na viacero faktorov, jednak na to, že Poľsko rýchlo porazí za pomoci Sovietskeho zväzu, ktorému prenechal východnú časť krajiny a tiež na to, že západní Spojenci – Francúzsko a Británia nezaútočia na Nemecko zo západu dosť rýchlo a dôrazne. Útok na Poľsko s krycím označením Fall Weiss pre Hitlera po vojenskej stránke pripravil generálny štáb na čele s generálom Halderom a vrchným veliteľom armády generálom Brauchitschom , ktorý velil útoku. Pre ospravedlnenie vpádu do Poľska bol v predvečer vojny zinscenovaný Gliwický incident , ktorý bol len jedným z radu pohraničných incidentov. 1. septembra 1939 nemecké vojská bez vyhlásenia vojny napadli Poľsko . V Európe sa začala druhá svetová vojna . Nemecké jednotky taktikou bleskovej vojny rýchlo prenikali zo západu z Nemecka, z juhu zo Sliezska a Slovenska ako aj zo severu z Východného Pruska . Poliaci sa čoskoro ocitli v ťažkej situácii, ale po tom, čo 17. septembra 1939 zaútočili aj sovietske vojská z východu, poľská obrana celkom skolabovala. V beznádejnej situácii im nepomohlo ani to, že Francúzsko a Spojené kráľovstvo 3. septembra 1939 vyhlásili Nemecku vojnu. Západní Spojenci prakticky po celú dobu od jesene 1939 až do jari 1940 neviedli na francúzsko-nemeckej hranici žiadnu významnú bojovú činnosť a to aj napriek tomu, že na západe Nemecka boli iba minimálne vojenské sily. Toto obdobie pokoja na západnom fronte je známe ako čudná vojna . Hitler ako veliteľ armády [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler na začiatku vojny prenechával vojenské rozhodnutia na svojich generálov, neskôr však priamo velil jednotkám. Bol hlavným zodpovedným za zločiny nacistického Nemecka počas druhej svetovej vojny . Prvým zásahom do priebehu vojenskej operácie Weserübung (napadnutie Dánska a Nórska v apríli 1940) po vylodení Spojencov bolo jeho nariadenie na ústup nemeckých vojsk z nórskeho Narviku do neutrálneho Švédska , kde by však boli internované. Po zásahu generála Jodla bol však jeho nezmyselný rozkaz zrušený a vojakom prikázané držať pozície, čím v júni 1940 donútili Spojencov k evakuácii z Nórska. Hitler neskôr pri akejkoľvek kríze presadzoval zotrvanie v pôvodných pozíciach. [ 16 ] 10 mája 1940 Hitler zaútočil na Francúzsko keď najprv jeho armády rýchlo dobyli Belgicko , Holandsko a Luxembursko . Priamo Hitler však nariadil 17. a 22. mája zastaviť postup útočného hrotu tankov (Panzertruppe) aby sa doplnili a posilnili pozície na krídlach. 24. mája v rozpore so stanoviskom viacerých generálov rozhodol aby tankový útok nepokračoval na posledné väčšie mesto pri Lamanšskom prielive Dunkerque ale mala ho bombardovať Luftwaffe. Práve vtedy Hitler ako politik prevzal od generálov vedenie vojny. Zastavenie postupu umožnilo evakuovať koncom mája cez kanál do Anglicka počas operácie Dynamo 224 tisíc britských a 112 tisíc francúzskych a belgických vojakov. Počiatočné úspechy a kapitulácia Francúzska presvedčili Hitlerovho hlavného spojenca, talianskeho vodcu Benita Mussoliniho pridať sa aktívne vo vojne k Nemecku. Počas tohto obdobia sa Hitler po abdikácii Waltera von Brauchitscha stal najvyšším veliteľom pozemného vojska. V tejto funkcii potláčal všetkých generálov bývalého generálneho štábu na úkor svojich priaznivcov a verných nacistov . Hitler a Mussolini v okupovanej Juhoslávii 22. júna 1941 Hitler prikázal trojmiliónovému vojsku zaútočiť na Sovietsky zväz , čím porušil pakt neútočenia , ktorý uzavrel spolu so Stalinom pred tromi rokmi. Predpokladal, že sa jeho armáde podarí zničiť ZSSR v priebehu niekoľkých mesiacov ešte pred príchodom zimy. Nemcom sa podarilo preniknúť hlboko do sovietskeho územia, obsadiť pobaltské štáty , Ukrajinu , Bielorusko a veľkú časť západu ZSSR. Hitler bol prvý, kto rozpútal vojnu aj v oblastiach za polárnym kruhom, kde sa predtým vojenské operácie nikdy neviedli. Postupne sa však prejavila nepripravenosť nemeckej armády na extrémne podmienky ZSSR. Nepodarilo sa jej obsadiť Stalingrad (súčasný Volgograd ) a v najdôležitejšom smere útoku boli nemecké vojská zastavené v bitke pred Moskvou v decembri 1941. Pod tlakom Červenej armády niektorí nemeckí velitelia ustúpili o niekoľko 100 km . Tých, ktorí ustúpili, Hitler odvolal. Veril totiž, že práve jeho rozkazy držať pozície za každú cenu a neustupovať sú faktorom, ktorý odvráti nemeckú porážku. [ 17 ] Manstein vo svojich pamätiach (vydaných až po vojne) uvádza niekoľko zaujímavých pohľadov na Hitlera ako vojaka. Napriek kritike jeho nerozhodnosti a nedostatočného vojenského vzdelania odmieta lacnú frázu „slobodník z prvej svetovej vojny“ [ 17 ] , často používanú v súvislosti s jeho vojenskými schopnosťami. Po začatí vojny Hitler v plnej miere uskutočňoval svoje plány na likvidáciu preňho nežiaducich skupín. V januári 1942 sa konala utajovaná konferencia vo Wannsee , kde sa ľudia z Hitlerovho blízkeho okolia vrátane Heydricha (veliteľa Ríšskeho bezpečnostného úradu) dohodli na takzvanom „ konečnom riešení “ židovskej otázky, čo bol nacistický eufemizmus pre systematické vyvraždenie ( genocídu ) všetkých Židov – holokaust . Hitler síce nikdy nepodpísal žiadny písomný rozkaz, ktorý by priamo preukazoval, že išlo o jeho zámer, ale jeho podriadení poznali jeho priania a konali v ich zmysle [ 13 ] . Zásahy do velenia armády [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Na východnom fronte sa v nasledujúcom období rozpútali ťažké boje, ktoré si vyžiadali obrovské množstvo obetí. Hitler vojská na východe riadil z hlavného stanu Werwolf ležiaceho blízko mesta Vinnica na západe Ukrajiny. Hitler s Mannerheimom na východnom fronte vo Fínsku, leto 1942 Jeho zásahy do velenia boli niekedy neodborné a nerozhodné. Pri bojoch v južnej časti ZSSR nemecké vojská nedobyli Kaukaz a navyše sa zaplietli do dlhotrvajúcich a vyčerpávajúcich bojov o Stalingrad , ktoré sa pokúšali obaja diktátori z prestížnych i strategických dôvodov udržať za každú cenu . V dôsledku neuspokojivého tempa postupu odvolal Hitler veliteľa skupiny armád A maršala Lista a týmto jednotkám velil sám. Neskôr výrazne podcenil sovietsku armádu, ktorá najprv porazila krídla 6. armády , rozvrátila nemecký južný front a potom celkom obkľúčila nemecké vojská v okolí Stalingradu . Spočiatku zvažoval evakuáciu tohto vojska, bol však ubezpečený Göringom , že letectvo Luftwaffe zabezpečí dostatočný prísun zásob obkľúčeným jednotkám a preto trval na tom, aby 6. armáda naďalej držala svoje pozície. Zásobovanie však nebolo dostatočné, čo nakoniec vyústilo v kapituláciu a zajatie jej veliteľa maršala Paulusa v januári 1943. Až po tejto porážke pri Stalingrade , nariadil prechod krajiny na vojnový režim, keď 13. januára 1943 vyhlásil prostredníctvom Goebbelsa totálnu mobilizáciu a prechod priemyslu na vojnovú výrobu. Napriek tomu Nemecko Spojencov v ukazovateľoch priemyselnej výroby nedobehlo. Nacistická politika presadzujúca konzervatívne postavenie žien v spoločnosti neumožnila ich efektívnu mobilizáciu ako pracovnej sily pre zvýšenie vojnového úsilia [ 13 ] . Namiesto toho, aby pozemná armáda Heer dopĺňala svoje divízie bojujúce na fronte, uprednostňoval vytváranie nových. Tak krátko po bitke o Stalingrad vznikla napríklad znovu aj 6. armáda (jej základ tvorili príslušníci bývalej 6. armády, ktorí boli evakuovaní, alebo neboli v obkľúčení). To, že nedbal na doplňovanie frontových jednotiek, malo výrazný vplyv na ich opotrebovanie. Nové jednotky museli navyše naberať nové skúsenosti. Hitler neuspel aj v ďalších cieľoch. Jeho armády sa na obsadených územiach správali zločinne, kradli výrobky, kapitál, služby ale aj kultúrne diela a dokonca obyvateľstvo, ktoré najprv verbovali a potom posielali na nútené práce vo svoj vlastný prospech. Nacisti v oblastiach východnej Európy, viedli tvrdú rasistickú politiku spojenú so zločinmi, ktoré zaskočili aj obyvateľstvo, ktoré inak opovrhovalo stalinizmom na vlastnom území. Hitler tak využil protisovietske naladenie časti obyvateľstva iba čiastočne. Systematicky pristúpil k získavaniu spojencov z radov obyvateľstva až v období, kedy jeho armády prestávali byť na frontoch úspešné a začali byť zo sovietskeho územia vytláčané (napr. Vlasovci ). V júni a júli 1943 sústredil jednotky armády a SS k útoku na výbežok frontu pri Kursku . Kurská bitka , do ktorej bez dostatočného uváženia vrhol svoje vojská, nakoniec skončila ťažkými stratami pechoty i tankov. Počas vylodenia spojencov v Normandii v lete 1944 sčasti aj kvôli dezinformácii vedenej spojeneckou rozviedkou, Hitler ignoroval hrozbu a prikázal držať tankové zálohy v blízkosti Cherbourgu a neskôr zase viesť nezmyselný protiútok pri Mortaine , ktorý uväznil v pasci niekoľko desiatok tisíc vojakov a stal sa známy ako obkľúčenie pri Falaise . V tom istom období bola nemecká skupina armád Stred v Bielorusku nečakane napadnutá sovietskymi silami. V priebehu mesiaca utrpeli Nemci straty asi 170 000 mŕtvych a nezvestných vojakov a stredná časť ich frontu sa celkom rozpadla. Hitler ako veliteľ armády Hitler na začiatku vojny prenechával vojenské rozhodnutia na svojich generálov, neskôr však priamo velil jednotkám. Bol hlavným zodpovedným za zločiny nacistického Nemecka počas druhej svetovej vojny . Prvým zásahom do priebehu vojenskej operácie Weserübung (napadnutie Dánska a Nórska v apríli 1940) po vylodení Spojencov bolo jeho nariadenie na ústup nemeckých vojsk z nórskeho Narviku do neutrálneho Švédska , kde by však boli internované. Po zásahu generála Jodla bol však jeho nezmyselný rozkaz zrušený a vojakom prikázané držať pozície, čím v júni 1940 donútili Spojencov k evakuácii z Nórska. Hitler neskôr pri akejkoľvek kríze presadzoval zotrvanie v pôvodných pozíciach. [ 16 ] 10 mája 1940 Hitler zaútočil na Francúzsko keď najprv jeho armády rýchlo dobyli Belgicko , Holandsko a Luxembursko . Priamo Hitler však nariadil 17. a 22. mája zastaviť postup útočného hrotu tankov (Panzertruppe) aby sa doplnili a posilnili pozície na krídlach. 24. mája v rozpore so stanoviskom viacerých generálov rozhodol aby tankový útok nepokračoval na posledné väčšie mesto pri Lamanšskom prielive Dunkerque ale mala ho bombardovať Luftwaffe. Práve vtedy Hitler ako politik prevzal od generálov vedenie vojny. Zastavenie postupu umožnilo evakuovať koncom mája cez kanál do Anglicka počas operácie Dynamo 224 tisíc britských a 112 tisíc francúzskych a belgických vojakov. Počiatočné úspechy a kapitulácia Francúzska presvedčili Hitlerovho hlavného spojenca, talianskeho vodcu Benita Mussoliniho pridať sa aktívne vo vojne k Nemecku. Počas tohto obdobia sa Hitler po abdikácii Waltera von Brauchitscha stal najvyšším veliteľom pozemného vojska. V tejto funkcii potláčal všetkých generálov bývalého generálneho štábu na úkor svojich priaznivcov a verných nacistov . 22. júna 1941 Hitler prikázal trojmiliónovému vojsku zaútočiť na Sovietsky zväz , čím porušil pakt neútočenia , ktorý uzavrel spolu so Stalinom pred tromi rokmi. Predpokladal, že sa jeho armáde podarí zničiť ZSSR v priebehu niekoľkých mesiacov ešte pred príchodom zimy. Nemcom sa podarilo preniknúť hlboko do sovietskeho územia, obsadiť pobaltské štáty , Ukrajinu , Bielorusko a veľkú časť západu ZSSR. Hitler bol prvý, kto rozpútal vojnu aj v oblastiach za polárnym kruhom, kde sa predtým vojenské operácie nikdy neviedli. Postupne sa však prejavila nepripravenosť nemeckej armády na extrémne podmienky ZSSR. Nepodarilo sa jej obsadiť Stalingrad (súčasný Volgograd ) a v najdôležitejšom smere útoku boli nemecké vojská zastavené v bitke pred Moskvou v decembri 1941. Pod tlakom Červenej armády niektorí nemeckí velitelia ustúpili o niekoľko 100 km . Tých, ktorí ustúpili, Hitler odvolal. Veril totiž, že práve jeho rozkazy držať pozície za každú cenu a neustupovať sú faktorom, ktorý odvráti nemeckú porážku. [ 17 ] Manstein vo svojich pamätiach (vydaných až po vojne) uvádza niekoľko zaujímavých pohľadov na Hitlera ako vojaka. Napriek kritike jeho nerozhodnosti a nedostatočného vojenského vzdelania odmieta lacnú frázu „slobodník z prvej svetovej vojny“ [ 17 ] , často používanú v súvislosti s jeho vojenskými schopnosťami. Po začatí vojny Hitler v plnej miere uskutočňoval svoje plány na likvidáciu preňho nežiaducich skupín. V januári 1942 sa konala utajovaná konferencia vo Wannsee , kde sa ľudia z Hitlerovho blízkeho okolia vrátane Heydricha (veliteľa Ríšskeho bezpečnostného úradu) dohodli na takzvanom „ konečnom riešení “ židovskej otázky, čo bol nacistický eufemizmus pre systematické vyvraždenie ( genocídu ) všetkých Židov – holokaust . Hitler síce nikdy nepodpísal žiadny písomný rozkaz, ktorý by priamo preukazoval, že išlo o jeho zámer, ale jeho podriadení poznali jeho priania a konali v ich zmysle [ 13 ] . Zásahy do velenia armády [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Na východnom fronte sa v nasledujúcom období rozpútali ťažké boje, ktoré si vyžiadali obrovské množstvo obetí. Hitler vojská na východe riadil z hlavného stanu Werwolf ležiaceho blízko mesta Vinnica na západe Ukrajiny. Hitler s Mannerheimom na východnom fronte vo Fínsku, leto 1942 Jeho zásahy do velenia boli niekedy neodborné a nerozhodné. Pri bojoch v južnej časti ZSSR nemecké vojská nedobyli Kaukaz a navyše sa zaplietli do dlhotrvajúcich a vyčerpávajúcich bojov o Stalingrad , ktoré sa pokúšali obaja diktátori z prestížnych i strategických dôvodov udržať za každú cenu . V dôsledku neuspokojivého tempa postupu odvolal Hitler veliteľa skupiny armád A maršala Lista a týmto jednotkám velil sám. Neskôr výrazne podcenil sovietsku armádu, ktorá najprv porazila krídla 6. armády , rozvrátila nemecký južný front a potom celkom obkľúčila nemecké vojská v okolí Stalingradu . Spočiatku zvažoval evakuáciu tohto vojska, bol však ubezpečený Göringom , že letectvo Luftwaffe zabezpečí dostatočný prísun zásob obkľúčeným jednotkám a preto trval na tom, aby 6. armáda naďalej držala svoje pozície. Zásobovanie však nebolo dostatočné, čo nakoniec vyústilo v kapituláciu a zajatie jej veliteľa maršala Paulusa v januári 1943. Až po tejto porážke pri Stalingrade , nariadil prechod krajiny na vojnový režim, keď 13. januára 1943 vyhlásil prostredníctvom Goebbelsa totálnu mobilizáciu a prechod priemyslu na vojnovú výrobu. Napriek tomu Nemecko Spojencov v ukazovateľoch priemyselnej výroby nedobehlo. Nacistická politika presadzujúca konzervatívne postavenie žien v spoločnosti neumožnila ich efektívnu mobilizáciu ako pracovnej sily pre zvýšenie vojnového úsilia [ 13 ] . Namiesto toho, aby pozemná armáda Heer dopĺňala svoje divízie bojujúce na fronte, uprednostňoval vytváranie nových. Tak krátko po bitke o Stalingrad vznikla napríklad znovu aj 6. armáda (jej základ tvorili príslušníci bývalej 6. armády, ktorí boli evakuovaní, alebo neboli v obkľúčení). To, že nedbal na doplňovanie frontových jednotiek, malo výrazný vplyv na ich opotrebovanie. Nové jednotky museli navyše naberať nové skúsenosti. Hitler neuspel aj v ďalších cieľoch. Jeho armády sa na obsadených územiach správali zločinne, kradli výrobky, kapitál, služby ale aj kultúrne diela a dokonca obyvateľstvo, ktoré najprv verbovali a potom posielali na nútené práce vo svoj vlastný prospech. Nacisti v oblastiach východnej Európy, viedli tvrdú rasistickú politiku spojenú so zločinmi, ktoré zaskočili aj obyvateľstvo, ktoré inak opovrhovalo stalinizmom na vlastnom území. Hitler tak využil protisovietske naladenie časti obyvateľstva iba čiastočne. Systematicky pristúpil k získavaniu spojencov z radov obyvateľstva až v období, kedy jeho armády prestávali byť na frontoch úspešné a začali byť zo sovietskeho územia vytláčané (napr. Vlasovci ). V júni a júli 1943 sústredil jednotky armády a SS k útoku na výbežok frontu pri Kursku . Kurská bitka , do ktorej bez dostatočného uváženia vrhol svoje vojská, nakoniec skončila ťažkými stratami pechoty i tankov. Počas vylodenia spojencov v Normandii v lete 1944 sčasti aj kvôli dezinformácii vedenej spojeneckou rozviedkou, Hitler ignoroval hrozbu a prikázal držať tankové zálohy v blízkosti Cherbourgu a neskôr zase viesť nezmyselný protiútok pri Mortaine , ktorý uväznil v pasci niekoľko desiatok tisíc vojakov a stal sa známy ako obkľúčenie pri Falaise . V tom istom období bola nemecká skupina armád Stred v Bielorusku nečakane napadnutá sovietskymi silami. V priebehu mesiaca utrpeli Nemci straty asi 170 000 mŕtvych a nezvestných vojakov a stredná časť ich frontu sa celkom rozpadla. Zásahy do velenia armády Na východnom fronte sa v nasledujúcom období rozpútali ťažké boje, ktoré si vyžiadali obrovské množstvo obetí. Hitler vojská na východe riadil z hlavného stanu Werwolf ležiaceho blízko mesta Vinnica na západe Ukrajiny. Jeho zásahy do velenia boli niekedy neodborné a nerozhodné. Pri bojoch v južnej časti ZSSR nemecké vojská nedobyli Kaukaz a navyše sa zaplietli do dlhotrvajúcich a vyčerpávajúcich bojov o Stalingrad , ktoré sa pokúšali obaja diktátori z prestížnych i strategických dôvodov udržať za každú cenu . V dôsledku neuspokojivého tempa postupu odvolal Hitler veliteľa skupiny armád A maršala Lista a týmto jednotkám velil sám. Neskôr výrazne podcenil sovietsku armádu, ktorá najprv porazila krídla 6. armády , rozvrátila nemecký južný front a potom celkom obkľúčila nemecké vojská v okolí Stalingradu . Spočiatku zvažoval evakuáciu tohto vojska, bol však ubezpečený Göringom , že letectvo Luftwaffe zabezpečí dostatočný prísun zásob obkľúčeným jednotkám a preto trval na tom, aby 6. armáda naďalej držala svoje pozície. Zásobovanie však nebolo dostatočné, čo nakoniec vyústilo v kapituláciu a zajatie jej veliteľa maršala Paulusa v januári 1943. Až po tejto porážke pri Stalingrade , nariadil prechod krajiny na vojnový režim, keď 13. januára 1943 vyhlásil prostredníctvom Goebbelsa totálnu mobilizáciu a prechod priemyslu na vojnovú výrobu. Napriek tomu Nemecko Spojencov v ukazovateľoch priemyselnej výroby nedobehlo. Nacistická politika presadzujúca konzervatívne postavenie žien v spoločnosti neumožnila ich efektívnu mobilizáciu ako pracovnej sily pre zvýšenie vojnového úsilia [ 13 ] . Namiesto toho, aby pozemná armáda Heer dopĺňala svoje divízie bojujúce na fronte, uprednostňoval vytváranie nových. Tak krátko po bitke o Stalingrad vznikla napríklad znovu aj 6. armáda (jej základ tvorili príslušníci bývalej 6. armády, ktorí boli evakuovaní, alebo neboli v obkľúčení). To, že nedbal na doplňovanie frontových jednotiek, malo výrazný vplyv na ich opotrebovanie. Nové jednotky museli navyše naberať nové skúsenosti. Hitler neuspel aj v ďalších cieľoch. Jeho armády sa na obsadených územiach správali zločinne, kradli výrobky, kapitál, služby ale aj kultúrne diela a dokonca obyvateľstvo, ktoré najprv verbovali a potom posielali na nútené práce vo svoj vlastný prospech. Nacisti v oblastiach východnej Európy, viedli tvrdú rasistickú politiku spojenú so zločinmi, ktoré zaskočili aj obyvateľstvo, ktoré inak opovrhovalo stalinizmom na vlastnom území. Hitler tak využil protisovietske naladenie časti obyvateľstva iba čiastočne. Systematicky pristúpil k získavaniu spojencov z radov obyvateľstva až v období, kedy jeho armády prestávali byť na frontoch úspešné a začali byť zo sovietskeho územia vytláčané (napr. Vlasovci ). V júni a júli 1943 sústredil jednotky armády a SS k útoku na výbežok frontu pri Kursku . Kurská bitka , do ktorej bez dostatočného uváženia vrhol svoje vojská, nakoniec skončila ťažkými stratami pechoty i tankov. Počas vylodenia spojencov v Normandii v lete 1944 sčasti aj kvôli dezinformácii vedenej spojeneckou rozviedkou, Hitler ignoroval hrozbu a prikázal držať tankové zálohy v blízkosti Cherbourgu a neskôr zase viesť nezmyselný protiútok pri Mortaine , ktorý uväznil v pasci niekoľko desiatok tisíc vojakov a stal sa známy ako obkľúčenie pri Falaise . V tom istom období bola nemecká skupina armád Stred v Bielorusku nečakane napadnutá sovietskymi silami. V priebehu mesiaca utrpeli Nemci straty asi 170 000 mŕtvych a nezvestných vojakov a stredná časť ich frontu sa celkom rozpadla. Atentát 20. júla 1944 [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Hitler pri návšteve zbombardovaného mesta v roku 1944 Bližšie informácie v hlavnom článku : Stauffenbergov pokus o prevrat Po úspechu spojeneckej operácie Overlord , ako aj porážky pri bojoch v Bielorusku vzrástlo medzi mnohými dôstojníkmi nemeckej armády odhodlanie Hitlera zlikvidovať. Práve v tomto období, keď boli pozície Tretej ríše otrasené, pre to bola najvhodnejšia doba. 20. júla 1944 naňho uskutočnil Claus von Stauffenberg v sídle štábu Wolfsschanze vo Východnom Prusku bombový atentát, ktorý sa však nepodaril. Diktátor bol len ľahko zranený. Hitler túto opozíciu príslušníkov generálneho štábu kruto potrestal. Ludwig Beck , jeden z vodcov sprisahania, ktorý mal nahradiť Hitlera do doby než bude ustanovená legitímna vláda, samotný von Stauffenberg ,ako aj ďalší medzi nimi mnohí poľní maršali boli popravení. Populárneho Rommela , o ktorom bol Hitler presvedčený, že bol súčasťou príprav atentátu, prinútil spáchať samovraždu. Na Hitlera bolo spáchaných ešte niekoľko atentátov, ktoré boli všetky neúspešné. Hitler tieto prežité atentáty považoval za znamenia osudu a tvrdil o sebe, že bol povolaný Bohom. Po atentáte poslal lietadlom svoju zakrvavenú bundu uniformy svojej milenke. Atentát 20. júla 1944 Po úspechu spojeneckej operácie Overlord , ako aj porážky pri bojoch v Bielorusku vzrástlo medzi mnohými dôstojníkmi nemeckej armády odhodlanie Hitlera zlikvidovať. Práve v tomto období, keď boli pozície Tretej ríše otrasené, pre to bola najvhodnejšia doba. 20. júla 1944 naňho uskutočnil Claus von Stauffenberg v sídle štábu Wolfsschanze vo Východnom Prusku bombový atentát, ktorý sa však nepodaril. Diktátor bol len ľahko zranený. Hitler túto opozíciu príslušníkov generálneho štábu kruto potrestal. Ludwig Beck , jeden z vodcov sprisahania, ktorý mal nahradiť Hitlera do doby než bude ustanovená legitímna vláda, samotný von Stauffenberg ,ako aj ďalší medzi nimi mnohí poľní maršali boli popravení. Populárneho Rommela , o ktorom bol Hitler presvedčený, že bol súčasťou príprav atentátu, prinútil spáchať samovraždu. Na Hitlera bolo spáchaných ešte niekoľko atentátov, ktoré boli všetky neúspešné. Hitler tieto prežité atentáty považoval za znamenia osudu a tvrdil o sebe, že bol povolaný Bohom. Po atentáte poslal lietadlom svoju zakrvavenú bundu uniformy svojej milenke. Posledné boje [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Od konca roku 1944 žil Hitler vo svojom Ríšskom kancelárstve v Berlíne, ktoré malo vo dvore protilietadlový kryt, vybudovaný špeciálne pre neho (nemecky Führerbunker). Bojové operácie v tej dobe riadil len z máp. Jeho nádeje na uzavretie separátneho mieru so západnými Spojencami sa miešali s vierou v použitie moderných zbraní ako boli balistické rakety V2 , nových typov lietadiel napr. Messerschmitt Me 262 alebo tankov napr. Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger II . Rovnako veril, že aliancia západných demokracií so Stalinovým komunistickým ZSSR je neprirodzená a sleduje protichodné politické ciele, čo by malo viesť k jej rozpadu. Nechápal však, že dokiaľ bude žiť a bude na slobode, táto podivuhodná koalícia bude držať pohromade. [ 18 ] V septembri 1944 Hitler prikázal pripraviť ofenzívu v Ardenách , ktorá naplánovaná na december mala dosiahnuť Antverpy a oddeliť od seba anglické a americko-kanadské vojská. Tento veľmi nerealistický plán zahrňoval aj neekonomické presuny vojsk z východného frontu, kde práve prebiehali boje o Budapešť a Sovieti navyše pripravovali útok z Poľska , ktorý urýchlene začali na žiadosť spojencov. Na jeho konci sa Sovietske jednotky nachádzali na Odre , menej než 100 km od Berlína. 19. marca 1945 Hitler vydal rozkaz na likvidáciu infraštruktúry oblastí, ktoré mali padnúť do rúk nepriateľa. Nacisti následne začali viesť taktiku spálenej zeme aj na vlastnom území. V prípade, že by boli tieto rozkazy splnené v plnej miere , tisíce Nemcov by zahynuli na následky hladu a chorôb bez strechy nad hlavou. Posledné boje Od konca roku 1944 žil Hitler vo svojom Ríšskom kancelárstve v Berlíne, ktoré malo vo dvore protilietadlový kryt, vybudovaný špeciálne pre neho (nemecky Führerbunker). Bojové operácie v tej dobe riadil len z máp. Jeho nádeje na uzavretie separátneho mieru so západnými Spojencami sa miešali s vierou v použitie moderných zbraní ako boli balistické rakety V2 , nových typov lietadiel napr. Messerschmitt Me 262 alebo tankov napr. Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger II . Rovnako veril, že aliancia západných demokracií so Stalinovým komunistickým ZSSR je neprirodzená a sleduje protichodné politické ciele, čo by malo viesť k jej rozpadu. Nechápal však, že dokiaľ bude žiť a bude na slobode, táto podivuhodná koalícia bude držať pohromade. [ 18 ] V septembri 1944 Hitler prikázal pripraviť ofenzívu v Ardenách , ktorá naplánovaná na december mala dosiahnuť Antverpy a oddeliť od seba anglické a americko-kanadské vojská. Tento veľmi nerealistický plán zahrňoval aj neekonomické presuny vojsk z východného frontu, kde práve prebiehali boje o Budapešť a Sovieti navyše pripravovali útok z Poľska , ktorý urýchlene začali na žiadosť spojencov. Na jeho konci sa Sovietske jednotky nachádzali na Odre , menej než 100 km od Berlína. 19. marca 1945 Hitler vydal rozkaz na likvidáciu infraštruktúry oblastí, ktoré mali padnúť do rúk nepriateľa. Nacisti následne začali viesť taktiku spálenej zeme aj na vlastnom území. V prípade, že by boli tieto rozkazy splnené v plnej miere , tisíce Nemcov by zahynuli na následky hladu a chorôb bez strechy nad hlavou. Smrť v bunkri [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Posledné týždne svojho života strávil v bunkri v Berlíne . Išlo o bunker budovy starého ríšskeho kancelárstva na Wilhelmstraße, ktorý Adolf Hitler používal ako svoju hlavnú súkromnú rezidenciu v Berlíne a preto je bunker označovaný ako Führerbunker . Hitlerov zdravotný stav sa ku koncu vojny zhoršoval (pravdepodobne Parkinsonova choroba ). Najmä po 20. apríli 1945, kedy sa Berlín dostal po prvýkrát pod paľbu sovietskeho delostrelectva, bol Hitler výrazne otupený s prerušovanými záchvatmi zúrivosti [ 19 ] . 20. apríla, v deň svojich 56. narodenín, Hitler uskutočnil svoju poslednú cestu mimo bunker. V delostrelectvom a bombami zničenej záhrade Ríšskeho kancelárstva vyznamenal Železným krížom chlapcov z Hitlerjugendu . V nasledujúcich dňoch sovietske vojská postupne Berlín obkľúčili. Napriek vojensky absolútne beznádejnej situácii Hitler dúfal, že sa jednotky Waffen SS generála Steinera prebojujú zo severu k mestu, zatiaľ čo jednotky 8. armády sa k mestu dostanú z juhu, čím narušia sovietske obchvatné operácie. Vzhľadom na celkovú sovietsku prevahu a dynamiku ich postupu to boli úplne nereálne predstavy. Správa o Hitlerovej smrti v Stars and Stripes Keď sa 22. apríla na vojenskej porade Hitler dozvedel od príslušníkov štábu o tom, že nemecký protiútok sa ani nikdy nemohol začať a naopak nemecké jednotky boli na všetkých úsekoch zatlačené späť a Sovietom sa podarilo preniknúť do mesta, vyzval všetkých okrem Keitela , Jodla , Krebsa a Burgdorfa , aby opustili miestnosť a v hysterickom záchvate obvinil generálov zo zrady a nekompetentnosti, pri čom po prvýkrát priznal, že vojna je prehratá. Následne vyhlásil, že zostane v Berlíne až do konca a spácha samovraždu. 23. apríla Göring v telegrame z Berchtesgadenu v Bavorsku oznámil, že ak je Hitler obkľúčený v Berlíne, mal by byť poverený vedením Nemecka on, a oznámil tiež, že dáva ultimátum, po ktorom bude považovať Hitlera za neschopného riadiť vojenské operácie. Hitler následne nariadil Göringa zatknúť a neskôr ho vo svojej poslednej vôli pozbavil akejkoľvek funkcie. 28. apríla Hitler zistil, že Himmler sa pokúšal viesť so západnými spojencami vyjednávania o kapitulácii. Následne nariadil Himmlera zatknúť a zastreliť a popraviť aj Himmlerovho adjutanta a styčného dôstojníka SS pri hlavnom stane (Führerhauptquartier) Hermana Fegeleina (manžela sestry Hitlerovej milenky Braunovej ). 29. apríla sa zosobášil s Evou Braunovou . V priebehu tohto dňa Hitler zistil, že Mussolini bol popravený. Opustil svadobnú recepciu, aby spolu so sekretárkou pripravil poslednú vôľu a tzv. politický testament , v ktorom okrem iného z neúspechu vo vojne obvinil Židov a Nemcov, ktorí zlyhali pri plnení jeho plánov. 30. apríla 1945, len dva dni pred dobytím bunkru, spáchal Hitler samovraždu so svojou manželkou. Prehryzol kyanidovú tabletku (cyankáli) a potom sa zastrelil do hlavy pištoľou Walther 7,65. Deň predtým, než spáchal samovraždu, otrávil svojho psa, nemeckého ovčiaka Blondi . Hitlerove telesné pozostatky jeho služobníctvo a strážcovia poliali benzínom a čiastočne spálili v kráteri pred bunkrom, následne ho tam i pochovali spolu s manželkou a psom. V tom čase sa ešte v bunkri ukrývali okrem služobníctva a strážcov aj jeho osobný tajomník Martin Bohrman a minister Joseph Goebbels s manželkou a ich 6 detí. Goebbels s manželkou a deťmi zomreli 1. mája 1945. V noci z 1. na 2. mája aj všetci ostatní opustili bunker a 2. mája skončil Wehrmacht boje v Berlíne a bunker bol obsadený červenou armádou. Krátko po konci vojny boli jeho telesné pozostatky exhumované zvláštnou sovietskou jednotkou SMERŠ . Časť lebky so stopami po guľke a čeľusť , ktorú jednoznačne identifikoval Hitlerov osobný zubár, sa dodnes nachádza v štátnom archíve ( GARF ) pod dozorom KGB (dnešné FSB ) v Moskve . Zvyšok pozostatkov bol zničený pri meste Schönebeck a rozprášený do blízkej rieky v roku 1970 . [ 20 ] V roku 2017 francúzski výskumníci porovnali pozostatky z Moskvy so sovietskou pitevnou správou, röntgenovými a zubnými záznamami a historickými údajmi. Konštatovali, že úlomok lebky sa zhodoval s röntgenovým záznamom Hitlera, ktorý vznikol rok pred jeho smrťou a zistenia o zuboch boli tiež v súlade so samovraždou. Pozostatky sú teda Hitlerove. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Hitler spáchal samovraždu, aby sa vyhol Norimberskému procesu . Jeho zodpovednosť za zločiny nacistického Nemecka však bola potvrdená radom výpovedí na tomto súde. Pretože Stalin a Žukov , napriek existujúcim dôkazom, zatajovali Spojencom Hitlerovu smrť, vzniklo viacero konšpiračných teórií , z ktorých najznámejšia je, že Hitler sa preplavil ponorkou U-530 do argentínskeho prístavu Mar del Plata . [ 23 ] Ponorka sa tam skutočne vynorila 10. júla 1945 a vyvolala veľký rozruch, pretože to bolo až dva mesiace po kapitulácii Nemecka. Fámu rozširoval tam žijúci Maďar Ladislao Szabo [ 24 ] [ 23 ] , ktorého citoval najprv miestny denník La Critica a 17. a 18. júla 1945 sa táto fáma dostala až do hlavných médií v USA . Smrť v bunkri Posledné týždne svojho života strávil v bunkri v Berlíne . Išlo o bunker budovy starého ríšskeho kancelárstva na Wilhelmstraße, ktorý Adolf Hitler používal ako svoju hlavnú súkromnú rezidenciu v Berlíne a preto je bunker označovaný ako Führerbunker . Hitlerov zdravotný stav sa ku koncu vojny zhoršoval (pravdepodobne Parkinsonova choroba ). Najmä po 20. apríli 1945, kedy sa Berlín dostal po prvýkrát pod paľbu sovietskeho delostrelectva, bol Hitler výrazne otupený s prerušovanými záchvatmi zúrivosti [ 19 ] . 20. apríla, v deň svojich 56. narodenín, Hitler uskutočnil svoju poslednú cestu mimo bunker. V delostrelectvom a bombami zničenej záhrade Ríšskeho kancelárstva vyznamenal Železným krížom chlapcov z Hitlerjugendu . V nasledujúcich dňoch sovietske vojská postupne Berlín obkľúčili. Napriek vojensky absolútne beznádejnej situácii Hitler dúfal, že sa jednotky Waffen SS generála Steinera prebojujú zo severu k mestu, zatiaľ čo jednotky 8. armády sa k mestu dostanú z juhu, čím narušia sovietske obchvatné operácie. Vzhľadom na celkovú sovietsku prevahu a dynamiku ich postupu to boli úplne nereálne predstavy. Keď sa 22. apríla na vojenskej porade Hitler dozvedel od príslušníkov štábu o tom, že nemecký protiútok sa ani nikdy nemohol začať a naopak nemecké jednotky boli na všetkých úsekoch zatlačené späť a Sovietom sa podarilo preniknúť do mesta, vyzval všetkých okrem Keitela , Jodla , Krebsa a Burgdorfa , aby opustili miestnosť a v hysterickom záchvate obvinil generálov zo zrady a nekompetentnosti, pri čom po prvýkrát priznal, že vojna je prehratá. Následne vyhlásil, že zostane v Berlíne až do konca a spácha samovraždu. 23. apríla Göring v telegrame z Berchtesgadenu v Bavorsku oznámil, že ak je Hitler obkľúčený v Berlíne, mal by byť poverený vedením Nemecka on, a oznámil tiež, že dáva ultimátum, po ktorom bude považovať Hitlera za neschopného riadiť vojenské operácie. Hitler následne nariadil Göringa zatknúť a neskôr ho vo svojej poslednej vôli pozbavil akejkoľvek funkcie. 28. apríla Hitler zistil, že Himmler sa pokúšal viesť so západnými spojencami vyjednávania o kapitulácii. Následne nariadil Himmlera zatknúť a zastreliť a popraviť aj Himmlerovho adjutanta a styčného dôstojníka SS pri hlavnom stane (Führerhauptquartier) Hermana Fegeleina (manžela sestry Hitlerovej milenky Braunovej ). 29. apríla sa zosobášil s Evou Braunovou . V priebehu tohto dňa Hitler zistil, že Mussolini bol popravený. Opustil svadobnú recepciu, aby spolu so sekretárkou pripravil poslednú vôľu a tzv. politický testament , v ktorom okrem iného z neúspechu vo vojne obvinil Židov a Nemcov, ktorí zlyhali pri plnení jeho plánov. 30. apríla 1945, len dva dni pred dobytím bunkru, spáchal Hitler samovraždu so svojou manželkou. Prehryzol kyanidovú tabletku (cyankáli) a potom sa zastrelil do hlavy pištoľou Walther 7,65. Deň predtým, než spáchal samovraždu, otrávil svojho psa, nemeckého ovčiaka Blondi . Hitlerove telesné pozostatky jeho služobníctvo a strážcovia poliali benzínom a čiastočne spálili v kráteri pred bunkrom, následne ho tam i pochovali spolu s manželkou a psom. V tom čase sa ešte v bunkri ukrývali okrem služobníctva a strážcov aj jeho osobný tajomník Martin Bohrman a minister Joseph Goebbels s manželkou a ich 6 detí. Goebbels s manželkou a deťmi zomreli 1. mája 1945. V noci z 1. na 2. mája aj všetci ostatní opustili bunker a 2. mája skončil Wehrmacht boje v Berlíne a bunker bol obsadený červenou armádou. Krátko po konci vojny boli jeho telesné pozostatky exhumované zvláštnou sovietskou jednotkou SMERŠ . Časť lebky so stopami po guľke a čeľusť , ktorú jednoznačne identifikoval Hitlerov osobný zubár, sa dodnes nachádza v štátnom archíve ( GARF ) pod dozorom KGB (dnešné FSB ) v Moskve . Zvyšok pozostatkov bol zničený pri meste Schönebeck a rozprášený do blízkej rieky v roku 1970 . [ 20 ] V roku 2017 francúzski výskumníci porovnali pozostatky z Moskvy so sovietskou pitevnou správou, röntgenovými a zubnými záznamami a historickými údajmi. Konštatovali, že úlomok lebky sa zhodoval s röntgenovým záznamom Hitlera, ktorý vznikol rok pred jeho smrťou a zistenia o zuboch boli tiež v súlade so samovraždou. Pozostatky sú teda Hitlerove. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Hitler spáchal samovraždu, aby sa vyhol Norimberskému procesu . Jeho zodpovednosť za zločiny nacistického Nemecka však bola potvrdená radom výpovedí na tomto súde. Pretože Stalin a Žukov , napriek existujúcim dôkazom, zatajovali Spojencom Hitlerovu smrť, vzniklo viacero konšpiračných teórií , z ktorých najznámejšia je, že Hitler sa preplavil ponorkou U-530 do argentínskeho prístavu Mar del Plata . [ 23 ] Ponorka sa tam skutočne vynorila 10. júla 1945 a vyvolala veľký rozruch, pretože to bolo až dva mesiace po kapitulácii Nemecka. Fámu rozširoval tam žijúci Maďar Ladislao Szabo [ 24 ] [ 23 ] , ktorého citoval najprv miestny denník La Critica a 17. a 18. júla 1945 sa táto fáma dostala až do hlavných médií v USA . Referencie [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] 1 2 Hitler, Mein Kampf : Еine kritische Edition . Band I. München; Berlin : im Auftrag des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, 2016. 947 s. ISBN 978-39814052-3-1 . S. 95 – 96. ↑ Taufen - Duplikate 1889 - 106/1889 | Braunau am Inn | Linz, rk. Diözese (Oberösterreich) | Österreich | Matricula Online [online]. data.matricula-online.eu, [cit. 2019-10-20]. Dostupné online. , 1 2 3 4 Hans Bern Gisevius . Hitler . Bratislava : Slovenský spisovateľ, 1991. ISBN 80-220-0294-1 . S. 13. ↑ Moderní-Dějiny.cz | Neznámá Masarykova recenze Hitlerovy knihy Mein Kampf [online]. www.moderni-dejiny.cz, [cit. 2019-04-30]. Dostupné online. ↑ SVET, Zaujimavý. Adolf Hitler : 27 Historických zaujímavostí a faktov na ktoré v škole nezvýšil čas. Zaujímavý Svet , 2016-04-24. Dostupné online [cit. 2017-03-21]. ↑ MILTON, Giles. Keď Hitler bral kokaín a Leninovi ukradli mozog . [s.l.] : Ikar, 2016. ↑ History: Addiction and the Reich [online]. nature.com, [cit. 2019-06-28]. Dostupné online. (po anglicky) 1 2 Hans Bern Gisevius . Hitler . Bratislava : Slovenský spisovateľ, 1991. ISBN 80-220-0294-1 . S. 17. ↑ KUČERA, Jan Pavel. Drama zrozené hudbou : Richard Wagner . Praha : Paseka, 1995. S. Str. 58. (česky) ↑ KUBIZEK, August. Adolf Hitler, můj přítel z mládí . [ Turnov ] : Tygros, 2012. 285 s. ISBN 978-80-260-1879-7 . 1 2 3 JAKUB DRÁBIK. Vzostup zla [online]. Historická Revue, 31. júl 2017, [cit. 2018-01-12]. Dostupné online. Archivované 2018-01-13 z originálu. ↑ Jana Shemesh: Archív ukázal, ako veľmi podcenil New York Times Hitlerov antisemitizmus, DennikN, 13. február 2015 1 2 3 Tent, James F., Hitler Adolf. in William H. McNeill (Editor): Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Vol. III, Berkshire Publishing Group, Great Barrington, s. 910 – 915 ↑ egli. Mnichovská dohoda [online]. fronta.cz, 4. august 1999, [cit. 2012-07-14]. Dostupné online. ↑ Axelrod, A., Encyclopedia of World War II. Facts On File, Inc., New York, 2007, s. 380 – 381 ↑ Correlli Bernett . Hitlerovi generálové . Brno : Jota, 1997. S. 182. 1 2 Erich von Manstein . Ztracená vítezství svazek 2 . Brno : Jota, 2006. ISBN 80-7217-443-6 . S. 17. ↑ Correlli Bernett . Hitlerovi generálové . Brno : Jota, 1997. S. 28. ↑ Žukov, G. K., Vzpomínky a úvahy. 3. časť. Naše vojsko, Praha, 2006, s. 297 ↑ PROCHÁZKOVÁ, Petra. Hitlerove kosti strážia Rusi [online]. Agentúra Epicentrum, sme.sk, 10. december 2009, [cit. 2010-01-04]. Dostupné online. ↑ BEŇO, MATÚŠ. Neušiel do Antarktídy ani na Mesiac. Hitler naozaj zomrel v Berlíne, hovorí štúdia. tech.sme.sk . Dostupné online [cit. 2018-05-23]. ↑ CHARLIER, Philippe; WEIL, Raphaël; RAINSARD, P.; POUPON, Joël; BRISARD, Jean Claude. The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification. European Journal of Internal Medicine , 2018, roč. 54, s. e10-e12. ISSN 0953-6205 . DOI : 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014 . 1 2 Jak to bylo s nacistickými ponorkami v Argentině, zahadyazajimavosti.cz 29. november 2012, Online ↑ Ladislao Szabo [online]. Der Spiegel, [cit. 1947-05-03]. Dostupné online. Referencie 1 2 Hitler, Mein Kampf : Еine kritische Edition . Band I. München; Berlin : im Auftrag des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, 2016. 947 s. ISBN 978-39814052-3-1 . S. 95 – 96. ↑ Taufen - Duplikate 1889 - 106/1889 | Braunau am Inn | Linz, rk. Diözese (Oberösterreich) | Österreich | Matricula Online [online]. data.matricula-online.eu, [cit. 2019-10-20]. Dostupné online. , 1 2 3 4 Hans Bern Gisevius . Hitler . Bratislava : Slovenský spisovateľ, 1991. ISBN 80-220-0294-1 . S. 13. ↑ Moderní-Dějiny.cz | Neznámá Masarykova recenze Hitlerovy knihy Mein Kampf [online]. www.moderni-dejiny.cz, [cit. 2019-04-30]. Dostupné online. ↑ SVET, Zaujimavý. Adolf Hitler : 27 Historických zaujímavostí a faktov na ktoré v škole nezvýšil čas. Zaujímavý Svet , 2016-04-24. Dostupné online [cit. 2017-03-21]. ↑ MILTON, Giles. Keď Hitler bral kokaín a Leninovi ukradli mozog . [s.l.] : Ikar, 2016. ↑ History: Addiction and the Reich [online]. nature.com, [cit. 2019-06-28]. Dostupné online. (po anglicky) 1 2 Hans Bern Gisevius . Hitler . Bratislava : Slovenský spisovateľ, 1991. ISBN 80-220-0294-1 . S. 17. ↑ KUČERA, Jan Pavel. Drama zrozené hudbou : Richard Wagner . Praha : Paseka, 1995. S. Str. 58. (česky) ↑ KUBIZEK, August. Adolf Hitler, můj přítel z mládí . [ Turnov ] : Tygros, 2012. 285 s. ISBN 978-80-260-1879-7 . 1 2 3 JAKUB DRÁBIK. Vzostup zla [online]. Historická Revue, 31. júl 2017, [cit. 2018-01-12]. Dostupné online. Archivované 2018-01-13 z originálu. ↑ Jana Shemesh: Archív ukázal, ako veľmi podcenil New York Times Hitlerov antisemitizmus, DennikN, 13. február 2015 1 2 3 Tent, James F., Hitler Adolf. in William H. McNeill (Editor): Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History. Vol. III, Berkshire Publishing Group, Great Barrington, s. 910 – 915 ↑ egli. Mnichovská dohoda [online]. fronta.cz, 4. august 1999, [cit. 2012-07-14]. Dostupné online. ↑ Axelrod, A., Encyclopedia of World War II. Facts On File, Inc., New York, 2007, s. 380 – 381 ↑ Correlli Bernett . Hitlerovi generálové . Brno : Jota, 1997. S. 182. 1 2 Erich von Manstein . Ztracená vítezství svazek 2 . Brno : Jota, 2006. ISBN 80-7217-443-6 . S. 17. ↑ Correlli Bernett . Hitlerovi generálové . Brno : Jota, 1997. S. 28. ↑ Žukov, G. K., Vzpomínky a úvahy. 3. časť. Naše vojsko, Praha, 2006, s. 297 ↑ PROCHÁZKOVÁ, Petra. Hitlerove kosti strážia Rusi [online]. Agentúra Epicentrum, sme.sk, 10. december 2009, [cit. 2010-01-04]. Dostupné online. ↑ BEŇO, MATÚŠ. Neušiel do Antarktídy ani na Mesiac. Hitler naozaj zomrel v Berlíne, hovorí štúdia. tech.sme.sk . Dostupné online [cit. 2018-05-23]. ↑ CHARLIER, Philippe; WEIL, Raphaël; RAINSARD, P.; POUPON, Joël; BRISARD, Jean Claude. The remains of Adolf Hitler: A biomedical analysis and definitive identification. European Journal of Internal Medicine , 2018, roč. 54, s. e10-e12. ISSN 0953-6205 . DOI : 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.05.014 . 1 2 Jak to bylo s nacistickými ponorkami v Argentině, zahadyazajimavosti.cz 29. november 2012, Online ↑ Ladislao Szabo [online]. Der Spiegel, [cit. 1947-05-03]. Dostupné online. Iné projekty [ upraviť | upraviť zdroj ] Wikicitáty Commons Wikicitáty ponúkajú citáty od alebo o Adolf Hitler Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Adolf Hitler z d u Muži roka časopisu Time (1927 – 1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) · Walter Chrysler (1928) · Owen D. Young (1929) · Mahátma Gándhí (1930) · Pierre Laval (1931) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932) · Hugh Samuel Johnson (1933) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1934) · Haile Selassie I. (1935) · Wallis Simpsonová (1936) · Čankajšek / Sung Mej-ling (1937) · Adolf Hitler (1938) · Stalin (1939) · Winston Churchill (1940) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1941) · Stalin (1942) · George C. Marshall (1943) · Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) · Harry S. Truman (1945) · James F. Byrnes (1946) · George C. Marshall (1947) · Harry S. Truman (1948) · Winston Churchill (1949) · americký vojak (1950) (1927 – 1950) (1951 – 1975) (1976 – 2000) (2001 – 2025) Autoritné údaje : abART : 15639 BnF : 11907574g GND : 118551655 ISNI : 000000012278465X LCCN : n79046200 NK ČR : jn19990003541 NLP : 9810582425405606 ORCID : 0000-0001-7276-0509 SNK : 164519 ULAN : 500119333 VIAF : 38190770 WorldCat : lccn-n79046200 Iné projekty Wikicitáty ponúkajú citáty od alebo o Adolf Hitler Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Adolf Hitler z d u Muži roka časopisu Time (1927 – 1950) z d u Charles Lindbergh (1927) · Walter Chrysler (1928) · Owen D. Young (1929) · Mahátma Gándhí (1930) · Pierre Laval (1931) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1932) · Hugh Samuel Johnson (1933) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1934) · Haile Selassie I. (1935) · Wallis Simpsonová (1936) · Čankajšek / Sung Mej-ling (1937) · Adolf Hitler (1938) · Stalin (1939) · Winston Churchill (1940) · Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1941) · Stalin (1942) · George C. Marshall (1943) · Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) · Harry S. Truman (1945) · James F. Byrnes (1946) · George C. Marshall (1947) · Harry S. Truman (1948) · Winston Churchill (1949) · americký vojak (1950) (1927 – 1950) (1951 – 1975) (1976 – 2000) (2001 – 2025) (1927 – 1950) (1951 – 1975) (1976 – 2000) (2001 – 2025) abART : 15639 BnF : 11907574g GND : 118551655 ISNI : 000000012278465X LCCN : n79046200 NK ČR : jn19990003541 NLP : 9810582425405606 ORCID : 0000-0001-7276-0509 SNK : 164519 ULAN : 500119333 VIAF : 38190770 WorldCat : lccn-n79046200 Narodenia 20. apríla Narodenia v 1889 Úmrtia 30. apríla Úmrtia v 1945 Adolf Hitler Kancelári Nemecka Vládcovia Nemecka Nacistickí vodcovia Organizátori holokaustu Vojnoví zločinci Nemecké osobnosti druhej svetovej vojny Obete samovrážd Konšpirační teoretici Osobnosti roka časopisu Time Osobnosti na rakúskych poštových známkach Portál:Politika/Zapojené články Portál:Ľudia/Zapojené články Dátum a čas poslednej úpravy tejto stránky: 18. december 2025, 18:02. Stránka bola vykreslená pomocou Parsoid . Text je dostupný za podmienok Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License 4.0 Unported ; prípadne za ďalších podmienok. Podrobnejšie informácie nájdete na stránke Podmienky použitia . Ochrana osobných údajov O Wikipédii Zrieknutie sa zodpovednosti Pravidlá správania Vývojári Štatistiky Vyhlásenie o cookies Mobilné zobrazenie
|
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." [ 363 ] Citations ^ a b Shirer 1960 , pp. 226–227. ^ a b Overy 2005 , p. 63. ^ a b Kershaw 2000b , p. xvii. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 24. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 4. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 5, 14. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 15. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 5. ^ Jetzinger 1976 , p. 32. ^ Rosenbaum 1999 , p. 21. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 50. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 246–247. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 8–9. ^ a b Oltermann 2025 . ^ House of Responsibility . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 23. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 4. ^ Toland 1976 , p. 6. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 33. ^ Keller 2010 , p. 15. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 37. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 35. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 92. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 6. ^ Fromm 1977 , pp. 493–498. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Diver 2005 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 10–11. ^ Payne 1990 , p. 22. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 9. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 8. ^ Keller 2010 , pp. 33–34. ^ Fest 1977 , p. 32. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 8. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 10. ^ Evans 2003 , pp. 163–164. ^ Bendersky 2000 , p. 26. ^ Ryschka 2008 , p. 35. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 10. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 19. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 20. ^ a b Hitler 1999 , p. 20. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 30–31. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 31. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 30–33. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 157. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 41, 42. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 26. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 243–246. ^ Nicholls 2000 , pp. 236, 237, 274. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 250. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 341–345. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 233. ^ Britannica: Nazism . ^ Pinkus 2005 , p. 27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 60–67. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 25. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 58. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 52. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 45. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 55, 63. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 174. ^ Evans 2011 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 27. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 86. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 49. ^ a b c Kershaw 1999 , p. 90. ^ Weber 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 53. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 54. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 100. ^ a b c d Shirer 1960 , p. 30. ^ Pearson & Allen 1941 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 57. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 58. ^ Steiner 1976 , p. 392. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 59. ^ Weber 2010a . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 59, 60. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 97, 102. ^ Keegan 1987 , pp. 238–240. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61, 62. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61–63. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 96. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 80, 90, 92. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 61. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 82. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 170. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 75, 76. ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 67. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 125–126. ^ Fest 1970 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 94, 95, 100. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 87. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 88. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 93. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 81. ^ Reck-Malleczewen 2013 , p. 17. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 89. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 89–92. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 100, 101. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 102. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 103. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 83, 103. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. xv. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 376. ^ Frauenfeld 1937 . ^ Goebbels 1936 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 105–106. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 377. ^ Kressel 2002 , p. 121. ^ Heck 2001 , p. 23. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 275. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 203. ^ Bracher 1970 , pp. 115–116. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 126. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 128. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 73–74. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 132. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 131. ^ Munich Court, 1924 . ^ Evans 2003 , p. 196. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 239. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 121. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 147. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 148–150. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 80–81. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 237. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 238. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 158, 161, 162. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 162, 166. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 166, 167. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 136–137. ^ Kolb 2005 , pp. 224–225. ^ Kolb 1988 , p. 105. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 403 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–446 et. seq . ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 218. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 216. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , pp. 218–219. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 222. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 449 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–436, 471. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 130. ^ Hinrichs 2007 . ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 476. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 468–471. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 201. ^ Hoffman 1989 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 227. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 477–479. ^ Letter to Hindenburg, 1932 . ^ Fox News, 2003 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 184. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 307. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 262. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 192. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 262. ^ Hett 2014 , pp. 255–259. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 194, 274. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 194. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 265. ^ City of Potsdam . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 196–197. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 198. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 335. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 196. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 199. ^ Time , 1934 . ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 201. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 202. ^ a b Evans 2003 , pp. 350–374. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 309–314. ^ Tames 2008 , pp. 4–5. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 313–315. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 229. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 309. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 110. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 392, 393. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 312. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 393–397. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 308. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 318. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 318–319. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 397–398. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 274. ^ Read 2004 , p. 344. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 109–111. ^ McNab 2009 , p. 54. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 259–260. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 258. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 262. ^ McNab 2009 , pp. 54–57. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 118–119. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 570–572. ^ Weinberg 1970 , pp. 26–27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 490–491. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. ^ Carr 1972 , p. 23. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 297. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 283. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 601–602. ^ Martin 2008 . ^ Hildebrand 1973 , p. 39. ^ Roberts 1975 . ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 630–631. ^ a b Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999 . ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 56–57. ^ Goeschel 2018 , pp. 69–70. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 642. ^ Aigner 1985 , p. 264. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 636–637. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 73–78. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 638. ^ a b Bloch 1992 , pp. 178–179. ^ Plating 2011 , p. 21. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , p. 159. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 434. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 425. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 334–335. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 338–340. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 366. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 418–419. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 149–150. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 419. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 256–260. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 469. ^ Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999 , p. 207. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 202–203. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 462–463. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 672. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 671, 682–683. ^ Rothwell 2001 , pp. 90–91. ^ Time , January 1939 . ^ a b Murray 1984 , p. 268. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 682. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 268–269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 448. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 562. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 579–581. ^ a b Maiolo 1998 , p. 178. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 688–690. ^ a b Weinberg 1980 , pp. 537–539, 557–560. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 558. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 76–77. ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 36–37, 92. ^ Weinberg 2010 , p. 792. ^ Robertson 1985 , p. 212. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 228. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1989 , p. 56. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 497. ^ Robertson 1963 , pp. 181–187. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 693. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 252–253. ^ Weinberg 1995 , pp. 85–94. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 255–257. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 561–562, 583–584. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 260. ^ Hakim 1995 . ^ a b c Rees 1997 , pp. 141–145. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 527. ^ Welch 2001 , pp. 88–89. ^ Rees 1997 , pp. 148–149. ^ Winkler 2007 , p. 74. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 696–730. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 562. ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7–9. ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 731–737. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 774–782. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 563, 569, 570. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 580. ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 58–60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 604–605. ^ Kurowski 2005 , pp. 141–142. ^ Apter 2008 . ^ Porat 2015 . ^ Mineau 2004 , p. 1. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Koch 1988 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 162–163. ^ a b Stolfi 1982 . ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 202. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 210. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 900–901. ^ a b Bauer 2000 , p. 5. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 921. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 417. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 419–420. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1006. ^ a b BBC News, 1999 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 996–1000. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1036. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 513–514. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 816–818. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1048–1072. ^ Plesch 2017 , p. 158. ^ Weinberg 1964 . ^ a b Crandell 1987 . ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 778. ^ Rees & Kershaw 2012 . ^ Speer 1971 , p. 557. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , pp. 774–775. ^ Sereny 1996 , pp. 497–498. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 753, 763, 780–781. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256. ^ Le Tissier 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Dollinger 1995 , p. 231. ^ a b Jones 1989 . ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 92. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 787. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 787, 795. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , pp. 227–228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 791. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 792, 795. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 798. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799–800. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 217–220, 224–225. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1136. ^ Vinogradov 2005 , pp. 111, 333. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 163–164. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 1110. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Marrus 2000 , p. 37. ^ Gellately 1996 . ^ a b c Snyder 2010 , p. 416. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 683. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 965. ^ Naimark 2002 , p. 81. ^ Longerich 2005 , p. 116. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 146. ^ a b Longerich, Chapter 15 2003 . ^ Longerich, Chapter 17 2003 . ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 459–462. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 670–675. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 687. ^ Evans 2008 , map, p. 366. ^ a b c Rummel 1994 , p. 112. ^ a b Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 318. ^ Hancock 2004 , pp. 383–396. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 946. ^ a b Evans 2008 , p. 15. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 162–163, 416. ^ Dorland 2009 , p. 6. ^ Rummel 1994 , table, p. 112 . ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 184. ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45. ^ Goldhagen 1996 , p. 290. ^ Downing 2005 , p. 33. ^ Gellately 2001 , p. 216. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 567–568. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 252. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 170, 172, 181. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 281. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 377. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 333. ^ a b Overy 2005a , pp. 421–425. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 169–170. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 396–397. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 171–395. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 563. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 378. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 947–948. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 393–394. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 5. ^ Rißmann 2001 , pp. 94–96. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Speer 1971 , pp. 141–142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 143. ^ a b Conway 1968 , p. 3. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 385, 389. ^ Rißmann 2001 , p. 96. ^ Weir & Greenberg 2022 , p. 694. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 141. ^ Steigmann-Gall 2003 , pp. 27, 108. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 59. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 342. ^ Sharkey 2002 . ^ Bonney 2001 , pp. 2–3. ^ Phayer 2000 . ^ Bonney 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 219, 389. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 141, 171, 174. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 729. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 508. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 717. ^ Redlich 1993 . ^ Redlich 2000 , pp. 129–190. ^ The Guardian , 2015 . ^ Langer 1972 , p. 126. ^ Waite 1993 , p. 356. ^ Gunkel 2010 . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 388. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 256. ^ Wilson 1998 . ^ McGovern 1968 , pp. 32–33. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 38. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. 176, 22 January 1942. ^ Proctor 1999 , p. 219. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 741. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 125–142. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 11–20. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 782. ^ Ghaemi 2011 , pp. 190–191. ^ Porter 2013 . ^ Doyle 2005 , p. 8. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 156. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , p. 37. ^ Zialcita 2019 . ^ Fest 1974 , p. 753. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 617. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 348–350. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 892. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 841. ^ Fischer 1995 , p. 569. ^ Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003 , p. 83. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 554. ^ Welch 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bazyler 2006 , p. 1. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 6. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. xxxv. ^ Roberts 1996 , p. 501. ^ Lichtheim 1974 , p. 366. ^ Haffner 1979 , pp. 100–101. ^ Haffner 1979 , p. 100. ^ The Daily Telegraph , 2003 . Bibliography Printed .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?" . In Koch, H. W. (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 75– 82. doi : 10.1177/1478271520053501020 . PMID 15825245 . Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5 . Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop . New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3 . Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (PDF) . Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship . Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books. LCCN 63005065 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles . ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7 . Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3 . Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4 . Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 (3): 487– 501. JSTOR 27550441 . Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1 . Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2 . Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II . New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7 . Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France . Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-784-2 . Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps . World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8 . Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4 . Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History . London: Constable and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8 . Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0 . Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler ; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History . 29 (2): 270– 274. doi : 10.1017/S0008938900013170 . ISSN 0008-9389 . Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . Ghaemi, Nassir (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness . New York: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51759-8 . Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17883-8 . Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 . Haffner, Sebastian (1979). The Meaning of Hitler . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-55775-8 . Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz . A History of US . Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2 . Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5 . Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man . Trans. Thomas Thornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8 . Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of the Holocaust . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1 . Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore A Swastika . Phoenix, AZ: Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6 . Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs . New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7 . Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich . London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3 . Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf . Trans. Ralph Manheim . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2 . Hitler, Adolf (2000) [1941–1944]. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944 . London: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-05-6 . Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth . Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3 . Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1 . Keller, Gustav (2010). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [ The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage ] (in German). Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4 . Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2025. Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris . New York: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7 . Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 . Koch, H. W. (June 1988). "Operation Barbarossa – The Current State of the Debate". The Historical Journal . 31 (2): 377– 390. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 . S2CID 159848116 . Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8 . Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3 . Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide And Terror . Boulder: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1 . Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew . St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9 . Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5 . Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century . London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet . Intro. Roger Moorhouse . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Longerich, Peter (2005). The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution . History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3328-8 . Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War . London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3 . Manvell, Roger ; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo . London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9 . Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4 . Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History . Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1 . McGovern, James (1968). Martin Bormann . New York: William Morrow. OCLC 441132 . McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich . London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8 . Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6 . Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm (ed.). Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7 . Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1633-0 . Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1 . Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001) [2000]. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3 . Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Overy, Richard ; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" . In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II . London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler" . In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8 . Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . Overy, Richard (2005). "Hitler As War Leader". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3 . Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7 . Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (16 October 1941). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round: Ribbentrop Kept From Hitler Warning That U.S. Would Fight". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 15. Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler . McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4 . Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II . Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1 . Plesch, Daniel (2017). Human Rights After Hitler: The Lost History of Prosecuting Axis War Crimes . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62616-431-4 . Proctor, Robert (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-07051-3 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6416-5 . Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich (2013) [1947]. Diary of a Man in Despair . Translated by Rubens, Paul. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-586-6 . Redlich, Fritz R. (2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9 . Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning from History . New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6 . Rißmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators (in German). Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 . Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe . Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3 . Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6 . Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 . London: Longmans. OCLC 300011871 . Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers" . In H. W., Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3 . Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home . Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1 . Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5 . Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4 . Ryschka, Birgit (2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube . Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7 . Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth . New York; Toronto: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 . Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 . OCLC 83655937 . Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction . The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2 . Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)" (PDF) . The Journal of Modern History . 54 (1): 27– 46. doi : 10.1086/244076 . hdl : 10945/44218 . S2CID 143690841 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2020. Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship . Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6 . Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag . Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4 . Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler . New York; Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25899-1 . Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 . Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5 . Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1964). "Hitler's Image of the United States". The American Historical Review . 69 (4): 1006– 1021. doi : 10.2307/1842933 . JSTOR 1842933 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8 . Weinberg, Gerhard (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II . New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9 . Weir, Todd H.; Greenberg, Udi (2022). "Religious Cultures and Confessional Politics". In Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884577-5 . Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7 . Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3 . Wilt, Alan (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 . Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich . Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Vol. Battle Book No. 6. London: Ballantine Books . OCLC 23899 . Online Apter, Simon Maxwell (20 July 2008). " 'Hitler's Mufti,' Haj Amin al-Husseini" . SFGATE . Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "1933 – Day of Potsdam" . Landeshauptstadt Potsdam . December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Bazyler, Michael J. (25 December 2006). "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" (PDF) . Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . "Nazism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [ The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich ] (in German). 1924. Diver, Krysia (4 August 2005). "Journal reveals Hitler's dysfunctional family" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" . Fox News. Associated Press. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932" [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932]. Glasnost–Archiv (in German) . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber" . The Globe and Mail . Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" . German Propaganda Archive . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Germany: Second Revolution?" . Time . 2 July 1934. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Glantz, David (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay . Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Goebbels, Joseph (1936). The Führer as a Speaker . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health" . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung" [The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Hitler's Last Days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 Security Service . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Introduction to the Holocaust" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Jones, Bill (creator, director) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). England: BBC . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Kotanko, Florian. "House of Responsibility" . House of Responsibility – Braunau am Inn . HRB News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Leni Riefenstahl" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . "Man of the Year" . Time . 2 January 1939. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2019 . Martin, Jonathan (creator, writer) (2008). World War II in HD Colour (television documentary). US: World Media Rights. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . McMillan, Dan (October 2012). "Review of Fritz, Stephen G., Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East " . H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" . BBC News. 29 July 1999 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF) . The Churches and Nazi Persecution . Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Porat, Dina (21 October 2015). "Setting the Record Straight" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 11 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" . ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Porter, Tom (24 August 2013). "Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New Documents" . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis". Arch Intern Med . 153 (6): 693– 697. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410060005001 . PMID 8447705 . Rees, Laurence (writer, director) Kershaw, Ian (writer, consultant) (2012). The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). UK: BBC . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Staff (19 December 2015). "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . Weber, Thomas (2010a). "New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War Story" . BBC History Magazine . UK: Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" . New Statesman . UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Zialcita, Paolo (2019). "Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police Station" . NPR . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Spoken articles Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Articles with excerpts Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitler199910_40-0
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 IM and IRC 2 Social bots 3 Commercial bots 4 Malicious bots 5 Protection against bots 6 Human interaction with social bots 7 Social bots and political discussions 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Internet bot Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk الدارجة Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiversity Wikidata item An Internet bot (also called a web robot or robot ), or simply bot , [ 1 ] is a software application that runs automated tasks ( scripts ) on the Internet , usually with the intent to imitate human activity, such as messaging, on a large scale. [ 2 ] An Internet bot plays the client role in a client–server model whereas the server role is usually played by web servers . Internet bots are able to perform simple and repetitive tasks much faster than a person could ever do. The most extensive use of bots is for web crawling , in which an automated script fetches, analyzes and files information from web servers. More than half of all web traffic is generated by bots. [ 3 ] Efforts by web servers to restrict bots vary. Some servers have a robots.txt file that contains the rules requesting how bots should behave on website. Any bot that does not follow the rules could, in theory, be denied access to or be removed from the affected website . A website owner cannot force a bot to follow the rules or ensure that a bot's creator or implementer reads or acknowledges the robots.txt file. Some bots are "good", e.g. search engine spiders , while others are used to launch malicious attacks on political campaigns, for example. [ 3 ] IM and IRC Some bots communicate with users of Internet-based services, via instant messaging (IM), Internet Relay Chat (IRC), or other web interfaces such as Facebook bots and Twitter bots . These chatbots may allow people to ask questions in plain English and then formulate a response. Such bots can often handle reporting weather, postal code information, sports scores, currency or other unit conversions, etc. [ 4 ] Others are used for entertainment, such as SmarterChild on AOL Instant Messenger and MSN Messenger . [ citation needed ] Additional roles of an IRC bot may be to listen on a conversation channel, and to comment on certain phrases uttered by the participants (based on pattern matching ). This is sometimes used as a help service for new users or to censor profanity . [ citation needed ] Social bots Social bots are sets of algorithms that take on the duties of repetitive sets of instructions in order to establish a service or connection among social networking users. Among the various designs of networking bots, the most common are chat bots , algorithms designed to converse with a human user, and social bots, algorithms designed to mimic human behaviors to converse with patterns similar to those of a human user. The history of social botting can be traced back to Alan Turing in the 1950s and his vision of designing sets of instructional code approved by the Turing test . In the 1960s Joseph Weizenbaum created ELIZA , a natural language processing computer program considered an early indicator of artificial intelligence algorithms. ELIZA inspired computer programmers to design tasked programs that can match behavior patterns to their sets of instruction. As a result, natural language processing has become an influencing factor to the development of artificial intelligence and social bots. And as information and thought see a progressive mass spreading on social media websites, innovative technological advancements are made following the same pattern. [ citation needed ] Reports of political interferences in recent elections, including the 2016 US and 2017 UK general elections, [ 5 ] have set the notion of bots being more prevalent because of the ethics that is challenged between the bot's design and the bot's designer. Emilio Ferrara , a computer scientist from the University of Southern California reporting on Communications of the ACM, [ 6 ] said the lack of resources available to implement fact-checking and information verification results in the large volumes of false reports and claims made about these bots on social media platforms. In the case of Twitter, most of these bots are programmed with search filter capabilities that target keywords and phrases favoring political agendas and then retweet them. While the attention of bots is programmed to spread unverified information throughout the social media platforms, [ 7 ] it is a challenge that programmers face in the wake of a hostile political climate. The Bot Effect is what Ferrera reported as the socialization of bots and human users creating a vulnerability to the leaking of personal information and polarizing influences outside the ethics of the bot's code, and was confirmed by Guillory Kramer in his study where he observed the behavior of emotionally volatile users and the impact the bots have on them, altering their perception of reality. [ citation needed ] Commercial bots This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) There has been a great deal of controversy about the use of bots in an automated trading function. Auction website eBay took legal action in an attempt to suppress a third-party company from using bots to look for bargains on its site; this approach backfired on eBay and attracted the attention of further bots. The United Kingdom-based bet exchange , Betfair , saw such a large amount of traffic coming from bots that it launched a WebService API aimed at bot programmers, through which it can actively manage bot interactions. [ citation needed ] Bot farms are known to be used in online app stores, like the Apple App Store and Google Play , to manipulate positions [ 8 ] or increase positive ratings/reviews. [ 9 ] A rapidly growing form of internet bot is the chatbot . From 2016, when Facebook Messenger allowed developers to place chatbots on their platform, there has been an exponential growth of their use on that app alone. 30,000 bots were created for Messenger in the first six months, rising to 100,000 by September 2017. [ 10 ] Avi Ben Ezra, CTO of SnatchBot, told Forbes that evidence from the use of their chatbot building platform pointed to a near future saving of millions of hours of human labor as 'live chat' on websites was replaced with bots. [ 11 ] Companies use internet bots to increase online engagement and streamline communication. Companies often use bots to cut down on cost; instead of employing people to communicate with consumers, companies have developed new ways to be efficient. These chatbots are used to answer customers' questions; for example, Domino's developed a chatbot that can take orders via Facebook Messenger . Chatbots allow companies to allocate their employees' time to other tasks. [ 12 ] Malicious bots One example of the malicious use of bots is the coordination and operation of an automated attack on networked computers, such as a denial-of-service attack by a botnet . Internet bots or web bots can also be used to commit click fraud and more recently have appeared around MMORPG games as computer game bots . Another category is represented by spambots , internet bots that attempt to spam large amounts of content on the Internet, usually adding advertising links. More than 94.2% of websites have experienced a bot attack. [ 3 ] There are malicious bots (and botnets ) of the following types: Spambots that harvest email addresses from contact or guestbook pages Downloaded programs that suck bandwidth by downloading entire websites Website scrapers that grab the content of websites and re-use it without permission on automatically generated doorway pages Registration bots that sign up a specific email address to numerous services in order to have the confirmation messages flood the email inbox and distract from important messages indicating a security breach. [ 13 ] Viruses and worms DDoS attacks Botnets , zombie computers , etc. Spambots that try to redirect people onto a malicious website, sometimes found in comment sections or forums of various websites Viewbots create fake views [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Bots that buy up higher-demand seats for concerts, particularly by ticket brokers who resell the tickets. [ 16 ] These bots run through the purchase process of entertainment event-ticketing sites and obtain better seats by pulling as many seats back as it can. Bots that are used in massively multiplayer online role-playing games to farm for resources that would otherwise take significant time or effort to obtain, which can be a concern for online in-game economies. [ 17 ] Bots that increase traffic counts on analytics reporting to extract money from advertisers. A study by Comscore found that over half of ads shown across thousands of campaigns between May 2012 and February 2013 were not served to human users. [ 18 ] Bots used on internet forums to automatically post inflammatory or nonsensical posts to disrupt the forum and anger users . in 2012, journalist Percy von Lipinski reported that he discovered millions of bots or botted or pinged views at CNN iReport . CNN iReport quietly removed millions of views from the account of iReporter Chris Morrow. [ 19 ] It is not known if the ad revenue received by CNN from the fake views was ever returned to the advertisers. [ citation needed ] The most widely used anti-bot technique is CAPTCHA . Examples of providers include Recaptcha , Minteye, Solve Media and NuCaptcha. However, captchas are not foolproof in preventing bots, as they can often be circumvented by computer character recognition, security holes, and outsourcing captcha solving to cheap laborers. [ citation needed ] Protection against bots In the case of academic surveys, protection against auto test taking bots is essential for maintaining accuracy and consistency in the results of the survey. Without proper precautions against these bots, the results of a survey can become skewed or inaccurate. Researchers indicate that the best way to keep bots out of surveys is to not allow them to enter to begin with. The survey should have participants from a reliable source, such as an existing department or group at work. This way, malicious bots don't have the opportunity to infiltrate the study. Another form of protection against bots is a CAPTCHA test as mentioned in a previous section, which stands for "Completely Automated Public Turing Test". This test is often used to quickly distinguish a real user from a bot by posing a challenge that a human could easily do but a bot would not. This could be something like recognizing distorted letters or numbers, or picking out specific parts of an image, such as traffic lights on a busy street. CAPTCHAs are a great form of protection due to their ability to be completed quickly, low effort, and easy implementation. There are also dedicated companies that specialize in protection against bots, including ones like DataDome, Akamai and Imperva. These companies offer defense systems to their clients to protect them against DDoS attacks, infrastructure attacks, and overall cybersecurity. While the pricing rates of these companies can often be expensive, the services offered can be crucial both for large corporations and small businesses. Human interaction with social bots This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( November 2021 ) There are two main concerns with bots: clarity and face-to-face support. The cultural background of human beings affects the way they communicate with social bots. [ citation needed ] Others recognize that online bots have the ability to "masquerade" as humans online and have become highly aware of their presence. Due to this, some users are becoming unsure when interacting with a social bot. Many people believe that bots are vastly less intelligent than humans, so they are not worthy of our respect. [ 2 ] Min-Sun Kim proposed five concerns or issues that may arise when communicating with a social robot, and they are avoiding the damage of peoples' feelings, minimizing impositions, disapproval from others, clarity issues, and how effective their messages may come across. [ 2 ] People who oppose social robots argue that they also take away from the genuine creations of human relationships. [ 2 ] Opposition to social bots also note that the use of social bots add a new, unnecessary layer to privacy protection. Many users call for stricter legislation in relation to social bots to ensure private information remains preserved. The discussion of what to do with social bots and how far they should go remains ongoing. Social bots and political discussions In recent years, political discussion platforms and politics on social media have become highly unstable and volatile. With the introduction of social bots on the political discussion scene, many users worry about their effect on the discussion and election outcomes. The biggest offender on the social media side is X (previously Twitter), where heated political discussions are raised both by bots and real users. The result is a misuse of political discussion on these platforms and a general mistrust among users for what they see. [ citation needed ] See also Internet portal Agent-based model (for bot's theory) Botnet Chatbot Comparison of Internet Relay Chat bots Dead Internet theory Facebook Bots IRC bot Online algorithm Social bot Software agent Software bot Spambot Twitterbot UBot Studio Votebots Web brigades Wikipedia bots – bots on Wikipedia References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "bot" . Etymology, origin and meaning of bot by etymonline . October 9, 1922 . Retrieved September 21, 2023 . ^ a b c d Dunham, Ken; Melnick, Jim (2009). Malicious Bots: An outside look of the Internet . CRC Press. ISBN 978-1420069068 . ^ a b c Zeifman, Igal (January 24, 2017). "Bot Traffic Report 2016" . Incapsula . Retrieved February 1, 2017 . ^ "What is a bot: types and functions" . IONOS Digitalguide . November 16, 2021 . Retrieved January 28, 2022 . ^ Howard, Philip N (October 18, 2018). "How Political Campaigns Weaponize Social Media Bots" . IEEE Spectrum . ^ Ferrara, Emilio; Varol, Onur; Davis, Clayton; Menczer, Filippo; Flammini, Alessandro (2016). "The Rise of Social Bots" . Communications of the ACM . 59 (7): 96– 104. arXiv : 1407.5225 . doi : 10.1145/2818717 . S2CID 1914124 . ^ Alessandro, Bessi; Emilio, Ferrara (November 7, 2016). "Social Bots Distort the 2016 US Presidential Election Online Discussion". First Monday . SSRN 2982233 . ^ "Biggest FRAUD in the Top 25 Free Ranking" . TouchArcade – iPhone, iPad, Android Games Forum . ^ "App Store fake reviews: Here's how they encourage your favourite developers to cheat" . Electricpig . Archived from the original on October 18, 2017 . Retrieved June 11, 2014 . ^ "Facebook Messenger Hits 100,000 bots" . April 18, 2017. Archived from the original on September 22, 2017 . Retrieved September 22, 2017 . ^ Murray Newlands. "These Chatbot Usage Metrics Will Change Your Customer Service Strategy" . Forbes . Retrieved March 8, 2018 . ^ "How companies are using chatbots for marketing: Use cases and inspiration" . MarTech Today . January 22, 2018 . Retrieved April 10, 2018 . ^ Dima Bekerman: How Registration Bots Concealed the Hacking of My Amazon Account , Application Security, Industry Perspective, December 1st, 2016, In: www.Imperva.com/blog ^ Carr, Sam (July 15, 2019). "What Is Viewbotting: How Twitch Are Taking On The Ad Fraudsters" . PPC Protect . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022 . Retrieved September 19, 2020 . ^ Lewis, Richard (March 17, 2015). "Leading StarCraft streamer embroiled in viewbot controversy" . Dot Esports . Retrieved September 19, 2020 . ^ Safruti, Ido (June 19, 2017). "Why Detecting Bot Attacks Is Becoming More Difficult" . DARKReading. ^ Kang, Ah Reum; Jeong, Seong Hoon; Mohaisen, Aziz; Kim, Huy Kang (April 26, 2016). "Multimodal game bot detection using user behavioral characteristics" . SpringerPlus . 5 (1): 523. arXiv : 1606.01426 . doi : 10.1186/s40064-016-2122-8 . ISSN 2193-1801 . PMC 4844581 . PMID 27186487 . ^ Holiday, Ryan (January 16, 2014). "Fake Traffic Means Real Paydays" . BetaBeat . Archived from the original on January 3, 2015 . Retrieved April 28, 2014 . ^ von Lipinski, Percy (May 28, 2013). "CNN's iReport hit hard by pay-per-view scandal" . PulsePoint. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016 . Retrieved July 21, 2016 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Bots at Wikimedia Commons .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Botnets v t e Notable botnets 3ve Akbot Asprox Bagle BASHLITE Bredolab Cutwail Conficker Donbot Festi Grum Gumblar Kelihos Koobface Kraken Lethic Mariposa Mega-D Mirai Metulji Nitol Rustock Sality Slenfbot Srizbi Storm TDL-4 Torpig Virut Vulcanbot Waledac ZeroAccess Zeus 3ve Akbot Asprox Bagle BASHLITE Bredolab Cutwail Conficker Donbot Festi Grum Gumblar Kelihos Koobface Kraken Lethic Mariposa Mega-D Mirai Metulji Nitol Rustock Sality Slenfbot Srizbi Storm TDL-4 Torpig Virut Vulcanbot Waledac ZeroAccess Zeus Main articles Browser security Computer virus Computer worm Malbot Internet security Malware Man-in-the-browser Network security Operation: Bot Roast Trojan horse Browser security Computer virus Computer worm Malbot Internet security Malware Man-in-the-browser Network security Operation: Bot Roast Trojan horse Internet bots Online auction tools Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from October 2023 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022 Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles needing more viewpoints from November 2021 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2025 Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 13:34 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_bot
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Characteristics Toggle Characteristics subsection 1.1 Teeth 1.2 Other facial features 1.3 Size 1.4 Digits 1.5 Locomotion 1.6 Senses 1.7 Sexual dimorphism 1.1 Teeth 1.2 Other facial features 1.3 Size 1.4 Digits 1.5 Locomotion 1.6 Senses 1.7 Sexual dimorphism 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Behavior and life history Toggle Behavior and life history subsection 3.1 Feeding 3.2 Social behavior 3.3 Communication 3.3.1 Olfactory 3.3.2 Auditory 3.3.3 Visual 3.3.4 Tactile 3.4 Mating strategies 3.5 Birth and parenting 3.6 Intelligence 3.1 Feeding 3.2 Social behavior 3.3 Communication 3.3.1 Olfactory 3.3.2 Auditory 3.3.3 Visual 3.3.4 Tactile 3.3.1 Olfactory 3.3.2 Auditory 3.3.3 Visual 3.3.4 Tactile 3.4 Mating strategies 3.5 Birth and parenting 3.6 Intelligence 4 Evolutionary history 5 Classification 6 Interaction with humans Toggle Interaction with humans subsection 6.1 Conservation 6.2 Exploitation 6.2.1 Fur 6.2.2 Consumption 6.2.3 Animal testing 6.3 As pets 6.4 As pests and disease vectors 6.1 Conservation 6.2 Exploitation 6.2.1 Fur 6.2.2 Consumption 6.2.3 Animal testing 6.2.1 Fur 6.2.2 Consumption 6.2.3 Animal testing 6.3 As pets 6.4 As pests and disease vectors 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Toggle External links subsection 10.1 Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy 10.2 Various 10.1 Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy 10.2 Various Rodent Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ العربية Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kotava Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Walon West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Rodent Temporal range: Late Paleocene – recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Capybara Springhare Golden-mantled ground squirrel North American beaver House mouse Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Mirorder: Simplicidentata Order: Rodentia Bowdich , 1821 Suborders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Anomaluromorpha Castorimorpha Hystricomorpha (incl. Caviomorpha ) Myomorpha Sciuromorpha Anomaluromorpha Castorimorpha Hystricomorpha (incl. Caviomorpha ) Myomorpha Sciuromorpha Combined range of all rodent species (not including introduced populations) Rodents (from Latin rōdēns , 'gnawing') are mammals of the order Rodentia ( / r oʊ ˈ d ɛ n ( t ) ʃ ə / roh- DEN -shə or roh- DEN -chə ), which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws . About 40% of all mammal species are rodents. They are native to all major land masses except for Antarctica , and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these land masses by human activity. Rodents are extremely diverse in their ecology and lifestyles and can be found in almost every terrestrial habitat, including human-made environments. Species can be arboreal , fossorial (burrowing), saltatorial /ricochetal (leaping on their hind legs), or semiaquatic. However, all rodents share several morphological features, including having only a single upper and lower pair of ever-growing incisors. Well-known rodents include mice , rats , squirrels , prairie dogs , porcupines , beavers , guinea pigs , and hamsters . Once included with rodents, rabbits , hares , and pikas , which also have incisors that grow continuously, are now considered to be in a separate order, the Lagomorpha , distinguished by an extra pair of incisors. Both Rodentia and Lagomorpha are sister groups , sharing a single common ancestor and forming the clade of Glires . Most rodents are small animals with robust bodies, short limbs, and long tails. They use their sharp incisors to gnaw food, excavate burrows, and defend themselves. Most eat seeds or other plant material, but some have more varied diets. They tend to be social animals and many species live in societies with complex ways of communicating with each other. Mating among rodents can vary from monogamy , to polygyny , to promiscuity . Many have litters of underdeveloped, altricial young, while others are precocial (relatively well developed) at birth. The rodent fossil record dates back to the Paleocene of Asia . Rodents greatly diversified in the Eocene , as they spread across continents, sometimes even crossing oceans . Rodents reached both South America and Madagascar from Africa and, until the arrival of Homo sapiens , were the only terrestrial placental mammals to reach and colonize Australia. Rodents have been used as food, for clothing, as pets , and as laboratory animals in research. Some species, in particular, the brown rat , the black rat , and the house mouse , are serious pests , eating and spoiling food stored by humans and spreading diseases. Accidentally introduced species of rodents are often considered to be invasive and have caused the extinction of numerous species, such as island birds, the dodo being an example, previously isolated from land-based predators. Characteristics Teeth The distinguishing feature of the rodents is their pairs of continuously growing, razor-sharp, open-rooted incisors . [ 1 ] These incisors have thick layers of enamel on the front and little enamel on the back. [ 2 ] Because they do not stop growing, the animal must continue to wear them down so that they do not reach and pierce the skull. As the incisors grind against each other, the softer dentine on the rear of the teeth wears away, leaving the sharp enamel edge shaped like the blade of a chisel . [ 3 ] Rodent species have 12–28 teeth total, usually 22, with no canines. A gap, or diastema , occurs between the incisors and the cheek teeth in most species. This allows rodents to suck in and seal their mouth from inedible material. [ 1 ] Chinchillas and guinea pigs have a high-fiber diet; their molars have no roots and grow continuously like their incisors. [ 4 ] In many species, the molars are relatively large, intricately structured, and highly cusped or ridged. Rodent molars are well equipped to grind food into small particles. [ 1 ] The jaw musculature is strong. The lower jaw is thrust forward while gnawing and is pulled backwards during chewing. [ 2 ] Gnawing uses incisors and chewing uses molars, however, due to the cranial anatomy of rodents these feeding methods cannot be used at the same time and are considered to be mutually exclusive. [ 5 ] Among rodents, the masseter muscle plays a key role in chewing, making up 60% – 80% of the total muscle mass among masticatory muscles and reflects rodents' herbivorous diet. [ 6 ] The Sciuromorpha , such as the eastern grey squirrel , have a large deep masseter , making them efficient at biting with the incisors. The Myomorpha , such as the brown rat, have enlarged temporalis and masseter muscles, making them able to chew powerfully with their molars. [ 7 ] Other facial features In rodents, masseter muscles insert behind the eyes and contribute to eye boggling that occurs during gnawing, where the quick contraction and relaxation of the muscle causes the eyeballs to move up and down. [ 7 ] The Hystricomorpha , such as the guinea pig, have larger superficial masseter muscles and smaller deep masseter muscles than rats or squirrels, possibly making them less efficient at biting with the incisors, but their enlarged internal pterygoid muscles may allow them to move the jaw further sideways when chewing. [ 8 ] The cheek pouch is a specific morphological feature used for storing food and is evident in particular subgroups of rodents like kangaroo rats , hamsters, chipmunks and gophers which have two bags that may range from the mouth to the front of the shoulders. [ 9 ] True mice and rats do not contain this structure but their cheeks are elastic due to a high degree of musculature and innervation in the region. [ 10 ] Size While the largest species, the capybara , can weigh as much as 66 kg (146 lb), most rodents weigh less than 100 g (3.5 oz). Rodents have wide-ranging morphologies, but typically have squat bodies and short limbs. [ 1 ] Digits The fore limbs usually have five digits, including an opposable thumb, while the hind limbs have three to five digits. The elbow gives the forearms great flexibility. [ 3 ] The majority of species are plantigrade , walking on both the palms and soles of their feet, and have claw-like nails. The nails of burrowing species tend to be long and strong, while arboreal rodents have shorter, sharper nails. Rodenta, have nails on their first digit which they use in manual food handling. Such a nail combined with dexterous feeding movement with incisors which allow them to eat hard seeds and nuts, a niche that they presently dominate. This thumbnail is argued to be ancestrial with exceptions being linked to its replacement by claws in subterranean habits and for oral-only feeding. [ 11 ] Locomotion Rodent species use a wide variety of methods of locomotion including quadrupedal walking, running, burrowing, climbing, bipedal hopping ( kangaroo rats and hopping mice ), swimming and even gliding. [ 3 ] Scaly-tailed squirrels and flying squirrels , although not closely related, can both glide from tree to tree using parachute-like membranes that stretch from the fore to the hind limbs. [ 12 ] The agouti is fleet-footed and antelope -like, being digitigrade and having hoof-like nails. The majority of rodents have tails, which can be of many shapes and sizes. Some tails are prehensile , as in the Eurasian harvest mouse , and the fur on the tails can vary from bushy to completely bald. The tail is sometimes used for communication, as when beavers slap their tails on the water surface or house mice rattle their tails to indicate alarm. Some species have vestigial tails or no tails at all. [ 1 ] In some species, the tail is capable of regeneration if a part is broken off. [ 3 ] Senses Rodents generally have well-developed senses of smell , hearing, and vision. Nocturnal species often have enlarged eyes and some are sensitive to ultraviolet light. Many species have long, sensitive whiskers or vibrissae for touch or "whisking" . [ 14 ] Whisker action is mostly driven by the brain stem, which is itself provoked by the cortex. [ 14 ] However Legg et al. 1989 find an alternate circuit between the cortex and whiskers through the cerebellar circuits, and Hemelt & Keller 2008 the superior colliculus. [ 14 ] Some rodents have cheek pouches , which may be lined with fur. These can be turned inside out for cleaning. In many species, the tongue cannot reach past the incisors. Rodents have efficient digestive systems, absorbing nearly 80% of ingested energy. When eating cellulose , the food is softened in the stomach and passed to the cecum , where bacteria reduce it to its carbohydrate elements. The rodent then practices coprophagy , eating its own fecal pellets, so the nutrients can be absorbed by the gut. Rodents therefore often produce a hard and dry fecal pellet. [ 1 ] Horn et al. 2013 [ 15 ] makes the finding that rodents entirely lack the ability to vomit. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] In many species, the penis contains a bone, the baculum ; the testes can be located either abdominally or at the groin. [ 3 ] Sexual dimorphism Sexual dimorphism occurs in many rodent species. In some rodents, males are larger than females, while in others the reverse is true. Male-bias sexual dimorphism is typical for ground squirrels , kangaroo rats, solitary mole rats and pocket gophers ; it likely developed due to sexual selection and greater male–male combat. Female-bias sexual dimorphism exists among chipmunks and jumping mice . It is not understood why this pattern occurs, but in the case of yellow-pine chipmunks , males may have selected larger females due to their greater reproductive success. In some species, such as voles , sexual dimorphism can vary from population to population. In bank voles , females are typically larger than males, but male-bias sexual dimorphism occurs in alpine populations, possibly because of the lack of predators and greater competition between males. [ 20 ] Distribution and habitat One of the most widespread groups of mammals, rodents can be found on every continent except Antarctica. They are the only terrestrial placental mammals to have colonized Australia and New Guinea without human intervention. Humans have also allowed the animals to spread to many remote oceanic islands (e.g., the Polynesian rat ). [ 3 ] Rodents have adapted to almost every terrestrial habitat, from cold tundra (where they can live under snow) to hot deserts. Some species such as tree squirrels and New World porcupines are arboreal , while some, such as gophers , tuco-tucos , and mole rats, live almost completely underground, where they build complex burrow systems. Others dwell on the surface of the ground, but may have a burrow into which they can retreat. Beavers and muskrats are known for being semiaquatic, [ 1 ] but the rodent best adapted for aquatic life is probably the earless water rat from New Guinea. [ 21 ] Rodents have also thrived in human-created environments such as agricultural and urban areas . [ 22 ] Though some species are common pests for humans, rodents also play important ecological roles. [ 1 ] Some rodents are considered keystone species and ecosystem engineers in their respective habitats. In the Great Plains of North America, the burrowing activities of prairie dogs play important roles in soil aeration and nutrient redistribution, raising the organic content of the soil and increasing the absorption of water. They maintain these grassland habitats, [ 23 ] and some large herbivores such as bison and pronghorn prefer to graze near prairie dog colonies due to the increased nutritional quality of forage. [ 24 ] Extirpation of prairie dogs can also contribute to regional and local biodiversity loss , increased seed depredation, and the establishment and spread of invasive shrubs. [ 23 ] Burrowing rodents may eat the fruiting bodies of fungi and spread spores through their feces, thereby allowing the fungi to disperse and form symbiotic relationships with the roots of plants (which usually cannot thrive without them). As such, these rodents may play a role in maintaining healthy forests. [ 25 ] In many temperate regions, beavers play an essential hydrological role. When building their dams and lodges, beavers alter the paths of streams and rivers [ 26 ] and allow for the creation of extensive wetland habitats. One study found that engineering by beavers leads to a 33 percent increase in the number of herbaceous plant species in riparian areas . [ 27 ] Another study found that beavers increase wild salmon populations. [ 28 ] Meanwhile, some rodents are seen as pests , due to their wide range. [ 29 ] Behavior and life history Feeding Most rodents are herbivorous , feeding exclusively on plant material such as seeds, stems, leaves, flowers, and roots. Some are omnivorous and a few are predators. [ 2 ] The field vole is a typical herbivorous rodent and feeds on grasses, herbs, root tubers, moss, and other vegetation, and gnaws on bark during the winter. It occasionally eats invertebrates such as insect larvae. [ 30 ] The plains pocket gopher eats plant material found underground during tunneling, and also collects grasses, roots, and tubers in its cheek pouches and caches them in underground larder chambers. [ 31 ] The Texas pocket gopher avoids emerging onto the surface to feed by seizing the roots of plants with its jaws and pulling them downwards into its burrow. It also practices coprophagy. [ 32 ] The African pouched rat forages on the surface, gathering anything that might be edible into its capacious cheek pouches until its face bulges out sideways. It then returns to its burrow to sort through the material it has gathered and eats the nutritious items. [ 33 ] Agouti species are one of the few animal groups that can break open the large capsules of the Brazil nut fruit. Too many seeds are inside to be consumed in one meal, so the agouti carries some off and caches them. This helps dispersal of the seeds as any that the agouti fails to retrieve are distant from the parent tree when they germinate. Other nut-bearing trees tend to bear a glut of fruits in the autumn. These are too numerous to be eaten in one meal and squirrels gather and store the surplus in crevices and hollow trees. In desert regions, seeds are often available only for short periods. The kangaroo rat collects all it can find and stores them in larder chambers in its burrow. [ 33 ] A strategy for dealing with seasonal plenty is to eat as much as possible and store the surplus nutrients as fat. Marmots do this, and may be 50% heavier in the autumn than in the spring. They rely on their fat reserves during their long winter hibernation . [ 33 ] Beavers feed on the leaves, buds, and inner bark of growing trees, as well as aquatic plants. They store food for winter use by felling small trees and leafy branches in the autumn and immersing them in their pond, sticking the ends into the mud to anchor them. Here, they can access their food supply underwater even when their pond is frozen over. [ 34 ] Although rodents have been regarded traditionally as herbivores, most small rodents opportunistically include insects, worms, fungi, fish, or meat in their diets and a few have become specialized to rely on a diet of animal matter. A functional-morphological study of the rodent tooth system supports the idea that primitive rodents were omnivores rather than herbivores. Studies of the literature show that numerous members of the Sciuromorpha and Myomorpha, and a few members of the Hystricomorpha, have either included animal matter in their diets or been prepared to eat such food when offered it in captivity. Examination of the stomach contents of the North American white-footed mouse , normally considered to be herbivorous, showed 34% animal matter. [ 35 ] More specialized carnivores include the shrewlike rats of the Philippines, which feed on insects and soft-bodied invertebrates, and the rakali or Australian water-rat, which devours aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs, and water birds. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] The grasshopper mouse from dry regions of North America feeds on insects, scorpions, and other small mice, and only a small part of its diet is plant material. It has a chunky body with short legs and tail, but is agile and can easily overpower prey as large as itself. [ 37 ] Social behavior Rodents exhibit a wide range of types of social behavior ranging from the mammalian caste system of the naked mole-rat , [ 38 ] the extensive "town" of the colonial prairie dog , [ 39 ] through family groups to the independent, solitary life of the edible dormouse . Adult dormice may have overlapping feeding ranges, but they live in individual nests and feed separately, coming together briefly in the breeding season to mate. The pocket gopher is also a solitary animal outside the breeding season, each individual digging a complex tunnel system and maintaining a territory. [ 40 ] Larger rodents tend to live in family units where parents and their offspring live together until the young disperse. Beavers live in extended family units typically with a pair of adults, this year's kits, the previous year's offspring, and sometimes older young. [ 41 ] Brown rats usually live in small colonies with up to six females sharing a burrow and one male defending a territory around the burrow. At high population densities, this system breaks down and males show a hierarchical system of dominance with overlapping ranges. Female offspring remain in the colony while male young disperse. [ 42 ] The prairie vole is monogamous and forms a lifelong pair bond. Outside the breeding season, prairie voles live with others in small colonies. A male is not aggressive towards other males until he has mated, after which time he defends a territory, a female, and a nest against other males. The pair huddles together, grooms one another, and shares nesting and pup-raising responsibilities. [ 43 ] Among the most social of rodents are the ground squirrels, which typically form colonies based on female kinship, with males dispersing after weaning and becoming nomadic as adults. Cooperation in ground squirrels varies between species and typically includes making alarm calls, defending territories, sharing food, protecting nesting areas, and preventing infanticide. [ 44 ] The black-tailed prairie dog forms large towns that may cover many hectares. The burrows do not interconnect, but are excavated and occupied by territorial family groups known as coteries. A coterie often consists of an adult male, three or four adult females, several nonbreeding yearlings, and the current year's offspring. Individuals within coteries are friendly with each other, but hostile towards outsiders. [ 39 ] Perhaps the most extreme examples of colonial behavior in rodents are the eusocial naked mole rat and Damaraland mole rat . The naked mole rat lives completely underground and can form colonies of up to 80 individuals. Only one female and up to three males in the colony reproduce, while the rest of the members are smaller and sterile, and function as workers. Some individuals are of intermediate size. They help with the rearing of the young and can take the place of a reproductive if one dies. [ 38 ] The Damaraland mole rat is characterized by having a single reproductively active male and female in a colony where the remaining animals are not truly sterile, but become fertile only if they establish a colony of their own. [ 45 ] The naked mole-rat has a particularly long life-span for a small rodent, about 30 years, and the basis for this longevity has been investigated. [ 46 ] Naked mole-rats express DNA repair genes, including core genes in several DNA repair pathways, at a higher level than shorter-lived mice, and thus it was suggested that DNA repair acts as a longevity assurance system. [ 46 ] Communication Olfactory Rodents use scent marking in many social contexts including inter- and intra-species communication, the marking of trails and the establishment of territories. Their urine provides genetic information about individuals including the species, the sex and individual identity, and metabolic information on dominance, reproductive status and health. Compounds derived from the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are bound to several urinary proteins. The odor of a predator depresses scent-marking behavior. [ 47 ] Rodents are able to recognize close relatives by smell and this allows them to show nepotism (preferential behavior toward their kin) and also avoid inbreeding. This kin recognition is by olfactory cues from urine, feces and glandular secretions. The main assessment may involve the MHC, where the degree of relatedness of two individuals is correlated to the MHC genes they have in common. In non-kin communication, where more permanent odor markers are required, as at territorial borders, then non-volatile major urinary proteins (MUPs), which function as pheromone transporters, may also be used. MUPs may also signal individual identity, with each male house mouse ( Mus musculus ) excreting urine containing about a dozen genetically encoded MUPs. [ 48 ] House mice deposit urine, which contains pheromones, for territorial marking, individual and group recognition, and social organization. [ 49 ] Territorial beavers and red squirrels investigate and become familiar with the scents of their neighbors and respond less aggressively to intrusions by them than to those made by non-territorial "floaters" or strangers. This is known as the " dear enemy effect ". [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Auditory Many rodent species, particularly those that are diurnal and social, have a wide range of alarm calls that are emitted when they perceive threats. There are both direct and indirect benefits of doing this. A potential predator may stop when it knows it has been detected, or an alarm call can allow conspecifics or related individuals to take evasive action. [ 52 ] Several species, for example prairie dogs, have complex anti-predator alarm call systems. These species may have different calls for different predators (e.g. aerial predators or ground-based predators) and each call contains information about the nature of the precise threat. [ 53 ] The urgency of the threat is also conveyed by the acoustic properties of the call. [ 54 ] Social rodents have a wider range of vocalizations than do solitary species. Fifteen different call-types have been recognized in adult Kataba mole rats and four in juveniles. [ 55 ] Similarly, the common degu , another social, burrowing rodent, exhibits a wide array of communication methods and has an elaborate vocal repertoire comprising fifteen different categories of sound. [ 56 ] Ultrasonic calls play a part in social communication between dormice and are used when the individuals are out of sight of each other. [ 57 ] House mice use both audible and ultrasonic calls in a variety of contexts. Audible vocalizations can often be heard during agonistic or aggressive encounters, whereas ultrasound is used in sexual communication and also by pups when they have fallen out of the nest. [ 49 ] Laboratory rats (which are brown rats, Rattus norvegicus ) emit short, high frequency, ultrasonic vocalizations during purportedly pleasurable experiences such as rough-and-tumble play, when anticipating routine doses of morphine , during mating, and when tickled. The vocalization, described as a distinct "chirping", has been likened to laughter , and is interpreted as an expectation of something rewarding. In clinical studies, the chirping is associated with positive emotional feelings, and social bonding occurs with the tickler, resulting in the rats becoming conditioned to seek the tickling. However, as the rats age, the tendency to chirp declines. Like most rat vocalizations, the chirping is at frequencies too high for humans to hear without special equipment, so bat detectors have been used for this purpose. [ 58 ] Visual Rodents, like all placental mammals except primates, have just two types of light receptive cones in their retina, [ 59 ] a short wavelength "blue-UV" type and a middle wavelength "green" type. They are therefore classified as dichromats ; however, they are visually sensitive into the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and therefore can see light that humans cannot. The functions of this UV sensitivity are not always clear. In degus , for example, the belly reflects more UV light than the back. Therefore, when a degu stands up on its hind legs, which it does when alarmed, it exposes its belly to other degus and ultraviolet vision may serve a purpose in communicating the alarm. When it stands on all fours, its low UV-reflectance back could help make the degu less visible to predators. [ 60 ] Ultraviolet light is abundant during the day but not at night. There is a large increase in the ratio of ultraviolet to visible light in the morning and evening twilight hours. Many rodents are active during twilight hours (crepuscular activity), and UV-sensitivity would be advantageous at these times. Ultraviolet reflectivity is of dubious value for nocturnal rodents. [ 61 ] The urine of many rodents (e.g. voles, degus, mice, rats) strongly reflects UV light and this may be used in communication by leaving visible as well as olfactory markings. [ 62 ] However, the amount of UV that is reflected decreases with time, which in some circumstances can be disadvantageous; the common kestrel can distinguish between old and fresh rodent trails and has greater success hunting over more recently marked routes. [ 63 ] Tactile Vibrations can provide cues to conspecifics about specific behaviors being performed, predator warning and avoidance, herd or group maintenance, and courtship. The Middle East blind mole rat was the first mammal for which seismic communication was documented. These fossorial rodents bang their head against the walls of their tunnels. This behavior was initially interpreted as part of their tunnel building behavior, but it was eventually realized that they generate temporally patterned seismic signals for long-distance communication with neighboring mole rats. [ 64 ] Footdrumming is used widely as a predator warning or defensive action. It is used primarily by fossorial or semi-fossorial rodents. [ 65 ] The banner-tailed kangaroo rat produces several complex footdrumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The footdrumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the snake's predatory pursuit. [ 64 ] [ 66 ] Several studies have indicated intentional use of ground vibrations as a means of intra-specific communication during courtship among the Cape mole rat . [ 67 ] Footdrumming has been reported to be involved in male-male competition; the dominant male indicates its resource holding potential by drumming, thus minimizing physical contact with potential rivals. [ 64 ] Mating strategies Some species of rodent are monogamous, with an adult male and female forming a lasting pair bond . Monogamy can come in two forms; obligate and facultative. In obligate monogamy, both parents care for the offspring and play an important part in their survival. This occurs in species such as California mice , oldfield mice , Malagasy giant rats and beavers. In these species, males usually mate only with their partners. In addition to increased care for young, obligate monogamy can also be beneficial to the adult male as it decreases the chances of never finding a mate or mating with an infertile female. In facultative monogamy, the males do not provide direct parental care and stay with one female because they cannot access others due to being spatially dispersed. Prairie voles appear to be an example of this form of monogamy, with males guarding and defending females within their vicinity. [ 68 ] In polygynous species, males will try to monopolize and mate with multiple females. As with monogamy, polygyny in rodents can come in two forms; defense and non-defense. Defense polygyny involves males controlling territories that contain resources that attract females. This occurs in ground squirrels like yellow-bellied marmots , California ground squirrels , Columbian ground squirrels and Richardson's ground squirrels . Males with territories are known as "resident" males and the females that live within the territories are known as "resident" females. In the case of marmots, resident males do not appear to ever lose their territories and always win encounters with invading males. Some species are also known to directly defend their resident females and the ensuing fights can lead to severe wounding. In species with non-defense polygyny, males are not territorial and wander widely in search of females to monopolize. These males establish dominance hierarchies, with the high-ranking males having access to the most females. This occurs in species like Belding's ground squirrels and some tree squirrel species. [ 68 ] Promiscuity , in which both males and females mate with multiple partners, also occurs in rodents. In species such as the white-footed mouse, females give birth to litters with multiple paternities. Promiscuity leads to increased sperm competition and males tend to have larger testicles. In the Cape ground squirrel , the male's testes can be 20 percent of its head-body length. [ 68 ] Several rodent species have flexible mating systems that can vary between monogamy, polygyny and promiscuity. [ 68 ] Female rodents play an active role in choosing their mates. Factors that contribute to female preference may include the size, dominance and spatial ability of the male. [ 69 ] In the eusocial naked mole rats, a single female monopolizes mating from at least three males. [ 38 ] Reproductively active female naked mole-rats tend to associate with unfamiliar males (generally non-kin), whereas females that are reproductively inactive do not tend to discriminate. [ 70 ] The preference of reproductively active females for unfamiliar males is thought to be an adaptation for inbreeding avoidance, since inbreeding ordinarily leads to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles. [ 71 ] In most rodent species, such as brown rats and house mice, ovulation occurs on a regular cycle while in others, such as voles, it is induced by mating . During copulation, males of some rodent species deposit a mating plug in the female's genital opening, both to prevent sperm leakage and to protect against other males inseminating the female. Females can remove the plug and may do so either immediately or after several hours. [ 69 ] Metabolism of thyroid hormones and iodine in the mediobasal hypothalamus changes in response to photoperiod . Thyroid hormones in turn induce reproductive changes. This is found by Watanabe et al. 2004 and 2007, Barrett et al. 2007, Freeman et al. 2007, and Herwig et al. 2009 in Siberian hamsters , Revel et al. 2006 and Yasuo et al. 2007 in Syrian hamsters , Yasuo et al. 2007 and Ross et al. 2011 in rats, and Ono et al. 2008 in mice. [ 72 ] Birth and parenting Rodents may be born either altricial (blind, hairless and relatively underdeveloped) or precocial (mostly furred, eyes open and fairly developed) depending on the species. The altricial state is typical for squirrels and mice, while the precocial state usually occurs in species like guinea pigs and porcupines. Females with altricial young typically build elaborate nests before they give birth and maintain them until their offspring are weaned . The female gives birth sitting or lying down and the young emerge in the direction she is facing. The newborns first venture out of the nest a few days after they have opened their eyes and initially keep returning regularly. As they get older and more developed, they visit the nest less often and leave permanently when weaned. [ 73 ] In precocial species, the mothers invest little in nest building and some do not build nests at all. The female gives birth standing and the young emerge behind her. Mothers of these species maintain contact with their highly mobile young with maternal contact calls. Though relatively independent and weaned within days, precocial young may continue to nurse and be groomed by their mothers. Rodent litter sizes also vary and females with smaller litters spend more time in the nest than those with larger litters. [ 73 ] Mother rodents provide both direct parental care, such as nursing, grooming, retrieving and huddling, and indirect parenting, such as food caching, nest building and protection to their offspring. [ 73 ] In many social species, young may be cared for by individuals other than their parents, a practice known as alloparenting or cooperative breeding . This is known to occur in black-tailed prairie dogs and Belding's ground squirrels, where mothers have communal nests and nurse unrelated young along with their own. There is some question as to whether these mothers can distinguish which young are theirs. In the Patagonian mara , young are also placed in communal warrens, but mothers do not permit youngsters other than their own to nurse. [ 74 ] Infanticide exists in numerous rodent species and may be practiced by adult conspecifics of either sex. Several reasons have been proposed for this behavior, including nutritional stress, resource competition, avoiding misdirecting parental care and, in the case of males, attempting to make the mother sexually receptive. The latter reason is well supported in primates and lions but less so in rodents. [ 75 ] Infanticide appears to be widespread in black-tailed prairie dogs, including infanticide from invading males and immigrant females, as well as occasional cannibalism of an individual's own offspring. [ 76 ] To protect against infanticide from other adults, female rodents may employ avoidance or direct aggression against potential perpetrators, multiple mating, territoriality or early termination of pregnancy. [ 75 ] Feticide can also occur among rodents; in alpine marmots , dominant females tend to suppress the reproduction of subordinates by being antagonistic towards them while they are pregnant. The resulting stress causes the fetuses to abort. [ 77 ] Intelligence Rodents have advanced cognitive abilities. They can quickly learn to avoid poisoned baits, which makes them difficult pests to deal with. [ 1 ] Guinea pigs can learn and remember complex pathways to food. [ 78 ] Squirrels and kangaroo rats are able to locate caches of food by spatial memory , rather than just by smell. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] Because laboratory mice (house mice) and rats (brown rats) are widely used as scientific models to further our understanding of biology, a great deal has come to be known about their cognitive capacities. Brown rats exhibit cognitive bias , where information processing is biased by whether they are in a positive or negative affective state. [ 81 ] For example, laboratory rats trained to respond to a specific tone by pressing a lever to receive a reward, and to press another lever in response to a different tone so as to avoid receiving an electric shock, are more likely to respond to an intermediate tone by choosing the reward lever if they have just been tickled (something they enjoy), indicating "a link between the directly measured positive affective state and decision making under uncertainty in an animal model." [ 82 ] Laboratory (brown) rats may have the capacity for metacognition —to consider their own learning and then make decisions based on what they know, or do not know, as indicated by choices they make apparently trading off difficulty of tasks and expected rewards, making them the first animals other than primates known to have this capacity, [ 83 ] [ 84 ] but these findings are disputed, since the rats may have been following simple operant conditioning principles, [ 85 ] or a behavioral economic model. [ 86 ] Brown rats use social learning in a wide range of situations, but perhaps especially so in acquiring food preferences. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] Evolutionary history Dentition is the key feature by which fossil rodents are recognized and the earliest record of such mammals comes from the Paleocene , shortly after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs some 66 million years ago. These fossils are found in Laurasia , [ 89 ] the supercontinent composed of modern-day North America, Europe, and Asia. The divergence of Glires , a clade consisting of rodents and lagomorphs (rabbits, hares and pikas), from other placental mammals occurred within a few million years after the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary; rodents and lagomorphs then radiated during the Cenozoic . [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Some molecular clock data suggest modern rodents (members of the order Rodentia) had appeared by the late Cretaceous , [ 92 ] although other molecular divergence estimations are in agreement with the fossil record. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Rodents are thought to have evolved in Asia, where local multituberculate faunas were severely affected by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and never fully recovered, unlike their North American and European relatives. In the resulting ecological vacuum, rodents and other Glires were able to evolve and diversify, taking the niches left by extinct multituberculates. The correlation between the spread of rodents and the demise of multituberculates is a controversial topic, not fully resolved. American and European multituberculate assemblages do decline in diversity in correlation with the introduction of rodents in these areas, but the remaining Asian multituberculates co-existed with rodents with no observable replacement taking place, and ultimately both clades co-existed for at least 15 million years. [ 95 ] The history of the colonization of the world's continents by rodents is complex. The movements of the large superfamily Muroidea (including hamsters , gerbils , true mice and rats ) may have involved up to seven colonizations of Africa, five of North America, four of Southeast Asia, two of South America and up to ten of Eurasia. [ 96 ] During the Eocene , rodents began to diversify. Beavers appeared in Eurasia in the late Eocene before spreading to North America in the late Miocene. [ 98 ] Late in the Eocene, hystricognaths invaded Africa, most probably having originated in Asia at least 39.5 million years ago. [ 99 ] From Africa, fossil evidence shows that some hystricognaths ( caviomorphs ) colonized South America , which was an isolated continent at the time, evidently making use of ocean currents to cross the Atlantic on floating debris . [ 100 ] Caviomorphs had arrived in South America by 41 million years ago (implying a date at least as early as this for hystricognaths in Africa), [ 99 ] and had reached the Greater Antilles by the early Oligocene , suggesting that they must have dispersed rapidly across South America. [ 101 ] Nesomyid rodents are thought to have rafted from Africa to Madagascar 20–24 million years ago. [ 102 ] All 27 species of native Malagasy rodents appear to be descendants of a single colonization event. By 20 million years ago, fossils recognizably belonging to the current families such as Muridae had emerged. [ 89 ] By the Miocene , when Africa had collided with Asia, African rodents such as the porcupine began to spread into Eurasia . [ 103 ] Some fossil species were very large in comparison to modern rodents and included the giant beaver, Castoroides ohioensis , which grew to a length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) and weight of 100 kg (220 lb). [ 104 ] The largest known rodent was Josephoartigasia monesi , a pacarana with an estimated body length of 3 m (10 ft). [ 105 ] The first rodents arrived in Australia via Indonesia around 5 million years ago. Although marsupials are the most prominent mammals in Australia, many rodents , all belonging to the subfamily Murinae , are among the continent's mammal species . [ 106 ] There are about fifty species of 'old endemics', the first wave of rodents to colonize the country in the Miocene and early Pliocene , and eight true rat ( Rattus ) species of 'new endemics', arriving in a subsequent wave in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene . The earliest fossil rodents in Australia have a maximum age of 4.5 million years, [ 107 ] and molecular data is consistent with the colonization of New Guinea from the west during the late Miocene or early Pliocene followed by rapid diversification. A further wave of adaptive radiation occurred after one or more colonizations of Australia some 2 to 3 million years later. [ 108 ] Rodents participated in the Great American Interchange that resulted from the joining of the Americas by formation of the Isthmus of Panama , around 3 million years ago in the Piacenzian age. [ 109 ] In this exchange, a small number of species such as the New World porcupines (Erethizontidae) headed north. [ 89 ] However, the main southward invasion of sigmodontines preceded formation of the land bridge by at least several million years, probably occurring via rafting. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Sigmodontines diversified explosively once in South America, although some degree of diversification may have already occurred in Central America before the colonization. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Classification The use of the order name "Rodentia" is attributed to the English traveler and naturalist Thomas Edward Bowdich (1821). [ 113 ] The Modern Latin word Rodentia is derived from rōdēns , present participle of rōdere , rōdō ' to gnaw, eat away ' . [ 114 ] The hares , rabbits and pikas (order Lagomorpha) have continuously growing incisors, as do rodents, and were at one time included in the order. However, they have an additional pair of incisors in the upper jaw and the two orders have quite separate evolutionary histories. [ 115 ] The phylogeny of the rodents places them in the clades Glires, Euarchontoglires and Boreoeutheria . The cladogram below shows some of the inner and outer relations of Rodentia based on a 2012 attempt by Wu et al. to align the molecular clock with paleontological data: [ 116 ] Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Euarchontoglires Euarchonta Glires Lagomorpha Ochotona (pikas) Leporidae (rabbits and hares) Rodentia Hystricomorpha Ctenodactylidae (gundis) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Sciuromorpha Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Sciuridae Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Castorimorpha Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Myomorpha Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Eulipotyphla Eulipotyphla Scrotifera Scrotifera Euarchontoglires Euarchonta Glires Lagomorpha Ochotona (pikas) Leporidae (rabbits and hares) Rodentia Hystricomorpha Ctenodactylidae (gundis) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Sciuromorpha Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Sciuridae Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Castorimorpha Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Myomorpha Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Euarchonta Euarchonta Glires Lagomorpha Ochotona (pikas) Leporidae (rabbits and hares) Rodentia Hystricomorpha Ctenodactylidae (gundis) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Sciuromorpha Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Sciuridae Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Castorimorpha Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Myomorpha Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Lagomorpha Ochotona (pikas) Leporidae (rabbits and hares) Ochotona (pikas) Ochotona (pikas) Leporidae (rabbits and hares) Leporidae (rabbits and hares) Rodentia Hystricomorpha Ctenodactylidae (gundis) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Sciuromorpha Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Sciuridae Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Castorimorpha Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Myomorpha Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Hystricomorpha Ctenodactylidae (gundis) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Ctenodactylidae (gundis) Ctenodactylidae (gundis) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Octodontomys (mountain degus) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Caviidae (guinea pigs and capybara) Sciuromorpha Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Sciuridae Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Castorimorpha Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Myomorpha Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Sciuromorpha Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Sciuridae Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Aplodontia (mountain beavers) Sciuridae Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Glaucomys (New World flying squirrels) Tamias (chipmunks) Tamias (chipmunks) Castorimorpha Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Myomorpha Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Castorimorpha Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Castor (beavers) Castor (beavers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Dipodomys (kangaroo rats) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Thomomys (pocket gophers) Myomorpha Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Muroidea Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Cricetidae (hamsters and new world mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Mus (true mice) Mus (true mice) Rattus (rats) Rattus (rats) Dipodoidea Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Sicista (birch mice) Sicista (birch mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Zapus (jumping mice) Zapus (jumping mice) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) Cardiocranius (pygmy jerboas) The living rodent families based on the study done by Fabre et al. 2012. [ 117 ] Rodentia classification Rodentia Sciuromorpha Gliridae Sciurida Aplodontidae Sciuridae Ctenohystrica Ctenodactylomorpha Ctenodactylidae Diatomyidae Hystricognatha Hystricidae Bathyergomorpha Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Caviida Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Castorimorpha Castoroidea Castoridae Geomyoidea Heteromyidae Geomyidae Anomaluromorpha Anomaluridae Pedetidae Myomorpha Dipodoidea Dipodidae Muroidea Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Rodentia Sciuromorpha Gliridae Sciurida Aplodontidae Sciuridae Ctenohystrica Ctenodactylomorpha Ctenodactylidae Diatomyidae Hystricognatha Hystricidae Bathyergomorpha Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Caviida Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Castorimorpha Castoroidea Castoridae Geomyoidea Heteromyidae Geomyidae Anomaluromorpha Anomaluridae Pedetidae Myomorpha Dipodoidea Dipodidae Muroidea Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Sciuromorpha Gliridae Sciurida Aplodontidae Sciuridae Gliridae Gliridae Sciurida Aplodontidae Sciuridae Aplodontidae Aplodontidae Sciuridae Sciuridae Ctenohystrica Ctenodactylomorpha Ctenodactylidae Diatomyidae Hystricognatha Hystricidae Bathyergomorpha Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Caviida Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Castorimorpha Castoroidea Castoridae Geomyoidea Heteromyidae Geomyidae Anomaluromorpha Anomaluridae Pedetidae Myomorpha Dipodoidea Dipodidae Muroidea Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Ctenohystrica Ctenodactylomorpha Ctenodactylidae Diatomyidae Hystricognatha Hystricidae Bathyergomorpha Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Caviida Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Ctenodactylomorpha Ctenodactylidae Diatomyidae Ctenodactylidae Ctenodactylidae Diatomyidae Diatomyidae Hystricognatha Hystricidae Bathyergomorpha Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Caviida Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Hystricidae Hystricidae Bathyergomorpha Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Caviida Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Bathyergomorpha Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Bathyergidae Bathyergidae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Petromuridae Petromuridae Thryonomyidae Thryonomyidae Caviida Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Cavioidea Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Erethizontidae Erethizontidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Cuniculidae Cuniculidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Caviidae Caviidae Dasyproctidae Dasyproctidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Chinchilloidea Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Dinomyidae Dinomyidae Chinchillidae Chinchillidae Octodontoidea Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Abrocomidae Abrocomidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Echimyidae Echimyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Ctenomyidae Ctenomyidae Octodontidae Octodontidae Castorimorpha Castoroidea Castoridae Geomyoidea Heteromyidae Geomyidae Anomaluromorpha Anomaluridae Pedetidae Myomorpha Dipodoidea Dipodidae Muroidea Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Castorimorpha Castoroidea Castoridae Geomyoidea Heteromyidae Geomyidae Castoroidea Castoridae Castoridae Geomyoidea Heteromyidae Geomyidae Heteromyidae Heteromyidae Geomyidae Geomyidae Anomaluromorpha Anomaluridae Pedetidae Myomorpha Dipodoidea Dipodidae Muroidea Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Anomaluromorpha Anomaluridae Pedetidae Anomaluridae Anomaluridae Pedetidae Pedetidae Myomorpha Dipodoidea Dipodidae Muroidea Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Dipodoidea Dipodidae Dipodidae Muroidea Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Platacanthomyidae Platacanthomyidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Spalacidae Spalacidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Calomyscidae Calomyscidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Nesomyidae Nesomyidae Cricetidae Muridae Cricetidae Cricetidae Muridae Muridae The order Rodentia may be divided into suborders , infraorders , superfamilies and families . There is a great deal of parallelism and convergence among rodents caused by the fact that they have tended to evolve to fill largely similar niches. This parallel evolution includes not only the structure of the teeth, but also the infraorbital region of the skull (below the eye socket) and makes classification difficult as similar traits may not be due to common ancestry. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Brandt (1855) was the first to propose dividing Rodentia into three suborders, Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorpha and Myomorpha, based on the development of certain muscles in the jaw, and this system was widely accepted. Schlosser (1884) performed a comprehensive review of rodent fossils, mainly using the cheek teeth, and found that they fitted into the classical system, but Tullborg (1899) proposed just two sub-orders, Sciurognathi and Hystricognathi. These were based on the degree of inflection of the lower jaw and were to be further subdivided into Sciuromorpha, Myomorpha, Hystricomorpha and Bathyergomorpha. Matthew (1910) created a phylogenetic tree of New World rodents but did not include the more problematic Old World species. Further attempts at classification continued without agreement, with some authors adopting the classical three suborder system and others Tullborg's two suborders. [ 118 ] These disagreements remain unresolved, nor have molecular studies fully resolved the situation though they have confirmed the monophyly of the group and that the clade has descended from a common Paleocene ancestor. Carleton and Musser (2005) in Mammal Species of the World have provisionally adopted a five suborder system: Sciuromorpha, Castorimorpha, Myomorpha, Anomaluromorpha, and Hystricomorpha. As of 2021 the American Society of Mammalogists recognizes 34 recent families containing more than 481 genera and 2277 species. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] Interaction with humans Conservation While rodents are not the most seriously threatened order of mammals, there are 168 species in 126 genera that are said to warrant conservation attention [ 123 ] in the face of limited appreciation by the public. Since 76 percent of rodent genera contain only one species, much phylogenetic diversity could be lost with a comparatively small number of extinctions. In the absence of more detailed knowledge of species at risk and accurate taxonomy, conservation must be based mainly on higher taxa (such as families rather than species) and geographical hot spots. [ 123 ] Several species of rice rat have become extinct since the 19th century, probably through habitat loss and the introduction of alien species. [ 124 ] In Colombia, the brown hairy dwarf porcupine was recorded from only two mountain localities in the 1920s, while the red crested soft-furred spiny rat is known only from its type locality on the Caribbean coast, so these species are considered vulnerable. [ 125 ] The IUCN Species Survival Commission writes "We can safely conclude that many South American rodents are seriously threatened, mainly by environmental disturbance and intensive hunting". [ 126 ] The "three now cosmopolitan commensal rodent pest species" [ 127 ] (the brown rat, the black rat and the house mouse) have been dispersed in association with humans, partly on sailing ships in the Age of Exploration , and with a fourth species in the Pacific, the Polynesian rat ( Rattus exulans ), have severely damaged island biotas around the world. For example, when the black rat reached Lord Howe Island in 1918, over 40 percent of the terrestrial bird species of the island, including the Lord Howe fantail , [ 128 ] became extinct within ten years. Similar destruction has been seen on Midway Island (1943) and Big South Cape Island (1962). Conservation projects can with careful planning completely eradicate these pest rodents from islands using an anticoagulant rodenticide such as brodifacoum . [ 127 ] This approach has been successful on the island of Lundy in the United Kingdom, where the eradication of an estimated 40,000 brown rats is giving populations of Manx shearwater and Atlantic puffin a chance to recover from near-extinction. [ 129 ] [ 130 ] Rodents have also been susceptible to climate change , especially species living on low-lying islands. The Bramble Cay melomys , which lived in the northernmost point of land of Australia , was the first mammal species to be declared extinct as a consequence of human-caused climate change . [ 131 ] Exploitation Fur Humanity has long used animal skins for clothing, as the leather is durable and the fur provides extra insulation. [ 2 ] The native people of North America made much use of beaver pelts, tanning and sewing them together to make robes. Europeans appreciated the quality of these and the North American fur trade developed and became of prime importance to early settlers. In Europe, the soft underfur known as "beaver wool" was found to be ideal for felting and was made into beaver hats and trimming for clothing. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] Later, the coypu took over as a cheaper source of fur for felting and was farmed extensively in America and Europe; however, fashions changed, new materials became available and this area of the animal fur industry declined. [ 134 ] The chinchilla has a soft and silky coat and the demand for its fur was so high that it was nearly wiped out in the wild before farming took over as the main source of pelts. [ 134 ] The quills and guardhairs of porcupines are used for traditional decorative clothing. For example, their guardhairs are used in the creation of the Native American "porky roach" headdress. The main quills may be dyed, and then applied in combination with thread to embellish leather accessories such as knife sheaths and leather bags. Lakota women would harvest the quills for quillwork by throwing a blanket over a porcupine and retrieving the quills it left stuck in the blanket. [ 135 ] Consumption At least 89 species of rodent, mostly Hystricomorpha such as guinea pigs, agoutis and capybaras, are eaten by humans; in 1985, there were at least 42 different societies in which people eat rats. [ 136 ] Guinea pigs were first raised for food around 2500 B.C. and by 1500 B.C. had become the main source of meat for the Inca Empire . Dormice were raised by the Romans in special pots called "gliraria", or in large outdoor enclosures, where they were fattened on walnuts, chestnuts, and acorns. The dormice were also caught from the wild in autumn when they were fattest, and either roasted and dipped into honey or baked while stuffed with a mixture of pork, pine nuts, and other flavorings. Researchers found that in Amazonia, where large mammals were scarce, pacas and common agoutis accounted for around 40 percent of the annual game taken by the indigenous people, but in forested areas where larger mammals were abundant, these rodents constituted only about 3 percent of the take. [ 136 ] Guinea pigs are used in the cuisine of Cuzco , Peru, in dishes such as cuy al horno , baked guinea pig. [ 2 ] [ 137 ] The traditional Andean stove, known as a qoncha or a fogón , is made from mud and clay reinforced with straw and hair from animals such as guinea pigs. [ 138 ] In Peru, there are at any time 20 million domestic guinea pigs, which annually produce 64 million edible carcasses. This animal is an excellent food source since the flesh is 19% protein. [ 136 ] In the United States, mostly squirrels, but also muskrats, porcupines, and groundhogs are eaten by humans. The Navajo people ate prairie dog baked in mud, while the Paiute ate gophers, squirrels, and rats. [ 136 ] Animal testing Rodents are used widely as model organisms in animal testing. [ 2 ] Albino mutant rats were first used for research in 1828 and later became the first animal domesticated for purely scientific purposes. [ 139 ] Nowadays, the house mouse is the most commonly used laboratory rodent, and in 1979 it was estimated that fifty million were used annually worldwide. They are favored because of their small size, fertility, short gestation period and ease of handling and because they are susceptible to many of the conditions and infections that afflict humans. They are used in research into genetics , developmental biology , cell biology , oncology and immunology . [ 140 ] Guinea pigs were popular laboratory animals until the late 20th century; about 2.5 million guinea pigs were used annually in the United States for research in the 1960s, [ 141 ] but that total decreased to about 375,000 by the mid-1990s. [ 142 ] In 2007, they constituted about 2% of all laboratory animals. [ 141 ] Guinea pigs played a major role in the establishment of germ theory in the late 19th century, through the experiments of Louis Pasteur , Émile Roux , and Robert Koch . [ 143 ] They have been launched into orbital space flight several times—first by the USSR on the Sputnik 9 biosatellite of 9 March 1961, with a successful recovery. [ 144 ] The naked mole rat is the only known mammal that is poikilothermic ; it is used in studies on thermoregulation . It is also unusual in not producing the neurotransmitter substance P , a fact which researchers find useful in studies on pain . [ 145 ] Rodents have sensitive olfactory abilities, which have been used by humans to detect odors or chemicals of interest. [ 146 ] The Gambian pouched rat is able to detect tuberculosis bacilli with a sensitivity of up to 86.6%, and specificity (detecting the absence of the bacilli) of over 93%; the same species has been trained to detect land mines . [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Rats have been studied for possible use in hazardous situations such as in disaster zones. They can be trained to respond to commands, which may be given remotely, and even persuaded to venture into brightly lit areas, which rats usually avoid. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] [ 151 ] As pets Rodents including guinea pigs, [ 152 ] mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, chinchillas, degus and chipmunks make convenient pets able to live in small spaces, each species with its own qualities. [ 153 ] Most are normally kept in cages of suitable sizes and have varied requirements for space and social interaction. If handled from a young age, they are usually docile and do not bite. Guinea pigs have a long lifespan and need a large cage. [ 78 ] Rats also need plenty of space and can become very tame, can learn tricks and seem to enjoy human companionship. Mice are short-lived but take up very little space. Hamsters are solitary but tend to be nocturnal. They have interesting behaviors, but unless handled regularly they may be defensive. Gerbils are not usually aggressive, rarely bite and are sociable animals that enjoy the company of humans and their own kind. [ 154 ] As pests and disease vectors Some rodent species are serious agricultural pests , eating large quantities of food stored by humans. [ 155 ] For example, in 2003, the amount of rice lost to mice and rats in Asia was estimated to be enough to feed 200 million people. Most of the damage worldwide is caused by a relatively small number of species, chiefly rats and mice. [ 156 ] In Indonesia and Tanzania , rodents reduce crop yields by around fifteen percent, while in some instances in South America losses have reached ninety percent. Across Africa, rodents including Mastomys and Arvicanthis damage cereals, groundnuts, vegetables and cacao. In Asia, rats, mice and species such as Microtus brandti , Meriones unguiculatus and Eospalax baileyi damage crops of rice, sorghum , tubers, vegetables and nuts. In Europe, as well as rats and mice, species of Apodemus , Microtus and in occasional outbreaks Arvicola terrestris cause damage to orchards, vegetables and pasture as well as cereals. In South America, a wider range of rodent species, such as Holochilus , Akodon , Calomys , Oligoryzomys , Phyllotis , Sigmodon and Zygodontomys , damage many crops including sugar cane, fruits, vegetables, and tubers. [ 156 ] Rodents are also significant vectors of disease. [ 157 ] The black rat, with the fleas that it carries , plays a primary role in spreading the bacterium Yersinia pestis responsible for bubonic plague , [ 158 ] and carries the organisms responsible for typhus , Weil's disease , toxoplasmosis and trichinosis . [ 157 ] A number of rodents carry hantaviruses , including the Puumala , Dobrava and Saaremaa viruses , which can infect humans. [ 159 ] Rodents also help to transmit diseases including babesiosis , cutaneous leishmaniasis , human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Lyme disease , Omsk hemorrhagic fever , Powassan virus , rickettsialpox , relapsing fever , Rocky Mountain spotted fever , and West Nile virus . [ 160 ] Because rodents are a nuisance and endanger public health , human societies often attempt to control them. Traditionally, this involved poisoning and trapping, methods that were not always safe or effective. More recently, integrated pest management attempts to improve control with a combination of surveys to determine the size and distribution of the pest population, the establishment of tolerance limits (levels of pest activity at which to intervene), interventions, and evaluation of effectiveness based on repeated surveys. Interventions may include education, making and applying laws and regulations, modifying the habitat, changing farming practices, and biological control using pathogens or predators , as well as poisoning and trapping. [ 161 ] The use of pathogens such as Salmonella has the drawback that they can infect man and domestic animals, and rodents often become resistant. The use of predators including ferrets , mongooses and monitor lizards has been found unsatisfactory. Domestic and feral cats are able to control rodents effectively, provided the rodent population is not too large. [ 162 ] In the UK, two species in particular, the house mouse and the brown rat, are actively controlled to limit damage in growing crops, loss and contamination of stored crops and structural damage to facilities, as well as to comply with the law. [ 163 ] See also Rodentology References ^ a b c d e f g h i .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Single, G.; Dickman, C. R.; MacDonald, D. W. (2001). "Rodents". In MacDonald, D. W. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 578– 587. ISBN 978-0-7607-1969-5 . ^ a b c d e f Waggoner, Ben (15 August 2000). "Introduction to the Rodentia" . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ a b c d e f Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 1244. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8 . ^ Niemiec, Brook A. (15 October 2011). Small Animal Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Disease: A Colour Handbook . CRC Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84076-630-1 . ^ Cox, Philip G.; Rayfield, Emily J.; Fagan, Michael J.; Herrel, Anthony; Pataky, Todd C.; Jeffery, Nathan (27 April 2012). "Functional Evolution of the Feeding System in Rodents" . PLOS ONE . 7 (4) e36299. Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...736299C . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0036299 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 3338682 . PMID 22558427 . ^ Turnbull, William D. (1970). Mammalian masticatory apparatus . Vol. 18. [Chicago]: Field Museum Press. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 11 May 2022 . ^ a b Froberg-Fejko, Karen (1 October 2014). "Give a rat a bone: satisfying rodents' need to gnaw" . Lab Animal . 43 (10): 378– 379. doi : 10.1038/laban.611 . ISSN 1548-4475 . S2CID 19686731 . ^ Cox, Philip G.; Jeffery, Nathan (2011). "Reviewing the Morphology of the Jaw-Closing Musculature in Squirrels, Rats, and Guinea Pigs with Contrast-Enhanced MicroCT" (PDF) . The Anatomical Record . 294 (6): 915– 928. doi : 10.1002/ar.21381 . PMID 21538924 . S2CID 17249666 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2020 . Retrieved 26 August 2020 . ^ Duckett, W. (1853). "cheek pouch". English conversation and reading . Ed Michel Levi. p. 3. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ Mustapha, O. (2015). "Morphology of the Oral Cavity of the African Giant Rat" . Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine . 18 (1): 19– 30. doi : 10.15547/bjvm.793 . ^ Missagia, Rafaela V.; Feijó, Anderson; Johnson, Lauren; Allen, Maximilian L.; Patterson, Bruce D.; Jenkins, Paulina D.; Shepherd, Gordon M. G. (4 September 2025). "Evolution of thumbnails across Rodentia" . Science . 389 (6764): 1049– 1053. Bibcode : 2025Sci...389.1049M . doi : 10.1126/science.ads7926 . hdl : 10141/623352 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 40906837 . ^ Thorington, R. W Jr.; Darrow, K.; Anderson, C. G. (1998). "Wing tip anatomy and aerodynamics in flying squirrels" (PDF) . Journal of Mammalogy . 79 (1): 245– 250. Bibcode : 1998JMamm..79..245T . doi : 10.2307/1382860 . JSTOR 1382860 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . ^ "Chinchilla" . Elmwood Park Zoo . Archived from the original on 30 December 2021 . Retrieved 30 December 2021 . ^ a b c Petersen, Carl C.H. (8 July 2014). "Cortical Control of Whisker Movement" . Annual Review of Neuroscience . 37 (1). Annual Reviews : 183– 203. doi : 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062012-170344 . ISSN 0147-006X . PMID 24821429 . ^ Horn, Charles C.; Kimball, Bruce A.; Wang, Hong; Kaus, James; Dienel, Samuel; Nagy, Allysa; Gathright, Gordon R.; Yates, Bill J.; Andrews, Paul L. R. (10 April 2013). Covasa, Mihai (ed.). "Why Can't Rodents Vomit? A Comparative Behavioral, Anatomical, and Physiological Study" . PLoS ONE . 8 (4) e60537. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO...860537H . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0060537 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 3622671 . PMID 23593236 . ^ Kapoor, Harit; Lohani, Kush Raj; Lee, Tommy H.; Agrawal, Devendra K.; Mittal, Sumeet K. (27 July 2015). "Animal Models of Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma-Past, Present, and Future" . Clinical and Translational Science . 8 (6): 841– 847. doi : 10.1111/cts.12304 . PMC 4703452 . PMID 26211420 . ^ Balaban, Carey D.; Yates, Bill J. (2017). "What is nausea? A historical analysis of changing views" . Autonomic Neuroscience . 202 : 5– 17. doi : 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.07.003 . ISSN 1566-0702 . PMC 5203950 . PMID 27450627 . ^ Schier, Lindsey A.; Spector, Alan C. (1 January 2019). "The Functional and Neurobiological Properties of Bad Taste" . Physiological Reviews . 99 (1): 605– 663. doi : 10.1152/physrev.00044.2017 . ISSN 0031-9333 . PMC 6442928 . PMID 30475657 . ^ Horn, Charles C.; Ardell, Jeffrey L.; Fisher, Lee E. (1 March 2019). "Electroceutical Targeting of the Autonomic Nervous System" . Physiology . 34 (2): 150– 162. doi : 10.1152/physiol.00030.2018 . ISSN 1548-9213 . PMC 6586833 . PMID 30724129 . ^ Schulte-Hostedde, A. I. (2008). "Chapter 10: Sexual Size Dimorphism in Rodents". In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. (eds.). Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective . University of Chicago Press. pp. 117– 119. ISBN 978-0-226-90538-9 . ^ Helgen, Kristofer M. (2005). "The amphibious murines of New Guinea (Rodentia, Muridae): the generic status of Baiyankamys and description of a new species of Hydromys ". Zootaxa . 913 : 1– 20. doi : 10.11646/zootaxa.913.1.1 . ISSN 1175-5326 . ^ Parshad, V.R. (1999). "Rodent control in India" (PDF) . Integrated Pest Management Reviews . 4 (2): 97– 126. doi : 10.1023/A:1009622109901 . S2CID 36804001 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . ^ a b Janke, Axel; Martínez-Estévez, Lourdes; Balvanera, Patricia; Pacheco, Jesús; Ceballos, Gerardo (2013). "Prairie dog decline reduces the supply of ecosystem services and leads to desertification of semiarid grasslands" . PLOS ONE . 8 (10) e75229. Bibcode : 2013PLoSO...875229M . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0075229 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 3793983 . PMID 24130691 . ^ Krueger, Kirsten (1986). "Feeding relationships among bison, pronghorn, and prairie dogs: an experimental analysis". Ecology . 67 (3): 760– 770. Bibcode : 1986Ecol...67..760K . doi : 10.2307/1937699 . ISSN 0012-9658 . JSTOR 1937699 . ^ Pérez, Francisco; Castillo-Guevara, Citlalli; Galindo-Flores, Gema; Cuautle, Mariana; Estrada-Torres, Arturo (2012). "Effect of gut passage by two highland rodents on spore activity and mycorrhiza formation of two species of ectomycorrhizal fungi ( Laccaria trichodermophora and Suillus tomentosus )". Botany . 90 (11): 1084– 1092. Bibcode : 2012Botan..90.1084P . doi : 10.1139/b2012-086 . ISSN 1916-2790 . ^ Burchsted, D.; Daniels, M.; Thorson, R.; Vokoun, J. (2010). "The river discontinuum: applying beaver modifications to baseline conditions for restoration of forested headwaters" . BioScience . 60 (11): 908– 922. Bibcode : 2010BiSci..60..908B . doi : 10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.7 . S2CID 10070184 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2020 . Retrieved 7 December 2018 . ^ Wright, J. P.; Jones, C. G.; Flecker, A. S. (2002). "An ecosystem engineer, the beaver, increases species richness at the landscape scale" (PDF) . Oecologia . 132 (1): 96– 101. Bibcode : 2002Oecol.132...96W . doi : 10.1007/s00442-002-0929-1 . PMID 28547281 . S2CID 5940275 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ Kemp, P. S.; Worthington, T. A.; Langford, T. E. l.; Tree, A. R. J.; Gaywood, M. J. (2012). "Qualitative and quantitative effects of reintroduced beavers on stream fish". Fish and Fisheries . 13 (2): 158– 181. Bibcode : 2012FiFi...13..158K . doi : 10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00421.x . ^ "Rodents...Vermin...Pests…What's The Difference?" . Get Smart Rat Solutions . 1 April 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021 . Retrieved 30 December 2021 . ^ Hansson, Lennart (1971). "Habitat, food and population dynamics of the field vole Microtus agrestis (L.) in south Sweden" . Viltrevy . 8 : 268– 278. ISSN 0505-611X . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. ^ Connior, M. B. (2011). " Geomys bursarius (Rodentia: Geomyidae)" . Mammalian Species . 43 (1): 104– 117. doi : 10.1644/879.1 . ^ "Texan pocket gopher" . The Mammals of Texas: Rodents . NSRL: Museum of Texas Tech University. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ a b c Attenborough, David (2002). The Life of Mammals . BBC Books. pp. 61– 86. ISBN 978-0-563-53423-5 . ^ Müller-Schwarze, Dietland; Sun, Lixing (2003). The Beaver: Natural History of a Wetlands Engineer . Cornell University Press. pp. 67– 75. ISBN 978-0-8014-4098-4 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2023 . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . ^ a b Landry, Stuart O. Jr. (1970). "The Rodentia as omnivores". The Quarterly Review of Biology . 45 (4): 351– 372. doi : 10.1086/406647 . JSTOR 2821009 . PMID 5500524 . S2CID 30382320 . ^ " Hydromys chrysogaster : Water rat" . Water for a healthy country . CSIRO. 30 June 2004. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ "Northern grasshopper mouse" . The Mammals of Texas: Rodents . NSRL: Museum of Texas Tech University. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . ^ a b c Jarvis, Jennifer (1981). "Eusociality in a mammal: Cooperative breeding in naked mole-rat colonies". Science . 212 (4494): 571– 573. Bibcode : 1981Sci...212..571J . doi : 10.1126/science.7209555 . JSTOR 1686202 . PMID 7209555 . ^ a b Hoogland, John L. (1995). The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal . University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-226-35118-6 . ^ Vaughan, T. A. (1962). "Reproduction in the Plains Pocket Gopher in Colorado". Journal of Mammalogy . 43 (1): 1– 13. doi : 10.2307/1376874 . JSTOR 1376874 . ^ Baker, Bruce W.; Hill, Edward P. (2003). "Chapter 15: Beaver" . In Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C.; Chapman, Joseph A. (eds.). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation . JHU Press. pp. 288– 310. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1 . ^ Hanson, Anne (25 October 2006). "Wild Norway rat behavior" . Rat behavior and biology . Archived from the original on 1 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . ^ Winslow, James T.; Hastings, Nick; Carter, C. Sue; Harbaugh, Carroll R.; Insel, Thomas R. (1993). "A role for central vasopressin in pair bonding in monogamous prairie voles" (PDF) . Letters to Nature . 365 (6446): 545– 548. Bibcode : 1993Natur.365..545W . doi : 10.1038/365545a0 . PMID 8413608 . S2CID 4333114 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. ^ Yensen, Eric; Sherman, Paul W. (2003). "Chapter 10: Ground Squirrels" . In Feldhamer, George A.; Thompson, Bruce C.; Chapman, Joseph A. (eds.). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation . JHU Press. pp. 211– 225. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1 . ^ Bennett, N. C.; Jarvis, J. U. M. (2004). " Cryptomys damarensis " . Mammalian Species . 756 : Number 756: pp. 1–5. doi : 10.1644/756 . ^ a b MacRae SL, Croken MM, Calder RB, Aliper A, Milholland B, White RR, Zhavoronkov A, Gladyshev VN, Seluanov A, Gorbunova V, Zhang ZD, Vijg J (December 2015). "DNA repair in species with extreme lifespan differences" . Aging . 7 (12): 1171– 84. doi : 10.18632/aging.100866 . PMC 4712340 . PMID 26729707 . ^ Arakawa, Hiroyuki; Blanchard, D. Caroline; Arakawa, Keiko; Dunlap, Christopher; Blanchard, Robert J. (2008). "Scent marking behavior as an odorant communication in mice" . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews . 32 (7): 1236– 1248. Bibcode : 2008NBRev..32.1236A . doi : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.012 . PMC 2577770 . PMID 18565582 . ^ Holmes, Warren G.; Mateo, Jill M. (2008). "Chapter 19: Kin Recognition in Rodents: Issues and Evidence" . In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. (eds.). Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective . University of Chicago Press. pp. 216– 230. ISBN 978-0-226-90538-9 . ^ a b Sherwin, C.M. (2002). "Comfortable quarters for mice in research institutions" . In Viktor and Annie Reinhardt (ed.). Comfortable Quarters For Laboratory Animals (9 ed.). Animal Welfare Institute. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. ^ Bjorkoyli, Tore; Rosell, Frank (2002). "A test of the dear enemy phenomenon in the Eurasian beaver". Animal Behaviour . 63 (6): 1073– 1078. Bibcode : 2002AnBeh..63.1073R . doi : 10.1006/anbe.2002.3010 . hdl : 11250/2437993 . S2CID 53160345 . ^ Vaché, M.; Ferron, J.; Gouat, P. (2001). "The ability of red squirrels ( Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ) to discriminate conspecific olfactory signatures". Canadian Journal of Zoology . 79 (7): 1296– 1300. Bibcode : 2001CaJZ...79.1296V . doi : 10.1139/z01-085 . S2CID 86280677 . ^ Shelley, Erin L.; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2005). "The evolution of vocal alarm communication in rodents". Behavioral Ecology . 16 (1): 169– 177. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.541.4408 . doi : 10.1093/beheco/arh148 . ^ Slobodchikoff, C. N.; Paseka, Andrea; Verdolin, Jennifer L (2009). "Prairie dog alarm calls encode labels about predator colors" (PDF) . Animal Cognition . 12 (3): 435– 439. doi : 10.1007/s10071-008-0203-y . PMID 19116730 . S2CID 13178244 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . ^ Zimmermann, Elke; Leliveld, Lisette; Schehka, Lisette (2013). "8: Toward the evolutionary roots of affective prosody in human acoustic communication: A comparative approach to mammalian voices" . In Altenmüller, Eckart; Schmidt, Sabine; Zimmermann, Elke (eds.). The Evolution of Emotional Communication: From Sounds in Nonhuman Mammals to Speech and Music in Man . Oxford University Press. pp. 123– 124. ISBN 978-0-19-164489-4 . ^ Vanden Hole, Charlotte; Van Daele, Paul A. A. G.; Desmet, Niels; Devos, Paul & Adriaens, Dominique (2014). "Does sociality imply a complex vocal communication system? A case study for Fukomys micklemi (Bathyergidae, Rodentia)". Bioacoustics . 23 (2): 143– 160. Bibcode : 2014Bioac..23..143V . doi : 10.1080/09524622.2013.841085 . S2CID 84503870 . ^ Long, C. V. (2007). "Vocalisations of the degu ( Octodon degus ), a social caviomorph rodent". Bioacoustics . 16 (3): 223– 244. Bibcode : 2007Bioac..16..223L . doi : 10.1080/09524622.2007.9753579 . ISSN 0952-4622 . S2CID 84569309 . ^ Ancillotto, Leonardo; Sozio, Giulia; Mortelliti, Alessio; Russo, Danilo (2014). "Ultrasonic communication in Gliridae (Rodentia): the hazel dormouse ( Muscardinus avellanarius ) as a case study". Bioacoustics . 23 (2): 129– 141. Bibcode : 2014Bioac..23..129A . doi : 10.1080/09524622.2013.838146 . S2CID 84012458 . ^ Panksepp, Jaak; Burgdorf, Jeff (2003). " "Laughing" rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?". Physiology & Behavior . 79 (3): 533– 547. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.9267 . doi : 10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00159-8 . PMID 12954448 . S2CID 14063615 . ^ Haverkamp, Silke; Waessle, Heinz; Duebel, Jens; Kuner, Thomas; Augustine, George J.; Feng, Guoping; Euler, Thomas (2005). "The primordial, blue-cone color system of the mouse retina" . Journal of Neuroscience . 25 (22): 5438– 5445. doi : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1117-05.2005 . PMC 6725002 . PMID 15930394 . ^ Hanson, Anne. "What do rats see?" . Rat behavior and biology . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . ^ Pickrell, John (8 July 2003). "Urine vision? How rodents communicate with UV light" . National Geographic News . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . ^ Desjardins, C.; Maruniak, J. A.; Bronson, F. H. (1973). "Social rank in house mice: Differentiation revealed by ultraviolet visualization of urinary marking patterns". Science . 182 (4115): 939– 941. Bibcode : 1973Sci...182..939D . doi : 10.1126/science.182.4115.939 . PMID 4745598 . S2CID 44346136 . ^ Viitala, J.; Korpimäki, E.; Palokangas, P.; Koivula, M. (1995). "Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light". Nature . 373 (6513): 425– 427. Bibcode : 1995Natur.373..425V . doi : 10.1038/373425a0 . S2CID 4356193 . ^ a b c "Vibrational communication in mammals" . Map of Life: Convergent evolution online . University of Cambridge. 4 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Randall, J. A. (2001). "Evolution and function of drumming as communication in mammals" . American Zoologist . 41 (5): 1143– 1156. doi : 10.1093/icb/41.5.1143 . ^ Randall, Jan A.; Matocq, Marjorie D. (1997). "Why do kangaroo rats ( Dipodomys spectabilis ) footdrum at snakes?" . Behavioral Ecology . 8 (4): 404– 413. doi : 10.1093/beheco/8.4.404 . ^ Narins, P. M.; Reichman, O. J.; Jarvis, J. U. M.; Lewis, E. R. (1992). "Seismic signal transmission between burrows of the Cape mole-rat Georychus capensis ". Journal of Comparative Physiology A . 170 (1): 13– 22. doi : 10.1007/BF00190397 . PMID 1573567 . S2CID 22600955 . ^ a b c d Waterman, Jane (2008). "Chapter 3: Male Mating Strategies in Rodents". In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. (eds.). Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective . University of Chicago Press. pp. 28– 39. ISBN 978-0-226-90538-9 . ^ a b Soloman, Nancy G.; Keane, Brain (2008). "Chapter 4: Reproductive Strategies in Female Rodents". In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. (eds.). Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective . University of Chicago Press. pp. 42– 52. ISBN 978-0-226-90538-9 . ^ Clarke FM, Faulkes CG (October 1999). "Kin discrimination and female mate choice in the naked mole-rat Heterocephalus glaber" . Proceedings. Biological Sciences . 266 (1432): 1995– 2002. Bibcode : 1999PBioS.266.1995C . doi : 10.1098/rspb.1999.0877 . PMC 1690316 . PMID 10584337 . ^ Charlesworth D, Willis JH (November 2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression". Nature Reviews. Genetics . 10 (11): 783– 96. doi : 10.1038/nrg2664 . PMID 19834483 . S2CID 771357 . ^ Nakane, Yusuke; Yoshimura, Takashi (15 February 2019). "Photoperiodic Regulation of Reproduction in Vertebrates". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences . 7 (1). Annual Reviews : 173– 194. doi : 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115216 . ISSN 2165-8102 . PMID 30332291 . S2CID 52984435 . ^ a b c McGuire, Betty; Bernis, William E. (2008). "Chapter 20: Parental Care". In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. (eds.). Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective . University of Chicago Press. pp. 231– 235. ISBN 978-0-226-90538-9 . ^ Holmes, Warren G.; Mateo, Jill M. (2008). "Chapter 19: Kin Recognition in Rodents: Issues and Evidence". In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. (eds.). Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective . University of Chicago Press. pp. 226– 227. ISBN 978-0-226-90538-9 . ^ a b Ebensperger, Luis A.; Blumsperger, Daniel T. (2008). "Chapter 23: Nonparental Infanticide". In Wolff, Jerry O.; Sherman, Paul W. (eds.). Rodent Societies: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective . University of Chicago Press. pp. 274– 278. ISBN 978-0-226-90538-9 . ^ Hoogland, J. L. (1985). "Infanticide in prairie dogs: Lactating females kill offspring of close kin". Science . 230 (4729): 1037– 1040. Bibcode : 1985Sci...230.1037H . doi : 10.1126/science.230.4729.1037 . PMID 17814930 . S2CID 23653101 . ^ Hackländera, Klaus; Möstlb, Erich; Arnold, Walter (2003). "Reproductive suppression in female Alpine marmots, Marmota marmota ". Animal Behaviour . 65 (6): 1133– 1140. Bibcode : 2003AnBeh..65.1133H . doi : 10.1006/anbe.2003.2159 . S2CID 53218701 . ^ a b Charters, Jessie Blount Allen (1904). "The associative processes of the guinea pig: A study of the psychical development of an animal with a nervous system well medullated at birth" . Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology . XIV (4): 300– 337. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023 . Retrieved 1 November 2020 . ^ Jacobs, Lucia F.; Liman, Emily R. (1991). "Grey squirrels remember the locations of buried nuts" (PDF) . Animal Behaviour . 41 (1): 103– 110. Bibcode : 1991AnBeh..41..103J . doi : 10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80506-8 . S2CID 50448069 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2020 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ Jacobs, Lucia F. (1992). "Memory for cache locations in Merriam's kangaroo rats" (PDF) . Animal Behaviour . 43 (4): 585– 593. Bibcode : 1992AnBeh..43..585J . doi : 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)81018-8 . S2CID 14173113 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2014. ^ Harding, E. J.; Paul, E. S.; Mendl, M. (2004). "Animal behaviour: Cognitive bias and affective state" . Nature . 427 (6972): 312. Bibcode : 2004Natur.427..312H . doi : 10.1038/427312a . PMID 14737158 . S2CID 4411418 . ^ Rygula, Rafal; Pluta, Helena; Popik, Piotr (2012). "Laughing rats are optimistic" . PLOS ONE . 7 (12) e51959. Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...751959R . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0051959 . PMC 3530570 . PMID 23300582 . ^ Carlyle, Kim (8 March 2007). "Rats capable of reflecting on mental processes" . University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ Foote, Allison L.; Crystal, J. D. (2007). "Metacognition in the rat" . Current Biology . 17 (6): 551– 555. Bibcode : 2007CBio...17..551F . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.061 . PMC 1861845 . PMID 17346969 . ^ Smith, J. David; Beran, M. J.; Couchman, J. J.; Coutinho, M. V. C. (2008). "The comparative study of metacognition: Sharper paradigms, safer inferences" . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review . 15 (4): 679– 691. doi : 10.3758/PBR.15.4.679 . PMC 4607312 . PMID 18792496 . ^ Jozefowiez, J.; Staddon, J. E. R.; Cerutti, D. T. (2009). "Metacognition in animals: how do we know that they know?" . Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews . 4 : 29– 39. doi : 10.3819/ccbr.2009.40003 . ^ Hanson, Anne (2012). "How do rats choose what to eat?" . Rat behavior and biology . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . ^ Galef, Bennett G.; Laland, Kevin N. (June 2005). "Social Learning in Animals: Empirical Studies and Theoretical Models" . BioScience . 55 (6): 489– 499. doi : 10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0489:sliaes]2.0.co;2 . ^ a b c Kay, Emily H.; Hoekstra, Hopi E. (2008). "Rodents" . Current Biology . 18 (10): R406 – R410 . Bibcode : 2008CBio...18.R406K . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.019 . PMID 18492466 . ^ Asher1, Robert J.; Meng, Jin; Wible, John R.; McKenna, Malcolm C.; Rougier, Guillermo W.; Dashzeveg, Demberlyn; Novacek, Michael J. (2005). "Stem Lagomorpha and the Antiquity of Glires". Science . 307 (5712): 1091– 1094. Bibcode : 2005Sci...307.1091A . doi : 10.1126/science.1107808 . PMID 15718468 . S2CID 42090505 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ Samuels, Joshua X.; Hopkins, Samantha S.B. (February 2017). "The impacts of Cenozoic climate and habitat changes on small mammal diversity of North America" . Global and Planetary Change . 149 : 36– 52. Bibcode : 2017GPC...149...36S . doi : 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.12.014 . Retrieved 25 October 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct. ^ Suárez, Rodrigo; Fernández-Aburto, Pedro; Manger, Paul; Mpodozis, Jorge (2011). "Deterioration of the Gαo Vomeronasal Pathway in Sexually Dimorphic Mammals" . PLOS ONE . 6 (10): Figure 4. Bibcode : 2011PLoSO...626436S . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0026436 . PMC 3198400 . PMID 22039487 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ Douzery, E. J. P.; Delsuc, F.; Stanhope, M. J.; Huchon, D. (2003). "Local molecular clocks in three nuclear genes: divergence times for rodents and other mammals and incompatibility among fossil calibrations" . Journal of Molecular Evolution . 57 : S201–13. Bibcode : 2003JMolE..57S.201D . doi : 10.1007/s00239-003-0028-x . PMID 15008417 . S2CID 23887665 . ^ Horner, D. S.; Lefkimmiatis, K.; Reyes, A.; Gissi, C.; Saccone, C.; Pesole, G. (2007). "Phylogenetic analyses of complete mitochondrial genome sequences suggest a basal divergence of the enigmatic rodent Anomalurus " . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 7 (1): 16. Bibcode : 2007BMCEE...7...16H . doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-7-16 . PMC 1802082 . PMID 17288612 . ^ Wood, D. Joseph (2010). The Extinction of the Multituberculates Outside North America: a Global Approach to Testing the Competition Model (M.S.). The Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 8 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . ^ Schenk, John J.; Rowe, Kevin C.; Steppan, Scott J. (2013). "Ecological opportunity and incumbency in the diversification of repeated continental colonizations by muroid rodents". Systematic Biology . 62 (6): 837– 864. doi : 10.1093/sysbio/syt050 . PMID 23925508 . ^ Hopkins, Samantha S.B. (2005). "The evolution of fossoriality and the adaptive role of horns in the Mylagaulidae (Mammalia: Rodentia)" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 272 (1573): 1705– 1713. Bibcode : 2005PBioS.272.1705H . doi : 10.1098/rspb.2005.3171 . PMC 1559849 . PMID 16087426 . ^ Samuels, Joshua X.; Zancanella, John (2011). "An early hemphillian occurrence of Castor (Castoridae) from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon" (PDF) . Journal of Paleontology . 85 (5): 930– 935. doi : 10.1666/11-016.1 . S2CID 128866799 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . ^ a b Marivaux, Laurent; Essid, El Mabrouk; Marzougui, Wissem; Ammar, Hayet Khayati; Adnet, Sylvain; Marandat, Bernard; Merzeraud, Gilles; Tabuce, Rodolphe; Vianey-Liaud, Monique (2014). "A new and primitive species of Protophiomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late middle Eocene of Djebel el Kébar, Central Tunisia" . Palaeovertebrata . 38 (1): 1– 17. doi : 10.18563/pv.38.1.e2 . S2CID 55599571 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . ^ Gheerbrant, Emmanuel; Rage, Jean-Claude (2006). "Paleobiogeography of Africa: How distinct from Gondwana and Laurasia?". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology . 241 (2): 224– 246. Bibcode : 2006PPP...241..224G . doi : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.016 . ^ Vélez-Juarbe, Jorge; Martin, Thomas; Macphee, Ross D. E. (2014). "The earliest Caribbean rodents: Oligocene caviomorphs from Puerto Rico". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 34 (1): 157– 163. Bibcode : 2014JVPal..34..157V . doi : 10.1080/02724634.2013.789039 . S2CID 140178414 . ^ Ali, J. R.; Huber, M. (20 January 2010). "Mammalian biodiversity on Madagascar controlled by ocean currents". Nature . 463 (4 Feb. 2010): 653– 656. Bibcode : 2010Natur.463..653A . doi : 10.1038/nature08706 . PMID 20090678 . S2CID 4333977 . ^ Vekua, A.; Bendukidze, O.; Bukhsianidze, M.; Vanishvili, N.; Augusti, J.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Rook, L. (2010). "Porcupine in the Late Neogene and Quaternary of Georgia" (PDF) . Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences . 4 (3): 140– 149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2014. ^ "Giant beaver" . Natural History Notebooks . Canadian Museum of Nature. 28 May 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . ^ Rinderknecht, Andrés; Blanco, R. Ernesto (2008). "The largest fossil rodent" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B . 275 (1637): 923– 928. Bibcode : 2008PBioS.275..923R . doi : 10.1098/rspb.2007.1645 . PMC 2599941 . PMID 18198140 . ^ Breed, Bill; Ford, Fred (2007). Native Mice and Rats (PDF) . CSIRO Publishing. pp. 3, 5, and passim. ISBN 978-0-643-09166-5 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . ^ "The Action Plan for Australian Rodents" . Environment Australia. 1 April 1995. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . ^ Rowe, K. C.; Reno, M. L.; Richmond, D. M.; Adkins, R. M.; Steppan, S. J. (2008). "Pliocene colonization and adaptive radiations in Australia and New Guinea (Sahul): multilocus systematics of the old endemic rodents (Muroidea: Murinae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 47 (1): 84– 101. Bibcode : 2008MolPE..47...84R . doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.01.001 . PMID 18313945 . ^ Baskin, Jon A.; Thomas, Ronny G. (2007). "South Texas and the Great American Interchange" (PDF) . Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions . 57 : 37– 45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2014. ^ Marshall, L. G.; Butler, R. F.; Drake, R. E.; Curtis, G. H.; Tedford, R. H. (1979). "Calibration of the Great American Interchange". Science . 204 (4390): 272– 279. Bibcode : 1979Sci...204..272M . doi : 10.1126/science.204.4390.272 . PMID 17800342 . S2CID 8625188 . ^ a b Smith, Margaret F.; Patton, James L. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships and the radiation of Sigmodontine rodents in South America: evidence from cytochrome b". Journal of Mammalian Evolution . 6 (2): 89– 128. doi : 10.1023/A:1020668004578 . S2CID 22355532 . ^ a b Parada, A.; Pardiñas, U. F. J.; Salazar-Bravo, J.; D'Elía, G.; Palma, R. E. (March 2013). "Dating an impressive Neotropical radiation: Molecular time estimates for the Sigmodontinae (Rodentia) provide insights into its historical biogeography". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 66 (3): 960– 968. Bibcode : 2013MolPE..66..960P . doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.12.001 . hdl : 11336/5595 . PMID 23257216 . ^ Steppan, Scott J. (18 April 2006). "Rodentia" . Tree of Life Web Project . Archived from the original on 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ "rodent (n.)" . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . ^ Smith, Andrew T. "Lagomorph" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . ^ Wu, Shaoyuan; Wu, Wenyu; Zhang, Fuchun; Ye, Jie; Ni, Xijun; Sun, Jimin; Edwards, Scott V.; Meng, Jin; Organ, Chris L. (2012). "Molecular and paleontological evidence for a post-Cretaceous origin of rodents" . PLOS ONE . 7 (10) e46445. Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...746445W . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0046445 . PMC 3465340 . PMID 23071573 . ^ Fabre; et al. (2012). "A glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification: a phylogenetic approach" . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 12 (1): 88. Bibcode : 2012BMCEE..12...88F . doi : 10.1186/1471-2148-12-88 . PMC 3532383 . PMID 22697210 . ^ a b Wood, Albert E. (1955). "A Revised Classification of the Rodents" . Journal of Mammalogy . 36 (2): 165– 187. doi : 10.2307/1375874 . JSTOR 1375874 . ^ Wood, Albert E. (1958). "Are there rodent suborders?". Systematic Biology . 7 (4): 169– 173. doi : 10.2307/2411716 . JSTOR 2411716 . ^ Carleton, M. D.; Musser, G. G. (2005). "Order Rodentia" . In Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World – a taxonomic and geographic reference . Vol. 12. JHU Press. pp. 745– 752. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 . ^ Honeycutt, Rodney L. (2009). "Rodents (Rodentia)" (PDF) . In Hedges, S.B.; Kumar, S. (eds.). The Timetree of Life . Oxford University Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . ^ Database, Mammal Diversity (10 August 2021), Mammal Diversity Database , doi : 10.5281/zenodo.5175993 , archived from the original on 22 August 2021 , retrieved 9 October 2021 ^ a b Amori, G.; Gippoliti, S. (2003). "A higher-taxon approach to rodent conservation priorities for the 21st century" . Animal Biodiversity and Conservation . 26 (2): 1– 18. doi : 10.32800/abc.2003.26.2001 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Morgan, G. S. (1993). "Quaternary land vertebrates of Jamaica". Biostratigraphy of Jamaica . Geological Society of America Memoirs. Vol. 182. pp. 417– 442. doi : 10.1130/mem182-p417 . ISBN 978-0-8137-1182-9 . ^ "Rodent Conservation Assessment" . WAZA. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Gudynas, Eduardo (1989). Lidicker, William Zander (ed.). Rodents: A World Survey of Species of Conservation Concern: Based on the Proceedings of a Workshop of the IUCN/SSC Rodent Specialist Group, Held at the Fourth International Theriological Congress, August 17, 1985, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada . IUCN. p. 23. ^ a b Buckle, A. P.; Fenn, M. G. P. (1992). "Rodent Control in the Conservation of Endangered Species" . Proceedings of the 15th Vertebrate Pest Conference : Paper 12. Archived from the original on 22 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . 3–5 March 1992 ^ Hindwood, K.A. (1940). "Birds of Lord Howe Island". Emu . 40 (1): 1– 86. Bibcode : 1940EmuAO..40....1H . doi : 10.1071/mu940001 . ^ "Lundy puffins back from the brink" . BBC Devon . 22 February 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Mitchell, Heather (27 May 2014). "Puffins a-plenty? New hope for Lundy and other UK seabird islands" . RSPB. Archived from the original on 16 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . ^ Slezak, Michael (14 June 2016). "Revealed: first mammal species wiped out by human-induced climate change" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2020 . ^ Feinstein, Kelly (1 March 2006). "Felting a beaver hat" . Fashionable Felted Fur . UC Santa Cruz. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . ^ Innis, Harold A. (1999). The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History . University of Toronto Press. pp. 9– 12. ISBN 978-0-8020-8196-4 . ^ a b "Excessive trade: Clothes and trimming" . Granby Zoo. May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . ^ "Lakota Quillwork Art and Legend" . Akta Lakota Museum and Cultural Center. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . ^ a b c d Fiedler, Lynwood A. (1990). "Rodents as a Food Source" . Proceedings of the Fourteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference 1990 : 149– 155. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . ^ Knowlton, David (13 July 2011). "Guinea Pig, Pet or Festive Meal" . Cuzco Eats . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . ^ Morveli, Walter Coraza; Knowlton, David (5 March 2012). "Traditional Mud Stoves and Ovens Make the Best Food" . Cuzco Eats . Archived from the original on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . ^ Krinke, George J.; Bullock, Gillian R.; Bunton, Tracie (2000). "History, strains and models". The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals) . Academic Press. pp. 3– 16. ISBN 978-0-12-426400-7 . ^ Morse, Herbert C. (1981). "The Laboratory Mouse: A Historical Assessment" . In Foster, Henry (ed.). The Mouse in Biomedical Research: History, Genetics, and Wild Mice . Elsevier. pp. xi , 1. ISBN 978-0-323-15606-6 . ^ a b Gad, Shayne C. (2007). Animal Models in Toxicology (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis. pp. 334– 402. ISBN 978-0-8247-5407-5 . ^ Harkness, John E.; Wagner, Joseph E. (1995). The Biology and Medicine of Rabbits and Rodents . Williams & Wilkins. pp. 30– 39. ISBN 978-0-683-03919-1 . ^ Guerrini, Anita (2003). Experimenting with Humans and Animals . Johns Hopkins. pp. 98– 104. ISBN 978-0-8018-7196-2 . ^ Gray, Tara (1998). "A Brief History of Animals in Space" . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Archived from the original on 11 October 2004 . Retrieved 5 March 2007 . ^ Sherwin, C. M. (2010). "25: The Husbandry and Welfare of Non-traditional Laboratory Rodents". In Hubrecht, R.; Kirkwood, J. (eds.). UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals . Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 359– 369. ^ Wines, Michael (19 May 2004). "Gambian rodents risk death for bananas" . The Age . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ Mhelela, Hassan (13 September 2012). "Giant rats trained to detect land mines and tuberculosis in Africa" . BBC. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2014 . ^ Bakalar, Nicholas (3 January 2011). "Detecting Tuberculosis: No Microscopes, Just Rats" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Harder, Ben (1 May 2002). "Scientists "Drive" rats by remote control" . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . ^ Solon, O. (9 September 2013). "Man's mission to build remote control systems for dogs, roaches and sharks" . Wired . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . ^ Xu, S.; Talwar, S. K.; Hawley, E. S.; Li, L.; Chapin, J. K. (2004). "A multi-channel telemetry system for brain microstimulation in freely roaming animals". Journal of Neuroscience Methods . 133 ( 1– 2): 57– 63. doi : 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.09.012 . PMID 14757345 . S2CID 10823 . ^ "Guinea pigs" . RSPCA. 2014. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ "Pet Rodents" . RSPCA. 2014. Archived from the original on 14 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . ^ Broekel, Ray (1983). Gerbil Pets and Other Small Rodents . Childrens Press. pp. 5– 20. ISBN 978-0-516-01679-5 . ^ Meerburg, B. G.; Singleton, G. R; Leirs, H. (2009). "The Year of the Rat ends: time to fight hunger!". Pest Management Science . 65 (4): 351– 2. Bibcode : 2009PMSci..65..351M . doi : 10.1002/ps.1718 . PMID 19206089 . ^ a b Stenseth, Nils Chr; Leirs, Herwig; Skonhoft, Anders; Davis, Stephen A.; Pech, Roger P.; Andreassen, Harry P.; Singleton, Grant R.; Lima, Mauricio; Machang'u, Robert S.; Makundi, Rhodes H.; Zhang, Zhibin; Brown, Peter R.; Shi, Dazhao; Wan, Xinrong (2003). "Mice, rats, and people: The bio-economics of agricultural rodent pests" . Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment . 1 (77): 367– 375. doi : 10.2307/3868189 . JSTOR 3868189 . ^ a b Meerburg, B. G.; Singleton, G. R.; Kijlstra, A. (2009). "Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health". Critical Reviews in Microbiology . 35 (3): 221– 70. doi : 10.1080/10408410902989837 . PMID 19548807 . S2CID 205694138 . ^ McCormick, M. (2003). "Rats, communications, and plague: Toward an ecological history" (PDF) . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 34 (1): 1– 25. doi : 10.1162/002219503322645439 . S2CID 128567627 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2015. ^ "Rodent-borne diseases" . European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ "Diseases indirectly transmitted by rodents" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2006). Integrated pest management: conducting urban rodent surveys (PDF) . Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Wodzicki, K. (1973). "Prospects for biological control of rodent populations" . Bulletin of the World Health Organization . 48 (4): 461– 467. PMC 2481104 . PMID 4587482 . ^ "Rodent control in agriculture – an HGCA guide" . Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Further reading McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level . Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11013-6 . Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference . Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0 . Carleton, M. D.; Musser, G. G. "Order Rodentia", pages 745–752 in Wilson & Reeder (2005). Carleton, M. D.; Musser, G. G. "Order Rodentia", pages 745–752 in Wilson & Reeder (2005). External links Zoology, osteology, comparative anatomy ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent osteology Archived 29 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine (photos) ArchéoZooThèque : Rodent skeleton drawings Various African rodentia Rodent photos on Flickr Rodent Species Fact Sheets from the National Pest Management Association on Deer Mice, Norway Rats, and other rodent species .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Extant mammal orders v t e Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (unranked) Amniota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata (unranked) Amniota Yinotheria Australosphenida Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas) Australosphenida Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas) Monotremata (platypuses and echidnas) Theria Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Australidelphia Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Metatheria ( Marsupial inclusive) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Australidelphia Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Ameridelphia Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Paucituberculata (shrew opossums) Didelphimorphia (opossums) Australidelphia Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Microbiotheria (monitos del monte) Notoryctemorphia (marsupial moles) Dasyuromorphia (quolls and dunnarts) Peramelemorphia (bilbies and bandicoots) Diprotodontia (kangaroos, koalas, and relatives) Eutheria ( Placental inclusive) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Atlantogenata Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Xenarthra Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Cingulata (armadillos) Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) Afrotheria Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Afrosoricida (tenrecs, golden moles, and otter shrews) Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Tubulidentata (aardvarks) Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Proboscidea (elephants) Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Laurasiatheria Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives) Chiroptera (bats) Pholidota (pangolins) Carnivora (dogs, cats and relatives) Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs) Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives) Euarchontoglires Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) Rodentia (rats, mice, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares and pikas) Scandentia (treeshrews) Dermoptera (colugos) Primates (lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives) v t e Extant families in order Rodentia v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Sciuromorpha ("Squirrel-like") Aplodontiidae (Mountain beaver) Gliridae (Dormice) Sciuridae (Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs) Aplodontiidae (Mountain beaver) Gliridae (Dormice) Sciuridae (Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs) Castorimorpha ("Beaver-like") Castoroidea Castoridae (Beavers) Geomyoidea Geomyidae (Pocket gophers) Heteromyidae (Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice) Myomorpha ("Mouse-like") Dipodoidea Dipodidae (Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice) Muroidea Platacanthomyidae (Oriental dormice) Spalacidae (Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats) Calomyscidae (Mouse-like hamsters) Nesomyidae (Malagasy rats and relatives) Cricetidae (Hamsters and relatives) Muridae (House mouse and relatives) Anomaluromorpha ("Anomalure-like") Anomaluridae (Anomalures) Pedetidae (Springhares) Anomaluridae (Anomalures) Pedetidae (Springhares) Hystricomorpha ("Porcupine-like") Ctenodactylidae (Gundis) Diatomyidae (Laotian rock rat) Hystricidae (Old World porcupines) Phiomorpha Bathyergidae (Blesmols) Petromuridae (Dassie rat) Thryonomyidae (Cane rats) Caviomorpha (New World hystricognaths) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (Cavies) Cuniculidae (Pacas) Dasyproctidae (Agoutis and acouchis) Dinomyidae (Pacarana) Ctenomyidae (Tuco-tucos) Echimyidae (Spiny rats, coypus, hutias) Octodontidae (Degus and relatives) Abrocomidae (Chinchilla rats) Chinchillidae (Chinchillas and viscachas) Ctenodactylidae (Gundis) Diatomyidae (Laotian rock rat) Hystricidae (Old World porcupines) v t e Prehistoric families in order Rodentia v t e Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Sciuromorpha Allomyidae Mylagaulidae Reithroparamyidae Allomyidae Mylagaulidae Reithroparamyidae Castorimorpha Eutypomyidae Rhizospalacidae Eomyidae Florentiamyidae Heliscomyidae Eutypomyidae Rhizospalacidae Eomyidae Florentiamyidae Heliscomyidae Myomorpha Armintomyidae Anomalomyidae Simimyidae Armintomyidae Anomalomyidae Simimyidae Anomaluromorpha Parapedetidae Parapedetidae Hystricomorpha Tamquammyidae Gobiomyidae Yuomyidae Chapattimyidae Tsaganomyidae " Baluchimyinae " Bathyergoididae Myophiomyidae Diamantomyidae Phiomyidae Kenyamyidae Cephalomyidae Eocardiidae Neoepiblemidae Heptaxodontidae Tamquammyidae Gobiomyidae Yuomyidae Chapattimyidae Tsaganomyidae " Baluchimyinae " Bathyergoididae Myophiomyidae Diamantomyidae Phiomyidae Kenyamyidae Cephalomyidae Eocardiidae Neoepiblemidae Heptaxodontidae Theridomorpha See Theridomorpha See Theridomorpha See Theridomorpha incertae sedis Eurymylidae Alagomyidae Archetypomyidae Cocomyidae Ivanantoniidae Laredomyidae Ischyromyidae Theridomyidae Protoptychidae Zegdoumyidae Sciuravidae Cylindrodontidae Zelomyidae Eurymylidae Alagomyidae Archetypomyidae Cocomyidae Ivanantoniidae Laredomyidae Ischyromyidae Theridomyidae Protoptychidae Zegdoumyidae Sciuravidae Cylindrodontidae Zelomyidae See also: Category Mammals Animals Biology Taxon identifiers Rodentia Wikidata : Q10850 Wikispecies : Rodentia ADW : Rodentia AFD : Rodentia BOLD : 313 CoL : 3Z5 EoL : 8677 EPPO : 1RODEO Fauna Europaea : 12648 Fauna Europaea (new) : e29e3737-b9da-4c42-8e07-6ebfd76eb98c GBIF : 1459 iNaturalist : 43698 IRMNG : 11808 ITIS : 180130 MSW : 12200001 NBN : NHMSYS0000376181 NCBI : 9989 NZOR: bd4bb6ec-e755-4be9-a591-a99aa71a6934 Open Tree of Life : 864593 Paleobiology Database : 41370 Plazi : C32887CB-FF95-BA66-FF3D-F9A1FA76EDD6 WoRMS : 404079 Wikidata : Q10850 Wikispecies : Rodentia ADW : Rodentia AFD : Rodentia BOLD : 313 CoL : 3Z5 EoL : 8677 EPPO : 1RODEO Fauna Europaea : 12648 Fauna Europaea (new) : e29e3737-b9da-4c42-8e07-6ebfd76eb98c GBIF : 1459 iNaturalist : 43698 IRMNG : 11808 ITIS : 180130 MSW : 12200001 NBN : NHMSYS0000376181 NCBI : 9989 NZOR: bd4bb6ec-e755-4be9-a591-a99aa71a6934 Open Tree of Life : 864593 Paleobiology Database : 41370 Plazi : C32887CB-FF95-BA66-FF3D-F9A1FA76EDD6 WoRMS : 404079 Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other NARA Yale LUX NARA Yale LUX Rodents Extant Thanetian first appearances Taxa named by Thomas Edward Bowdich CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use American English from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from October 2021 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles with 'species' microformats Articles containing Latin-language text Commons category link is on Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Taxonbars with 20–24 taxon IDs Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:56 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent#cite_ref-104
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 2 Collaborative editing Toggle Collaborative editing subsection 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 3 Policies and content Toggle Policies and content subsection 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 4 Governance Toggle Governance subsection 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 5 Community Toggle Community subsection 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 6 Language editions Toggle Language editions subsection 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 7 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 8 Operation Toggle Operation subsection 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 9 Access to content Toggle Access to content subsection 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 10 Cultural influence Toggle Cultural influence subsection 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 11 Related projects 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 15 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 16 External links Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item The logo of Wikipedia , a globe made out of puzzle pieces featuring glyphs from various writing systems .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Screenshot Wikipedia's desktop homepage Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in 342 languages Headquarters San Francisco , California, US Country of origin United States Owner Wikimedia Foundation (since 2003) Created by .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger URL wikipedia .org Commercial No Registration Optional [ a ] Users 126 million (as of January 16, 2026) Launched January 15, 2001 (25 years ago) ( 2001-01-15 ) Current status Active Content license CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0 [ b ] Written in PHP OCLC number 52075003 Wikipedia [ c ] is a free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers , known as Wikipedians , through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki . Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. [ 1 ] Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Initially available only in English , Wikipedia exists in over 340 languages and is one of the world's most visited websites . The English Wikipedia , with over 7 million articles , remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 66 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about five edits per second on average) as of April 2024 [update] . [ W 1 ] As of December 2025 [update] , over 25% of Wikipedia's traffic comes from the United States, while Japan accounts for nearly 7%, and the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia each represent around 5%. [ 4 ] Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the democratization of knowledge , its extensive coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site, sometimes due to its criticism of the government or by content otherwise considered blasphemous. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Although Wikipedia's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, the encyclopedia has also been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and a geographical bias against the Global South . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward. [ 2 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for up-to-date information about those events. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] History Nupedia Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. [ 13 ] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. [ 14 ] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis , a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman . [ W 2 ] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, [ 17 ] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. [ 18 ] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. [ W 3 ] Launch and growth Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as "Wikipedia Day"), [ 19 ] as a single English language edition with the domain name www.wikipedia.com , [ W 4 ] and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. [ 17 ] The name, proposed by Sanger to forestall any potential damage to the Nupedia name, [ 20 ] originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Its integral policy of " neutral point of view " arose within its first year. [ 23 ] Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. [ 17 ] Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business. [ 24 ] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. [ W 5 ] [ W 6 ] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years. [ 25 ] Due to fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. [ W 7 ] Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org . [ 26 ] [ W 8 ] After an early period of exponential growth, [ 27 ] the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors appears to have peaked around early 2007. [ 28 ] The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. [ W 9 ] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". [ 27 ] Others suggested that the growth flattened naturally because articles that could be called " low-hanging fruit "—topics that clearly merit an article—had already been created and built up extensively. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain, found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. [ 34 ] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. [ 35 ] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". [ 36 ] A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. [ 37 ] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline. [ 38 ] In November 2013, New York magazine stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." [ 39 ] The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." [ 42 ] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users." [ 42 ] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky , associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]." [ 42 ] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. [ 43 ] As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, [ 44 ] from which cloud computing was the most cited page. [ 45 ] Sister projects Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation . These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary , a dictionary project launched in December 2002, [ W 10 ] Wikiquote , a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, [ 46 ] Wikibooks , a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, [ W 11 ] Wikimedia Commons , a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, [ W 12 ] Wikinews , for collaborative journalism, [ W 13 ] and Wikiversity , a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities. [ W 14 ] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies , is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing. [ 47 ] In 2012, Wikivoyage , an editable travel guide, [ 48 ] and Wikidata , an editable knowledge base, launched. [ W 15 ] Milestones In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. [ 49 ] With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked ninth, surpassing The New York Times (No. 10) and Apple (No. 11). [ 49 ] This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. [ 50 ] In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. [ W 16 ] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". [ 51 ] As of March 2023 [update] , it ranked sixth in popularity, according to Similarweb . [ 52 ] Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through " stigmergic accumulation". [ 53 ] [ 54 ] On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress —the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours . [ 55 ] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content. [ 56 ] [ W 17 ] In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia , an asteroid , was named after Wikipedia; [ 57 ] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument ; [ 58 ] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia . [ 59 ] In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander , Beresheet , crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA . [ 62 ] On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called " Vector 2022 ". [ 63 ] [ 64 ] It featured a redesigned menu bar , moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar , and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. [ 64 ] [ W 18 ] The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes. [ 63 ] [ 65 ] Both Sanger and Wales have given public interviews in late 2025 about their reflections about the status and state of Wikipedia leading up to its 25 years of operation on January 15, 2026; Wales appeared on the PBS television news show GZERO World interviewed by Ian Bremmer [ 66 ] and Sanger has appeared on the FOX news network interviewed by Ashley Rindsberg . [ 67 ] Wales's book The Seven Rules of Trust was published in October 2025 by Penguin Random House . It was described by the publisher as a "sweeping reflection on the global crisis of credibility and knowledge" with the book examining the "rules of trust" that enabled the growth and success of Wikipedia. [ 68 ] Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views Since January 2024, the Wikimedia Foundation has reported a roughly 50 percent increase in bandwidth use from downloads of multimedia content across its projects. According to the foundation, this growth is largely attributed to automated programs, or "scraper" bots, that collect large volumes of data from Wikimedia sites for use in training large language models and related applications. [ 69 ] In October 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported an estimated 8 percent decline in traffic as compared to the same months in 2024 in human page views. They speculate it reflects the use of generative AI and social media on how people tend to search for information. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Collaborative editing Restrictions Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only users with 10 edits that have an account that is four days old may create a new article. [ W 19 ] On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. [ 72 ] A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. [ 73 ] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. [ W 20 ] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas". [ 74 ] Wikipedia has delegated some functions to bots . Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors. [ 75 ] Bots must be approved by the community before their tasks are implemented. [ 76 ] In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. [ W 21 ] Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. [ 77 ] Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. [ 78 ] However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community. [ 79 ] Articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are placed under extended-confirmed protection. [ 80 ] Editors also can make only one revert per day across the entire field and can be banned from editing related articles. These restrictions were introduced in 2008. [ 81 ] In January 2025, the Arbitration Committee introduced the "balanced editing restriction", which requires sanctioned users to devote only a third of their edits to articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict even when no misconduct rules have been violated. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Review of changes Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. [ e ] [ 84 ] On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. [ W 22 ] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems. [ W 23 ] In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction". [ 85 ] Vandalism Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. [ 86 ] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively. [ W 24 ] Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair. [ 89 ] In the Seigenthaler biography incident , an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . [ 89 ] It remained uncorrected for four months. [ 89 ] Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University , called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". [ 89 ] The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people. [ 92 ] Disputes and edit warring Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". [ W 25 ] [ 93 ] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, [ 94 ] and criticized as creating a competitive [ 95 ] and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles . [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes, [ 98 ] [ 99 ] the influence of rival editing camps, [ 100 ] [ 101 ] the conversational structure, [ 102 ] and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush , anarchism , and Muhammad . [ 106 ] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia , Scientology , and 9/11 conspiracy theories . [ 106 ] In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia. [ 104 ] Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Wikipedia , with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies. [ 107 ] Policies and content External videos Jimmy Wales , The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, TED talks , 20 minutes Katherine Maher , What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks , 15 minutes Wikipedia is composed of 11 different namespaces , with its articles being present in mainspace . Other namespaces have a prefix before their page title and fulfill various purposes. For example, the project namespace uses the Wikipedia prefix and is used for self-governance related discussions. Most readers are not aware of these other namespaces. [ 108 ] The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. [ W 26 ] The five pillars are: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility Wikipedia has no firm rules The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. [ 109 ] Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent. [ W 21 ] Content policies and guidelines According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. [ W 27 ] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standards of "notability" , which generally means that the topic has been covered extensively in reliable sources that are independent of the article's subject. [ 110 ] Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized and therefore must not present original research. [ 111 ] Some subjects such as politicians and academics have specialized notability requirements. [ 110 ] Finally, Wikipedia must reflect a neutral point of view. This is accomplished through summarizing reliable sources, using impartial language, and ensuring that multiple points of view are presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable. [ 112 ] Information without citations may be tagged or removed entirely. [ 113 ] This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced. [ 114 ] As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages. [ 75 ] Governance Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article. [ W 28 ] Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights , granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. Some user rights are granted automatically, such as the autoconfirmed and extended confirmed groups, when thresholds for account age and edits are met. [ 73 ] Administrators Experienced editors can choose to run for " adminship ", [ 117 ] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. [ W 29 ] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits. [ W 29 ] By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. [ 38 ] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship. [ 118 ] Dispute resolution Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment", [ W 25 ] in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the discussion from the list after 30 days. [ W 30 ] However, editors have the discretion to close (and delist) the discussion early or late. If the result of a discussion is not obvious, a closer—an uninvolved editor usually in good standing—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side. [ 119 ] Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for logical negation and pronounced "not". [ 120 ] Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. [ 121 ] Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers . [ 121 ] : 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings. [ 121 ] : 83 Arbitration Committee The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. [ 122 ] Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, [ 123 ] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. [ 122 ] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). [ f ] Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). [ 122 ] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and antisocial behavior . [ W 31 ] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings. [ 122 ] Community Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. [ 124 ] Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike , [ 125 ] although not always with entirely negative connotations. [ 126 ] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials , has been referred to as " anti-elitism ". [ W 32 ] Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. [ 127 ] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there. [ 128 ] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". [ 129 ] Since Wikipedia relies on volunteer labour, editors frequently focus on topics that interest them. [ 130 ] The English Wikipedia has 7,122,774 articles, 51,074,164 registered editors, and 267,090 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. [ W 33 ] Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". [ 131 ] Editors who do not log in are in some sense " second-class citizens " on Wikipedia, [ 131 ] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", [ 132 ] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty. [ 132 ] New editors often struggle to understand Wikipedia's complexity. Experienced editors are encouraged to not "bite" the newcomers in order to create a more welcoming atmosphere. [ 133 ] Research A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". [ 134 ] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." [ 129 ] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders". [ 129 ] In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that "one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits." [ 135 ] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz , who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts. [ 136 ] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, [ 137 ] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. [ 138 ] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content". [ 139 ] Diversity Several studies have shown that most volunteer Wikipedia contributors are male. The results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female. [ 140 ] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors. [ 141 ] Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown , gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. [ 141 ] Andrew Lih , a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". [ 142 ] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors. [ 143 ] Language editions English (10.7%) Cebuano (9.20%) German (4.70%) French (4.10%) Swedish (4.00%) Dutch (3.30%) Spanish (3.10%) Russian (3.10%) Italian (2.90%) Polish (2.50%) Egyptian Arabic (2.50%) Chinese (2.30%) Japanese (2.20%) Ukrainian (2.10%) Vietnamese (2.00%) Arabic (2.00%) Waray (1.90%) Portuguese (1.90%) Persian (1.60%) Catalan (1.20%) Other (32.7%) There are currently 342 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias ). As of January 2026, the six largest, in order of article count, are the English , Cebuano , German , French , Swedish , and Dutch Wikipedias. [ W 35 ] The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot , which as of 2013 [update] had created about half the articles on the Swedish Wikipedia , and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias . The latter are both languages of the Philippines . In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ( Spanish , Russian , Italian , Polish , Egyptian Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Ukrainian , Vietnamese , Arabic , Waray , and Portuguese ), seven more have over 500,000 articles ( Persian , Catalan , Indonesian , Korean , Chechen , Serbian , and Norwegian ), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. [ W 36 ] [ W 35 ] The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 7.1 million articles. As of January 2021, [update] the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic. [ W 37 ] Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2024 Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color ) [ W 38 ] or points of view. [ W 39 ] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use . [ W 40 ] [ 145 ] The content of articles on the same subject can differ significantly between languages, depending on the sources editors use and other factors. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". [ W 41 ] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others). [ W 42 ] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia, [ W 43 ] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. [ W 44 ] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. [ W 44 ] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects. [ W 45 ] Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. [ 149 ] [ W 46 ] A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the Simple English Wikipedia . [ 148 ] English Wikipedia editor numbers On March 1, 2014, The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." [ 150 ] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014. [ 150 ] In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia. [ 150 ] Reception Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation , which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014. [update] [ 151 ] [ 121 ] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias . In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". [ 152 ] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's " undue-weight policy ", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic. [ 152 ] [ 156 ] A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin . [ 157 ] In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online." [ 158 ] Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased . In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much " leftist bias". [ 159 ] Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger , who left Wikipedia in 2002 to establish competing websites, has said that Wikipedia had become "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics. [ 162 ] Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western cultural bias " (or "pro-western bias") [ 163 ] or "Eurocentric bias", [ 164 ] reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship [ 165 ] and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors. [ 166 ] In October 2025, Larry Sanger published his Nine Theses , a critical assessment and reform agenda for Wikipedia. The proposal is part of his broader effort to address what Sanger perceives as systemic issues within Wikipedia, which include ideological bias, lack of transparency in the editor hierarchies and an ineffective consensus-based decision making procedure. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Accuracy of content External audio The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1 , Ideas with Paul Kennedy , CBC , January 15, 2014 Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts , lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. [ 169 ] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica , about three." [ 170 ] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects." [ 171 ] [ failed verification ] Others raised similar critiques. [ 172 ] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica , [ 173 ] [ 174 ] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica . [ 175 ] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature ' s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals ), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size , 42 or 4 × 10 1 articles compared, vs >10 5 and >10 6 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively). [ 176 ] As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it. [ W 47 ] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information, [ 177 ] vandalism , and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources". [ 178 ] Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them. [ 179 ] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created". [ 180 ] In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica , summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty." [ 181 ] Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. [ 182 ] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear. [ 183 ] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. [ 184 ] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles. [ 185 ] External videos Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry , Deutsche Welle , 7:13 mins [ 186 ] Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia. [ 84 ] [ W 48 ] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing. [ 187 ] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia. ' " [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report . [ 192 ] Discouragement in education Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; [ 193 ] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. [ 196 ] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said. [ 197 ] In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change. [ 198 ] In June 2007, Michael Gorman , former president of the American Library Association , condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". [ 199 ] A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education " flipped classroom ", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education. [ 200 ] Medical information On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information." [ 201 ] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues , as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process. [ 201 ] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference." [ 202 ] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed." [ 202 ] Coverage of topics and systemic bias Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. [ W 49 ] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism ). [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. [ W 50 ] The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. [ 205 ] The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China [ 206 ] and Pakistan, [ 207 ] among other countries. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles. [ 211 ] A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science". [ 212 ] An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers . [ 213 ] Systemic biases Wikipedia's policies may limit "its capacity for truly representing global knowledge". For example, Wikipedia only considers published sources to be reliable. Oral knowledge of Indigenous cultures is not always reflected in print. Marginalized topics are also more likely to lack significant coverage in reliable sources. Wikipedia's content is therefore limited as a result of larger systemic biases. [ 214 ] Academic studies of Wikipedia have shown that the average contributor to the English Wikipedia is an educated, technically inclined white male, aged 15–49, from a developed, predominantly Christian country. [ 215 ] The corresponding point of view (POV) is over-represented. [ 216 ] [ 165 ] This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias , gender bias , and geographical bias on Wikipedia . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references). [ 216 ] Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view . [ 217 ] In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare". [ 36 ] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors . [ 37 ] Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, with Africa being the most underrepresented. [ 219 ] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events. [ 220 ] Explicit content Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. [ 221 ] Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces , cadaver , human penis , vulva , and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. [ W 51 ] The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation , illustrations of zoophilia , and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children . [ W 52 ] The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer —a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions —features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers. [ 222 ] In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law . [ 223 ] [ 224 ] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon , were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003 . [ 225 ] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law . [ 225 ] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools. [ 226 ] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation, [ 227 ] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it." [ 227 ] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted". [ 228 ] Critics, including Wikipediocracy , noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared. [ 229 ] Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia regards one's right to remain a private citizen rather than a public figure in the eyes of the law. [ 230 ] [ g ] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life . The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment". [ W 53 ] In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated. [ 231 ] Wikipedia has a " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Volunteer Response Team " that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [ W 54 ] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project. [ W 55 ] In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers. [ 232 ] Sexism Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment . [ 233 ] [ 234 ] The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship. [ 235 ] Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics. [ 236 ] In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media. [ W 56 ] [ 237 ] Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou . [ 237 ] Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation." [ 239 ] Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage. [ 239 ] A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University 's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men." [ 240 ] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks . [ W 57 ] The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. [ 241 ] [ W 58 ] The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million. [ W 59 ] In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner. [ W 60 ] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free." [ 242 ] [ 243 ] The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue ( paid advocacy ) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said. [ 242 ] Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, [ W 61 ] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016. [ W 62 ] Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words." [ 142 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021. [ 244 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community. [ 245 ] Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates . These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. [ W 63 ] Software operations and support The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. [ W 64 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . [ W 65 ] MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. [ W 64 ] [ W 66 ] Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. [ W 67 ] Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. [ W 68 ] In April 2005, a Lucene extension [ W 69 ] [ W 70 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch . [ W 71 ] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor , was opened to public use. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". [ 249 ] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward. [ W 72 ] Automated editing Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. [ W 73 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson , created articles with his bot Lsjbot , which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days. [ 252 ] Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses). [ W 74 ] Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. [ 250 ] Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government. [ 253 ] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation. [ W 75 ] According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots. [ 254 ] Hardware operations and support As of 2021, [update] page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server . [ W 76 ] Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. [ W 76 ] The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. [ 255 ] Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. [ W 77 ] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia . [ W 78 ] [ 256 ] A second application data center was created in 2014 in Carrollton, Texas , to improve Wikipedia's reliability. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one, in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 259 ] In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ W 79 ] In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille , France. [ W 80 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ W 81 ] As of November 2024, [update] caching clusters are located in Amsterdam , San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo. [ W 82 ] [ W 83 ] Internal research and operational development Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits, [ 37 ] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. [ 260 ] Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition. [ 37 ] [ 249 ] The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe , who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment. [ 261 ] At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, [ W 84 ] the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually. [ 261 ] In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually, [ W 85 ] updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually. [ 261 ] Internal news publications Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia 's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wikipedia's sister projects . [ W 86 ] The Wikipedia Library Wikipedia editors sometimes struggle to access paywalled sources needed to improve a subject. [ 264 ] The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications , so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers." [ 267 ] Access to content Content licensing When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. [ W 87 ] The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL . This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. [ 268 ] In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. [ W 88 ] Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. [ W 89 ] In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009. [ W 90 ] [ W 91 ] [ W 92 ] [ W 93 ] The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, [ W 94 ] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law ). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. [ W 95 ] Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text. [ 269 ] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] Methods of access Since Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. [ W 96 ] The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Thousands of " mirror sites " exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com . [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Another example is Wapedia , which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did. [ W 97 ] Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset ) [ 274 ] and DuckDuckGo . Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs . An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles. [ W 98 ] The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles, [ W 99 ] the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles, [ W 100 ] and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles. [ W 101 ] Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and SOS Children , is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen. [ W 102 ] There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form. [ 275 ] [ W 103 ] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM . [ 276 ] The website DBpedia , begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. [ 277 ] Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF . [ W 104 ] As of February 2023, [update] it has over 101 million items. [ W 105 ] WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009. [ W 106 ] Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. [ W 107 ] Wikipedia publishes " dumps " of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, [update] there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images. [ W 108 ] Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this. [ 278 ] Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk , with an accuracy of 55 percent. [ 279 ] Mobile access Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection . Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller , deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. [ 51 ] By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees. [ 1 ] Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. [ W 97 ] In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone , Android -based devices, or WebOS -based devices. [ W 109 ] Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata like geoinformation . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google. [ W 110 ] [ W 111 ] The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews. [ W 112 ] Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access. [ W 113 ] [ 282 ] It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators. [ W 113 ] Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years, [ 283 ] and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. [ 37 ] Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Chinese access Access to Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015. [ 6 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult. [ 287 ] Cultural influence Trusted source to combat fake news In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] Noam Cohen , writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out ' fake news '." [ 289 ] [ 290 ] Readership In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors." [ 51 ] However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping. [ 43 ] The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022. [ 43 ] In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, [ W 114 ] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001. [ 291 ] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009. [ W 115 ] The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia. [ 292 ] In 2011, Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements. [ 293 ] According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization. [ W 116 ] As of February 2023, [update] Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion pageviews each month. [ W 1 ] COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic , Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Wikipedia's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet." [ 295 ] In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects. [ 298 ] There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021. [update] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Cultural significance Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. [ W 117 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] The Parliament of Canada 's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act . [ 303 ] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization [ 304 ] —though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. [ 305 ] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports. [ 306 ] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia. [ 307 ] Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism, [ 308 ] [ 309 ] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia . [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit , MySpace , and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. [ 314 ] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign , saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day." [ 315 ] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability. [ 316 ] One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama . He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues. [ 317 ] A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford -based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence ) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth". [ 318 ] [ 319 ] In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired , Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web " and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services , the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than " sapere aude " ( lit. ' dare to know ' ), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know." [ 320 ] Awards Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004. [ W 118 ] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category. [ 321 ] In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić , Eckart Höfling , and Peter Gabriel . The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger . [ 322 ] In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize , which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, [ 323 ] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation. [ 324 ] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Wikipedia users. [ 325 ] Satire Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on". [ 192 ] Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion , [ 326 ] as well as the 2010 The Onion article " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today". [ 327 ] In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office , office manager ( Michael Scott ) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee. [ 328 ] Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page. [ 329 ] " My Number One Doctor ", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs , played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide . [ 330 ] In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. [ 331 ] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia." [ 332 ] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia , which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. [ 333 ] Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles. [ 334 ] On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?" [ 335 ] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman . [ 336 ] In June 2024, nature.com published a fictional Wikipedia Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level. [ 337 ] Publishing The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica , which were unable to compete with a free alternative. [ 338 ] [ 339 ] [ 340 ] Nicholas Carr 's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0 " criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening." [ 341 ] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson , the former editor-in-chief of Wired , wrote in Nature that the " wisdom of crowds " approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes. [ 342 ] Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply". [ 343 ] Kathryn Hughes , professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" [ 343 ] Research use Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics , information retrieval and natural language processing . [ 344 ] [ 345 ] In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification", [ 346 ] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation . [ 347 ] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia. [ 348 ] In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] They used PageRank , CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)". [ 351 ] [ 352 ] The study was updated in 2019. [ 353 ] In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had "never caught it out". He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it. [ 354 ] A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications. [ 355 ] Studies related to Wikipedia have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence [ 319 ] to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism [ 356 ] [ 357 ] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] Related projects Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project , which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008. [ 360 ] Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2 ), [ 361 ] with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE ). [ W 119 ] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2 , which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. [ 362 ] Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review , such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium . [ 363 ] [ 364 ] The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] See also Internet portal Wikipedia portal Democratization of knowledge Interpedia – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of films about Wikipedia List of online encyclopedias List of Wikipedia controversies List of wikis Missing Links and Secret Histories Network effect Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Portal:Contents/Outlines QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Notes ^ Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files. ^ Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL ; media licensing varies. ^ Pronounced / ˌ w ɪ k ɪ ˈ p iː d i ə / ⓘ WIK -ih- PEE -dee-ə or / ˌ w ɪ k i -/ ⓘ WIK -ee- PEE -dee-ə in English ^ Available as an archive at the Nostalgia Wikipedia ^ Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely. ^ The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate. ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction. References Footnotes ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa (October 23, 2023). "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ a b "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ Anderson, Chris (May 8, 2006). "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100" . Time . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ "wikipedia.org" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on June 5, 2020 . Retrieved January 9, 2026 . ^ Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war" . NPR . Archived from the original on December 2, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ a b Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again" . International Business Times UK . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Noor, Poppy (July 29, 2018). "Wikipedia biases" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020 . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ Hern, Alex (September 15, 2015). "Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Wikipedia" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 17, 2022 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . ^ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (May 20, 2022). "Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started" . CNN . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved May 24, 2022 . ^ McNamee, Kai (September 15, 2022). "Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death" . NPR . Archived from the original on January 15, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Garber, Megan (October 12, 2011). "The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Kock, Ned ; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). "Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF) . International Journal of e-Collaboration . 12 (2). IGI Global: 1– 8. doi : 10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 . ISSN 1548-3681 . Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2016. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on October 11, 2007 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2007 . 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be" . Mid-day . January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 7. ^ Larry Sanger (January 11, 2001). "Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki..." Nupedia mailing list. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. ^ Miliard, Mike (March 1, 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?" . Salt Lake City Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2, 2009 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . ^ Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved May 5, 2009 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 29. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257– 286. ^ Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations . The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273 . ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H. ; Pirolli, Peter (October 25, 2009). "The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . WikiSym '09. ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . Archived from the original on September 26, 2024 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). "Wikipedia approaches its limits" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). "Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia" . Boston Review . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. ^ Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). "Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. ^ Gibbons, Austin; Vetrano, David; Biancani, Susan (2012). "Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow" (PDF) . Stanford Network Analysis Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . ^ Ortega Soto, José Felipe (2009). Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis (PhD thesis). Rey Juan Carlos University. hdl : 10115/11239 . Archived from the original on March 14, 2023 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Angwin, Julia (November 27, 2009). "Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 4, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ a b Rawlinson, Kevin (August 8, 2011). "Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors" . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 21, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2012 . ^ a b c d e Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Archived from the original on July 31, 2022 . Retrieved November 30, 2013 . ^ a b Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Ward, Katherine (November 25, 2013). New York Magazine. p. 18. ^ F., G. (May 5, 2013). "Who really runs Wikipedia?" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ Mandiberg, Michael (February 23, 2020). "Mapping Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on November 15, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Wikipedia page views?" . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on December 11, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2014 . ^ a b c "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites" . Alexa Internet . Archived from the original on February 3, 2021 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . ^ "Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ "Citations of Cloud Computing" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ Woods, Dan; Theony, Peter (2007). "3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis". Wikis for dummies (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . p. 58. ISBN 978-1-118-05066-8 . OCLC 1300481129 . OL 5741003W . ^ "NET News: Calling All Taxonomists" . Science . 307 (5712): 1021. February 18, 2005. doi : 10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a . S2CID 220095354 . ^ Luyt, Brendan (January 1, 2020). "A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia". Online Information Review . 45 (2): 356– 371. doi : 10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104 . ^ a b "New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic" (PDF) . Comscore . February 15, 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Perez, Juan Carlos (February 17, 2007). "Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites" . PCWorld . Archived from the original on March 19, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Similarweb. "Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on February 10, 2022 . Retrieved March 4, 2023 . ^ Loveland, Jeff; Reagle, Joseph (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production". New Media & Society . 15 (8): 1294. doi : 10.1177/1461444812470428 . ISSN 1461-4448 . S2CID 27886998 . ^ Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion?" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 9, 2013 . ^ Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves" . BBC News . January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ Workman, Robert (January 5, 2013). "Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia' " . Space.com . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Katz, Leslie (October 27, 2014). "A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)" . CNET . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Sawers, Paul (June 18, 2015). "You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000" . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on October 17, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 24, 2022 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun" . Vox . Archived from the original on November 29, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). "Startup packs all 16 GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes" . CNET . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved August 15, 2023 . ^ a b Pearl, Mike (January 18, 2023). "Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out" . Mashable . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Tech Desk (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Rauwerda, Annie (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point" . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ GZERO World. Ian Bremmer. "Why we still trust Wikipedia, with cofounder Jimmy Wales". Dec. 13, 2025. [1] ^ "Wikipedia's co-founder on anonymous editors, why the site is biased against conservatives and how to fix it: Larry Sanger criticizes 'reliable sources' system and anonymous administrators." By Ashley Rindsberg and Nora Moriarty, Fox News, October 9, 2025. [2] ^ "The Seven Rules of Trust" . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Weaver, Tanya (April 4, 2025). "AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure" . eandt.theiet.org . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Ha, Anthony (October 18, 2025). "Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video" . TechCrunch . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Miller, Marshall (October 17, 2025). "New User Trends on Wikipedia" . Diff . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). "Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 12, 2022 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 12–13. ^ Harrison, Stephen; Benjakob, Omer (January 14, 2021). "Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better" . Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 15, 2021 . ^ a b Ren, Yuqing; Zhang, Haifeng; Kraut, Robert E. (February 29, 2024). "How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors" . ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction . 31 (1): 1– 48. doi : 10.1145/3617369 . ISSN 1073-0516 . Archived from the original on September 12, 2024 . Retrieved September 12, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 36. ^ Henderson, William (December 10, 2012). "Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing" . BBC News . Archived from the original on November 27, 2022 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ Ajmani, Leah; Vincent, Nicholas; Chancellor, Stevie (September 28, 2023). "Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 7 (CSCW2): 1– 33. doi : 10.1145/3610198 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2023). "Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2023 . Retrieved December 20, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (October 4, 2020). "The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on January 8, 2024 . Retrieved March 6, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (February 5, 2025). "Project 2025's Creators Want to Dox Wikipedia Editors. The Tool They're Using Is Horrifying" . Slate . Archived from the original on July 19, 2025 . Retrieved February 5, 2025 . ^ Elia-Shalev, Asaf (January 24, 2025). "Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides" . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Archived from the original on June 10, 2025 . Retrieved May 27, 2025 . ^ a b Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF) . Linux Magazine . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007 . Retrieved July 13, 2007 . The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. ^ Ciffolilli, Andrea (December 2003). "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia" . First Monday . 8 (12). doi : 10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 . ^ West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup (2011). "Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit" . Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 . 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference. pp. 152– 161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.222.7963 . doi : 10.1145/2030376.2030394 . ISBN 978-1-4503-0788-8 . Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). "The palm zire 71 camera interface". CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF) . pp. 575– 582. doi : 10.1145/985921.985953 . ISBN 978-1-58113-702-6 . S2CID 10351688 . Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2006 . Retrieved January 24, 2007 . ^ Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (November 4, 2007). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007 . Retrieved October 13, 2007 . ^ a b c d Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Wikipedia 'biography' " . USA Today . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat . Farrar, Straus & Giroux . p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2 . ^ Buchanan, Brian (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace" . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on December 21, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress" " . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on July 8, 2012 . Retrieved July 26, 2012 . ^ Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study" . Technology. NBC News . Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. ^ Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D. (December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached". 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) . Huntington Beach, CA: IEEE. pp. 276– 287. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.2758 . doi : 10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 . ISBN 978-1-4673-9743-8 . S2CID 9353425 . ^ Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). "The singularity is not near". Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . Orlando, FL: ACM Press. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . ^ Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016). "Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?" . Harvard Business Review . ISSN 0017-8012 . Archived from the original on June 17, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia". Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6): 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . ^ Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (February 7, 2020). " "Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice" . Journal of Pragmatics . 163 : 46– 65. doi : 10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 1, 2023). Ognyanova, Katherine (ed.). "Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia" . PNAS Nexus . 2 (12) pgad385. doi : 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 . ISSN 2752-6542 . PMC 10697426 . PMID 38059265 . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Lerner, Jürgen; Lomi, Alessandro (December 21, 2020). "The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles" . Social Networks . 60 : 11– 25. doi : 10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A.; Strotmann, Andreas; Zhao, Dangzhi (April 4, 2023). "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps" . Journal of Documentation . 79 (3): 784– 810. doi : 10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 . ISSN 0022-0418 . Archived from the original on October 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 14, 2023 . ^ Ziembowicz, Karolina; Roszczyńska-Kurasińska, Magdalena; Rychwalska, Agnieszka; Nowak, Andrzej (October 3, 2022). "Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia" . Information, Communication & Society . 25 (13): 1987– 2005. doi : 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 . ISSN 1369-118X . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Chhabra, Anamika; Kaur, Rishemjit; Iyengar, S. R.S. (August 25, 2020). "Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration . ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/3412569.3412585 . ISBN 978-1-4503-8779-8 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ a b Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (September 9, 2020). "Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure" . Applied Network Science . 5 (1) 61. doi : 10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y . ISSN 2364-8228 . ^ "Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology . July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ a b c Yasseri, Taha ; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertész, János (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N. (eds.). The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis . Scarecrow Press. arXiv : 1305.5566 . doi : 10.2139/SSRN.2269392 . S2CID 12133330 . SSRN 2269392 . ^ Mayfield, Elijah; Black, Alan W. (November 7, 2019). "Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 3 (CSCW): 1– 26. doi : 10.1145/3359308 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 3. ^ "Who's behind Wikipedia?" . PC World . February 6, 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008 . Retrieved February 7, 2008 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 53–54. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 32. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 5–7. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 33. ^ Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune . p. 18. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Archived from the original on May 25, 2009 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). "Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists" . First Monday . 15 (3). Archived from the original on March 10, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause" . Boston Globe . Retrieved March 25, 2007 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (June 16, 2022). "Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" " . Slate . Archived from the original on August 24, 2022 . Retrieved July 22, 2022 . ^ Bandler, Aaron (June 21, 2024), "Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned' " , Jewish Journal , archived from the original on June 22, 2024 , retrieved May 3, 2025 ^ Harrison, Stephen (July 1, 2021), "Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail" , Slate , ISSN 1091-2339 , archived from the original on July 1, 2021 , retrieved May 13, 2025 ^ a b c d Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . doi : 10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 . ISBN 978-0-8047-9120-5 . JSTOR j.ctvqsdrf9 . ^ a b c d Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (March 5, 2009). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder" . Emory Law Journal . 59 (1). SSRN 1354424 . Archived from the original on June 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (1): 181. SSRN 1354424 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. ; Wattenberg, Martin M. ; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (January 3, 2007). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site" . CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Goodwin, Jean (2009). "The Authority of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2011 . Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers ^ Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Viktoria Institute. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.8218 . ^ a b c Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 61–62. ^ a b Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences" . Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . Archived from the original on January 26, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. ^ a b Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007). "Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education". Journal of Legal Education . 57 (1). Association of American Law Schools : 3– 9. JSTOR 42894005 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 10–11. ^ "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money" . Scientific American . October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones" . Slate . Archived from the original on September 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . ^ Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2014 . Retrieved February 23, 2008 . ^ Amichai-Hamburger, Yair; Lamdan, Naama; Madiel, Rinat; Hayat, Tsahi (2008). "Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members". CyberPsychology & Behavior . 11 (6). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 679– 681. doi : 10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 . PMID 18954273 . ^ McGreal, Scott A. (March 11, 2013). "The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members" . Psychology Today . Archived from the original on July 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). "After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?" . New Scientist . Archived from the original on April 21, 2015 . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ Cohen, Noam (January 31, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 6, 2013 . Retrieved October 28, 2013 . ^ a b "OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall" . CBC News . August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b Kessenides, Dimitra; Chafkin, Max (December 22, 2016). "Is Wikipedia Woke?" . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 15, 2022 . Retrieved September 21, 2022 . ^ Walker, Andy (June 21, 2018). "The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps" . memeburn . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ "List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. (January 3, 2007). "The Visual Side of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2006 . Retrieved October 30, 2007 . ^ Fians, Guilherme (September 16, 2025). "Wikipedia: Editing the narrative" . Chartered Institute of Linguists . Archived from the original on September 24, 2025 . Retrieved September 27, 2025 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (February 16, 2021). "Israeli 'rule,' not 'occupation': In a sign of the times, Hebrew Wikipedia renames a key article" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved March 16, 2024 . ^ a b Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (January 17, 2012). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS One . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . ^ Massa, Paolo; Scrinzi, Federico (January 4, 2013). "Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities" . First Monday . 18 (1). doi : 10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 . ^ a b c "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?" . The Economist . March 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 11, 2014 . ^ Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). "The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia" . Slate . Archived from the original on August 13, 2014 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ a b Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010). "Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge" . History News Network . Columbian College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Messer-Krusse, Timothy (February 12, 2012). "The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia" . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on December 18, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Colón Aguirre, Mónica; Fleming-May, Rachel A. (November 2012). " "You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia" (PDF) . The Journal of Academic Librarianship . 38 (6). Elsevier : 391– 399. doi : 10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013 . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia experience sparks national debate" . BGSU News . Bowling Green State University . February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds" . The Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. ^ Petrilli, Michael J. (Spring 2008). "Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?" . What Next. Education Next . 8 (2). Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2014 . ^ Benjakob, Omer; Harrison, Stephen (October 13, 2020). "From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades" . Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 . ISBN 978-0-262-36059-3 . Archived from the original on September 11, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2021 . ^ Lott, Maxim (February 18, 2021). "Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried" . Fox News . Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schwartz, Zach (November 11, 2015). "Wikipedia's Co-Founder Is Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic" . Vice . Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. ^ Brown, Lee (July 16, 2021). "Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' " . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 16, 2021 . Retrieved May 31, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Bias" . StosselTV . April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hube, Christoph (2017). "Bias in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . New York, New York, US: ACM Press. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia Archived November 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . ^ a b Bjork-James, Carwil (July 3, 2021). "New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia . 27 (3): 207– 228. Bibcode : 2021NRvHM..27..207B . doi : 10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 . S2CID 234286415 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784–810. ^ "Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' " . The New York Sun . October 4, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Nine Theses on Wikipedia" . LarrySanger.org . December 11, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up" . Wired . Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 8, 2015 . ^ Giles, Jim (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head" . Nature . 438 (7070): 900– 901. Bibcode : 2005Natur.438..900G . doi : 10.1038/438900a . PMID 16355180 . (subscription required) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. ^ Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2016. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response" (PDF) . March 23, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2006 . Retrieved July 13, 2010 . ^ " Nature ' s responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica " . Nature . March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2018 . ^ Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Rung, András; Kornai, András; Kertész, János (June 20, 2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia" . PLOS ONE . 7 (6) e38869. arXiv : 1202.3643 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...738869Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 . PMC 3380063 . PMID 22745683 . ^ Raphael, JR (August 26, 2009). "The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders" . PC World . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022 . Retrieved September 2, 2009 . ^ Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). Legal Research in a Nutshell (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters. pp. 32–34 . ISBN 978-0-314-26408-4 – via Internet Archive . ^ Cowen, Tyler (March 14, 2008). "Cooked Books" . The New Republic . Archived from the original on March 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Stuart, S.C. (June 3, 2021). "Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?" . PCMag . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ Mannix, Liam (September 13, 2022). "Evidence suggests Wikipedia is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously?" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schiff, Stacy (July 23, 2006). "Know It All" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 22, 2008 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Boyd, Danah (January 4, 2005). "Academia and Wikipedia" . Many 2 Many: A Group We blog on Social Software . Corante. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . [The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society [at Harvard Law School .] ^ McHenry, Robert (November 15, 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia" . Tech Central Station . Archived from the original on January 7, 2006. ^ Shapiro, Ari (April 27, 2018). "Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era" . NPR . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved May 1, 2018 . ^ "Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry" . Deutsche Welle . June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014 . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (June 16, 2014). "Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). "Politicians notice Wikipedia" . CNET . Archived from the original on July 30, 2009 . Retrieved January 28, 2007 . ^ Bergstein, Brian (January 23, 2007). "Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit" . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 19, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hafner, Katie (August 19, 2007). "Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Colbert, Stephen (July 30, 2006). "Wikiality" . Archived from the original on September 11, 2015 . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . ^ "Wide World of Wikipedia" . The Emory Wheel . April 21, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007 . Retrieved October 17, 2007 . ^ Waters, Neil L. (September 2007). "Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class" (PDF) . Communications of the ACM . 50 (9): 15– 17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.4996 . doi : 10.1145/1284621.1284635 . S2CID 11757060 . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Jaschik, Scott (January 26, 2007). "A Stand Against Wikipedia" . Inside Higher Ed . Archived from the original on July 8, 2007 . Retrieved January 27, 2007 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). "Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' " . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 21, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2007 . ^ Buis, Kyle (February 25, 2007). "Wikipedia sucks students in with reliable information" . The Orion . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Child, Maxwell L. (February 26, 2007). "Professors Split on Wiki Debate" . The Harvard Crimson . Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. ^ Chloe Stothart. "Web threatens learning ethos" Archived December 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Times Higher Education Supplement , 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2. ^ Zou, Di; Xie, Haoran; Wang, Fu Lee; Kwan, Reggie (April 10, 2020). "Flipped learning with Wikipedia in higher education" . Studies in Higher Education . 45 (5). Routledge : 1026– 1045. doi : 10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 . S2CID 216534736 . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (March 5, 2014). "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on October 24, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (May 7, 2014). "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ "The battle for Wikipedia's soul" . The Economist . March 6, 2008. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 7, 2008 . ^ Douglas, Ian (November 10, 2007). "Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2010 . ^ Cohen, Noam (February 5, 2008). "Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Taylor, Sophie (April 5, 2008). "China allows access to English Wikipedia" . Reuters . Archived from the original on December 29, 2020 . Retrieved July 29, 2008 . ^ Bruilliard, Karin (May 21, 2010). "Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 27, 2020 . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ Moon, Mariella (March 12, 2022). "Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus" . Yahoo! . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Mokhtar, Hassna'a (July 19, 2006). "What Is Wrong With Wikipedia?" . Arab News . Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. ^ Arthur, Charles (December 8, 2008). "Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Petrusich, Amanda (October 20, 2011). "Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020 . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ Lam, Shyong (Tony) K.; Uduwage, Anuradha; Dong, Zhenhua; Sen, Shilad; Musicant, David R.; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (October 3–5, 2011). WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance (PDF) . WikiSym'2011. Mountain View, California: ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ "The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth" . The Guardian . August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 37, 38, 47. ^ Livingstone, Randall M. (November 23, 2010). "Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality" . M/C Journal . 13 (6). doi : 10.5204/mcj.315 . ISSN 1441-2616 . Archived from the original on November 21, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . ^ a b Hube, Christoph (April 3, 2017). "Bias in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . S2CID 10472970 . ^ a b Ackerly, Brooke A.; Michelitch, Kristin (2022). "Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives" . PS: Political Science & Politics . 55 (2): 429– 433. doi : 10.1017/S1049096521001463 . S2CID 247795102 . ^ Beytía, Pablo (April 20, 2020). "The Positioning Matters" . Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 . WWW '20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 806– 810. doi : 10.1145/3366424.3383569 . ISBN 978-1-4503-7024-0 . S2CID 218523099 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ Graham, Mark (November 12, 2009). "Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content" . Zerogeography . Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. ^ Strohmaier, Markus (March 6, 2017). "KAT50 Society, Culture". Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia . GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences . doi : 10.7802/1411 . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). ^ Maxton, Richard (September 9, 2008). "Wikipedia attacked over porn pages" . Macquarie Network . Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. ^ Metz, Cade (December 7, 2008). "Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover" . The Register . Archived from the original on May 13, 2020 . Retrieved May 10, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . ^ Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI" . The Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 1, 2010 . Retrieved October 9, 2010 . ^ a b Metz, Cade (April 9, 2010). "Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn' " . The Register . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ "Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website" . The Economic Times . India. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved April 29, 2010 . ^ a b Agence France-Presse (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights" . BBC News . May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved May 19, 2010 . ^ Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). "Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break" . XBIZ.com . Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . ^ McStay, Andrew (2014). Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol . Digital Formation. Vol. 86. Peter Lang . doi : 10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 . ISBN 978-1-4541-9163-6 . ^ Kleinz, Torsten (September 2, 2006). "Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]" [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]]. Heise Online (in German). Heinz Heise . Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks" . BBC . April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ Paling, Emma (October 21, 2015). "Wikipedia's Hostility to Women" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Auerbach, David (December 11, 2014). "Encyclopedia Frown" . Slate . Archived from the original on October 23, 2015 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Murphy, Dan (August 1, 2013). "In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on December 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Kueppers, Courtney (March 23, 2020). "High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ a b c Schlanger, Zoë; Purtill, Corinne (October 2, 2018). "Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough" . Quartz . Archived from the original on October 25, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018" . The Nobel Prize . October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2018). "Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media" . Quartz . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (January 4, 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia" . Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6). Springer Science : 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ McGregor, Jena (March 17, 2020). "Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 21, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (May 1, 2014). "Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (May 1, 2014). "Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Salmon, Felix (February 4, 2021). "Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia" . Axios . Archived from the original on February 4, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ Lima, Cristiano (September 14, 2021). "Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 14, 2021 . ^ Protalinski, Emil (July 2, 2013). "Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English" . TNW . Archived from the original on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Curtis, Sophie (July 23, 2013). "Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ L. M. (December 13, 2011). "Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things" . The Economist . Archived from the original on June 9, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ a b Orlowski, Andrew (August 1, 2013). "Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 4, 2013 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ a b Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). "Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia" . BBC News . Archived from the original on July 28, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). "Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 5, 2012 . ^ Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (July 13, 2014). "For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ "MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address" . Al Jazeera . July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 22, 2014 . ^ Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution . Hachette Books . pp. 99– 106. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . OCLC 232977686 . ^ Friedman, Vitaly (January 12, 2021). "Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word)" . Smashing Magazine . Archived from the original on April 1, 2022 . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ Verge, Jason (January 14, 2013). "It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home" . Data Center Knowledge. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Data centers - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Bergsma, Mark (May 5, 2014). "Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center" . Diff . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ "Switch Datacenter - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Scherer, Frederic M. (2009) [1970]. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance . Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign . SSRN 1496716 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ a b c Trajtenberg, Manuel; Jaffe, Adam B. (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy . MIT Press . pp. 89– 153. doi : 10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-27623-8 . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ McCarthy, Caroline (July 18, 2008). "Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees" . CNET . Archived from the original on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 18, 2008 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 64. ^ Orlowitz, Jake (January 2018). "The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it" . JLIS.it . 9 (3). doi : 10.4403/jlis.it-12505 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 – via ResearchGate . ^ The British Newspaper Archive (July 18, 2014). "Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light" . British Newspaper Archive . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Hall, Sam (June 24, 2020). "ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library" . ICE Virtual Library . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 26, 2021 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses" . GNU Operating System . Free Software Foundation . Archived from the original on March 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (July 19, 2009). "Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 9, 2013 . ^ "Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case" . Reuters . November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved November 2, 2007 . ^ Anderson, Nate (May 2, 2008). "Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" " . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on August 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ "Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities" . Lexico Publishing Group, LLC . Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. ^ "Definition of Answers.com" . PCMag . Archived from the original on February 3, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Researching With Bing Reference" . Bing Community . Archived from the original on October 23, 2010 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia turned into book" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010). "Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten" . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on November 26, 2010 . Retrieved December 6, 2010 . ^ Bizer, Christian; Lehmann, Jens; Kobilarov, Georgi; Auer, Sören; Becker, Christian; Cyganiak, Richard; Hellmann, Sebastian (September 2009). "DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data". Journal of Web Semantics . 7 (3): 154– 165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.150.4898 . doi : 10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 . S2CID 16081721 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 16, 2021). "Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Shachaf, Pnina (October 16, 2009). "The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library?" (PDF) . Journal of Documentation . 65 (6): 977– 996. doi : 10.1108/00220410910998951 . ^ "Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia" . AndroGeoid . May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . ^ Hollington, Jesse David (November 30, 2008). "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps" . iLounge . Archived from the original on January 12, 2009 . Retrieved July 22, 2008 . ^ Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). "Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . ^ a b c Lih, Andrew (June 20, 2015). "Can Wikipedia Survive?" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Brown, Andrew (June 25, 2015). "Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Fox-Brewster, Thomas (May 22, 2015). "Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship" . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Henochowicz, Anne (May 20, 2015). "Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall" . China Digital Times . Archived from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved May 4, 2017 . ^ Perez, Sarah (June 12, 2015). "The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on August 24, 2020 . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (April 3, 2018). "Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button" . Meta . Archived from the original on January 11, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. ^ Constine, Josh (April 3, 2018). "Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context" . TechCrunch . Retrieved July 15, 2021 . ^ "694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks" . comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008 . Retrieved December 16, 2007 . Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US ^ Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (December 15, 2007). "Wikipedia users" (PDF) . Pew Internet & American Life Project . Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 15, 2007 . 36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. ^ SAI (October 7, 2011). "The World's Most Valuable Startups" . Business Insider . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Sachdev, Shaan (February 26, 2021). "Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic" . The New Republic . ISSN 0028-6583 . Archived from the original on February 28, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (March 15, 2020). "How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on May 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (September 2, 2020). "On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB" . Wired UK . ISSN 1357-0978 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Dodds, Laurence (April 3, 2020). "Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB" . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on April 11, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 22, 2020). "Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on December 27, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on May 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). "Learning to trust the internet again" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on August 27, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007 . Retrieved February 6, 2007 . ^ Sharma, Raghav (February 19, 2009). "Wikipedian Justice". Social Science Research Network . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.1346311 . S2CID 233749371 . SSRN 1346311 . ^ "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes" . LEGISinfo . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). "Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source" . Internet Business Law Services . Archived from the original on May 20, 2012 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . (The name " World Intellectual Property Office " should however read " World Intellectual Property Organization " in this source.) ^ Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). "Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). "The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence" . Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved April 14, 2007 . ^ Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". Nature News . doi : 10.1038/news.2008.1312 . ^ Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). "Wikipedia in the Newsroom" . American Journalism Review . Archived from the original on August 5, 2012 . Retrieved February 11, 2008 . ^ Lexington (September 24, 2011). "Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth" . The Economist . Retrieved September 27, 2011 . Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund". ^ "Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article" . Japan News Review . July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. ^ Richter, Bob (January 9, 2007). "Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered" . San Antonio Express-News . Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. ^ Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal" . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Coscarelli, Joe (July 29, 2014). "Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times" . Intelligencer . New York . Archived from the original on August 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). "Time's Person of the Year: You" . Time . Archived from the original on March 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vargas, Jose Antonio (September 17, 2007). "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Ablan, Jennifer (October 22, 2007). "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol" . Reuters . Retrieved October 24, 2007 . ^ Grillini, Franco (March 30, 2009). "Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 30, 2009 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030" . One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) . Stanford University . September 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved September 3, 2016 . ^ a b Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19, 2023 . Retrieved July 19, 2023 . ^ Derakhshan, Hossein (October 19, 2017). "How Social Media Endangers Knowledge" . Business. Wired . Condé Nast. eISSN 1078-3148 . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on October 22, 2018 . Retrieved October 22, 2018 . ^ "Webby Awards 2004" . The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. ^ "Die Quadriga – Award 2008" . Archived from the original on September 15, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum" . Praemium Erasmianum Foundation . Archived from the original on January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . ^ "Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015" [Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015]. Fundación Princesa de Asturias (in Spanish) . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ "Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano" [The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva España (in Spanish). October 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2015 . ^ "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence" . The Onion . July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today" . The Onion . November 24, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ " The Negotiation ". The Office . Season 3. Episode 19. April 5, 2007. NBC . ^ Jesdanun, Anick (April 12, 2007). " 'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia" . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved December 12, 2014 . ^ Bakken, Janae (December 6, 2007). " My Number One Doctor ". Scrubs . Season 7. Episode 145. NBC . ^ "Professor Wikipedia". CollegeHumor Originals . September 24, 2008. CollegeHumor . ^ Adams, Scott ( w , a ). Topper . May 8, 2009, United Media . ^ Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). "Bigipedia given second series" . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen" . British Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on July 31, 2009 . Retrieved July 31, 2009 . ^ Flake, Emily (August 23, 2013). "Manning/Wikipedia cartoon" . Conde Nast Collection . Archived from the original on October 12, 2014 . Retrieved August 26, 2013 . ^ " 'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement" . Today . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Burnett, Emma (June 12, 2024). "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3]" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 38867010 . ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2015 . ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic]" . GizmoCrazed . March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Caldwell, Christopher (June 14, 2013). "A chapter in the Enlightenment closes" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2022 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia. ^ Carr, Nicholas (October 3, 2005). "The amorality of Web 2.0" . Rough Type . Archived from the original on August 4, 2022 . Retrieved July 15, 2006 . ^ "Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds" . Nature . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ a b Flood, Alison (February 7, 2013). "Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast? " . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Mayo, Matthew (November 23, 2017). "Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing" . KDnuggets . Archived from the original on May 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Lindemann, Luke (February 19, 2021). "Wikipedia Corpus" . lukelindemann.com . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rada, Mihalcea ; Csomai, Andras (November 2007). "Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge" (PDF) . CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Lisbon; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 233– 242. doi : 10.1145/1321440.1321475 . ISBN 978-1-59593-803-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2016. ^ Milne, David; Witten, Ian H. (October 2008). "Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08". CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Napa Valley, CA; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 509– 518. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.148.3617 . doi : 10.1145/1458082.1458150 . ISBN 978-1-59593-991-3 . ^ Adafre, Sisay Fissaha; de Rijke, Maarten (August 2005). "Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05" (PDF) . LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery . ACM LinkKDD. Chicago; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 90– 97. doi : 10.1145/1134271.1134284 . ISBN 978-1-59593-135-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries" . MIT Technology Review . December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). "Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list" . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ a b Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). "Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances" . Times Higher Education . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Lages, J.; Patt, A.; Shepelyansky, D. (2016). "Wikipedia ranking of world universities". Eur. Phys. J. B . 89 (69): 69. arXiv : 1511.09021 . Bibcode : 2016EPJB...89...69L . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 . S2CID 1965378 . ^ Coquidé, C.; Lages, J.; Shepelyansky, D.L. (2019). "World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks". Eur. Phys. J. B . 92 (3): 3. arXiv : 1809.00332 . Bibcode : 2019EPJB...92....3C . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 . S2CID 52154548 . ^ "All hail Wikipedia" . The Times . December 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Thompson, Neil; Hanley, Douglas (February 13, 2018). "Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial". MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 . Rochester, NY. doi : 10.2139/ssrn.3039505 . S2CID 30918097 . SSRN 3039505 – via SSRN . ^ Sarabadani, Amir; Halfaker, Aaron ; Taraborelli, Dario (April 2017). "Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion". WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion . International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. Perth; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 1647– 1654. arXiv : 1703.03861 . doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053366 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Potthast, Martin; Stein, Benno; Gerling, Robert (2008). "Advances in Information Retrieval". In Macdonald, Craig; Ounis, Iadh; Plachouras, Vassilis; Ruthven, Ian; White, Ryen W. (eds.). Advances in Information Retrieval . 30th ECIR . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4956. Glasgow: Springer. pp. 663– 668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.188.1093 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 . ISBN 978-3-540-78645-0 . ^ Asthana, Sumit; Halfaker, Aaron (November 2018). Lampe, Cliff (ed.). "With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 2 (CSCW). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . 21. doi : 10.1145/3274290 . ISSN 2573-0142 . ^ Petroni, Fabio; Broscheit, Samuel; Piktus, Aleksandra; Lewis, Patrick; Izacard, Gautier; Hosseini, Lucas; Dwivedi-Yu, Jane; Lomeli, Maria; Schick, Timo; Bevilacqua, Michele; Mazaré, Pierre-Emmanuel; Joulin, Armand; Grave, Edouard; Riedel, Sebastian (2023). "Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI" . Nature Machine Intelligence . 5 (10): 1142– 1148. arXiv : 2207.06220 . doi : 10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 . ^ Heart Internet. "Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface" . Archived from the original on May 17, 2014 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias" . CNN . Archived from the original on August 14, 2004 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rubin, Harriet (May 31, 1998). "The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy" . Fast Company . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedia of Life" . National Museum of Natural History . Smithsonian . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia" . Society of Applied Neuroscience . Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?" . The Register . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site" . LinuxInsider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources ^ a b "Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 11, 2020 . Retrieved August 8, 2023 . ^ Stallman, Richard M. (June 20, 2007). "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved January 4, 2008 . ^ Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki" . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on April 14, 2003 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Wikipedia: HomePage" . Archived from the original on March 31, 2001 . Retrieved March 31, 2001 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 16, 2001). "Alternative language wikipedias" . Wikipedia-L (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved January 16, 2022 . ^ Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004 ^ "[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008" . Osdir . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vibber, Brion (August 16, 2002). "Brion VIBBER at pobox.com" . Wikimedia . Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 26, 2011 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (December 12, 2002). "Wiktionary project launched" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Talk:Science Hypertextbook project" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (March 19, 2004). "Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Eloquence. "User:Eloquence/History" . Wikinews . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity" . Wikiversity . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 24, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). "The Wikipedia data revolution" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011 . Retrieved March 8, 2015 . ^ "SOPA/Blackoutpage" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront" . Wikimedia Foundation . January 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Why create an account ^ Wikipedia:Protection policy#Full protection ^ a b Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen" . Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in German). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ Help:Recent changes ^ Wikipedia:New pages patrol ^ Vandalism . Wikipedia . Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ a b Wikipedia:Dispute resolution ^ Wikipedia:Five pillars ^ Wikipedia:Citing sources : "Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space." ^ Wikipedia:Ownership of content : "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia)." ^ a b Wikipedia:Administrators ^ Wikipedia:Requests for comment ^ Wikipedia:Banning policy ^ Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism" . Kuro5hin , Op–Ed . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.) ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedians ^ List of Wikipedias – Meta ^ a b "Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Special:Statistics ^ A455bcd9 (February 8, 2021). Wikipedia page views by language over time (PNG) . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on May 12, 2022 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Non-free content" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 8, 2003). "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ "Meta-Wiki" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013 . Retrieved March 24, 2009 . ^ "Meta-Wiki Statistics" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ a b "List of articles every Wikipedia should have" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:Notability ^ "Manual:Interwiki" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:General disclaimer ^ Sanger, Larry . "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)" . Citizendium . Archived from the original on November 3, 2006 . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content/FAQ ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content ^ "Privacy policy" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Volunteer Response Team" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software" . Open Technology Real Services . OTRS.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 . ^ "Draft:Donna Strickland" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Projects" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. October 12, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . May 17, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2022 . Retrieved October 14, 2014 . ^ "Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov" . Wikimedia Foundation . May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Neotarf (August 13, 2014). "Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia" . The Signpost . Archived from the original on January 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Lorente, Patricio (March 16, 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia chapters" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on November 12, 2005 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Bergsma, Mark. "Wikimedia Architecture" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ "MediaWiki Features" . WikiMatrix . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Project:Copyrights" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "UseMod: UseModWiki" . UseModWiki . Archived from the original on October 17, 2000. ^ Special:Version ^ Snow, Michael (April 18, 2005). "Internal search function returns to service" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 31, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Vibber, Brion. "[Wikitech-l] Lucene search" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on March 30, 2013 . Retrieved February 26, 2009 . ^ "Extension:CirrusSearch" . MediaWiki . Archived from the original on April 13, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Forrester, James (April 25, 2013). "The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bots ^ Aude (March 23, 2009). "Abuse Filter is enabled" . The Signpost . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bot policy ^ a b "Varnish" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Debian" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on April 18, 2021 . Retrieved April 9, 2021 . ^ Palmier, Guillaume (January 19, 2013). "Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on May 12, 2019 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ "⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "The journey to open our first data center in South America" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . July 26, 2024. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024 . Retrieved November 29, 2024 . ^ "Wikimedia servers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . April 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ "Data centers" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Peters, David; Walsh, Jay (2013). "Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020)" . Wikimedia Foundation . 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Copyrights ^ Vermeir, Walter (December 1, 2007). "Resolution:License update" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Wikipedia:Licensing update ^ Wikimedia ^ "Licensing update/Questions and Answers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ "Licensing_update/Timeline" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on August 17, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2009 . ^ Walsh, Jay (May 21, 2009). "Wikimedia community approves license migration" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 13, 2021 . Retrieved May 21, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia:Non-free content" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Commons:Fair use" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks ^ a b Seifi, Joe (August 27, 2007). "Wapedia review" . appSafari . Archived from the original on April 23, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM" . Wikipedia On DVD . Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. ^ "Polish Wikipedia on DVD" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:DVD ^ "¿Qué es la CDPedia?" . Py Ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. ^ "2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online" . WikiNews . Wikimedia Foundation . October 22, 2008 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Selection for Schools" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2012 . ^ "Wikidata:Introduction" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikidata:Statistics" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (October 13, 2009). "OpenMoko Launches WikiReader" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia policies on data download ^ "Data dumps/What's available for download" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched" . Wikimedia Technical Blog . Wikimedia Foundation . June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010 . Retrieved July 22, 2009 . ^ Finc, Tomasz (January 26, 2012). "Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia" . Google Play . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes" . App Store (iOS/iPadOS) . Apple Inc. August 4, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b "Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . February 16, 2018 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth ^ West, Stuart (2010). "Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013 . Retrieved April 16, 2014 . ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media ^ "Trophy shelf" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . GNU Operating System . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . Sources McDowell, Zachary; Vetter, Matthew (2022). Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality . New York: Routledge. pp. 1– 107. ISBN 978-0-367-55571-9 . Further reading Balke, Jeff (March 2008). "For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace" . Houston Chronicle . Broken Record (blog). Archived from the original on December 29, 2008 . Retrieved December 17, 2008 . Borland, John (August 14, 2007). "See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign" . Wired . Archived from the original on November 16, 2015 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out" . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust" . New Scientist . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules" . The Phoenix . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive" . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 22, 2008 . Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom" . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog" . London Review of Books . Archived from the original on May 27, 2009 . Retrieved June 3, 2009 . Stix, Gary , "Wiki-Curious: Are you a 'busybody,' a 'hunter" or a 'dancer'?", Scientific American , vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025), p. 18. "'Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them.'" Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World" . Time . Archived from the original on June 2, 2005 . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist" . The Economist . June 5, 2008 . Retrieved June 5, 2008 . Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries" , BBC News, October 21, 2013. "The Decline of Wikipedia" Archived October 23, 2013, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, MIT Technology Review , October 22, 2013 "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza" Archived March 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (March 2015), Capital Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard "Dark Side of Wikipedia" . Full Measure . Archived from the original on August 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 17, 2016 . Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson , April 17, 2016. (Includes video.) Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Wikipedia Works" . Cato Institute . Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus , Ideas, with Paul Kennedy , CBC Radio One , originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here ). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required). "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" The Independent , February 3, 2009. Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019 . Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo. Academic studies Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age . JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1535-2 . Jensen, Richard (October 2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812" (PDF) . The Journal of Military History . 76 (4): 523– 556. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS ONE . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . SSRN 1458162 . ( A blog post by the author. ) Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (8). arXiv : 0805.1154 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.4536 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 . S2CID 58893 . Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia" . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication . 12 (1): 88. doi : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren ; Riedl, John (2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 . pp. 259– 268. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . doi : 10.1145/1316624.1316663 . ISBN 978-1-59593-845-9 . S2CID 15350808 . Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. hdl : 1765/113937 . ISBN 978-94-028-1371-5 . OCLC 1081174169 . (Open access) Rosenzweig, Roy . Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past . (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.) Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (4). arXiv : cs/0702140 . Bibcode : 2007cs........2140W . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.342.6933 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 . hdl : 2027.42/136037 . S2CID 10484077 . Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist . 57 (5): 664. doi : 10.1177/0002764212469365 . S2CID 144208941 . Maggio, Lauren A.; Willinsky, John M. ; Steinberg, Ryan M.; Mietchen, Daniel; Wass, Joseph L.; Dong, Ting (2017). "Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia" . PLOS One . 12 (12) e0190046. PLOS . Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1290046M . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 . PMC 5739466 . PMID 29267345 . Books Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur . Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5 . (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It . San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4 . (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide . Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5 . Rafaeli, Sheizaf ; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In Barak, A. (ed.). Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press . pp. 243 –267. ISBN 978-0-521-69464-3 . Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality . Siduri. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9 . Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia . New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice? . Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7 . Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-5862-4 . Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2 . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-8944-8 . Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-53817-6 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/9781108780704 . ISBN 978-1-108-78070-4 . Book review–related articles Baker, Nicholson . "The Charms of Wikipedia" . The New York Review of Books , March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual , by John Broughton, as listed previously.) Crovitz, L. Gordon . "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.) Postrel, Virginia , "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it" , Pacific Standard , November/December 2014 issue. External links Official website – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) Wikipedia on Twitter Wikipedia on Instagram Wikipedia collected news and commentary at The Guardian Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia Ro, Christine (February 19, 2025). "Why these scientists devote time to editing and updating Wikipedia". Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-025-00244-7 . PMID 39972088 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia v t e Overview (outline) Biases gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Biases gender geographical ideological racial gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Community (Wikipedians) Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White History Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Bomis Nupedia Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war American politics Donald Trump Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Honors Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia References and analysis Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Mobile Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Content use DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education Related AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis List Category List Category v t e Wikipedia language editions by article count v t e 7,000,000+ English English 6,000,000+ Cebuano Cebuano 3,000,000+ German German 2,000,000+ French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish 1,000,000+ Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray 100,000+ Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh 10,000+ Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu 1,000+ Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof 500+ Bambara Wayuu Bambara Wayuu List of Wikimedia wikis v t e Wikimedia Foundation v t e People Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Abstract Wikipedia Other Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Related The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage v t e Wikis v t e Types Fan Personal Medical Semantic Fan Personal Medical Semantic Components Software Software Lists Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Comparisons Software Wiki farms Software Wiki farms Notable wikis Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Wiki farms Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint See also Wikis and education History Creole .wiki Wikis and education History Creole .wiki v t e Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation v t e Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST VIAF GND FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia Other IdRef MusicBrainz label IdRef MusicBrainz label Wikipedia 2001 establishments in the United States Creative Commons-licensed websites Free-content websites Internet properties established in 2001 Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Multilingual websites Wikis Online encyclopedias Social information processing Wikimedia projects Pages using the Phonos extension Pages including recorded pronunciations Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1: unfit URL CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use American English from September 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021 Articles containing Latin-language text Webarchive template other archives Guardian topic template using Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 22:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-220
|
An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Products and Services All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Resources for You For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public Explore NLM About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events Grants and Research NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications Home This page is no longer being maintained. You can find a previous version at: /pubs/techbull/jf26/jf26_issue_cover.html . There is no guarentee that this redirect page will be maintained. You will be redirected in 10 seconds. Connect with NLM National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NLM Support Center Accessibility Careers NLM | NIH | HHS | USA.gov
|
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/current_issue.html
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders" . Kyiv: CNN . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus" . CNN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?" . BBC . 26 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus" . BBC News . 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование "Медузы" и "Медиазоны" о потерях" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ... ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies . p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8 . OCLC 1292198893 . OL 32226712M . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ " Ukraine ", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 19 January 2023 ^ "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft" . BBC News . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal (ed.). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2 . On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. i, 98. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0 . OCLC 1350843759 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025" . Russia Matters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine internal displacement report: General population Survey" (PDF) . Global Crisis Response Platform . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ Asadzade, Ulviyya; Sachalko, Borys (December 2025). "Ukraine Faces Labor Shortage as Russia's War Empties Factories and Farms" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ a b Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine" . Revue Canadienne des Slavistes . 64 ( 2– 3): 207– 219. doi : 10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 . ISSN 0008-5006 . ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 18 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ Al Jazeera Staff. " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine war: President Putin speech fact-checked" . BBC News . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2025 . ^ a b Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 ( 3– 4). Taylor & Francis : 1– 19. doi : 10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911 . S2CID 249527690 . ^ a b McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe" . n-tv.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ a b Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis" . Moscow Times . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ a b Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy" . Kyiv Post . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' " . The Day . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ "Istanbul Document 1999" . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ "Interview with French Television Company France 3" . President of Russia . 7 May 2005. ^ Interfax-Ukraine (22 February 2013). "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" . Kyiv Post . ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. ^ Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. ^ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych" . BBC News . 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2025 . ^ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea" . BBC News . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2025 . ^ Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6 . ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... ^ Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea" . International Comparative Jurisprudence . 3 (1): 25– 36. doi : 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003 . ISSN 2351-6674 . ^ Gouré, Daniel (3 March 2014). "Putin's Anschluss" . Lexington Institute . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Umland, Andreas (1 November 2016). "The Glazyev Tapes: Getting to the root of the conflict in Ukraine" . European Council on Foreign Relations . ^ "Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine" . The Moscow Times . 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138– 140. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 November 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement" . Reuters . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF) . International Criminal Court . 14 November 2016. pp. 33– 38. ^ "Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF) . European Court of Human Rights . 25 January 2023. ^ "Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region" . Al Jazeera . 18 January 2018. ^ Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism" . Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor . ^ Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability . Oxford University Press . p. 129. ^ "Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?" . BBC News . 28 July 2014. ^ O'Loughlin, John (2017). "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine" . Post-Soviet Affairs . 33 (2): 124– 144. doi : 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452 . ^ "Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot" . Ukrainska Pravda . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 15 July 2024 . ^ a b Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO" . Interfax-Ukraine . 29 March 2014. ^ "New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. ^ "Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 23 December 2014. ^ "How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality" . openDemocracy . ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . ibidem. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ Hall, Stephen (18 January 2024). "Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion" . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (17 July 2024). "How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ a b c Kirby, Jason (25 February 2022). "In taking Ukraine, Putin would gain a strategic commodities powerhouse" . The Globe and Mail . ^ a b c Brewster, Murray (27 May 2022). "Natural gas, rare earth minerals: What's at stake for Ukraine in the territory Russia is trying to conquer" . CBC News . ^ a b c Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis" . Wilson Center . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . ^ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka ( Associated Press ). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' " [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] ^ "Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine" (PDF) . United States Mission to the OSCE . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "2021 trends and observations" (PDF) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood" . LSE Public Policy Review . 3 (1) 4. doi : 10.31389/lseppr.86 . ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' " . The Kremlin . Government of Russia . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022 . ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine" . Thinking about... (newsletter) . Substack . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 25 January 2021 . fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. ^ Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). "History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine" . ^ a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . Columbia University Press . pp. 17, 57. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8 . ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' " . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" " . Axios . 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight" . NATO . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). "Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?" . Brookings Institution . ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say" . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most" . Journal of Democracy . 33 (2): 18– 27. doi : 10.1353/jod.2022.0015 . ISSN 1045-5736 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine" . Associated Press . 26 January 2022. ^ a b "US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine" . El País . 2 February 2022. ^ "Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands" . Axios . 1 February 2022. ^ "U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount" . The New York Times . 26 January 2022. ^ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). "France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis" . Reuters . ^ "Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons" . Deutsche Welle . 21 August 2022. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace" . Chatham House . doi : 10.55317/9781784135782 . ^ "West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky" . France 24 . 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says" . BBC News . 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2025. ^ a b c d Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (18 February 2022). "Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. ^ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (30 November 2022). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF) . Royal United Services Institute . pp. 1– 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2025. ^ "Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" " . Kyiv Post . 2 December 2022. ^ "Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders" . Sky News . 1 December 2022. ^ "Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine" . Bloomberg News . 20 March 2022. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (26 February 2022). "Putin's miscalculation" . Politico . Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ AFP (8 March 2022). "Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance" . France 24 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ "Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine" . www.ft.com . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions" . BBC News . 22 February 2022. ^ "Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation" . Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation . Federation Council of Russia . 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine" . Meduza . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Putin declares war on Ukraine" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" . The Spectator . 24 February 2022. ^ a b "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration" . BBC News . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood" . Time . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ "Missiles rain down around Ukraine" . Reuters . 25 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. ^ Dietrich, Marc (2023). A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas . Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . CriticalThreats . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (27 February 2022). "Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol" . USNI News . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Putin" . University of Hull . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization" . Interfax-Ukraine . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . ^ a b c Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . Center for Strategic & International Studies . Retrieved 25 November 2021 . ^ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (26 February 2022). "Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ "Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages" . Associated Press News . 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . ^ a b Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region" . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (26 April 2022). "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' " . Stars and Stripes . Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (10 May 2022). "The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (31 May 2022). "Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia" . The Guardian . ^ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (28 May 2022). "Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War" . Bloomberg . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (30 May 2022). "War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' " . 19fortyfive.com . ^ "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). " 'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says" . Politico . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital" . Financial Times . 26 February 2022. ISSN 0307-1766 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv" . AP News . 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). " 'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb" . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical" . Ukrinform . 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). " "Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender" . CNN . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show" . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' " . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv" . BBC News . 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region" . BBC News . Retrieved 2 April 2022 . ^ Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ Schwirtz, Michael and Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts" . Ukrinform . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" . National Post . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk" . CNN . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). "Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday" . CNN . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Boffey, Daniel and Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' " . The Hill . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails" . UN News . 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Bennett, Dalton (7 April 2022). "In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Nick; Wilson, Jamie; Harding, Luke (18 July 2023). "Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark, ed. (25 March 2022). "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass" . London: Yahoo! Finance . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . ^ "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa" . The Straits Times . SPH Media Trust . Reuters . 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster" . NPR . 11 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end" . Radio New Zealand News . 17 April 2022. ^ a b Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "US official briefs on Russia's war effort" . BBC . 2 May 2022. ^ "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine" . CBS News Videos via Yahoo News . 6 June 2022. ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (29 June 2022). "Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ Rainford, Sarah (5 July 2022). "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture" . BBC News . ^ Cherkasov, Alexander (26 June 2022). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (in Ukrainian). Novaya Gazeta . ^ "Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South" . The New York Times . 20 July 2022. ^ "Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence" . Ukrainska Pravda . 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Axe, David (15 September 2022). "The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine" . Forbes . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Schreck, Adam (21 April 2022). "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts" . Associated Press News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. ^ Prentice, Alessandra (28 April 2022). "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' " . Reuters . Kyiv. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (1 May 2022). "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Yahoo News . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2024 . ^ "Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped" . Reuters . 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (5 May 2022). "Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ " 'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol" . NPR . 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Koshiw, Isobel (8 May 2022). " 'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. ^ Petrenko, Roman (8 May 2022). "Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city" . Yahoo News . Ukrayinska Pravda . Archived from the original on 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (8 May 2022). "Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan; and Santora, Marc (16 May 2022). "Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ Harrison, Virginia and agencies (17 May 2022). "Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands" . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ "Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender" . Reuters . Mariupol. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ a b "Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . Reuters . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2025 . ^ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). " 'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates" . USA Today . Retrieved 8 April 2022 . ^ "Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol" . NBC News . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; and Tebor, Celina (10 April 2022). "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region" . Axios . ^ "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east" . Reuters . 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Murphy, Matt (23 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies" . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ "Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader" . The Australian . 25 May 2022. ISSN 1038-8761 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say" . The Guardian . 26 May 2022. ^ Markic, Igor. "Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk" [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. Rivista Italiana Difesa (in Italian). Coop Giornalistica La Riviera . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk" . Yahoo News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas" . NBC News . 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Suliman, Adela; Pietsch, Bryan; Pannett, Rachel (2 June 2022). "Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 4 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk" . BBC News . 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (12 June 2022). "Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (13 June 2022). "Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59, 453 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. ^ Hughes, Clyde (20 June 2022). "Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle" . UPI . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (24 June 2022). "Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on" . CNN . ^ "Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine" . CBS News . 3 July 2022. ^ Jones, Sam (4 July 2022). "Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk" . The Guardian . ^ "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro" . Al Jazeera . 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2 May 2022). "Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions" . Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Lewis, Simon (28 June 2022). "Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18" . Reuters . ^ "Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine" . France 24 . 7 July 2022 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Francois (20 July 2023). "Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy" . Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP" . Charter 97 . 20 August 2022. ^ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 20 August 2022 . ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 September 2022). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Troianovski, Anton (12 September 2022). "Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. ^ "Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" . France 24 . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" " [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (21 September 2022). "Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization" . CNBC . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ " 'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities" . Financial Times . 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" . BBC News . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Lister, Tim (30 September 2022). "Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law" . CNN . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway" . NBC News . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ Asami, Terajima (4 September 2022). "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . ^ Dammers, Tobias (10 September 2022). "Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" " [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. Tagesschau (in German) . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (4 October 2022). "Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ "Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive" . Reuters . 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (9 November 2022). "Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (11 November 2022). "Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (7 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (8 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (9 September 2022). "Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Osterman, Cynthia (9 September 2022). "Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (9 September 2022). "Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance" . CNN . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media" . Euromaidan Press . 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (10 September 2022). "Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says" . Reuters . 15 September 2022. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (1 October 2022). "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ a b c "Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains" . The Moscow Times . AFP . 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 March 2023). "Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (6 April 2023). "How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Galeotti, Mark (24 May 2023). "Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?" . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (6 February 2023). "Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ "The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war" . The Independent . 13 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Grove, Thomas (24 January 2023). "Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal . p. A6. ^ "Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut" . Bloomberg.com . 22 January 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ Santora, Marc (16 February 2023). "Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 March 2023). "How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 March 2023). "Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ Axe, David (18 January 2024). " 'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down" . Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ "Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar" . The Kyiv Independent . 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar" . news360.es . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ "Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut" . The New York Times . 1 February 2023. Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . ^ "Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor" . BBC News . 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 May 2023). "The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; and Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (27 June 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown" . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (8 June 2023). "Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia" . NBC News . ^ Dettmer, Jamie (9 June 2023). "Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance" . Politico . ^ Balmforth, Tom (12 June 2023). "Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive" . Reuters . ^ "Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin" . Associated Press . 25 June 2023. ^ "Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia" . BBC News . 1 July 2023. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack" . Reuters . 13 September 2023. ^ "As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants". CBS News . 21 September 2023. ^ "Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report". Al Jazeera . ^ Stern, David L. (22 September 2023). "Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol". The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . ^ Kilner, James (23 September 2023). "Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . ^ a b Page, Lewis (12 November 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Mazurenko, Alona (30 November 2023). "Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas" . Ukrainska Pravda . ^ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (11 December 2023). "U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (4 December 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). "Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army" . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ "Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka" . France 24 . 29 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians" . The New York Times . 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Axe, David (8 March 2024). "Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day" . Forbes . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ Watling, Jack (19 February 2024). "The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage" . Time . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Kullab, Samya and Morton, Elise (25 May 2024). "Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue" . AP News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Mayer, Daryna and Talmazan, Yuliya (17 May 2024). "Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea" . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Dress, Brad (7 June 2024). "US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over' " . The Hill . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Barnes, Joe (24 April 2024). "Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned" . The Telegraph . ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ Santora, Marc (14 May 2024). "How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians" . The New York Times . ^ "Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks" . Euromaidan Press . 7 April 2024. ^ "Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances" . Al Jazeera . 4 July 2024. ^ "Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting" . Reuters . 4 July 2024. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Struck, Julia (7 July 2024). "Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches" . Kyiv Post . ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ "The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front" . Meduza . 26 July 2024. ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Méheut, Constant (7 August 2024). "Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. ^ Farrell, Francis (8 August 2024). "Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil" . Kyiv Independent . ^ Méheut, Constant (15 August 2024). "Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says" . The New York Times . ^ "Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities" . Associated Press . 16 August 2024. ^ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (17 August 2024). "How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia" . CNN . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (31 August 2024). "Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault" . The Washington Post . ^ Evans, Angelica (6 February 2025). "Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (21 January 2025). "Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk" . Hudson Institute . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ O'Grady, Siobhán; Ebel, Francesca; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Morgunov, Serhiy; Korolchuk, Serhii (11 August 2025). "Ukraine invaded Russia, seizing land it hoped to trade. It couldn't hold on" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Johnson, Lizzie; Korolchuk, Serhii; Galouchka, Anastacia; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Ram, Ed; Chen, Yutao; Ledur, Júlia; Sand, Bishop (8 September 2025). "Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. ^ a b Miller, Christopher (30 August 2024). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences" . FT . Archived from the original on 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2024 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (22 August 2024). "Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east" . The Washington Post . ^ "The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town" . The Economist . 22 August 2024. ^ "Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine" . Associated Press . 22 August 2024. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2024 . Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (18 September 2024). "Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2024 . Retrieved 18 September 2024 . ^ "Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say" . Reuters . 24 September 2024. ^ Kilner, James (1 October 2024). "Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Harding, Luke (2 October 2024). "Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2024 . ^ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (30 October 2024). "Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2024 . ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (1 November 2024). "As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. ^ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (29 November 2024). "Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia" . AP News . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (3 January 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 3, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Eckel, Mike (3 January 2025). "Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says" . Reuters . 15 February 2025. ^ "Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine" . AP News . 26 January 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 2, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 2 February 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2025. ^ Basmat, Dmytro (18 February 2025). "Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ Jones, Seth G.; McCabe, Riley (11 August 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "UN warns of record civilian casualties in Ukraine" . UN News . 10 July 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 28 August 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (2 September 2025). "Putin's failed summer offensive shatters the myth of inevitable Russian victory" . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russia's summer offensive in Ukraine underwhelms – but Kyiv won't be celebrating" . CNN . 29 June 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Nov. 12, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia deploys 170,000 troops for push in Ukraine's Donetsk region, Zelenskyy says" . AP News . 31 October 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia in Review, Nov. 7–14, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Landale, James (1 November 2025). "Key town faces 'multi-thousand' Russian force, top Ukraine commander admits" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Osborn, Andrew (2 December 2025). "Russia says before talks with US it has fully captured city of Pokrovsk, Ukraine denies it" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 December 2025). "Ukrainians raise flag to show BBC the fight goes on in city claimed by Russia" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T (12 December 2025). "Russian forces 'completely cut off' from Kupiansk, says Ukrainian commander" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Dysa, Yuliia (12 December 2025). "Zelenskiy visits Kupiansk as Ukraine retakes parts of frontline town" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Noonan, Fiona (16 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 15, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ a b c Lough, John (10 November 2025). "Ukraine's best defence against Putin's energy war is more attacks on Russia's oil refining sector" . www.chathamhouse.org . London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved 20 November 2025 . ^ UK Parliament Library, Ukraine Update, October 2025. ^ Christou, William (8 November 2025). "Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian energy facilities kill at least seven" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Kirichenko, David (1 October 2025). "Russia's Fuel Crisis Deepens As Kremlin Warns Gas Station Owners" . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 May 2022). "Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Shuster, Simon (26 September 2022). "Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War" . Time . Retrieved 10 September 2023 . ^ a b "Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects" . Congressional Research Service. 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Hodge, Nathan (11 April 2022). "Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?" . CNN . ^ Ryan, Mick (10 September 2023). "The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?" . ABC . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Deliso, Meredith (8 May 2022). "Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ "Вооруженные силы Украины атаковали Миллерово «Точкой-У»" [Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U]. Rostov Gazeta (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Insinna, Valerie (19 September 2022). "It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals" . Breaking Defense . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (22 October 2022). "Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure" . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10" . The Kyiv Independent . 25 November 2022 . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ Boffey, Daniel (6 June 2025). " 'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bego, Katja (5 June 2025). "Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention" . Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (5 June 2025). "Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Gozzi, Laura (2 June 2025). "How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bondar, Kateryna (3 June 2025). "How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare" . CSIS . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?" . NBC News . 7 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2 June 2025). "Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 31 July 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ Cheetham, Joshua (11 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ Sands, Leo (7 September 2022). "Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Kirby, Paul (16 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts" . BBC News . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 August 2022). "Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (11 October 2022) [8 October 2022]. "Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3" . The New York Times . eISSN 1553-8095 . ISSN 0362-4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (16 July 2023). "Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia" . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ Goldsmith, Adam (3 June 2025). "Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine" . Associated Press News . 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ Impelli, Matthew (6 October 2022). "Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ "Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine" . Al-Arabiya . 8 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (16 October 2022). "Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say" . The Washington Post . ^ "Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions" . BBC News . 18 October 2022. ^ a b Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (16 October 2022). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . ^ "European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 5 November 2022 . ^ Atwood, Kylie (1 November 2022). "Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say" . CNN . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far" . Al Jazeera . 17 November 2022. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 March 2023). "Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks". The New York Times . ^ "UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective" . The Kyiv Independent . 1 December 2022. ^ Cranny-Evans, Sam (24 June 2024). "Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack" . Bellingcat . 9 July 2024. ^ Arhirova, Hanna (11 July 2024). "Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer" . AP . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (8 July 2024). "Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43" . CNN . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (8 July 2024). "Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital" . CBC News . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (8 July 2024). "Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey" . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (25 February 2022). "Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities" . Jane's Defence Weekly . ^ "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island" . The Maritime Executive . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news" . CNN . Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. ^ Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in" . The Times . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Saul, Jonathan (12 March 2022). "UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ Pedrozo, Raul (12 April 2022). "Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts" . West Point . United States Military Academy . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO . International Maritime Organization . 28 March 2022. Circular Letter No.4543 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live" . The Guardian . 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 April 2022 . ^ "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship" . The Free Press Journal . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Forgey, Quint (14 April 2022). "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship" . Politico . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media" . BBC News . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv" . Reuters . ^ "US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva" . ABC News . 6 May 2022. ^ "Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports" . Yahoo! News . Ukrainska Pravda . 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ "Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul" . Le Monde . 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage," , 26 December 2023, Reuters ; video and transcript on YouTube ; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 26 December 2023, Fox News , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate," , 26 December 2023, The Wall Street Journal , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike" . The Telegraph . 1 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Greenall, Robert (1 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' " . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Goryashko, Sergey (14 February 2024). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast" . Politico . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance" . Vox . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Doubek, James (1 March 2022). "Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military" . NPR . ^ Bella, Timothy (26 February 2022). "Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia" . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force" . YES! Magazine . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Voitovych, Olga (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest" . CNN International . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere" . The Economist . 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Judah, Tim (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders" . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now" . The Kyiv Independent . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (18 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ "What is the Real Cost and Benefit of Ukrainian Attacks on Russian Refining?" . Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Komuves, Anita; Dvorakova, Vera (22 August 2025). "Ukrainian attack suspends Russian oil flows to Hungary, Slovakia" . Reuters . Kyiv/Budapest: Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "Scholz zu Russland-Sanktionen: Deutschland stoppt Nord Stream 2" [Scholz on Russia sanctions: Germany stops Nord Stream 2]. ZDFheute (in German). Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (21 August 2025). "(S+) Nord Stream: Mutmaßlicher Angreifer auf Ostseepipelines gefasst" . Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349 . Retrieved 21 August 2025 . ^ "EU adopts 18th package of sanctions against Russia" . ec.europa.eu . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "EU imposes new sanctions on Russia's oil and banks after Robert Fico lifts his veto" . euronews.com . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "Russia says Ukraine 'virtually destroys' gas infrastructure in Sudzha" . Reuters . Moscow: Thomson Reuters. 28 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "More than 100,000 Ukrainian homes lose power after Russia targets energy sites" . France 24 . 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia says it put out fire at large oil refinery after latest Ukrainian drone attack" . Reuters . 25 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 August 2025). "Frustrated Russians grapple with fuel crisis as Ukraine attacks oil refineries" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia's oil and fuel export revenue fell in August, IEA says" . reuters.com . 11 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ Tan, Huileng (11 September 2025). "Putin's energy fix for drone-hit Russia: Dig up more coal" . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ "Drones strike Russia's major export-oriented oil refinery" . Bloomberg . 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 14 September 2025 – via Business Line . ^ a b Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . NATO . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (20 March 2024). "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts" . CNN . ^ a b Wolf, Zachary (21 September 2023). "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone" . CNN . ^ a b c "How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?" . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 September 2024. ^ Mills, Claire (12 May 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" . House of Commons Library . ^ "How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works" . Lawfare . 16 July 2024. ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War" . The New York Times . 22 June 2023. ^ Brunnstrom, David (19 September 2024). "Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit" . The Guardian . 26 April 2022. ^ Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2024). "Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines" . Atlantic Council . ^ "Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops" . Al Jazeera English . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Stezhensky, Alex (3 May 2025). "Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate" . New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Brown, Larisa (2 May 2025). "Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win" . www.thetimes.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2025 . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Najibullah, Farangis; Dobrynin, Sergei (8 March 2025). "How Important Is US Intelligence For Ukraine's War Effort?" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Murauskaite, Egle E. "U.S. Assistance to Ukraine in the Information Space: Intelligence, Cyber, and Signaling" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Vincent, Elise; Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 March 2025). " "Pause" of US intelligence sharing with Ukraine poses unprecedented challenges for allies" . Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Hudson, John; Dixon, Robyn (11 March 2025). "U.S. lifts pause on Ukraine aid as Kyiv agrees to ceasefire proposal" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "U.S.-Ukraine Intelligence Sharing: A Conversation with Calder Walton" . Belfer Center . 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Pancevski, Bojan; Ward, Alexander; Seligman, Lara (1 October 2025). "U.S. to Provide Ukraine With Intelligence for Missile Strikes Deep Inside Russia" . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Holland, Steve; Slattery, Gram (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia, say reports" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Balmforth, Tom (22 November 2025). "Exclusive: US threatens to cut intel, weapons to press Ukraine into peace deal, sources say" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Dariia, Mykailenko (15 January 2026). "France Supplies Majority of Intelligence Ukraine Uses in War With Russia, Macron Says" . UNITED24 Media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Macron: Coalition of the Willing provides 100% military support to Ukraine" . www.ukrinform.net . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia" . AP News . 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 23 July 2024 . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . ^ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine . Vol. 6. Instytut Europy Środkowej. hdl : 1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3 . ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2 . ^ "Putin's Strategic Failure" . IISS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. "Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" . SSRN 4048994 . ^ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (10 May 2024). Personalism and Personalist Regimes . Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6 . ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). Armed Conflict Survey 2023 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5 . ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... ^ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (12 December 2024). The Armed Conflict Survey 2024 . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5 . ^ "White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine" . Sun Sentinel . 9 June 2023 . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ "Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles" . Reuters . 21 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 14 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Axe, David. "Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases" . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ "Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says" . Politico . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). "North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ "US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia" . Reuters . 15 October 2024 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). "North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). "Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials" . Evening Standard . ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . CNA . 22 October 2024. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . TRT World . 23 October 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). "North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors' " . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). "US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . ^ "Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says" . The Guardian . 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 October 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (28 October 2024). "No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia" . Al Jazeera . 28 October 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk" . Kyiv Post . 7 November 2024 . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ Kang, Taejun (13 November 2024). "US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine" . Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces" . Reuters . 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 November 2024). "Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Vergun, David (18 November 2024). "North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting" . U.S. Department of Defence . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ Zimko, Oleksandra (24 November 2024). "DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ "Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive" . RBC-Ukraine . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ "2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel" . Kyiv Post . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . ^ "North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says" . Reuters . ^ "A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces" . AP News . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea" . BBC News . 19 December 2024 . Retrieved 21 December 2024 . ^ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (10 December 2024). "Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict" . Articles of War . Lieber Institute . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ "Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy" . Radio Free Asia . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front" . Reuters . 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T. (27 January 2025). "North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 January 2025). "Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs" . Politico . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Harding, Luke (18 January 2025). "Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 January 2025 . Retrieved 19 January 2025 . ^ Harvey, Lex (27 March 2025). "North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Munster, Ben (26 April 2025). "Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance" . Politico . Retrieved 26 April 2025 . ^ "North Korea to send military construction workers, deminers to rebuild Russia's Kursk region" . AFP . 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Mackenzie, Jean (12 August 2025). "North Koreans tell BBC they are being sent to work 'like slaves' in Russia" . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Shidore, Sarang (31 August 2023). "The Return of the Global South" . Foreign Affairs . ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). " 'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia" . Politico . ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources" . Kyodo News . 18 March 2023. ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate" . EU Observer . ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say" . Reuters . 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 July 2025). "Adversary Entente Task Force Update, July 16" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Walsh, Nick Paton and Davey-Attlee, Florence (19 February 2024). "The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2024 . ^ "Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee" . FP News . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (4 September 2024). "Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal" . Financial Times . ^ Slattery, Gram (24 July 2025). "Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "Slovakia and Hungary reject EU plan to phase out Russian gas by end-2027" . Reuters . 7 May 2025. ^ "How the West is helping Russia to fund its war on Ukraine" . 29 May 2025. ^ "The EU's continued trade with Russia undermines its support for Ukraine – EUROPP" . 9 October 2024. ^ Cook, Chris; Sheppard, David (24 September 2023). "Russia dodges G7 price cap sanctions on most of its oil exports" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . ^ Saul, Jonathan; Verma, Nidhi; Verma, Nidhi (26 May 2023). "Exclusive: Lloyd's Register drops ships of top Indian carrier of Russian oil" . Reuters . ^ "How Dubai became 'the new Geneva' for Russian oil trade" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China" . pravda.com.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Creel, Katherine; Yano, Shoji. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar ^ "Three years into war, US and Europe keep billions in trade with Russia" . Reuters . 6 August 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ Hamourtziadou, Lily (1 February 2023). "Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed" . The Conversation . ^ Kirby, Paul (13 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll" . BBC News . ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?" . Fortune . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 8 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends" . Ukrinform . 29 March 2022. ^ " 'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb" . BBC News . 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. ^ "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL" . Meduza . 12 October 2022. ^ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2022 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (25 June 2024). "Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements" . The Times . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer" . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies" . Ukrinform . 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (11 April 2022). "Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says" . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ " 'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers" . The Japan Times . 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. ^ "At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" . C.D. Howe Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2023 . ^ "The Cost of War to Ukraine" . The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies . Retrieved 8 October 2023 . ^ "Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death" . AP News . 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead" . Agence France-Presse republished in France 24 . 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ " "Our City Was Gone": Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine" . Human Rights Watch . 8 February 2024. p. 147 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks. ^ "Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 24 September 2023" . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 25 September 2023. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (11 December 2023). "Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Latypova, Leyla (17 May 2024). "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Petkova, Mariya (25 October 2022). " 'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Bessonov, Ania (4 October 2022). "Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine" . CBC . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine" . France 24 . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground" . BBC News . 4 July 2024. ^ Porter, Tom (6 December 2024). "Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them" . Business Insider . ^ "Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate" . Newsweek . 12 November 2024. ^ "120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing" . Meduza . 5 July 2024. Wikidata Q127245770 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. ^ Ivshina, Olga (30 December 2025). "Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal" . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Butt, Maira (31 December 2025). "Russian losses in Ukraine rising faster than ever, finds new analysis" . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine" . The New York Times . 24 April 2024. ^ "Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ "Country Comparisons — Death rate" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 13 September 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. ^ Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken" . Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft . ^ a b Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. August 2025 update" (PDF) . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict October 2025 update" (PDF) . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Список жертв войны в российских регионах" . 7x7 . 1 August 2023. ^ "Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024" . dw.com (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine's losses in the war" . UALosses . 21 May 2025. ^ a b c "Разрыв между городом и деревней: что известно о потерях России в Украине к декабрю" . BBC. 30 November 2025. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. "Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" . Mediazona . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 24 October 2025 . ^ "Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails" . Sky News . 16 May 2025. ^ "Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . ^ "Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit" . 17 June 2024. ^ "Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman" . 16 December 2024. ^ "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022" . Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic . 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 March 2023 . ^ "Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 28 December 2023. ^ "Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims" . The Moscow Times . 19 May 2025. ^ The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?" . The Economist . 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини . The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ "Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known" . France 24 . 17 February 2025. ^ "Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year" . USNEWS . 13 February 2025. ^ "Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories" . The New York Times . 30 October 2024. ^ Allison, George (6 November 2025). "Russian casualties exceed 1.1m since invasion says Britain" . UK Defence Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,404" . Ukrainska Pravda . 28 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers" . Moscow Times . 4 February 2025. ^ "N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul" . Yahoo News . ^ "Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine" . Euronews . 11 October 2024. ^ "About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says" . Euronews . 30 April 2025. Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect" . Associated Press . ^ "First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine" . The Guardian . 16 December 2024. "30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims" . The Kyiv Independent . 16 December 2024. ^ "Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?" . BBC News . 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF) . Ukraine . 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council . ^ "Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons" . The Guardian . 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF) . Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. ^ "Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, – Kyrylo Budanov" . Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine . 23 November 2024. ^ "UPDATE: Russian airstrike on Zaporizhzhia industrial site kills 13, injures 122" . Kyiv Independent . 8 January 2025. ^ "Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. ^ "Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says" . Reuters . 8 January 2025. ^ "UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder" . OHCHR . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians" . Forbes . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ a b "Russian authorities committed crimes against humanity targeting civilian population through drone attacks as well as war crimes of forcible transfer and deportation of civilians" . OHCHR . 28 October 2025. ^ a b "UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine" . UN News . 20 March 2024. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Stepanenko, Vasilisa; Kullab, Samya; Hanna, Arhipova (15 March 2024). "Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine" . Associated Press . ^ Hambling, David (29 December 2023). "What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Field, Matt (15 March 2024). "Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Rushton, James (6 April 2024). "Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ "2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find" . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Davies, Maia (13 January 2026). "Ukraine war: Last year was deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says" . BBC Home . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention" . Yale School of Medicine . 25 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Waterhouse, James (16 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ "On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace" . OHCHR . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ "Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading" . AP News . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (27 March 2024). "Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says" . Politico . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ "Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war" . EEAS . 16 October 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . ^ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR . 29 June 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2022 . ^ Shull, Abbie. "Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports" . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (6 July 2024). "In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2025 . ^ "Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 29 February 2024)" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . OHCHR . pp. 14– 15 . Retrieved 13 March 2025 . ^ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (12 June 2024). "FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites" . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ "US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says" . Reuters . 12 June 2024 . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina (24 March 2025). "Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 23 October 2025 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (7 August 2025). "Russia launches 'catalog' of Ukrainian children for adoption, sorted by eye and hair color" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ Vakulina, Sasha (8 August 2025). "Russia creates 'catalogue' of Ukrainian children for adoption" . euronews . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ "Russian occupation authorities publish database of Ukrainian children for adoption, sortable by hair and eye color" . Meduza . 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Cookman, Liz (8 August 2025). "Russia 'running slave catalogue of Ukrainian children to adopt' " . The Times and The Sunday Times . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (3 March 2022). "ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest" . Reuters . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. ^ "10: "World nuclear forces" ". Military Spending and Armaments, 2019 (PDF) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ Bufacchi, Vittorio (26 July 2022). "War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?" . Journal of Political Power . 16 (1): 6. doi : 10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495 . hdl : 10468/13459 . S2CID 251124184 . ^ Warburton, Moira (15 March 2022). "U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal" . Reuters . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 September 2023). "War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (28 March 2023). "Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes" . Violence . 3 (2): 281– 300. doi : 10.1177/26330024231167184 . S2CID 257852247 . ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov" . International Criminal Court . International Criminal Court . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ Roth, Andrew (25 June 2024). "ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say" . ABC . 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR" . www.unrefugees.org . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Farge, Emma (25 September 2023). "Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (16 March 2023). "UN inquiry finds" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war" . www.who.int . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System" . PHR . 7 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime" . EPP Group in the European Parliament . 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ "Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat" . Euronews . 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ a b "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 July 2022). "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (20 May 2022). "Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles" . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Ukraine" . IDMC . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight" . ABC News . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters . DW News . 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube. "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine" . Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic) . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK" . gov.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out" . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city" . BBC News . 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri" Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia]. РБК (in Russian). 6 September 2021. ^ Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. ^ Stone, Lyman (22 March 2023). "The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia" . IFStudies . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (30 March 2023). "The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population". Population, Space and Place . 29 (4) e2656. doi : 10.1002/psp.2656 . hdl : 10023/27301 . S2CID 257876682 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ a b Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023). "Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction" . WIIW . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die" . The Telegraph . 26 February 2023. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . 2022. ^ "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse" . The Economist . 4 March 2023. ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (28 February 2023). "Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia" . The RAND Blog . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" . NPR . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ "Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" . BBC News . 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Wachs, Johannes (15 May 2023). "Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . EPJ Data Science . 12 (1) 14. doi : 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 . PMC 10184088 . PMID 37215283 . ^ "The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile" . Financial Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ Sharma, Shweta (30 November 2023). "Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ Loh, Matthew (25 July 2024). "Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief" . Business Insider . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage" e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ " 'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine" . commondreams.org . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine" PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (13 June 2023). "Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine" . International Relations Review . 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Yermak, Andriy ; Wallström, Margot (16 August 2023). "Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (8 April 2024). "Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests" . Yahoo News . Retrieved 12 April 2024 . ^ Singha, Sutandra (17 December 2024). "Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change" . Chintan India foundation blog . India Foundation . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ^ "Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine" . Euroactive . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ^ de Guzman, Chad (19 May 2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave" . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2023 . ^ Tan, Huileng (22 May 2023). "Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it" . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ Chin, Yongchang (21 May 2023). "Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ "Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects" . The Guardian . The Guardian. 5 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). "US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ Harvey, Fiona (26 September 2023). " 'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (11 August 2024). "Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert" . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ O'Neil, Tyler (27 April 2022). "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' " . Fox News . ^ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says" . CNN . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Gill, Victoria (25 February 2022). "Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ " 'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" . aljazeera.com . 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" . NBC News . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ Horowitz, Julia (5 January 2022). "Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022" . CNN (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (14 March 2022). "Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says" . Reuters . ^ Porter, Richard (31 March 2022). "EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown" . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . ^ "Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says" . Reuters (Digital). 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2 March 2022). "Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ "How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?" . BBC (Digital). 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 March 2022. ^ "Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected" . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Garver, Rob (8 February 2024). "Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions" . Voice of America (Digital) . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Sonne, Paul (27 April 2024). "Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills" . New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ a b c Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (Report). Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). April 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "SITE's Torbjörn Becker briefs EU on Russia's economy and effects of sanctions" . Stockholm School of Economics . Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). 16 May 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "Китай принял первый груз санкционного российского СПГ перед визитом Путина к Си Цзиньпину" . Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). 30 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ a b Meredith, Sam (3 February 2023). "Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (8 March 2022). "EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?" . Associated Press (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Goldman, David (24 March 2022). "Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real" . CTV News . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Gavin, Gabriel (6 October 2023). "Politico" (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie (28 February 2022). "Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] ^ "Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions" . The Moscow Times . 5 January 2023. ^ Astier, Henri (14 June 2024). "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ a b "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine" . Chatham House . 3 October 2023. ^ "Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War" . Council of Councils . Council on Foreign Relations . 21 February 2024. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . ^ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (24 January 2024). "What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ Landale, James (25 February 2025). "US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine" . BBC Home . Retrieved 9 July 2025 . ^ Brennan, David (16 December 2025). "Trump-Putin Alaska summit looms large in Kremlin's Ukraine negotiating strategy" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Menon, Rajan (24 November 2025). "Trump's 'peace plan' was a pro-Kremlin abomination whose failure is a glimmer of hope for Ukraine" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Grozev, Christo; Weiss, Michael (26 November 2025). "Made in Moscow: The "U.S. peace plan" for Ukraine was substantially formulated months ago by Kremlin operative Kirill Dmitriev" . The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Bellinger, John B. III (28 February 2022). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary" . BBC News . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 February 2023 . ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts 18th package of economic and individual measures" . Council of the EU . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). "The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" . Energy Research & Social Science . 102 103150. Bibcode : 2023ERSS..10203150O . doi : 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 . ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). "Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine" . Nature Energy . 8 (4): 413– 421. Bibcode : 2023NatEn...8..413S . doi : 10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 . hdl : 11250/3106595 . ^ "Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' " . Reuters . 15 June 2023. ^ "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" . Europa (web portal). ^ "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU" . Europa (web portal). ^ Tambur, Silver (26 February 2022). "Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . Estonian world. ^ Brooks, Hannah (2 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . ^ Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). "Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion" . Financial Times . ^ Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). "Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)#cite_ref-693
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Information Retrieval Title: Improving Wikipedia Verifiability with AI Abstract: Verifiability is a core content policy of Wikipedia: claims that are likely to be challenged need to be backed by citations. There are millions of articles available online and thousands of new articles are released each month. For this reason, finding relevant sources is a difficult task: many claims do not have any references that support them. Furthermore, even existing citations might not support a given claim or become obsolete once the original source is updated or deleted. Hence, maintaining and improving the quality of Wikipedia references is an important challenge and there is a pressing need for better tools to assist humans in this effort. Here, we show that the process of improving references can be tackled with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). We develop a neural network based system, called Side, to identify Wikipedia citations that are unlikely to support their claims, and subsequently recommend better ones from the web. We train this model on existing Wikipedia references, therefore learning from the contributions and combined wisdom of thousands of Wikipedia editors. Using crowd-sourcing, we observe that for the top 10% most likely citations to be tagged as unverifiable by our system, humans prefer our system's suggested alternatives compared to the originally cited reference 70% of the time. To validate the applicability of our system, we built a demo to engage with the English-speaking Wikipedia community and find that Side's first citation recommendation collects over 60% more preferences than existing Wikipedia citations for the same top 10% most likely unverifiable claims according to Side. Our results indicate that an AI-based system could be used, in tandem with humans, to improve the verifiability of Wikipedia. More generally, we hope that our work can be used to assist fact checking efforts and increase the general trustworthiness of information online. Subjects: Information Retrieval (cs.IR) ; Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2207.06220 [cs.IR] (or arXiv:2207.06220v1 [cs.IR] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history Access Paper: View PDF TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.06220
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders" . Kyiv: CNN . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus" . CNN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?" . BBC . 26 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus" . BBC News . 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование "Медузы" и "Медиазоны" о потерях" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ... ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies . p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8 . OCLC 1292198893 . OL 32226712M . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ " Ukraine ", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 19 January 2023 ^ "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft" . BBC News . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal (ed.). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2 . On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. i, 98. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0 . OCLC 1350843759 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025" . Russia Matters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine internal displacement report: General population Survey" (PDF) . Global Crisis Response Platform . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ Asadzade, Ulviyya; Sachalko, Borys (December 2025). "Ukraine Faces Labor Shortage as Russia's War Empties Factories and Farms" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ a b Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine" . Revue Canadienne des Slavistes . 64 ( 2– 3): 207– 219. doi : 10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 . ISSN 0008-5006 . ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 18 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ Al Jazeera Staff. " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine war: President Putin speech fact-checked" . BBC News . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2025 . ^ a b Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 ( 3– 4). Taylor & Francis : 1– 19. doi : 10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911 . S2CID 249527690 . ^ a b McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe" . n-tv.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ a b Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis" . Moscow Times . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ a b Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy" . Kyiv Post . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' " . The Day . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ "Istanbul Document 1999" . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ "Interview with French Television Company France 3" . President of Russia . 7 May 2005. ^ Interfax-Ukraine (22 February 2013). "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" . Kyiv Post . ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. ^ Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. ^ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych" . BBC News . 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2025 . ^ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea" . BBC News . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2025 . ^ Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6 . ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... ^ Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea" . International Comparative Jurisprudence . 3 (1): 25– 36. doi : 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003 . ISSN 2351-6674 . ^ Gouré, Daniel (3 March 2014). "Putin's Anschluss" . Lexington Institute . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Umland, Andreas (1 November 2016). "The Glazyev Tapes: Getting to the root of the conflict in Ukraine" . European Council on Foreign Relations . ^ "Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine" . The Moscow Times . 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138– 140. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 November 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement" . Reuters . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF) . International Criminal Court . 14 November 2016. pp. 33– 38. ^ "Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF) . European Court of Human Rights . 25 January 2023. ^ "Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region" . Al Jazeera . 18 January 2018. ^ Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism" . Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor . ^ Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability . Oxford University Press . p. 129. ^ "Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?" . BBC News . 28 July 2014. ^ O'Loughlin, John (2017). "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine" . Post-Soviet Affairs . 33 (2): 124– 144. doi : 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452 . ^ "Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot" . Ukrainska Pravda . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 15 July 2024 . ^ a b Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO" . Interfax-Ukraine . 29 March 2014. ^ "New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. ^ "Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 23 December 2014. ^ "How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality" . openDemocracy . ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . ibidem. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ Hall, Stephen (18 January 2024). "Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion" . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (17 July 2024). "How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ a b c Kirby, Jason (25 February 2022). "In taking Ukraine, Putin would gain a strategic commodities powerhouse" . The Globe and Mail . ^ a b c Brewster, Murray (27 May 2022). "Natural gas, rare earth minerals: What's at stake for Ukraine in the territory Russia is trying to conquer" . CBC News . ^ a b c Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis" . Wilson Center . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . ^ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka ( Associated Press ). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' " [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] ^ "Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine" (PDF) . United States Mission to the OSCE . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "2021 trends and observations" (PDF) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood" . LSE Public Policy Review . 3 (1) 4. doi : 10.31389/lseppr.86 . ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' " . The Kremlin . Government of Russia . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022 . ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine" . Thinking about... (newsletter) . Substack . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 25 January 2021 . fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. ^ Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). "History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine" . ^ a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . Columbia University Press . pp. 17, 57. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8 . ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' " . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" " . Axios . 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight" . NATO . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). "Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?" . Brookings Institution . ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say" . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most" . Journal of Democracy . 33 (2): 18– 27. doi : 10.1353/jod.2022.0015 . ISSN 1045-5736 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine" . Associated Press . 26 January 2022. ^ a b "US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine" . El País . 2 February 2022. ^ "Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands" . Axios . 1 February 2022. ^ "U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount" . The New York Times . 26 January 2022. ^ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). "France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis" . Reuters . ^ "Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons" . Deutsche Welle . 21 August 2022. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace" . Chatham House . doi : 10.55317/9781784135782 . ^ "West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky" . France 24 . 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says" . BBC News . 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2025. ^ a b c d Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (18 February 2022). "Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. ^ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (30 November 2022). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF) . Royal United Services Institute . pp. 1– 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2025. ^ "Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" " . Kyiv Post . 2 December 2022. ^ "Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders" . Sky News . 1 December 2022. ^ "Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine" . Bloomberg News . 20 March 2022. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (26 February 2022). "Putin's miscalculation" . Politico . Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ AFP (8 March 2022). "Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance" . France 24 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ "Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine" . www.ft.com . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions" . BBC News . 22 February 2022. ^ "Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation" . Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation . Federation Council of Russia . 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine" . Meduza . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Putin declares war on Ukraine" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" . The Spectator . 24 February 2022. ^ a b "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration" . BBC News . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood" . Time . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ "Missiles rain down around Ukraine" . Reuters . 25 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. ^ Dietrich, Marc (2023). A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas . Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . CriticalThreats . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (27 February 2022). "Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol" . USNI News . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Putin" . University of Hull . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization" . Interfax-Ukraine . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . ^ a b c Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . Center for Strategic & International Studies . Retrieved 25 November 2021 . ^ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (26 February 2022). "Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ "Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages" . Associated Press News . 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . ^ a b Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region" . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (26 April 2022). "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' " . Stars and Stripes . Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (10 May 2022). "The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (31 May 2022). "Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia" . The Guardian . ^ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (28 May 2022). "Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War" . Bloomberg . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (30 May 2022). "War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' " . 19fortyfive.com . ^ "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). " 'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says" . Politico . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital" . Financial Times . 26 February 2022. ISSN 0307-1766 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv" . AP News . 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). " 'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb" . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical" . Ukrinform . 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). " "Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender" . CNN . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show" . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' " . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv" . BBC News . 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region" . BBC News . Retrieved 2 April 2022 . ^ Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ Schwirtz, Michael and Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts" . Ukrinform . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" . National Post . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk" . CNN . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). "Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday" . CNN . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Boffey, Daniel and Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' " . The Hill . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails" . UN News . 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Bennett, Dalton (7 April 2022). "In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Nick; Wilson, Jamie; Harding, Luke (18 July 2023). "Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark, ed. (25 March 2022). "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass" . London: Yahoo! Finance . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . ^ "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa" . The Straits Times . SPH Media Trust . Reuters . 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster" . NPR . 11 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end" . Radio New Zealand News . 17 April 2022. ^ a b Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "US official briefs on Russia's war effort" . BBC . 2 May 2022. ^ "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine" . CBS News Videos via Yahoo News . 6 June 2022. ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (29 June 2022). "Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ Rainford, Sarah (5 July 2022). "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture" . BBC News . ^ Cherkasov, Alexander (26 June 2022). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (in Ukrainian). Novaya Gazeta . ^ "Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South" . The New York Times . 20 July 2022. ^ "Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence" . Ukrainska Pravda . 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Axe, David (15 September 2022). "The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine" . Forbes . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Schreck, Adam (21 April 2022). "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts" . Associated Press News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. ^ Prentice, Alessandra (28 April 2022). "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' " . Reuters . Kyiv. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (1 May 2022). "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Yahoo News . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2024 . ^ "Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped" . Reuters . 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (5 May 2022). "Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ " 'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol" . NPR . 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Koshiw, Isobel (8 May 2022). " 'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. ^ Petrenko, Roman (8 May 2022). "Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city" . Yahoo News . Ukrayinska Pravda . Archived from the original on 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (8 May 2022). "Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan; and Santora, Marc (16 May 2022). "Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ Harrison, Virginia and agencies (17 May 2022). "Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands" . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ "Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender" . Reuters . Mariupol. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ a b "Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . Reuters . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2025 . ^ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). " 'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates" . USA Today . Retrieved 8 April 2022 . ^ "Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol" . NBC News . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; and Tebor, Celina (10 April 2022). "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region" . Axios . ^ "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east" . Reuters . 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Murphy, Matt (23 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies" . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ "Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader" . The Australian . 25 May 2022. ISSN 1038-8761 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say" . The Guardian . 26 May 2022. ^ Markic, Igor. "Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk" [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. Rivista Italiana Difesa (in Italian). Coop Giornalistica La Riviera . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk" . Yahoo News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas" . NBC News . 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Suliman, Adela; Pietsch, Bryan; Pannett, Rachel (2 June 2022). "Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 4 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk" . BBC News . 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (12 June 2022). "Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (13 June 2022). "Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59, 453 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. ^ Hughes, Clyde (20 June 2022). "Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle" . UPI . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (24 June 2022). "Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on" . CNN . ^ "Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine" . CBS News . 3 July 2022. ^ Jones, Sam (4 July 2022). "Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk" . The Guardian . ^ "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro" . Al Jazeera . 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2 May 2022). "Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions" . Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Lewis, Simon (28 June 2022). "Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18" . Reuters . ^ "Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine" . France 24 . 7 July 2022 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Francois (20 July 2023). "Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy" . Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP" . Charter 97 . 20 August 2022. ^ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 20 August 2022 . ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 September 2022). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Troianovski, Anton (12 September 2022). "Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. ^ "Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" . France 24 . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" " [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (21 September 2022). "Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization" . CNBC . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ " 'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities" . Financial Times . 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" . BBC News . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Lister, Tim (30 September 2022). "Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law" . CNN . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway" . NBC News . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ Asami, Terajima (4 September 2022). "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . ^ Dammers, Tobias (10 September 2022). "Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" " [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. Tagesschau (in German) . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (4 October 2022). "Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ "Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive" . Reuters . 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (9 November 2022). "Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (11 November 2022). "Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (7 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (8 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (9 September 2022). "Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Osterman, Cynthia (9 September 2022). "Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (9 September 2022). "Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance" . CNN . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media" . Euromaidan Press . 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (10 September 2022). "Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says" . Reuters . 15 September 2022. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (1 October 2022). "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ a b c "Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains" . The Moscow Times . AFP . 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 March 2023). "Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (6 April 2023). "How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Galeotti, Mark (24 May 2023). "Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?" . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (6 February 2023). "Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ "The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war" . The Independent . 13 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Grove, Thomas (24 January 2023). "Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal . p. A6. ^ "Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut" . Bloomberg.com . 22 January 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ Santora, Marc (16 February 2023). "Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 March 2023). "How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 March 2023). "Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ Axe, David (18 January 2024). " 'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down" . Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ "Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar" . The Kyiv Independent . 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar" . news360.es . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ "Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut" . The New York Times . 1 February 2023. Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . ^ "Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor" . BBC News . 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 May 2023). "The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; and Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (27 June 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown" . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (8 June 2023). "Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia" . NBC News . ^ Dettmer, Jamie (9 June 2023). "Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance" . Politico . ^ Balmforth, Tom (12 June 2023). "Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive" . Reuters . ^ "Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin" . Associated Press . 25 June 2023. ^ "Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia" . BBC News . 1 July 2023. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack" . Reuters . 13 September 2023. ^ "As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants". CBS News . 21 September 2023. ^ "Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report". Al Jazeera . ^ Stern, David L. (22 September 2023). "Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol". The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . ^ Kilner, James (23 September 2023). "Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . ^ a b Page, Lewis (12 November 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Mazurenko, Alona (30 November 2023). "Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas" . Ukrainska Pravda . ^ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (11 December 2023). "U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (4 December 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). "Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army" . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ "Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka" . France 24 . 29 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians" . The New York Times . 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Axe, David (8 March 2024). "Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day" . Forbes . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ Watling, Jack (19 February 2024). "The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage" . Time . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Kullab, Samya and Morton, Elise (25 May 2024). "Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue" . AP News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Mayer, Daryna and Talmazan, Yuliya (17 May 2024). "Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea" . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Dress, Brad (7 June 2024). "US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over' " . The Hill . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Barnes, Joe (24 April 2024). "Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned" . The Telegraph . ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ Santora, Marc (14 May 2024). "How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians" . The New York Times . ^ "Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks" . Euromaidan Press . 7 April 2024. ^ "Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances" . Al Jazeera . 4 July 2024. ^ "Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting" . Reuters . 4 July 2024. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Struck, Julia (7 July 2024). "Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches" . Kyiv Post . ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ "The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front" . Meduza . 26 July 2024. ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Méheut, Constant (7 August 2024). "Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. ^ Farrell, Francis (8 August 2024). "Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil" . Kyiv Independent . ^ Méheut, Constant (15 August 2024). "Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says" . The New York Times . ^ "Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities" . Associated Press . 16 August 2024. ^ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (17 August 2024). "How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia" . CNN . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (31 August 2024). "Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault" . The Washington Post . ^ Evans, Angelica (6 February 2025). "Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (21 January 2025). "Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk" . Hudson Institute . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ O'Grady, Siobhán; Ebel, Francesca; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Morgunov, Serhiy; Korolchuk, Serhii (11 August 2025). "Ukraine invaded Russia, seizing land it hoped to trade. It couldn't hold on" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Johnson, Lizzie; Korolchuk, Serhii; Galouchka, Anastacia; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Ram, Ed; Chen, Yutao; Ledur, Júlia; Sand, Bishop (8 September 2025). "Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. ^ a b Miller, Christopher (30 August 2024). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences" . FT . Archived from the original on 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2024 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (22 August 2024). "Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east" . The Washington Post . ^ "The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town" . The Economist . 22 August 2024. ^ "Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine" . Associated Press . 22 August 2024. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2024 . Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (18 September 2024). "Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2024 . Retrieved 18 September 2024 . ^ "Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say" . Reuters . 24 September 2024. ^ Kilner, James (1 October 2024). "Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Harding, Luke (2 October 2024). "Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2024 . ^ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (30 October 2024). "Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2024 . ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (1 November 2024). "As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. ^ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (29 November 2024). "Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia" . AP News . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (3 January 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 3, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Eckel, Mike (3 January 2025). "Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says" . Reuters . 15 February 2025. ^ "Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine" . AP News . 26 January 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 2, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 2 February 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2025. ^ Basmat, Dmytro (18 February 2025). "Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ Jones, Seth G.; McCabe, Riley (11 August 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "UN warns of record civilian casualties in Ukraine" . UN News . 10 July 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 28 August 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (2 September 2025). "Putin's failed summer offensive shatters the myth of inevitable Russian victory" . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russia's summer offensive in Ukraine underwhelms – but Kyiv won't be celebrating" . CNN . 29 June 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Nov. 12, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia deploys 170,000 troops for push in Ukraine's Donetsk region, Zelenskyy says" . AP News . 31 October 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia in Review, Nov. 7–14, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Landale, James (1 November 2025). "Key town faces 'multi-thousand' Russian force, top Ukraine commander admits" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Osborn, Andrew (2 December 2025). "Russia says before talks with US it has fully captured city of Pokrovsk, Ukraine denies it" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 December 2025). "Ukrainians raise flag to show BBC the fight goes on in city claimed by Russia" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T (12 December 2025). "Russian forces 'completely cut off' from Kupiansk, says Ukrainian commander" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Dysa, Yuliia (12 December 2025). "Zelenskiy visits Kupiansk as Ukraine retakes parts of frontline town" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Noonan, Fiona (16 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 15, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ a b c Lough, John (10 November 2025). "Ukraine's best defence against Putin's energy war is more attacks on Russia's oil refining sector" . www.chathamhouse.org . London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved 20 November 2025 . ^ UK Parliament Library, Ukraine Update, October 2025. ^ Christou, William (8 November 2025). "Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian energy facilities kill at least seven" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Kirichenko, David (1 October 2025). "Russia's Fuel Crisis Deepens As Kremlin Warns Gas Station Owners" . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 May 2022). "Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Shuster, Simon (26 September 2022). "Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War" . Time . Retrieved 10 September 2023 . ^ a b "Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects" . Congressional Research Service. 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Hodge, Nathan (11 April 2022). "Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?" . CNN . ^ Ryan, Mick (10 September 2023). "The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?" . ABC . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Deliso, Meredith (8 May 2022). "Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ "Вооруженные силы Украины атаковали Миллерово «Точкой-У»" [Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U]. Rostov Gazeta (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Insinna, Valerie (19 September 2022). "It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals" . Breaking Defense . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (22 October 2022). "Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure" . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10" . The Kyiv Independent . 25 November 2022 . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ Boffey, Daniel (6 June 2025). " 'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bego, Katja (5 June 2025). "Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention" . Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (5 June 2025). "Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Gozzi, Laura (2 June 2025). "How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bondar, Kateryna (3 June 2025). "How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare" . CSIS . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?" . NBC News . 7 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2 June 2025). "Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 31 July 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ Cheetham, Joshua (11 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ Sands, Leo (7 September 2022). "Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Kirby, Paul (16 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts" . BBC News . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 August 2022). "Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (11 October 2022) [8 October 2022]. "Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3" . The New York Times . eISSN 1553-8095 . ISSN 0362-4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (16 July 2023). "Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia" . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ Goldsmith, Adam (3 June 2025). "Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine" . Associated Press News . 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ Impelli, Matthew (6 October 2022). "Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ "Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine" . Al-Arabiya . 8 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (16 October 2022). "Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say" . The Washington Post . ^ "Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions" . BBC News . 18 October 2022. ^ a b Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (16 October 2022). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . ^ "European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 5 November 2022 . ^ Atwood, Kylie (1 November 2022). "Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say" . CNN . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far" . Al Jazeera . 17 November 2022. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 March 2023). "Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks". The New York Times . ^ "UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective" . The Kyiv Independent . 1 December 2022. ^ Cranny-Evans, Sam (24 June 2024). "Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack" . Bellingcat . 9 July 2024. ^ Arhirova, Hanna (11 July 2024). "Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer" . AP . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (8 July 2024). "Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43" . CNN . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (8 July 2024). "Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital" . CBC News . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (8 July 2024). "Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey" . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (25 February 2022). "Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities" . Jane's Defence Weekly . ^ "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island" . The Maritime Executive . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news" . CNN . Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. ^ Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in" . The Times . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Saul, Jonathan (12 March 2022). "UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ Pedrozo, Raul (12 April 2022). "Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts" . West Point . United States Military Academy . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO . International Maritime Organization . 28 March 2022. Circular Letter No.4543 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live" . The Guardian . 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 April 2022 . ^ "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship" . The Free Press Journal . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Forgey, Quint (14 April 2022). "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship" . Politico . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media" . BBC News . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv" . Reuters . ^ "US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva" . ABC News . 6 May 2022. ^ "Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports" . Yahoo! News . Ukrainska Pravda . 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ "Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul" . Le Monde . 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage," , 26 December 2023, Reuters ; video and transcript on YouTube ; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 26 December 2023, Fox News , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate," , 26 December 2023, The Wall Street Journal , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike" . The Telegraph . 1 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Greenall, Robert (1 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' " . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Goryashko, Sergey (14 February 2024). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast" . Politico . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance" . Vox . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Doubek, James (1 March 2022). "Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military" . NPR . ^ Bella, Timothy (26 February 2022). "Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia" . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force" . YES! Magazine . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Voitovych, Olga (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest" . CNN International . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere" . The Economist . 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Judah, Tim (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders" . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now" . The Kyiv Independent . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (18 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ "What is the Real Cost and Benefit of Ukrainian Attacks on Russian Refining?" . Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Komuves, Anita; Dvorakova, Vera (22 August 2025). "Ukrainian attack suspends Russian oil flows to Hungary, Slovakia" . Reuters . Kyiv/Budapest: Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "Scholz zu Russland-Sanktionen: Deutschland stoppt Nord Stream 2" [Scholz on Russia sanctions: Germany stops Nord Stream 2]. ZDFheute (in German). Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (21 August 2025). "(S+) Nord Stream: Mutmaßlicher Angreifer auf Ostseepipelines gefasst" . Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349 . Retrieved 21 August 2025 . ^ "EU adopts 18th package of sanctions against Russia" . ec.europa.eu . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "EU imposes new sanctions on Russia's oil and banks after Robert Fico lifts his veto" . euronews.com . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "Russia says Ukraine 'virtually destroys' gas infrastructure in Sudzha" . Reuters . Moscow: Thomson Reuters. 28 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "More than 100,000 Ukrainian homes lose power after Russia targets energy sites" . France 24 . 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia says it put out fire at large oil refinery after latest Ukrainian drone attack" . Reuters . 25 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 August 2025). "Frustrated Russians grapple with fuel crisis as Ukraine attacks oil refineries" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia's oil and fuel export revenue fell in August, IEA says" . reuters.com . 11 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ Tan, Huileng (11 September 2025). "Putin's energy fix for drone-hit Russia: Dig up more coal" . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ "Drones strike Russia's major export-oriented oil refinery" . Bloomberg . 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 14 September 2025 – via Business Line . ^ a b Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . NATO . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (20 March 2024). "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts" . CNN . ^ a b Wolf, Zachary (21 September 2023). "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone" . CNN . ^ a b c "How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?" . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 September 2024. ^ Mills, Claire (12 May 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" . House of Commons Library . ^ "How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works" . Lawfare . 16 July 2024. ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War" . The New York Times . 22 June 2023. ^ Brunnstrom, David (19 September 2024). "Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit" . The Guardian . 26 April 2022. ^ Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2024). "Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines" . Atlantic Council . ^ "Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops" . Al Jazeera English . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Stezhensky, Alex (3 May 2025). "Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate" . New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Brown, Larisa (2 May 2025). "Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win" . www.thetimes.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2025 . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Najibullah, Farangis; Dobrynin, Sergei (8 March 2025). "How Important Is US Intelligence For Ukraine's War Effort?" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Murauskaite, Egle E. "U.S. Assistance to Ukraine in the Information Space: Intelligence, Cyber, and Signaling" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Vincent, Elise; Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 March 2025). " "Pause" of US intelligence sharing with Ukraine poses unprecedented challenges for allies" . Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Hudson, John; Dixon, Robyn (11 March 2025). "U.S. lifts pause on Ukraine aid as Kyiv agrees to ceasefire proposal" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "U.S.-Ukraine Intelligence Sharing: A Conversation with Calder Walton" . Belfer Center . 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Pancevski, Bojan; Ward, Alexander; Seligman, Lara (1 October 2025). "U.S. to Provide Ukraine With Intelligence for Missile Strikes Deep Inside Russia" . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Holland, Steve; Slattery, Gram (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia, say reports" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Balmforth, Tom (22 November 2025). "Exclusive: US threatens to cut intel, weapons to press Ukraine into peace deal, sources say" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Dariia, Mykailenko (15 January 2026). "France Supplies Majority of Intelligence Ukraine Uses in War With Russia, Macron Says" . UNITED24 Media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Macron: Coalition of the Willing provides 100% military support to Ukraine" . www.ukrinform.net . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia" . AP News . 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 23 July 2024 . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . ^ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine . Vol. 6. Instytut Europy Środkowej. hdl : 1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3 . ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2 . ^ "Putin's Strategic Failure" . IISS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. "Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" . SSRN 4048994 . ^ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (10 May 2024). Personalism and Personalist Regimes . Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6 . ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). Armed Conflict Survey 2023 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5 . ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... ^ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (12 December 2024). The Armed Conflict Survey 2024 . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5 . ^ "White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine" . Sun Sentinel . 9 June 2023 . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ "Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles" . Reuters . 21 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 14 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Axe, David. "Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases" . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ "Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says" . Politico . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). "North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ "US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia" . Reuters . 15 October 2024 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). "North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). "Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials" . Evening Standard . ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . CNA . 22 October 2024. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . TRT World . 23 October 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). "North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors' " . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). "US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . ^ "Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says" . The Guardian . 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 October 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (28 October 2024). "No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia" . Al Jazeera . 28 October 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk" . Kyiv Post . 7 November 2024 . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ Kang, Taejun (13 November 2024). "US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine" . Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces" . Reuters . 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 November 2024). "Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Vergun, David (18 November 2024). "North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting" . U.S. Department of Defence . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ Zimko, Oleksandra (24 November 2024). "DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ "Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive" . RBC-Ukraine . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ "2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel" . Kyiv Post . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . ^ "North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says" . Reuters . ^ "A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces" . AP News . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea" . BBC News . 19 December 2024 . Retrieved 21 December 2024 . ^ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (10 December 2024). "Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict" . Articles of War . Lieber Institute . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ "Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy" . Radio Free Asia . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front" . Reuters . 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T. (27 January 2025). "North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 January 2025). "Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs" . Politico . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Harding, Luke (18 January 2025). "Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 January 2025 . Retrieved 19 January 2025 . ^ Harvey, Lex (27 March 2025). "North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Munster, Ben (26 April 2025). "Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance" . Politico . Retrieved 26 April 2025 . ^ "North Korea to send military construction workers, deminers to rebuild Russia's Kursk region" . AFP . 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Mackenzie, Jean (12 August 2025). "North Koreans tell BBC they are being sent to work 'like slaves' in Russia" . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Shidore, Sarang (31 August 2023). "The Return of the Global South" . Foreign Affairs . ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). " 'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia" . Politico . ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources" . Kyodo News . 18 March 2023. ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate" . EU Observer . ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say" . Reuters . 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 July 2025). "Adversary Entente Task Force Update, July 16" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Walsh, Nick Paton and Davey-Attlee, Florence (19 February 2024). "The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2024 . ^ "Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee" . FP News . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (4 September 2024). "Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal" . Financial Times . ^ Slattery, Gram (24 July 2025). "Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "Slovakia and Hungary reject EU plan to phase out Russian gas by end-2027" . Reuters . 7 May 2025. ^ "How the West is helping Russia to fund its war on Ukraine" . 29 May 2025. ^ "The EU's continued trade with Russia undermines its support for Ukraine – EUROPP" . 9 October 2024. ^ Cook, Chris; Sheppard, David (24 September 2023). "Russia dodges G7 price cap sanctions on most of its oil exports" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . ^ Saul, Jonathan; Verma, Nidhi; Verma, Nidhi (26 May 2023). "Exclusive: Lloyd's Register drops ships of top Indian carrier of Russian oil" . Reuters . ^ "How Dubai became 'the new Geneva' for Russian oil trade" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China" . pravda.com.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Creel, Katherine; Yano, Shoji. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar ^ "Three years into war, US and Europe keep billions in trade with Russia" . Reuters . 6 August 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ Hamourtziadou, Lily (1 February 2023). "Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed" . The Conversation . ^ Kirby, Paul (13 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll" . BBC News . ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?" . Fortune . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 8 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends" . Ukrinform . 29 March 2022. ^ " 'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb" . BBC News . 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. ^ "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL" . Meduza . 12 October 2022. ^ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2022 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (25 June 2024). "Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements" . The Times . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer" . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies" . Ukrinform . 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (11 April 2022). "Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says" . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ " 'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers" . The Japan Times . 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. ^ "At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" . C.D. Howe Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2023 . ^ "The Cost of War to Ukraine" . The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies . Retrieved 8 October 2023 . ^ "Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death" . AP News . 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead" . Agence France-Presse republished in France 24 . 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ " "Our City Was Gone": Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine" . Human Rights Watch . 8 February 2024. p. 147 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks. ^ "Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 24 September 2023" . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 25 September 2023. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (11 December 2023). "Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Latypova, Leyla (17 May 2024). "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Petkova, Mariya (25 October 2022). " 'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Bessonov, Ania (4 October 2022). "Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine" . CBC . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine" . France 24 . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground" . BBC News . 4 July 2024. ^ Porter, Tom (6 December 2024). "Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them" . Business Insider . ^ "Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate" . Newsweek . 12 November 2024. ^ "120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing" . Meduza . 5 July 2024. Wikidata Q127245770 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. ^ Ivshina, Olga (30 December 2025). "Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal" . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Butt, Maira (31 December 2025). "Russian losses in Ukraine rising faster than ever, finds new analysis" . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine" . The New York Times . 24 April 2024. ^ "Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ "Country Comparisons — Death rate" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 13 September 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. ^ Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken" . Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft . ^ a b Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. August 2025 update" (PDF) . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict October 2025 update" (PDF) . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Список жертв войны в российских регионах" . 7x7 . 1 August 2023. ^ "Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024" . dw.com (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine's losses in the war" . UALosses . 21 May 2025. ^ a b c "Разрыв между городом и деревней: что известно о потерях России в Украине к декабрю" . BBC. 30 November 2025. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. "Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" . Mediazona . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 24 October 2025 . ^ "Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails" . Sky News . 16 May 2025. ^ "Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . ^ "Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit" . 17 June 2024. ^ "Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman" . 16 December 2024. ^ "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022" . Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic . 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 March 2023 . ^ "Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 28 December 2023. ^ "Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims" . The Moscow Times . 19 May 2025. ^ The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?" . The Economist . 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини . The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ "Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known" . France 24 . 17 February 2025. ^ "Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year" . USNEWS . 13 February 2025. ^ "Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories" . The New York Times . 30 October 2024. ^ Allison, George (6 November 2025). "Russian casualties exceed 1.1m since invasion says Britain" . UK Defence Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,404" . Ukrainska Pravda . 28 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers" . Moscow Times . 4 February 2025. ^ "N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul" . Yahoo News . ^ "Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine" . Euronews . 11 October 2024. ^ "About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says" . Euronews . 30 April 2025. Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect" . Associated Press . ^ "First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine" . The Guardian . 16 December 2024. "30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims" . The Kyiv Independent . 16 December 2024. ^ "Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?" . BBC News . 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF) . Ukraine . 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council . ^ "Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons" . The Guardian . 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF) . Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. ^ "Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, – Kyrylo Budanov" . Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine . 23 November 2024. ^ "UPDATE: Russian airstrike on Zaporizhzhia industrial site kills 13, injures 122" . Kyiv Independent . 8 January 2025. ^ "Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. ^ "Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says" . Reuters . 8 January 2025. ^ "UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder" . OHCHR . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians" . Forbes . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ a b "Russian authorities committed crimes against humanity targeting civilian population through drone attacks as well as war crimes of forcible transfer and deportation of civilians" . OHCHR . 28 October 2025. ^ a b "UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine" . UN News . 20 March 2024. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Stepanenko, Vasilisa; Kullab, Samya; Hanna, Arhipova (15 March 2024). "Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine" . Associated Press . ^ Hambling, David (29 December 2023). "What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Field, Matt (15 March 2024). "Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Rushton, James (6 April 2024). "Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ "2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find" . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Davies, Maia (13 January 2026). "Ukraine war: Last year was deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says" . BBC Home . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention" . Yale School of Medicine . 25 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Waterhouse, James (16 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ "On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace" . OHCHR . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ "Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading" . AP News . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (27 March 2024). "Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says" . Politico . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ "Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war" . EEAS . 16 October 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . ^ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR . 29 June 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2022 . ^ Shull, Abbie. "Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports" . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (6 July 2024). "In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2025 . ^ "Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 29 February 2024)" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . OHCHR . pp. 14– 15 . Retrieved 13 March 2025 . ^ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (12 June 2024). "FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites" . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ "US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says" . Reuters . 12 June 2024 . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina (24 March 2025). "Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 23 October 2025 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (7 August 2025). "Russia launches 'catalog' of Ukrainian children for adoption, sorted by eye and hair color" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ Vakulina, Sasha (8 August 2025). "Russia creates 'catalogue' of Ukrainian children for adoption" . euronews . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ "Russian occupation authorities publish database of Ukrainian children for adoption, sortable by hair and eye color" . Meduza . 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Cookman, Liz (8 August 2025). "Russia 'running slave catalogue of Ukrainian children to adopt' " . The Times and The Sunday Times . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (3 March 2022). "ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest" . Reuters . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. ^ "10: "World nuclear forces" ". Military Spending and Armaments, 2019 (PDF) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ Bufacchi, Vittorio (26 July 2022). "War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?" . Journal of Political Power . 16 (1): 6. doi : 10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495 . hdl : 10468/13459 . S2CID 251124184 . ^ Warburton, Moira (15 March 2022). "U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal" . Reuters . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 September 2023). "War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (28 March 2023). "Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes" . Violence . 3 (2): 281– 300. doi : 10.1177/26330024231167184 . S2CID 257852247 . ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov" . International Criminal Court . International Criminal Court . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ Roth, Andrew (25 June 2024). "ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say" . ABC . 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR" . www.unrefugees.org . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Farge, Emma (25 September 2023). "Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (16 March 2023). "UN inquiry finds" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war" . www.who.int . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System" . PHR . 7 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime" . EPP Group in the European Parliament . 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ "Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat" . Euronews . 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ a b "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 July 2022). "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (20 May 2022). "Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles" . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Ukraine" . IDMC . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight" . ABC News . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters . DW News . 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube. "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine" . Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic) . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK" . gov.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out" . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city" . BBC News . 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri" Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia]. РБК (in Russian). 6 September 2021. ^ Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. ^ Stone, Lyman (22 March 2023). "The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia" . IFStudies . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (30 March 2023). "The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population". Population, Space and Place . 29 (4) e2656. doi : 10.1002/psp.2656 . hdl : 10023/27301 . S2CID 257876682 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ a b Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023). "Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction" . WIIW . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die" . The Telegraph . 26 February 2023. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . 2022. ^ "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse" . The Economist . 4 March 2023. ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (28 February 2023). "Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia" . The RAND Blog . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" . NPR . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ "Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" . BBC News . 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Wachs, Johannes (15 May 2023). "Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . EPJ Data Science . 12 (1) 14. doi : 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 . PMC 10184088 . PMID 37215283 . ^ "The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile" . Financial Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ Sharma, Shweta (30 November 2023). "Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ Loh, Matthew (25 July 2024). "Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief" . Business Insider . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage" e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ " 'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine" . commondreams.org . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine" PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (13 June 2023). "Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine" . International Relations Review . 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Yermak, Andriy ; Wallström, Margot (16 August 2023). "Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (8 April 2024). "Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests" . Yahoo News . Retrieved 12 April 2024 . ^ Singha, Sutandra (17 December 2024). "Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change" . Chintan India foundation blog . India Foundation . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ^ "Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine" . Euroactive . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ^ de Guzman, Chad (19 May 2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave" . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2023 . ^ Tan, Huileng (22 May 2023). "Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it" . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ Chin, Yongchang (21 May 2023). "Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ "Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects" . The Guardian . The Guardian. 5 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). "US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ Harvey, Fiona (26 September 2023). " 'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (11 August 2024). "Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert" . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ O'Neil, Tyler (27 April 2022). "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' " . Fox News . ^ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says" . CNN . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Gill, Victoria (25 February 2022). "Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ " 'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" . aljazeera.com . 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" . NBC News . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ Horowitz, Julia (5 January 2022). "Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022" . CNN (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (14 March 2022). "Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says" . Reuters . ^ Porter, Richard (31 March 2022). "EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown" . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . ^ "Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says" . Reuters (Digital). 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2 March 2022). "Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ "How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?" . BBC (Digital). 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 March 2022. ^ "Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected" . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Garver, Rob (8 February 2024). "Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions" . Voice of America (Digital) . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Sonne, Paul (27 April 2024). "Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills" . New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ a b c Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (Report). Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). April 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "SITE's Torbjörn Becker briefs EU on Russia's economy and effects of sanctions" . Stockholm School of Economics . Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). 16 May 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "Китай принял первый груз санкционного российского СПГ перед визитом Путина к Си Цзиньпину" . Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). 30 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ a b Meredith, Sam (3 February 2023). "Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (8 March 2022). "EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?" . Associated Press (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Goldman, David (24 March 2022). "Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real" . CTV News . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Gavin, Gabriel (6 October 2023). "Politico" (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie (28 February 2022). "Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] ^ "Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions" . The Moscow Times . 5 January 2023. ^ Astier, Henri (14 June 2024). "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ a b "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine" . Chatham House . 3 October 2023. ^ "Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War" . Council of Councils . Council on Foreign Relations . 21 February 2024. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . ^ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (24 January 2024). "What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ Landale, James (25 February 2025). "US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine" . BBC Home . Retrieved 9 July 2025 . ^ Brennan, David (16 December 2025). "Trump-Putin Alaska summit looms large in Kremlin's Ukraine negotiating strategy" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Menon, Rajan (24 November 2025). "Trump's 'peace plan' was a pro-Kremlin abomination whose failure is a glimmer of hope for Ukraine" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Grozev, Christo; Weiss, Michael (26 November 2025). "Made in Moscow: The "U.S. peace plan" for Ukraine was substantially formulated months ago by Kremlin operative Kirill Dmitriev" . The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Bellinger, John B. III (28 February 2022). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary" . BBC News . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 February 2023 . ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts 18th package of economic and individual measures" . Council of the EU . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). "The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" . Energy Research & Social Science . 102 103150. Bibcode : 2023ERSS..10203150O . doi : 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 . ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). "Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine" . Nature Energy . 8 (4): 413– 421. Bibcode : 2023NatEn...8..413S . doi : 10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 . hdl : 11250/3106595 . ^ "Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' " . Reuters . 15 June 2023. ^ "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" . Europa (web portal). ^ "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU" . Europa (web portal). ^ Tambur, Silver (26 February 2022). "Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . Estonian world. ^ Brooks, Hannah (2 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . ^ Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). "Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion" . Financial Times . ^ Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). "Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)#cite_ref-287
|
Haudsiede Wikipedia-Portoal Aktuälle Geböärnisse Lääste Annerengen Toufällige Siede Weerskup Aal do Sieden Uursicht Hälpe Spenden Benutserkonto anlääse Anmäldje Spenden Benutserkonto anlääse Anmäldje Haudsiede Hauptseite Diskussion Leese Wältext bekiekje Versionsgeskichte Leese Wältext bekiekje Versionsgeskichte Links ap disse Siede Annerengen an ferlinkede Sieden Hoochleede Permanentlink Seiteninformationen Disse Siede zitierje Gekürzte URL abrufen QR-Code runterladen Zum Legacy-Parser wechseln Kollektion As PDF deelleede Drukversion Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Mehrsprachige Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata-Datenobjekt Wäilkeemen bie Wikipedia Ju fräie Enzyklopädie mäd fräien Inhoold ju in Touhoopeoarbaid skrieuwen wäd. Snäiwende, 10. Januoar 2026 4.130 Sieden ap Seeltersk Gebruuksanwiesenge · Weerskup · Info uur Seeltersk Artikkel fon dät Mound Ju Johanniterkommende Boukeläsk is ne fröiere Deelsättenge fon dän Johanniteroarden, fon do ju Klaasterkapälle ärheelden blieuwen is. Ju Kommende uumfoatede do Täärpe un Buurskuppe Boukeläsk, Idafeen -Noud, Elisabethfeen -Noud, Ubbehusen , Aasterhusen un Roagebierich mäd ne Fläche fon touhoope 8000 Hektoar. Dät Gruundengsjier fon dät Klaaster is nit bekoand. Dät Klaaster wuud wierskienelk in de Midde fon dät 13. Jierhunndert as Dubbelklaaster fon do Johannitere uut Burgsteinfurt gruunded. ... Läs fääre Waast du, dät ... Ju Wäädsee ... dät Afrikoanske sik foar 95% ap dät Niederloundske basiert? ... dät in ju Antarktis so fuul Ies rakt, dät die Peegel fon ju See uum sowät 58 Meetere haager wäd, wan dät aal smilt? ... Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? Dit Mound in ju Geskichte Die Koole-Konzern RWE lät dän Immerather Doom ouriete. 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . Ju Enzyklopädie Geographie Seelterlound - Do Fräislounde - Düütsklound - Niederlounde Wietenskup Biologie - Geskichte Kultuur Sproaken un Dialekte in do Fräislounde - Minnerhaide Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Kategorie Liesten Toalhouk Seelterfräiske Täkste ap Wikiwälle Seeltersk heere un sjo Woudeliesten Bielde fon ju Wiek Klik ap ju Bielde, uum moor wies tou wäiden! Wikimedia Commons Mediendoatäie Meta-Wiki Projektkoordination Wiktionary Woudebouk Wikibooks Leerbouke Wikiwälle Wällensammelenge Wikispecies Sammelenge fon Dierte un Plonten Wikiquote Zitoatsammelenge Wikinews Ättergjuchte Wäilkeemen bie Wikipedia Ju fräie Enzyklopädie mäd fräien Inhoold ju in Touhoopeoarbaid skrieuwen wäd. Snäiwende, 10. Januoar 2026 4.130 Sieden ap Seeltersk Gebruuksanwiesenge · Weerskup · Info uur Seeltersk Wäilkeemen bie Wikipedia Ju fräie Enzyklopädie mäd fräien Inhoold ju in Touhoopeoarbaid skrieuwen wäd. Snäiwende, 10. Januoar 2026 4.130 Sieden ap Seeltersk 4.130 Sieden ap Seeltersk Gebruuksanwiesenge · Weerskup · Info uur Seeltersk Artikkel fon dät Mound Ju Johanniterkommende Boukeläsk is ne fröiere Deelsättenge fon dän Johanniteroarden, fon do ju Klaasterkapälle ärheelden blieuwen is. Ju Kommende uumfoatede do Täärpe un Buurskuppe Boukeläsk, Idafeen -Noud, Elisabethfeen -Noud, Ubbehusen , Aasterhusen un Roagebierich mäd ne Fläche fon touhoope 8000 Hektoar. Dät Gruundengsjier fon dät Klaaster is nit bekoand. Dät Klaaster wuud wierskienelk in de Midde fon dät 13. Jierhunndert as Dubbelklaaster fon do Johannitere uut Burgsteinfurt gruunded. ... Läs fääre Waast du, dät ... Ju Wäädsee ... dät Afrikoanske sik foar 95% ap dät Niederloundske basiert? ... dät in ju Antarktis so fuul Ies rakt, dät die Peegel fon ju See uum sowät 58 Meetere haager wäd, wan dät aal smilt? ... Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? Dit Mound in ju Geskichte Die Koole-Konzern RWE lät dän Immerather Doom ouriete. 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . Ju Johanniterkommende Boukeläsk is ne fröiere Deelsättenge fon dän Johanniteroarden, fon do ju Klaasterkapälle ärheelden blieuwen is. Ju Kommende uumfoatede do Täärpe un Buurskuppe Boukeläsk, Idafeen -Noud, Elisabethfeen -Noud, Ubbehusen , Aasterhusen un Roagebierich mäd ne Fläche fon touhoope 8000 Hektoar. Dät Gruundengsjier fon dät Klaaster is nit bekoand. Dät Klaaster wuud wierskienelk in de Midde fon dät 13. Jierhunndert as Dubbelklaaster fon do Johannitere uut Burgsteinfurt gruunded. ... Läs fääre Waast du, dät ... Ju Wäädsee ... dät Afrikoanske sik foar 95% ap dät Niederloundske basiert? ... dät in ju Antarktis so fuul Ies rakt, dät die Peegel fon ju See uum sowät 58 Meetere haager wäd, wan dät aal smilt? ... Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? ... dät Afrikoanske sik foar 95% ap dät Niederloundske basiert? ... dät in ju Antarktis so fuul Ies rakt, dät die Peegel fon ju See uum sowät 58 Meetere haager wäd, wan dät aal smilt? ... Düütsklound in 1916 dät eerste Lound waas dät ju Suumertied ienfierde? ... in dän Sats "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" aal do Bouksteeuwe stounde do ap n Tastatuur bruukt wäide? ... ju Wäädsee ap ju UNESCO -Waareldäärwgoudlieste stoant? ... Theodor Mommsen ju Nobelpries foar Literatuur in 1902 kriegen häd? ... Anatolien ap Seelterfräisk Littik Asien hat? ... dät do Fräisen do Eerste wieren uum do Fereende Stoaten fon Amerikoa as oainständich Lound an tou ärkannen? Dit Mound in ju Geskichte Die Koole-Konzern RWE lät dän Immerather Doom ouriete. 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . 1. Januoar 2002 - Ferskeedene euopäiske Stoaten kriege dän EURO . 5. Januoar 1876 - Konrad Adenauer gebooren, düütsken Politiker un eersten düütsken Buundeskansler. 8. Januoar : Ju roomsk-kathoolske Parochioal-Säärke St. Lambertus in Immerath , bekoand as "Immerather Dom", wäd foar ju Bruunkoole-Winnenge ourieten (Bielde). 7. Januoar 1959 - Ju kubaniske Regierenge unner Fidel Castro wäd truch do USA anärkoand. 15. Januoar 2001 - Wikipedia wuude stifted fon Jimmy Wales . 15. Januoar 1914 - Waling Dykstra stuurwen, fräisken Skrieuwer. 20. Januoar 2009 - Barack Obama wäd die 44. Präsident fon Amerikoa . 24. Januoar 1874 - Aceh wäd fon niederloundske Troppen unner Generoal van Swieten iennuumen. 27. Januoar 1756 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart gebooren, aastrieksken Komponist († 1791 ) 30. Januoar 1933 - Adolf Hitler wäd fon n Riekspräsident Paul von Hindenburg toun Riekskansler benaamd. 31. Januoar 1884 - Theodor Heuss gebooren, eersten Buundespräsident fon ju Buundesrepublik Düütsklound . Ju Enzyklopädie Geographie Seelterlound - Do Fräislounde - Düütsklound - Niederlounde Wietenskup Biologie - Geskichte Kultuur Sproaken un Dialekte in do Fräislounde - Minnerhaide Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Kategorie Liesten Toalhouk Seelterfräiske Täkste ap Wikiwälle Seeltersk heere un sjo Woudeliesten Bielde fon ju Wiek Klik ap ju Bielde, uum moor wies tou wäiden! Wietenskup Biologie - Geskichte Kultuur Sproaken un Dialekte in do Fräislounde - Minnerhaide Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Galerie Uutsoachte Sieden Kategorie Liesten Kategorie Liesten Seelterfräiske Täkste ap Wikiwälle Seeltersk heere un sjo Woudeliesten Klik ap ju Bielde, uum moor wies tou wäiden! Wikimedia Commons Mediendoatäie Meta-Wiki Projektkoordination Wiktionary Woudebouk Wikibooks Leerbouke Wikiwälle Wällensammelenge Wikispecies Sammelenge fon Dierte un Plonten Wikiquote Zitoatsammelenge Wikinews Ättergjuchte Wikimedia Commons Mediendoatäie Meta-Wiki Projektkoordination Wiktionary Woudebouk Wikibooks Leerbouke Wikiwälle Wällensammelenge Wikispecies Sammelenge fon Dierte un Plonten Wikiquote Zitoatsammelenge Wikinews Ättergjuchte Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Boarisch Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski English Français Nordfriisk Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz Hornjoserbsce Հայերեն ქართული Ripoarisch Kernowek Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies Nederlands Romani čhib Scots Disse Siede wuude toulääst annerd uum 07:20, 1. Moai 2013. Die Seite wurde mit Parsoid gerendert. Die Text is unner ju Lizenz „Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike“ ferföigboar; Bedingengen uurhoop konnen anweendboar weese. Eenpeldhaide sunt in do Nutsengsbedingengen beschrieuwen. Ouroupstatistik Doatenskuts Uur Wikipedia Begriepskläärenge Verhaltenskodex Entwickler Statistik Stellungnahme zu Cookies Mobile Ansicht
|
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haudsiede#bodyContent
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." [ 363 ] Citations ^ a b Shirer 1960 , pp. 226–227. ^ a b Overy 2005 , p. 63. ^ a b Kershaw 2000b , p. xvii. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 24. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 4. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 5, 14. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 15. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 5. ^ Jetzinger 1976 , p. 32. ^ Rosenbaum 1999 , p. 21. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 50. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 246–247. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 8–9. ^ a b Oltermann 2025 . ^ House of Responsibility . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 23. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 4. ^ Toland 1976 , p. 6. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 33. ^ Keller 2010 , p. 15. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 37. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 35. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 92. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 6. ^ Fromm 1977 , pp. 493–498. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Diver 2005 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 10–11. ^ Payne 1990 , p. 22. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 9. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 8. ^ Keller 2010 , pp. 33–34. ^ Fest 1977 , p. 32. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 8. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 10. ^ Evans 2003 , pp. 163–164. ^ Bendersky 2000 , p. 26. ^ Ryschka 2008 , p. 35. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 10. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 19. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 20. ^ a b Hitler 1999 , p. 20. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 30–31. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 31. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 30–33. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 157. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 41, 42. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 26. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 243–246. ^ Nicholls 2000 , pp. 236, 237, 274. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 250. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 341–345. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 233. ^ Britannica: Nazism . ^ Pinkus 2005 , p. 27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 60–67. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 25. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 58. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 52. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 45. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 55, 63. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 174. ^ Evans 2011 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 27. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 86. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 49. ^ a b c Kershaw 1999 , p. 90. ^ Weber 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 53. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 54. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 100. ^ a b c d Shirer 1960 , p. 30. ^ Pearson & Allen 1941 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 57. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 58. ^ Steiner 1976 , p. 392. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 59. ^ Weber 2010a . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 59, 60. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 97, 102. ^ Keegan 1987 , pp. 238–240. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61, 62. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61–63. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 96. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 80, 90, 92. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 61. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 82. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 170. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 75, 76. ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 67. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 125–126. ^ Fest 1970 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 94, 95, 100. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 87. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 88. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 93. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 81. ^ Reck-Malleczewen 2013 , p. 17. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 89. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 89–92. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 100, 101. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 102. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 103. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 83, 103. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. xv. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 376. ^ Frauenfeld 1937 . ^ Goebbels 1936 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 105–106. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 377. ^ Kressel 2002 , p. 121. ^ Heck 2001 , p. 23. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 275. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 203. ^ Bracher 1970 , pp. 115–116. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 126. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 128. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 73–74. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 132. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 131. ^ Munich Court, 1924 . ^ Evans 2003 , p. 196. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 239. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 121. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 147. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 148–150. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 80–81. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 237. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 238. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 158, 161, 162. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 162, 166. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 166, 167. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 136–137. ^ Kolb 2005 , pp. 224–225. ^ Kolb 1988 , p. 105. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 403 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–446 et. seq . ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 218. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 216. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , pp. 218–219. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 222. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 449 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–436, 471. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 130. ^ Hinrichs 2007 . ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 476. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 468–471. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 201. ^ Hoffman 1989 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 227. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 477–479. ^ Letter to Hindenburg, 1932 . ^ Fox News, 2003 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 184. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 307. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 262. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 192. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 262. ^ Hett 2014 , pp. 255–259. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 194, 274. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 194. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 265. ^ City of Potsdam . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 196–197. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 198. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 335. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 196. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 199. ^ Time , 1934 . ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 201. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 202. ^ a b Evans 2003 , pp. 350–374. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 309–314. ^ Tames 2008 , pp. 4–5. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 313–315. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 229. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 309. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 110. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 392, 393. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 312. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 393–397. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 308. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 318. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 318–319. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 397–398. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 274. ^ Read 2004 , p. 344. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 109–111. ^ McNab 2009 , p. 54. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 259–260. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 258. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 262. ^ McNab 2009 , pp. 54–57. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 118–119. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 570–572. ^ Weinberg 1970 , pp. 26–27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 490–491. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. ^ Carr 1972 , p. 23. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 297. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 283. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 601–602. ^ Martin 2008 . ^ Hildebrand 1973 , p. 39. ^ Roberts 1975 . ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 630–631. ^ a b Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999 . ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 56–57. ^ Goeschel 2018 , pp. 69–70. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 642. ^ Aigner 1985 , p. 264. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 636–637. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 73–78. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 638. ^ a b Bloch 1992 , pp. 178–179. ^ Plating 2011 , p. 21. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , p. 159. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 434. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 425. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 334–335. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 338–340. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 366. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 418–419. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 149–150. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 419. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 256–260. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 469. ^ Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999 , p. 207. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 202–203. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 462–463. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 672. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 671, 682–683. ^ Rothwell 2001 , pp. 90–91. ^ Time , January 1939 . ^ a b Murray 1984 , p. 268. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 682. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 268–269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 448. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 562. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 579–581. ^ a b Maiolo 1998 , p. 178. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 688–690. ^ a b Weinberg 1980 , pp. 537–539, 557–560. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 558. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 76–77. ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 36–37, 92. ^ Weinberg 2010 , p. 792. ^ Robertson 1985 , p. 212. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 228. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1989 , p. 56. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 497. ^ Robertson 1963 , pp. 181–187. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 693. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 252–253. ^ Weinberg 1995 , pp. 85–94. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 255–257. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 561–562, 583–584. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 260. ^ Hakim 1995 . ^ a b c Rees 1997 , pp. 141–145. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 527. ^ Welch 2001 , pp. 88–89. ^ Rees 1997 , pp. 148–149. ^ Winkler 2007 , p. 74. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 696–730. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 562. ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7–9. ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 731–737. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 774–782. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 563, 569, 570. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 580. ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 58–60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 604–605. ^ Kurowski 2005 , pp. 141–142. ^ Apter 2008 . ^ Porat 2015 . ^ Mineau 2004 , p. 1. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Koch 1988 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 162–163. ^ a b Stolfi 1982 . ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 202. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 210. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 900–901. ^ a b Bauer 2000 , p. 5. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 921. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 417. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 419–420. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1006. ^ a b BBC News, 1999 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 996–1000. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1036. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 513–514. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 816–818. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1048–1072. ^ Plesch 2017 , p. 158. ^ Weinberg 1964 . ^ a b Crandell 1987 . ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 778. ^ Rees & Kershaw 2012 . ^ Speer 1971 , p. 557. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , pp. 774–775. ^ Sereny 1996 , pp. 497–498. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 753, 763, 780–781. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256. ^ Le Tissier 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Dollinger 1995 , p. 231. ^ a b Jones 1989 . ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 92. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 787. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 787, 795. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , pp. 227–228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 791. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 792, 795. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 798. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799–800. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 217–220, 224–225. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1136. ^ Vinogradov 2005 , pp. 111, 333. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 163–164. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 1110. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Marrus 2000 , p. 37. ^ Gellately 1996 . ^ a b c Snyder 2010 , p. 416. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 683. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 965. ^ Naimark 2002 , p. 81. ^ Longerich 2005 , p. 116. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 146. ^ a b Longerich, Chapter 15 2003 . ^ Longerich, Chapter 17 2003 . ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 459–462. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 670–675. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 687. ^ Evans 2008 , map, p. 366. ^ a b c Rummel 1994 , p. 112. ^ a b Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 318. ^ Hancock 2004 , pp. 383–396. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 946. ^ a b Evans 2008 , p. 15. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 162–163, 416. ^ Dorland 2009 , p. 6. ^ Rummel 1994 , table, p. 112 . ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 184. ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45. ^ Goldhagen 1996 , p. 290. ^ Downing 2005 , p. 33. ^ Gellately 2001 , p. 216. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 567–568. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 252. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 170, 172, 181. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 281. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 377. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 333. ^ a b Overy 2005a , pp. 421–425. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 169–170. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 396–397. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 171–395. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 563. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 378. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 947–948. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 393–394. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 5. ^ Rißmann 2001 , pp. 94–96. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Speer 1971 , pp. 141–142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 143. ^ a b Conway 1968 , p. 3. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 385, 389. ^ Rißmann 2001 , p. 96. ^ Weir & Greenberg 2022 , p. 694. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 141. ^ Steigmann-Gall 2003 , pp. 27, 108. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 59. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 342. ^ Sharkey 2002 . ^ Bonney 2001 , pp. 2–3. ^ Phayer 2000 . ^ Bonney 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 219, 389. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 141, 171, 174. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 729. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 508. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 717. ^ Redlich 1993 . ^ Redlich 2000 , pp. 129–190. ^ The Guardian , 2015 . ^ Langer 1972 , p. 126. ^ Waite 1993 , p. 356. ^ Gunkel 2010 . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 388. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 256. ^ Wilson 1998 . ^ McGovern 1968 , pp. 32–33. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 38. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. 176, 22 January 1942. ^ Proctor 1999 , p. 219. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 741. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 125–142. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 11–20. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 782. ^ Ghaemi 2011 , pp. 190–191. ^ Porter 2013 . ^ Doyle 2005 , p. 8. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 156. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , p. 37. ^ Zialcita 2019 . ^ Fest 1974 , p. 753. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 617. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 348–350. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 892. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 841. ^ Fischer 1995 , p. 569. ^ Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003 , p. 83. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 554. ^ Welch 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bazyler 2006 , p. 1. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 6. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. xxxv. ^ Roberts 1996 , p. 501. ^ Lichtheim 1974 , p. 366. ^ Haffner 1979 , pp. 100–101. ^ Haffner 1979 , p. 100. ^ The Daily Telegraph , 2003 . Bibliography Printed .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?" . In Koch, H. W. (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 75– 82. doi : 10.1177/1478271520053501020 . PMID 15825245 . Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5 . Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop . New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3 . Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (PDF) . Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship . Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books. LCCN 63005065 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles . ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7 . Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3 . Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4 . Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 (3): 487– 501. JSTOR 27550441 . Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1 . Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2 . Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II . New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7 . Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France . Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-784-2 . Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps . World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8 . Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4 . Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History . London: Constable and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8 . Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0 . Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler ; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History . 29 (2): 270– 274. doi : 10.1017/S0008938900013170 . ISSN 0008-9389 . Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . Ghaemi, Nassir (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness . New York: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51759-8 . Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17883-8 . Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 . Haffner, Sebastian (1979). The Meaning of Hitler . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-55775-8 . Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz . A History of US . Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2 . Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5 . Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man . Trans. Thomas Thornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8 . Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of the Holocaust . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1 . Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore A Swastika . Phoenix, AZ: Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6 . Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs . New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7 . Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich . London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3 . Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf . Trans. Ralph Manheim . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2 . Hitler, Adolf (2000) [1941–1944]. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944 . London: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-05-6 . Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth . Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3 . Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1 . Keller, Gustav (2010). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [ The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage ] (in German). Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4 . Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2025. Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris . New York: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7 . Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 . Koch, H. W. (June 1988). "Operation Barbarossa – The Current State of the Debate". The Historical Journal . 31 (2): 377– 390. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 . S2CID 159848116 . Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8 . Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3 . Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide And Terror . Boulder: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1 . Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew . St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9 . Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5 . Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century . London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet . Intro. Roger Moorhouse . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Longerich, Peter (2005). The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution . History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3328-8 . Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War . London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3 . Manvell, Roger ; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo . London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9 . Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4 . Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History . Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1 . McGovern, James (1968). Martin Bormann . New York: William Morrow. OCLC 441132 . McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich . London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8 . Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6 . Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm (ed.). Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7 . Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1633-0 . Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1 . Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001) [2000]. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3 . Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Overy, Richard ; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" . In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II . London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler" . In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8 . Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . Overy, Richard (2005). "Hitler As War Leader". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3 . Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7 . Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (16 October 1941). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round: Ribbentrop Kept From Hitler Warning That U.S. Would Fight". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 15. Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler . McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4 . Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II . Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1 . Plesch, Daniel (2017). Human Rights After Hitler: The Lost History of Prosecuting Axis War Crimes . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62616-431-4 . Proctor, Robert (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-07051-3 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6416-5 . Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich (2013) [1947]. Diary of a Man in Despair . Translated by Rubens, Paul. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-586-6 . Redlich, Fritz R. (2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9 . Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning from History . New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6 . Rißmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators (in German). Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 . Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe . Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3 . Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6 . Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 . London: Longmans. OCLC 300011871 . Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers" . In H. W., Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3 . Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home . Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1 . Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5 . Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4 . Ryschka, Birgit (2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube . Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7 . Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth . New York; Toronto: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 . Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 . OCLC 83655937 . Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction . The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2 . Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)" (PDF) . The Journal of Modern History . 54 (1): 27– 46. doi : 10.1086/244076 . hdl : 10945/44218 . S2CID 143690841 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2020. Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship . Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6 . Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag . Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4 . Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler . New York; Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25899-1 . Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 . Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5 . Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1964). "Hitler's Image of the United States". The American Historical Review . 69 (4): 1006– 1021. doi : 10.2307/1842933 . JSTOR 1842933 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8 . Weinberg, Gerhard (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II . New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9 . Weir, Todd H.; Greenberg, Udi (2022). "Religious Cultures and Confessional Politics". In Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884577-5 . Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7 . Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3 . Wilt, Alan (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 . Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich . Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Vol. Battle Book No. 6. London: Ballantine Books . OCLC 23899 . Online Apter, Simon Maxwell (20 July 2008). " 'Hitler's Mufti,' Haj Amin al-Husseini" . SFGATE . Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "1933 – Day of Potsdam" . Landeshauptstadt Potsdam . December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Bazyler, Michael J. (25 December 2006). "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" (PDF) . Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . "Nazism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [ The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich ] (in German). 1924. Diver, Krysia (4 August 2005). "Journal reveals Hitler's dysfunctional family" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" . Fox News. Associated Press. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932" [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932]. Glasnost–Archiv (in German) . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber" . The Globe and Mail . Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" . German Propaganda Archive . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Germany: Second Revolution?" . Time . 2 July 1934. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Glantz, David (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay . Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Goebbels, Joseph (1936). The Führer as a Speaker . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health" . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung" [The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Hitler's Last Days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 Security Service . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Introduction to the Holocaust" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Jones, Bill (creator, director) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). England: BBC . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Kotanko, Florian. "House of Responsibility" . House of Responsibility – Braunau am Inn . HRB News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Leni Riefenstahl" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . "Man of the Year" . Time . 2 January 1939. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2019 . Martin, Jonathan (creator, writer) (2008). World War II in HD Colour (television documentary). US: World Media Rights. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . McMillan, Dan (October 2012). "Review of Fritz, Stephen G., Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East " . H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" . BBC News. 29 July 1999 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF) . The Churches and Nazi Persecution . Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Porat, Dina (21 October 2015). "Setting the Record Straight" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 11 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" . ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Porter, Tom (24 August 2013). "Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New Documents" . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis". Arch Intern Med . 153 (6): 693– 697. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410060005001 . PMID 8447705 . Rees, Laurence (writer, director) Kershaw, Ian (writer, consultant) (2012). The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). UK: BBC . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Staff (19 December 2015). "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . Weber, Thomas (2010a). "New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War Story" . BBC History Magazine . UK: Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" . New Statesman . UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Zialcita, Paolo (2019). "Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police Station" . NPR . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Spoken articles Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Articles with excerpts Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#Br%C3%BCning_administration
|
An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. An official website of the United States government Here’s how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Products and Services All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) All Products and Services ClinicalTrials.gov Digital Collections LocatorPlus Catalog Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) MedlinePlus PubMed/MEDLINE Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Resources for You For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public For Researchers For Publishers For Librarians For Educators/Trainers For Health care Professionals For the Public Explore NLM About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events About the Library Visit the Library History of Medicine NLM by Organization Spotlights and Events Grants and Research NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications NLM Extramural Programs NLM Division of Intramural Research National Center for Biotechnology Information Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications Home Web Policies NLM Web Policies Privacy and Security Policy | Social Media Comments Policy | Copyright | Logo Policy Privacy and Security Policy Privacy The National Library of Medicine (NLM) complies with requirements for privacy and security established by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This page outlines our privacy and security policy as they apply to our sites as well as third party sites and applications that NLM uses (for example, Facebook and YouTube). Your Visit to the NLM Websites Your visit to the NLM websites is private and secure. When you visit the NLM websites, we do not collect any personally identifiable information (PII) about you, unless you choose to explicitly provide it to us. We do, however, collect some data about your visit to our website to help us better understand public use of the site and to make it more useful to visitors. This page describes the information that is automatically collected and stored. NLM never collects information for commercial marketing or any purpose not related to NLM's functions . What Type of Information NLM Collects When you visit any website, certain information about your visit can be collected. NLM automatically collects and stores the following type of information about your visit: The name of the domain you use to access the Internet (for example, verizon.com, if you are using a Verizon online account, or stanford.edu, if you are connecting from Stanford University's domain) The date and time of your visit to our website The pages and documents you viewed on our website from an external search engine such as Bing or Google The URL of the website you visited prior to ours The words you searched for on our website The type and version of your Web browser and operating system, and Your location at the time of your visit, down to the city-level This information is used to measure the number of visitors to the various sections of our site and improve organization, coverage, system performance or other problem areas. This information is not used for associating search terms or patterns of site navigation with individual users. When search features offer suggested terms, these suggestions are based on aggregated data only. NLM periodically deletes its web logs. On occasion, NLM may provide aggregated information to third party entities it contracts with for the purposes of research analysis. Aggregated data cannot be linked back to an individual user. If your electronic medical record (EMR), patient health record (PHR) or other system links you to MedlinePlus, your diagnosis codes or other information, such as medications or procedures names, are sent to our site in order to link you to the most appropriate information. No personally identifiable information is collected in this process. How NLM Uses Cookies When you visit any web site, it may place a small text file, known as a "cookie," on your computer. The cookie allows the website to "remember" specific information about your visit while you are connected or when you return to that site. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Memo M-10-22, Guidance for Online Use of Web Measurement and Customization Technologies allows Federal agencies to use session and persistent cookies. The cookie makes it easier for you to use the dynamic features of web pages. Cookies from NLM web pages only collect information about your browser's visit to the site; they do not collect personal information about you. While visiting certain NLM websites, you may occasionally encounter a web page that automatically employs cookies to make it easier to use the web page’s dynamic features. NLM websites may use either single session (temporary) or multi-session (persistent) cookies. Session cookies last only as long as your web browser is open. Once you close your browser, the cookie disappears. Persistent cookies are stored on your computer for longer periods. Session Cookies: We use session cookies for technical purposes such as to enable better navigation through our site. The OMB Memo 10-22 Guidance defines our use of session cookies as "Usage Tier 1 – Single Session." This tier encompasses any use of single session web measurement and customization technologies. Persistent Cookies: We use persistent cookies to enhance the web experience for our users. Persistent cookies remain on your computer between visits to NLM until they expire. The OMB Memo 10-22 Guidance defines our use of persistent cookies as "Usage Tier 2 – Multi-session without Personally Identifiable Information (PII)." This tier encompasses any use of multi-session web measurement and customization technologies when no PII is collected. For example, NLM uses persistent cookies to enable PubMed’s My NCBI feature. The persistent cookie retains user preferences such as search result filters, LinkOut displays, institutional icon links, document delivery services, etc. across user sessions. Users may opt out of the persistent cookie selection in their My NCBI settings at any time. NLM may employ persistent cookies in other ways consistent with our mission and the OMB guidelines to analyze use patterns and improve our users' experience on NLM websites. How to Opt Out or Disable Cookies If you do not wish to have session or persistent cookies placed on your computer, you can disable them at any time from your web browser. If you opt out of cookies, you will still have access to all information and resources at NLM, but you may not be able to use cookie-dependent features. See USA.gov’s Web Measurement and Customization Opt-Out page for instructions on disabling or opting out of cookies in the most popular browsers. Please note when you disable cookies from your web browser, you will disable cookies from all sources, not just those from NLM. Personally Identifiable Information (PII) You do not have to give us personal information to visit the NLM website. If you choose to send us personal information by email, or by filling out a form on our web site, we use this information to respond to your message and to help us provide you with the information or material you requested. If provided, personally identifiable information is maintained in a database that is regularly purged after 410 days. Third-party contractors employed by NLM may have access to this information in order to provide a response to your question or comment. These contractors are held to strict policies to safeguard the information and provide the same level of privacy protection as guaranteed by NLM. On occasion, we may conduct a study concerning the types of questions sent to us. These studies help us to improve our websites in order to make them more responsive to the needs of our users. Disclosure NLM does not give, share, sell, or transfer any personal information about our visitors, unless required by law enforcement or statute. For further information about the NIH privacy policy, please contact the NIH Senior Official listed below, or visit Celeste Dade-Vinson Privacy Act Officer NIH Office of the Senior Official for Privacy (OSOP) National Institutes of Health, Office of Management Assessment 6011 Executive Blvd., Suite 601, MSC 7669 Rockville, MD 20852 Phone: (301) 496-4606 or (301) 402-6201 Fax: (301) 402-0169 Links from NLM to Other Websites Some NLM websites, such as MedlinePlus and PubMed, provide links to other Internet sites that provide health information. Once you link to another site, you are subject to the privacy policy of the new site. Visiting an Official NLM Page on Third-Party Websites NLM maintains accounts on third-party websites, such as social media sites, as tools to better interact with the public. The security and privacy policies of third-party websites apply to your activity on those sites. Users of third-party websites often share information with the general public, user community, and/or the third-party operating the website. You should review the privacy policies of all websites before using them and ensure that you understand how your information may be used. You should also adjust privacy settings of your account for any third-party website to match your preferences. See the list of NLM’s social media accounts on the Connect with NLM page. NLM Accounts Common third-party website privacy policies used by NLM include: Apple and iTunes Customer Privacy Policy Facebook Data Policy Flickr Privacy Policy GitHub Privacy Policy Google and YouTube Privacy Policy and you can manage the privacy settings for your Google account Instagram Data Policy LinkedIn Privacy Policy Pinterest Privacy Policy WordPress Privacy Policy X Privacy Policy How NLM Collects and Uses Information from Third-Party Websites If you have an account/profile with a third-party website, and choose to follow, like, friend, or comment on a third-party website managed by NLM, certain personal information associated with your account may be made available to us based on the privacy policies of the third-party website and your privacy settings within that website. We do not share personally identifiable information made available through these websites. NLM conducts and publishes a Privacy Impact Assessment for each use of a third-party website. Each use of a third-party website may have unique features or practices. NLM sometimes collects and uses the information made available through third-party websites. Google Analytics When you browse through the NLM websites, we use Google Analytics software to gather and temporarily store a variety of information about your visit. However, this information cannot be used to identify you as an individual. We do not associate any of the data we collect with you as an individual. Instead, we aggregate this data from all visits in order to improve our website and provide a better user experience to our visitors. The aggregate data is available only to NLM web managers and other designated staff who require this information to perform their duties. It is retained only for as long as needed for proper analysis. The Google Analytics Privacy Policy is available at . Demographic and Interest Data On some portions of our website we have enabled Google Analytics and other third-party software (listed below), to provide aggregate demographic and interest data of our visitors. This information cannot be used to identify you as an individual. While these tools are used by some websites to serve advertisements, NLM only uses them to measure demographic data. NLM has no control over advertisements served on other websites. DoubleClick : NLM uses DoubleClick to understand the characteristics and demographics of the people who visit NLM sites. Only NLM staff conducts analyses on the aggregated data from DoubleClick. No personally identifiable information is collected by DoubleClick from NLM websites. The DoubleClick Privacy Policy is available at You can opt-out of receiving DoubleClick advertising at Control the ads you see when you see them and Block or allow pop-ups in Chrome You can opt-out of receiving DoubleClick advertising at Control the ads you see when you see them and Block or allow pop-ups in Chrome Survey tools: NLM also uses surveys to collect opinions and feedback from a random sample of visitors and to understand our visitors’ satisfaction with the NLM website. These surveys do not collect PII and participation is voluntary. If you decline a survey, you will still have access to the identical information and resources on the NLM website as those who take the survey. Answers to surveys help NLM improve its websites to make them easier to use and more responsive to the needs of our visitors. The following privacy policies are available at Qualtrics : Survey Monkey : Qualtrics : Survey Monkey : Web Measurement and Customization Tools NLM uses the specified software and features below: Bit.ly: NLM uses Bit.ly to shorten long URLs for use in email and social media messages. Bit.ly provides analytics on how many people clicked on the URLs distributed by NLM. Bit.ly analytics do not provide any personally identifiable information about the visitors who click the shortened links. The Bit.ly Privacy Policy is available at . CrazyEgg: NLM uses CrazyEgg to obtain information on how visitors are interacting with specific NLM web pages. This allows NLM to evaluate and to modify its websites to improve value and usability. The data CrazyEgg collects includes information about how visitors navigate around a web page and the most commonly clicked links on a specific web page. CrazyEgg does not collect personally identifiable information. The Crazy Egg Privacy Policy is available at . GovDelivery: NLM uses the Granicus GovDelivery Communications Suite to email newsletters and other messages to visitors who subscribe to them on NLM websites. Only NLM staff and managers who email newsletters using GovDelivery and/or monitor the results of email initiatives have access to the subscriber lists. GovDelivery never allows access to the subscriber lists to anyone outside of NLM for any purpose. GovDelivery also provides aggregate data, such as email opens rates, and total clicks on links. The Granicus privacy policy is available at . Security The U.S. Government maintains this site. For site security purposes and to ensure that this service remains available to all users, we use software programs to monitor traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage. Causing damage to federal computer systems is a violation of U.S. law and is subject to criminal prosecution in federal court. In the event of authorized law enforcement investigations, and pursuant to any required legal process, information from NLM web logs may be used to help identify an individual. Social Media Comments Policy We encourage and welcome your comments on NLM’s social media properties , including Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, YouTube, X, and our blogs. In accordance with the Federal Government's other social media comment policies, NLM has instituted the following policy in an effort to maintain respectful interaction: All viewpoints are welcome, but comments should remain relevant to NLM. We respect the varying opinions; however, intentionally spreading misleading or false information is prohibited. Personal attacks, profanity, and aggressive behavior are prohibited. No spam, advertising, or promoting of products/services. This includes repeated posts of identical or very similar content in a counter-productive manner. NLM does not provide medical advice. Please refrain from seeking medical advice . Comments and/or links will be hidden if they contain: Unfair/unsubstantiated partisan political views Commercial endorsements Discriminatory, racist, offensive, obscene, inflammatory, unlawful, or otherwise objectionable statements, language, or content. Personally identifiable information. This refers to information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, either alone or when combined with other personal or identifying information that is linked or linkable to a specific individual. To protect your privacy, please do not share personal information, such as your address, email, or telephone number, in the text of your comment. Please see NLM's privacy policy. Records of posts and comments will be kept. We reserve the right to block or hide offenders of this policy. The views expressed in user comments reflect those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health, or the Federal government. Linking to a non-federal site does not constitute an endorsement by NLM, NIH, HHS, or any of its employees. Do not submit copyrighted or other proprietary material in any form unless you clearly indicate that you have permission to do so. By posting your comments or other work, you grant NLM and anyone viewing the NLM website permission to copy, distribute, make derivatives, display or perform the commenter's work publicly and free-of-charge. Reporters are asked to send questions through their normal channels and to refrain from submitting questions via social media. All media inquiries must be directed to the NLM Office of Communications and Public Liaison at nlm-support@nlm.nih.gov . For help with NLM products and services, please contact the NLM Support Center . For general information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues please visit NLM’s MedlinePlus . Copyright Attribution and Rights for Government Works: Works produced by the U.S. government are not subject to copyright protection in the United States. Any such works found on National Library of Medicine (NLM) Web sites may be freely used or reproduced without permission in the U.S. Please acknowledge NLM as the source of the information by including the phrase “Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine” or “Source: National Library of Medicine.” Copyright Protections for Non-Government Works: When using NLM Web sites, you may encounter documents, illustrations, photographs, or other content contributed by or licensed from private individuals, companies, or organizations that may be protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. You can sometimes tell if content is copyrighted if it has the copyright symbol, the name of the copyright holder, or the statement "All rights reserved." However, a copyright notice is not required by law and therefore not all copyrighted content is necessarily marked in this way. Transmission or reproduction of copyrighted items (beyond that allowed by fair use as defined in the U.S. copyright laws) requires the written permission of the copyright holders. NLM Resources with Further Guidance: Some NLM resources also have additional copyright and licensing policies and information, including: Copyright Information & Downloading National Library of Medicine Data Historical Collections Copyright Information and Patron Guide to Copyright and Historical Materials MedlinePlus Copyright Information National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Website and Data Usage Policies and Disclaimers MedPix® Licensing Information PubMed Central (PMC) Copyright Notice User Responsibility: It is your responsibility to determine and satisfy copyright or other use restrictions when using materials that are not in the public domain. NLM cannot guarantee the copyright status for any item. Disclaimers Liability: For documents and software available from NLM, the U.S. Government does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed. Endorsement: NLM does not endorse or recommend any commercial products, processes, or services. The views and opinions of authors expressed on NLM Web sites do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government, and they may not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. Pop-Up Advertisements: When visiting our Web site, your Web browser may produce pop-up advertisements. These advertisements were most likely produced by other Web sites you visited or by third-party software installed on your computer. The National Library of Medicine does not endorse or recommend products or services for which you may view a pop-up advertisement on your computer screen while visiting our site. Links to External Web Sites: Some NLM Web pages may provide links to other Internet sites only for the convenience of web users. NLM is not responsible for the availability or content of these external sites, nor does NLM endorse, warrant or guarantee the products, services or information described or offered at these other Internet sites. It is the responsibility of the user to examine the copyright and licensing restrictions of external Web sites and to secure all necessary permission. Users cannot assume that the external sites will abide by the same privacy provisions as those outlined in the NLM Privacy Policy . Medical Information: It is not the intention of NLM to provide specific medical advice, but rather to provide users with information to better understand health and disease. Specific medical advice will not be provided, and NLM urges you to consult with a qualified health professional for diagnosis and for answers to your personal medical questions. Contact the NLM If you have concerns relating to copyright, such as improper attribution or NLM using your work without permission, please contact the NLM Support Center . If you have concerns relating to History of Medicine content, please see the Historical Collections Copyright Information page. Logo Policy The NLM logo policy is derived directly from the official logo policies of NIH and HHS, which specify that HHS, NIH, and IC logos may be used only on official communications products that have been created by or for the principal benefit or use of the federal government. The NLM logo and other offering logos may not be used by the private sector, including grantees, vendors, and contractors, regardless of whether the organization is commercial or non-profit. Along with this, the NLM logo must not appear alongside private sector logos, as this could imply favoritism or endorsement of that particular organization. This holds true even if NLM collaborates with and/or funds in the private sector organization. Grantees and grantee organizations may not use the NLM logo on any of their communications products (presentations, posters, brochures, websites, etc.) Rather, they should acknowledge NLM funding support through text. Please use the following language to cite source materials: Source: National Library of Medicine; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Last Reviewed: December 2, 2024 Connect with NLM National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure NLM Support Center Accessibility Careers NLM | NIH | HHS | USA.gov
|
https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html#main
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Legal career Toggle Legal career subsection 2.1 Judicial career 2.2 Significant cases 2.1 Judicial career 2.2 Significant cases 3 Other activities Toggle Other activities subsection 3.1 Speeches 3.1 Speeches 4 Post-retirement appointments Toggle Post-retirement appointments subsection 4.1 Inquiry into joint ministerial positions 4.2 Royal Commission into anti-Semitism 4.1 Inquiry into joint ministerial positions 4.2 Royal Commission into anti-Semitism 5 Recognition and honours 6 Commentary 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External links Virginia Bell (judge) العربية مصرى Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The Honourable Virginia Bell AC Justice of the High Court of Australia In office 3 February 2009 – 28 February 2021 Nominated by Kevin Rudd Appointed by Quentin Bryce Preceded by Michael Kirby Succeeded by Jacqueline Gleeson Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales In office 25 March 1999 ( 1999-03-25 ) – 19 December 2008 ( 2008-12-19 ) Judge of the New South Wales Court of Appeal In office 2008 ( 2008 ) – 19 December 2008 ( 2008-12-19 ) Personal details Born ( 1951-03-07 ) 7 March 1951 (age 74) Sydney , New South Wales, Australia Education SCEGGS Darlinghurst Alma mater University of Sydney Occupation Jurist Virginia Margaret Bell (born 7 March 1951) is a retired Australian judge. She is a former Justice of the High Court of Australia , the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy . She was sworn in on 3 February 2009, and retired on 28 February 2021. Previously a public defender , she assisted in the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service from 1995 until 1999. She was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1999, before being appointed to the High Court. After her retirement, in 2022, she led an inquiry into former prime minister Scott Morrison's self-appointment to several ministerial positions . In 2026, Prime Minister Albanese selected her to lead a Royal Commission into antisemitism in Australia and social cohesion, following the 2025 Bondi Beach shooting . Early life and education Virginia Margaret Bell was born on 7 March 1951 [ 1 ] in Sydney , New South Wales , [ 2 ] the daughter of a naval captain , John Bell. [ 3 ] As a child, she lived for some years at the Garden Island naval base in Sydney, [ 4 ] where her father was general manager. [ 5 ] John Bell was estate manager for the University of Wollongong , and oversaw the design and layout of the campus. He was made a Fellow of the University in 1986. [ 3 ] She has one brother. [ 5 ] Bell was educated at SCEGGS Darlinghurst , where she excelled academically and took an interest in drama. [ 5 ] She then attended both Dame Doris Fitton 's School of Dramatic Art at the Independent Theatre [ 5 ] and the University of Sydney . In 1976, she graduated from the drama school as well as from university, with a degree in law. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] As a young woman, Bell was a prominent advocate of prison reform , and a member of the group Women Behind Bars. [ 7 ] Legal career Bell was admitted as a solicitor of New South Wales in 1977 and worked as a solicitor at the Redfern Legal Centre in Sydney from 1978 to 1984, [ 1 ] initially as a volunteer. [ 5 ] In that capacity she represented armed robber Darcy Dugan in 1981, [ 8 ] and was involved in several landmark civil liberties cases. She was also instrumental in the establishment of the Prisoners' Legal Service. [ 5 ] On 20 December 1984, [ 2 ] Bell was called to the NSW bar joining Frederick Jordan Chambers . She was appointed a public defender in 1986, returning to private practice in late 1989. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 5 ] During her time as public defender, she worked part-time as a commissioner on the Law Reform Commission of New South Wales . [ 7 ] Between 1982 and 1984, Bell was a member of the Board of Governors of the Law Foundation. [ 1 ] She was one of the counsel assisting the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service between 1994 and 1997. [ 4 ] [ 1 ] [ 5 ] On 6 November 1997, she was appointed Senior Counsel . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 5 ] From 1997 to 1999, she served as a part-time Commissioner of the Law Reform Commission of New South Wales . [ 5 ] [ 1 ] Judicial career On 25 March 1999, Bell was sworn in as a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales . [ 2 ] During her time on the Supreme Court, she presided over a defamation case brought by Rene Rivkin , holding that allegations of homosexuality were no longer defamatory at common law. [ 9 ] [ 2 ] From 2007 to 2008, she was president of the Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration , [ 10 ] [ 1 ] a research and educational institute founded in 1976. Funded by both Australian and New Zealand governments as well as subscription payments by members, the institute's aims include research into judicial administration and the provision of educational programmes about court administration and judicial systems, for people working within these systems. [ 11 ] She also served as chair of the University of Wollongong Law Faculty Advisory Committee from 2007 to 2008. [ 1 ] Bell was elevated to the New South Wales Court of Appeal in early 2008, resigning on 19 December 2008 in order to be appointed to the High Court of Australia . [ 1 ] In December 2008, Attorney-General Robert McClelland announced that Bell would succeed Michael Kirby on the High Court. [ 12 ] She was sworn in on 3 February 2009. [ 13 ] [ 5 ] She was the 48th person and the fourth woman appointed to the High Court since the federation of Australia in 1901. [ 14 ] [ 5 ] Bell retired on 28 February 2021. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Significant cases Bell was one of six High Court Justices who presided over the case Monis v The Queen in 2013, which was headed by Chief Justice Robert French . The case dealt with implied freedom of political communication , [ 17 ] examining the constitutionality of a law that prevents people from targeting others through the mail using "offensive and harassing speech". In their judgments, Bell and the two other justices upheld this law, while three justices (including French) dissented. [ 18 ] Other activities Bell has long been involved in the LGBT and human rights issues, participating in the first Mardi Gras LGBT rights rally in Sydney in 1978, which was broken up by police. [ 19 ] In 1979 she participated in the inaugural "Gays and the Law" forum as part of the National Summer Offensive for Gay Rights, where she advocated for the equal right of lesbian prisoners to conjugal visits . [ 20 ] Bell is a lover of theatre, and known for her sense of humour. Under the stage name "Ginger de Winter", she was barrel-spinner on television game shows, and was president of the "Australian Barrel Girls Association". [ 7 ] She was patron of the Rose Scott Women Writers' Festival for some years. [ 15 ] Bell was appointed host of the ABC Radio National program Late Night Live in 1990, succeeding fellow lawyer Richard Ackland . [ 21 ] [ 4 ] She was replaced as host by Phillip Adams in 1991. [ 22 ] Speeches Bell has been called upon to give a number of addresses and lectures during her time at the High Court, the transcripts of which are available online. [ 23 ] These include: 2013: " Section 80 - The Great Constitutional Tautology", for The Lucinda Lecture, Monash University [ 23 ] 2014: Tristan Jepson Memorial Foundation Lecture, honouring Tristan Jepson , a law graduate and comedic actor and writer who suicided aged 26 in 2004 [ 23 ] [ 24 ] 2015: " Magna Carta – Resonances in the Common Law of Australia", Spring Conversazione , Melbourne [ 23 ] 2016: "Equality, Proportionality and Dignity: The Guiding Principles for a Just Legal System", the Sir Ninian Stephen Lecture , University of Newcastle Conservatorium Concert Hall, Newcastle, New South Wales [ 23 ] 2017: "Examining The Judge", speech at the launch of volume 40 of the University of New South Wales Law Journal [ 23 ] 2018: Criminal Law Stream, Australian Bar Association & New South Wales Bar Association National Conference 2019: The Sir James Martin Oration, honouring SirJames Martin , who was premier of the Colony of New South Wales three times before becoming the fourth Chief Justice [ 23 ] Post-retirement appointments Inquiry into joint ministerial positions On 26 August 2022, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and Attorney-General Mark Dreyfus announced that the government had appointed Bell "to lead an inquiry into the appointment of former Prime Minister, the Hon Scott Morrison MP, to administer departments other than the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet and related matters". [ 25 ] [ 26 ] after Morrison had secretly appointed himself to five ministries without even his colleagues' knowledge. [ 4 ] [ 27 ] The report was published on 25 November. [ 28 ] Royal Commission into anti-Semitism On 8 January 2026, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese announced a Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion , [ 29 ] following the 2025 Bondi Beach shooting , to be led by Bell. [ 30 ] [ 26 ] Its terms of reference and overall direction have been supported by the Executive Council of Australian Jewry , the Zionist Federation of Australia , and the Business Council of Australia . [ 31 ] Albanese said that the appointment had been decided after consultation and discussion, after looking at over a dozen suggested names. However, there was nobody else of Bell's standing, as a former High Court justice and who has a background in criminal law and is "widely respected across the board". [ 32 ] While various mainstream media have reported that some Jewish Australians wanted a commissioner whom they saw may be more sympathetic to anti-Semitism concerns, and Liberal politician Josh Frydenberg expressed his disagreement with the choice, the Law Council of Australia , which had advocated for the establishment of the Royal Commission, expressed appreciation for her appointment. LCA president Tania Wolff said that she is "an eminent Australian jurist", and that "the conduct of royal commissions are governed by clear and well-established legal principles... In Australia, judges decide matters impartially and independently, by applying the law to the evidence before them. They do not act on personal views, political considerations, or public pressure". Attorney-General Michelle Rowland said "Her experience speaks for itself". [ 31 ] Recognition and honours On 26 January 2012, Bell was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia for "eminent service to the judiciary and to the law through leadership in criminal law reform and public policy development, to judicial administration, and as an advocate for the economically and socially disadvantaged". [ 33 ] [ 2 ] On 19 December 2013, Bell received a Doctor of Laws honoris causa from the University of Wollongong. [ 3 ] She was also a recipient of an honorary degree from the University of Sydney. [ 2 ] Commentary On her appointment to the High Court, Australian Law Reform Commission president David Weisbrot opined that Bell would be a "progressive" jurist in the tradition of Michael Kirby . [ 34 ] Kate Hannon wrote in The Sydney Morning Herald that her appointment was "welcomed as redressing a lack of criminal law expertise on the bench of Australia's superior court, and as going some way towards correcting the gender imbalance". [ 12 ] Commentator Natasha Stojanovich noted the "disproportionate media focus on Justice Bell's gender and commitment to social justice sadly distract from the strong merit of her appointment". [ 9 ] Jeremy Gans, a Melbourne Law School professor, wrote in 2018 that Bell's partnership with Susan Kiefel and Patrick Keane was "the most powerful bloc of judges in the court's history". Gans found that the three justices had been in agreement in 88 percent of the 116 cases where they had sat together. [ 35 ] Personal life As of 2009 Bell was living in inner Sydney with her partner, a barrister . [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Bell has retained a strong interest in the arts and theatre throughout her life. [ 5 ] References ^ a b c d e f g h i j .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McClelland, Robert (15 December 2008). "New Justice of the High Court" (Press release). Attorney General for Australia. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . ^ a b c d e f g h "Virginia Margaret Bell" . Australian Women's Register . Retrieved 3 March 2021 . ^ a b c Gullett, Warwick (19 December 2013). "The Hon Justice Virginia Bell AC" . University of Wollongong . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . Citation delivered by Professor Warwick Gullett, Dean of the School of Law at the University of Wollongong on the occasion of the admission of Virginia Bell AC as a Doctor of Laws (Honoris Causa) on 19 December 2013. ^ a b c d Busch, Brittany (8 January 2026). "Virginia Bell: Meet the woman flagged by Albanese government to lead antisemitism royal commission" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Appointments: The Hon Justice Virginia Bell" (PDF) . Bar News : 84– 85. Winter 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2025 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 – via Austlii . ^ Hole, Margaret (25 March 1999). "Swearing in Ceremony of The Honourable Virginia Margaret Bell, SC as a Judge of the Supreme Court of NSW" . Supreme Court of New South Wales . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . ^ a b c Narushima, Yuko (16 December 2008). "On a roll: from barrel girl to High Court judge" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 31 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Dugan on charge of attempted armed robbery" . The Canberra Times . 14 July 1981. ^ a b Stojanovich, Natasha (10 February 2009). "Virginia Bell: bringing more to the bench than gender" . Retrieved 27 June 2020 . ^ "Virginia Bell AC" . High Court of Australia . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "About" . Australasian Institute of Judicial Administration . 19 November 2025 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b Hannon, Kate (15 December 2008). "Virginia Bell to be High Court judge" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 June 2020 . ^ "Justice Bell to be sworn in as High Court judgeJustice Bell to be sworn in as High Court judge" . ABC News . 3 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2020 . ^ "High Court gets fourth woman" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Australian Associated Press. 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 December 2008 . ^ a b "The books that shaped me" . The Women's Club . 2021. Archived from the original on 9 September 2025 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "The Mason Conversation" . UNSW Sites . 19 December 2025. Archived from the original on 25 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ "Monis v The Queen [2013] HCA 4 (27 February 2013)" . Australasian Legal Information Institute . 27 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ Levy, Ron (9 January 2026). "Virginia Bell's record on the High Court shows why she might be the right person to lead the royal commission into antisemitism" . ABC Religion & Ethics . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "New justice a '78er" . Sydney Star Observer . 17 December 2008. ^ "Gay summer offensive" . Tribune . Sydney. 19 December 1979. ^ "A late-night spot of mental stimulation" . The Canberra Times . Vol. 64, no. 20, 029. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 12 February 1990. p. 39 . Retrieved 2 March 2021 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "ABC Radio secure Phillip Adams coup on second swoop" . The Canberra Times . 21 January 1991. ^ a b c d e f g "Speeches/Articles" . High Court of Australia . 9 September 2019 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ "Down by law, with the black dog" . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ Dreyfus, Mark (26 August 2022). "Establishment of Inquiry into the appointment of The Hon Scott Morrison MP to multiple departments" . Attorney-General . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ a b Viñales, Pablo (8 January 2026). "Who is Virginia Bell, the woman who will head the royal commission into antisemitism?" . ABC News . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ Grattan, Michelle (4 October 2023). "Former High Court judge Virginia Bell to investigate Morrison's secret ministries" . theconversation.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Bell, Virginia (25 November 2022). "Report of the Inquiry into the Appointment of the Former Prime Minister to Administer Multiple Departments" . Archived from the original on 20 October 2023 . Retrieved 25 November 2022 . ^ "Minute paper for the Executive Council" (PDF) . gg.gov.au . 10 January 2026. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ Gould, Courtney; Armstrong, Clare (8 January 2026). "Former High Court justice Virginia Bell to lead Bondi royal commission" . ABC News . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ a b Doraisamy, Jerome (9 January 2026). "Virginia Bell's experience 'speaks for itself': A-G, PM defend royal commission appointment" . Lawyers Weekly . Archived from the original on 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 10 January 2026 . ^ Wood, Richard (8 January 2026). "Prime Minister rejects criticism of former judge leading Bondi attack royal commission" . 9News . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Bell honoured for life of social justice" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Australian Associated Press. 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . ^ "Virginia Bell rings in new era for High Court" . The Australian . 16 December 2008. ^ Pelly, Michael (31 July 2018). "High Court troika 'the most powerful bloc of judges in history' " . The Australian Financial Review . Retrieved 27 June 2020 . ^ "NSW Supreme Court farewells High Court appointee Virginia Bell" . The Australian . 20 December 2008. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 January 2009 . ^ Marsden, John (c. 2004). "From Belanglo to Bangkok". I am what I am: my life and curious times . Camberwell, Victoria, Australia: Penguin. p. 71. ISBN 0-670-04052-5 . External links High Court of Australia profile Authority control databases : People Trove Australian Women's Register Trove Australian Women's Register 1951 births Australian Senior Counsel Companions of the Order of Australia Justices of the High Court of Australia 21st-century Australian women judges 21st-century Australian judges Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales Living people Sydney Law School alumni LGBTQ judges Australian LGBTQ lawyers Australian lesbians Public defenders People educated at Sydney Church of England Girls Grammar School Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2020 Use Australian English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English This page was last edited on 12 January 2026, at 01:06 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Bell_(judge)
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." [ 363 ] Citations ^ a b Shirer 1960 , pp. 226–227. ^ a b Overy 2005 , p. 63. ^ a b Kershaw 2000b , p. xvii. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 24. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 4. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 5, 14. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 15. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 5. ^ Jetzinger 1976 , p. 32. ^ Rosenbaum 1999 , p. 21. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 50. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 246–247. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 8–9. ^ a b Oltermann 2025 . ^ House of Responsibility . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 23. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 4. ^ Toland 1976 , p. 6. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 33. ^ Keller 2010 , p. 15. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 37. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 35. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 92. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 6. ^ Fromm 1977 , pp. 493–498. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Diver 2005 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 10–11. ^ Payne 1990 , p. 22. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 9. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 8. ^ Keller 2010 , pp. 33–34. ^ Fest 1977 , p. 32. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 8. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 10. ^ Evans 2003 , pp. 163–164. ^ Bendersky 2000 , p. 26. ^ Ryschka 2008 , p. 35. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 10. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 19. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 20. ^ a b Hitler 1999 , p. 20. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 30–31. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 31. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 30–33. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 157. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 41, 42. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 26. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 243–246. ^ Nicholls 2000 , pp. 236, 237, 274. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 250. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 341–345. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 233. ^ Britannica: Nazism . ^ Pinkus 2005 , p. 27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 60–67. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 25. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 58. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 52. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 45. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 55, 63. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 174. ^ Evans 2011 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 27. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 86. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 49. ^ a b c Kershaw 1999 , p. 90. ^ Weber 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 53. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 54. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 100. ^ a b c d Shirer 1960 , p. 30. ^ Pearson & Allen 1941 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 57. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 58. ^ Steiner 1976 , p. 392. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 59. ^ Weber 2010a . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 59, 60. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 97, 102. ^ Keegan 1987 , pp. 238–240. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61, 62. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61–63. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 96. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 80, 90, 92. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 61. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 82. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 170. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 75, 76. ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 67. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 125–126. ^ Fest 1970 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 94, 95, 100. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 87. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 88. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 93. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 81. ^ Reck-Malleczewen 2013 , p. 17. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 89. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 89–92. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 100, 101. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 102. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 103. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 83, 103. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. xv. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 376. ^ Frauenfeld 1937 . ^ Goebbels 1936 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 105–106. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 377. ^ Kressel 2002 , p. 121. ^ Heck 2001 , p. 23. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 275. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 203. ^ Bracher 1970 , pp. 115–116. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 126. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 128. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 73–74. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 132. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 131. ^ Munich Court, 1924 . ^ Evans 2003 , p. 196. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 239. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 121. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 147. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 148–150. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 80–81. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 237. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 238. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 158, 161, 162. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 162, 166. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 166, 167. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 136–137. ^ Kolb 2005 , pp. 224–225. ^ Kolb 1988 , p. 105. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 403 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–446 et. seq . ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 218. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 216. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , pp. 218–219. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 222. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 449 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–436, 471. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 130. ^ Hinrichs 2007 . ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 476. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 468–471. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 201. ^ Hoffman 1989 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 227. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 477–479. ^ Letter to Hindenburg, 1932 . ^ Fox News, 2003 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 184. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 307. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 262. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 192. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 262. ^ Hett 2014 , pp. 255–259. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 194, 274. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 194. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 265. ^ City of Potsdam . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 196–197. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 198. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 335. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 196. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 199. ^ Time , 1934 . ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 201. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 202. ^ a b Evans 2003 , pp. 350–374. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 309–314. ^ Tames 2008 , pp. 4–5. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 313–315. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 229. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 309. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 110. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 392, 393. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 312. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 393–397. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 308. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 318. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 318–319. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 397–398. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 274. ^ Read 2004 , p. 344. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 109–111. ^ McNab 2009 , p. 54. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 259–260. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 258. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 262. ^ McNab 2009 , pp. 54–57. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 118–119. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 570–572. ^ Weinberg 1970 , pp. 26–27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 490–491. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. ^ Carr 1972 , p. 23. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 297. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 283. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 601–602. ^ Martin 2008 . ^ Hildebrand 1973 , p. 39. ^ Roberts 1975 . ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 630–631. ^ a b Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999 . ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 56–57. ^ Goeschel 2018 , pp. 69–70. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 642. ^ Aigner 1985 , p. 264. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 636–637. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 73–78. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 638. ^ a b Bloch 1992 , pp. 178–179. ^ Plating 2011 , p. 21. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , p. 159. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 434. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 425. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 334–335. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 338–340. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 366. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 418–419. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 149–150. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 419. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 256–260. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 469. ^ Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999 , p. 207. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 202–203. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 462–463. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 672. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 671, 682–683. ^ Rothwell 2001 , pp. 90–91. ^ Time , January 1939 . ^ a b Murray 1984 , p. 268. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 682. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 268–269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 448. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 562. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 579–581. ^ a b Maiolo 1998 , p. 178. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 688–690. ^ a b Weinberg 1980 , pp. 537–539, 557–560. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 558. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 76–77. ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 36–37, 92. ^ Weinberg 2010 , p. 792. ^ Robertson 1985 , p. 212. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 228. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1989 , p. 56. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 497. ^ Robertson 1963 , pp. 181–187. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 693. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 252–253. ^ Weinberg 1995 , pp. 85–94. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 255–257. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 561–562, 583–584. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 260. ^ Hakim 1995 . ^ a b c Rees 1997 , pp. 141–145. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 527. ^ Welch 2001 , pp. 88–89. ^ Rees 1997 , pp. 148–149. ^ Winkler 2007 , p. 74. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 696–730. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 562. ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7–9. ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 731–737. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 774–782. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 563, 569, 570. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 580. ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 58–60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 604–605. ^ Kurowski 2005 , pp. 141–142. ^ Apter 2008 . ^ Porat 2015 . ^ Mineau 2004 , p. 1. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Koch 1988 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 162–163. ^ a b Stolfi 1982 . ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 202. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 210. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 900–901. ^ a b Bauer 2000 , p. 5. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 921. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 417. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 419–420. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1006. ^ a b BBC News, 1999 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 996–1000. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1036. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 513–514. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 816–818. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1048–1072. ^ Plesch 2017 , p. 158. ^ Weinberg 1964 . ^ a b Crandell 1987 . ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 778. ^ Rees & Kershaw 2012 . ^ Speer 1971 , p. 557. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , pp. 774–775. ^ Sereny 1996 , pp. 497–498. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 753, 763, 780–781. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256. ^ Le Tissier 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Dollinger 1995 , p. 231. ^ a b Jones 1989 . ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 92. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 787. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 787, 795. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , pp. 227–228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 791. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 792, 795. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 798. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799–800. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 217–220, 224–225. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1136. ^ Vinogradov 2005 , pp. 111, 333. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 163–164. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 1110. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Marrus 2000 , p. 37. ^ Gellately 1996 . ^ a b c Snyder 2010 , p. 416. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 683. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 965. ^ Naimark 2002 , p. 81. ^ Longerich 2005 , p. 116. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 146. ^ a b Longerich, Chapter 15 2003 . ^ Longerich, Chapter 17 2003 . ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 459–462. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 670–675. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 687. ^ Evans 2008 , map, p. 366. ^ a b c Rummel 1994 , p. 112. ^ a b Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 318. ^ Hancock 2004 , pp. 383–396. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 946. ^ a b Evans 2008 , p. 15. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 162–163, 416. ^ Dorland 2009 , p. 6. ^ Rummel 1994 , table, p. 112 . ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 184. ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45. ^ Goldhagen 1996 , p. 290. ^ Downing 2005 , p. 33. ^ Gellately 2001 , p. 216. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 567–568. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 252. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 170, 172, 181. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 281. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 377. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 333. ^ a b Overy 2005a , pp. 421–425. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 169–170. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 396–397. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 171–395. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 563. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 378. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 947–948. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 393–394. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 5. ^ Rißmann 2001 , pp. 94–96. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Speer 1971 , pp. 141–142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 143. ^ a b Conway 1968 , p. 3. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 385, 389. ^ Rißmann 2001 , p. 96. ^ Weir & Greenberg 2022 , p. 694. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 141. ^ Steigmann-Gall 2003 , pp. 27, 108. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 59. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 342. ^ Sharkey 2002 . ^ Bonney 2001 , pp. 2–3. ^ Phayer 2000 . ^ Bonney 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 219, 389. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 141, 171, 174. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 729. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 508. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 717. ^ Redlich 1993 . ^ Redlich 2000 , pp. 129–190. ^ The Guardian , 2015 . ^ Langer 1972 , p. 126. ^ Waite 1993 , p. 356. ^ Gunkel 2010 . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 388. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 256. ^ Wilson 1998 . ^ McGovern 1968 , pp. 32–33. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 38. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. 176, 22 January 1942. ^ Proctor 1999 , p. 219. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 741. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 125–142. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 11–20. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 782. ^ Ghaemi 2011 , pp. 190–191. ^ Porter 2013 . ^ Doyle 2005 , p. 8. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 156. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , p. 37. ^ Zialcita 2019 . ^ Fest 1974 , p. 753. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 617. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 348–350. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 892. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 841. ^ Fischer 1995 , p. 569. ^ Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003 , p. 83. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 554. ^ Welch 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bazyler 2006 , p. 1. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 6. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. xxxv. ^ Roberts 1996 , p. 501. ^ Lichtheim 1974 , p. 366. ^ Haffner 1979 , pp. 100–101. ^ Haffner 1979 , p. 100. ^ The Daily Telegraph , 2003 . Bibliography Printed .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?" . In Koch, H. W. (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 75– 82. doi : 10.1177/1478271520053501020 . PMID 15825245 . Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5 . Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop . New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3 . Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (PDF) . Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship . Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books. LCCN 63005065 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles . ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7 . Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3 . Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4 . Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 (3): 487– 501. JSTOR 27550441 . Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1 . Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2 . Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II . New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7 . Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France . Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-784-2 . Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps . World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8 . Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4 . Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History . London: Constable and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8 . Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0 . Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler ; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History . 29 (2): 270– 274. doi : 10.1017/S0008938900013170 . ISSN 0008-9389 . Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . Ghaemi, Nassir (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness . New York: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51759-8 . Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17883-8 . Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 . Haffner, Sebastian (1979). The Meaning of Hitler . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-55775-8 . Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz . A History of US . Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2 . Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5 . Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man . Trans. Thomas Thornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8 . Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of the Holocaust . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1 . Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore A Swastika . Phoenix, AZ: Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6 . Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs . New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7 . Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich . London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3 . Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf . Trans. Ralph Manheim . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2 . Hitler, Adolf (2000) [1941–1944]. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944 . London: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-05-6 . Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth . Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3 . Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1 . Keller, Gustav (2010). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [ The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage ] (in German). Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4 . Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2025. Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris . New York: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7 . Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 . Koch, H. W. (June 1988). "Operation Barbarossa – The Current State of the Debate". The Historical Journal . 31 (2): 377– 390. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 . S2CID 159848116 . Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8 . Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3 . Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide And Terror . Boulder: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1 . Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew . St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9 . Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5 . Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century . London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet . Intro. Roger Moorhouse . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Longerich, Peter (2005). The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution . History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3328-8 . Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War . London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3 . Manvell, Roger ; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo . London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9 . Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4 . Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History . Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1 . McGovern, James (1968). Martin Bormann . New York: William Morrow. OCLC 441132 . McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich . London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8 . Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6 . Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm (ed.). Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7 . Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1633-0 . Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1 . Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001) [2000]. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3 . Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Overy, Richard ; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" . In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II . London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler" . In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8 . Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . Overy, Richard (2005). "Hitler As War Leader". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3 . Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7 . Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (16 October 1941). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round: Ribbentrop Kept From Hitler Warning That U.S. Would Fight". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 15. Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler . McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4 . Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II . Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1 . Plesch, Daniel (2017). Human Rights After Hitler: The Lost History of Prosecuting Axis War Crimes . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62616-431-4 . Proctor, Robert (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-07051-3 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6416-5 . Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich (2013) [1947]. Diary of a Man in Despair . Translated by Rubens, Paul. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-586-6 . Redlich, Fritz R. (2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9 . Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning from History . New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6 . Rißmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators (in German). Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 . Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe . Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3 . Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6 . Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 . London: Longmans. OCLC 300011871 . Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers" . In H. W., Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3 . Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home . Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1 . Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5 . Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4 . Ryschka, Birgit (2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube . Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7 . Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth . New York; Toronto: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 . Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 . OCLC 83655937 . Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction . The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2 . Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)" (PDF) . The Journal of Modern History . 54 (1): 27– 46. doi : 10.1086/244076 . hdl : 10945/44218 . S2CID 143690841 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2020. Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship . Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6 . Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag . Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4 . Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler . New York; Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25899-1 . Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 . Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5 . Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1964). "Hitler's Image of the United States". The American Historical Review . 69 (4): 1006– 1021. doi : 10.2307/1842933 . JSTOR 1842933 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8 . Weinberg, Gerhard (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II . New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9 . Weir, Todd H.; Greenberg, Udi (2022). "Religious Cultures and Confessional Politics". In Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884577-5 . Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7 . Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3 . Wilt, Alan (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 . Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich . Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Vol. Battle Book No. 6. London: Ballantine Books . OCLC 23899 . Online Apter, Simon Maxwell (20 July 2008). " 'Hitler's Mufti,' Haj Amin al-Husseini" . SFGATE . Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "1933 – Day of Potsdam" . Landeshauptstadt Potsdam . December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Bazyler, Michael J. (25 December 2006). "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" (PDF) . Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . "Nazism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [ The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich ] (in German). 1924. Diver, Krysia (4 August 2005). "Journal reveals Hitler's dysfunctional family" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" . Fox News. Associated Press. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932" [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932]. Glasnost–Archiv (in German) . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber" . The Globe and Mail . Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" . German Propaganda Archive . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Germany: Second Revolution?" . Time . 2 July 1934. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Glantz, David (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay . Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Goebbels, Joseph (1936). The Führer as a Speaker . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health" . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung" [The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Hitler's Last Days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 Security Service . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Introduction to the Holocaust" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Jones, Bill (creator, director) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). England: BBC . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Kotanko, Florian. "House of Responsibility" . House of Responsibility – Braunau am Inn . HRB News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Leni Riefenstahl" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . "Man of the Year" . Time . 2 January 1939. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2019 . Martin, Jonathan (creator, writer) (2008). World War II in HD Colour (television documentary). US: World Media Rights. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . McMillan, Dan (October 2012). "Review of Fritz, Stephen G., Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East " . H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" . BBC News. 29 July 1999 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF) . The Churches and Nazi Persecution . Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Porat, Dina (21 October 2015). "Setting the Record Straight" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 11 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" . ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Porter, Tom (24 August 2013). "Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New Documents" . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis". Arch Intern Med . 153 (6): 693– 697. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410060005001 . PMID 8447705 . Rees, Laurence (writer, director) Kershaw, Ian (writer, consultant) (2012). The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). UK: BBC . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Staff (19 December 2015). "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . Weber, Thomas (2010a). "New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War Story" . BBC History Magazine . UK: Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" . New Statesman . UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Zialcita, Paolo (2019). "Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police Station" . NPR . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Spoken articles Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Articles with excerpts Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#Childhood_and_education
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Usage Template : Justice League characters മലയാളം 中文 Template Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Justice League characters v t e Founding members Pre-New 52/ Rebirth Aquaman Batman Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Martian Manhunter Superman Wonder Woman Post-New 52/ Rebirth Aquaman Batman Cyborg Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Superman Wonder Woman Pre-New 52/ Rebirth Aquaman Batman Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Martian Manhunter Superman Wonder Woman Aquaman Batman Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Martian Manhunter Superman Wonder Woman Post-New 52/ Rebirth Aquaman Batman Cyborg Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Superman Wonder Woman Aquaman Batman Cyborg Flash / Barry Allen Green Lantern / Hal Jordan Superman Wonder Woman Recurring members Abin Sur Adam Strange Agent Liberty Amazing-Man / Will Everett III Ambush Bug Animal Man Aqualad Atom Ray Palmer Ryan Choi Atom Smasher Aztek Batgirl/Oracle Batwing Batwoman Beast Boy Big Barda Black Adam Black Canary Black Condor Black Lightning Black Orchid Bloodwynd Booster Gold Blue Beetle Ted Kord Jaime Reyes Blue Devil Blue Jay Bumblebee Bulleteer Captain Atom Captain Comet Captain Marvel / Shazam Catwoman Commander Steel / Hank Heywood III Congorilla Crimson Fox Damage Deadman Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Doctor Light Donna Troy Element Girl Elongated Man Etrigan the Demon Fire Firestorm The Flash Jay Garrick Wally West Gangbuster General Glory Geo-Force Godiva Green Arrow Green Lantern Alan Scott Guy Gardner Jade John Stewart Kyle Rayner Simon Baz Jessica Cruz Sojourner Mullein Guardian Gypsy Harley Quinn Hawkman Carter Hall Katar Hol Hawkgirl and Hawkwoman Shiera Sanders Hall Shayera Hol Kendra Saunders Hourman Rick Tyler Matthew Tyler (android) Huntress Ice Impulse Jesse Quick John Constantine Kasumi Katana Lightray Lobo Madame Xanadu Manitou Dawn Manitou Raven Max Mercury Maxima Maya Mera Metamorpho Mister Miracle Mr Terrific Moon Maiden Mystek Naomi McDuffie Nightshade Obsidian Orion Pandora Pantha Phantom Stranger Plastic Man Power Girl Question Raven Ray Red Arrow Red Star Red Tornado Robin/Nightwing Rocket Red Shade, the Changing Man Silver Sorceress Snapper Carr Star Sapphire Starfire Stargirl Starman Mikaal Tomas Prince Gavyn Will Payton Jack Knight Steel Super-Chief Superboy Supergirl Swamp Thing Tasmanian Devil Tomorrow Woman Triumph Vibe Vixen Wonder Girl Zatanna Zauriel Abin Sur Adam Strange Agent Liberty Amazing-Man / Will Everett III Ambush Bug Animal Man Aqualad Atom Ray Palmer Ryan Choi Ray Palmer Ryan Choi Atom Smasher Aztek Batgirl/Oracle Batwing Batwoman Beast Boy Big Barda Black Adam Black Canary Black Condor Black Lightning Black Orchid Bloodwynd Booster Gold Blue Beetle Ted Kord Jaime Reyes Ted Kord Jaime Reyes Blue Devil Blue Jay Bumblebee Bulleteer Captain Atom Captain Comet Captain Marvel / Shazam Catwoman Commander Steel / Hank Heywood III Congorilla Crimson Fox Damage Deadman Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Doctor Light Donna Troy Element Girl Elongated Man Etrigan the Demon Fire Firestorm The Flash Jay Garrick Wally West Jay Garrick Wally West Gangbuster General Glory Geo-Force Godiva Green Arrow Green Lantern Alan Scott Guy Gardner Jade John Stewart Kyle Rayner Simon Baz Jessica Cruz Sojourner Mullein Alan Scott Guy Gardner Jade John Stewart Kyle Rayner Simon Baz Jessica Cruz Sojourner Mullein Guardian Gypsy Harley Quinn Hawkman Carter Hall Katar Hol Carter Hall Katar Hol Hawkgirl and Hawkwoman Shiera Sanders Hall Shayera Hol Kendra Saunders Shiera Sanders Hall Shayera Hol Kendra Saunders Hourman Rick Tyler Matthew Tyler (android) Rick Tyler Matthew Tyler (android) Huntress Ice Impulse Jesse Quick John Constantine Kasumi Katana Lightray Lobo Madame Xanadu Manitou Dawn Manitou Raven Max Mercury Maxima Maya Mera Metamorpho Mister Miracle Mr Terrific Moon Maiden Mystek Naomi McDuffie Nightshade Obsidian Orion Pandora Pantha Phantom Stranger Plastic Man Power Girl Question Raven Ray Red Arrow Red Star Red Tornado Robin/Nightwing Rocket Red Shade, the Changing Man Silver Sorceress Snapper Carr Star Sapphire Starfire Stargirl Starman Mikaal Tomas Prince Gavyn Will Payton Jack Knight Mikaal Tomas Prince Gavyn Will Payton Jack Knight Steel Super-Chief Superboy Supergirl Swamp Thing Tasmanian Devil Tomorrow Woman Triumph Vibe Vixen Wonder Girl Zatanna Zauriel Other characters Supporting characters Alfred Pennyworth Arella A.R.G.U.S. Carol Ferris Highfather Hippolyta Iris West James Gordon Jimmy Olsen Lois Lane Lucius Fox Pariah Perry White Steve Trevor Sue Dibny Vicki Vale Allies Amazonians Atlanteans Avengers Birds of Prey Doom Patrol Gotham City Police Department Justice League Dark John Constantine Deadman Detective Chimp Etrigan the Demon Swamp Thing Zatanna Justice Society of America Lantern Corps Guardians of the Universe Zamarons Blue Lantern Corps Green Lantern Corps Indigo Tribe White Lantern Corps Legion of Super-Heroes Marvel/Shazam Family New Gods Outsiders S.T.A.R. Labs Teen Titans Robin Starfire Beast Boy Cyborg Raven Young Justice Neutral characters Amanda Waller Black Adam Captain Cold Manchester Black Frankenstein Jonah Hex Killer Frost Larfleeze Lobo Harley Quinn Poison Ivy Star Sapphire Suicide Squad Supporting characters Alfred Pennyworth Arella A.R.G.U.S. Carol Ferris Highfather Hippolyta Iris West James Gordon Jimmy Olsen Lois Lane Lucius Fox Pariah Perry White Steve Trevor Sue Dibny Vicki Vale Alfred Pennyworth Arella A.R.G.U.S. Carol Ferris Highfather Hippolyta Iris West James Gordon Jimmy Olsen Lois Lane Lucius Fox Pariah Perry White Steve Trevor Sue Dibny Vicki Vale Allies Amazonians Atlanteans Avengers Birds of Prey Doom Patrol Gotham City Police Department Justice League Dark John Constantine Deadman Detective Chimp Etrigan the Demon Swamp Thing Zatanna Justice Society of America Lantern Corps Guardians of the Universe Zamarons Blue Lantern Corps Green Lantern Corps Indigo Tribe White Lantern Corps Legion of Super-Heroes Marvel/Shazam Family New Gods Outsiders S.T.A.R. Labs Teen Titans Robin Starfire Beast Boy Cyborg Raven Young Justice Amazonians Atlanteans Avengers Birds of Prey Doom Patrol Gotham City Police Department Justice League Dark John Constantine Deadman Detective Chimp Etrigan the Demon Swamp Thing Zatanna John Constantine Deadman Detective Chimp Etrigan the Demon Swamp Thing Zatanna Justice Society of America Lantern Corps Guardians of the Universe Zamarons Blue Lantern Corps Green Lantern Corps Indigo Tribe White Lantern Corps Guardians of the Universe Zamarons Blue Lantern Corps Green Lantern Corps Indigo Tribe White Lantern Corps Legion of Super-Heroes Marvel/Shazam Family New Gods Outsiders S.T.A.R. Labs Teen Titans Robin Starfire Beast Boy Cyborg Raven Robin Starfire Beast Boy Cyborg Raven Young Justice Neutral characters Amanda Waller Black Adam Captain Cold Manchester Black Frankenstein Jonah Hex Killer Frost Larfleeze Lobo Harley Quinn Poison Ivy Star Sapphire Suicide Squad Amanda Waller Black Adam Captain Cold Manchester Black Frankenstein Jonah Hex Killer Frost Larfleeze Lobo Harley Quinn Poison Ivy Star Sapphire Suicide Squad Enemies Central rogues Amazo Anti-Monitor Black Adam Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust Gorilla Grodd Joker Kanjar Ro Lex Luthor Libra Mongul Nekron Neron Ocean Master Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Sinestro Starro Steppenwolf T. O. Morrow Ultra-Humanite Vandal Savage Other supervillains Amos Fortune Black Hand Blockbuster Brain Storm Circe Count Vertigo David Graves Deadshot Doctor Polaris Doctor Sivana Epoch Funky Flashman Gamemnae General Wade Eiling Gentleman Ghost Gog Hyathis Imperiex Key King Kull Ma'alefa'ak Magog Manchester Black Manga Khan Manhunter Matter Master Maxwell Lord Merlyn Morgaine le Fey Nebula Man OMAC Paragon Per Degaton Ra's al Ghul Rainbow Raider Rama Khan Red King Shaggy Man Siren Solaris Solomon Grundy Sonar Starbreaker Weapons Master Weather Wizard Wizard Organizations Aryan Brigade Axis Amerika Black Lantern Corps Brotherhood of Evil Cadre Court of Owls Crime Syndicate of America Darkseid's Elite Demolition Team Dominators Fearsome Five Female Furies H.I.V.E. Injustice League Injustice Society Intergang Kobra League of Assassins Legion of Doom Manhunters Parademons Phantom Zone Villains Rogues Royal Flush Gang Secret Six Secret Society of Super Villains Sinestro Corps White Martians Central rogues Amazo Anti-Monitor Black Adam Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust Gorilla Grodd Joker Kanjar Ro Lex Luthor Libra Mongul Nekron Neron Ocean Master Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Sinestro Starro Steppenwolf T. O. Morrow Ultra-Humanite Vandal Savage Amazo Anti-Monitor Black Adam Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Darkseid Deathstroke Despero Doctor Destiny Doctor Light Doomsday Eclipso Felix Faust Gorilla Grodd Joker Kanjar Ro Lex Luthor Libra Mongul Nekron Neron Ocean Master Professor Ivo Prometheus Queen Bee Queen of Fables Sinestro Starro Steppenwolf T. O. Morrow Ultra-Humanite Vandal Savage Other supervillains Amos Fortune Black Hand Blockbuster Brain Storm Circe Count Vertigo David Graves Deadshot Doctor Polaris Doctor Sivana Epoch Funky Flashman Gamemnae General Wade Eiling Gentleman Ghost Gog Hyathis Imperiex Key King Kull Ma'alefa'ak Magog Manchester Black Manga Khan Manhunter Matter Master Maxwell Lord Merlyn Morgaine le Fey Nebula Man OMAC Paragon Per Degaton Ra's al Ghul Rainbow Raider Rama Khan Red King Shaggy Man Siren Solaris Solomon Grundy Sonar Starbreaker Weapons Master Weather Wizard Wizard Amos Fortune Black Hand Blockbuster Brain Storm Circe Count Vertigo David Graves Deadshot Doctor Polaris Doctor Sivana Epoch Funky Flashman Gamemnae General Wade Eiling Gentleman Ghost Gog Hyathis Imperiex Key King Kull Ma'alefa'ak Magog Manchester Black Manga Khan Manhunter Matter Master Maxwell Lord Merlyn Morgaine le Fey Nebula Man OMAC Paragon Per Degaton Ra's al Ghul Rainbow Raider Rama Khan Red King Shaggy Man Siren Solaris Solomon Grundy Sonar Starbreaker Weapons Master Weather Wizard Wizard Organizations Aryan Brigade Axis Amerika Black Lantern Corps Brotherhood of Evil Cadre Court of Owls Crime Syndicate of America Darkseid's Elite Demolition Team Dominators Fearsome Five Female Furies H.I.V.E. Injustice League Injustice Society Intergang Kobra League of Assassins Legion of Doom Manhunters Parademons Phantom Zone Villains Rogues Royal Flush Gang Secret Six Secret Society of Super Villains Sinestro Corps White Martians Aryan Brigade Axis Amerika Black Lantern Corps Brotherhood of Evil Cadre Court of Owls Crime Syndicate of America Darkseid's Elite Demolition Team Dominators Fearsome Five Female Furies H.I.V.E. Injustice League Injustice Society Intergang Kobra League of Assassins Legion of Doom Manhunters Parademons Phantom Zone Villains Rogues Royal Flush Gang Secret Six Secret Society of Super Villains Sinestro Corps White Martians Alternative versions Alternate versions of the Justice League Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Queer Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Justice Lords Super Buddies Super Jrs. Young Justice Others Superman Wonder Woman Alternate versions of the Justice League Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Queer Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Justice Lords Super Buddies Super Jrs. Young Justice Extreme Justice Just'a Lotta Animals Justice Guild of America Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Queer Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Legion Alpha Justice Lords Super Buddies Super Jrs. Young Justice Others Superman Wonder Woman Superman Wonder Woman In other media DC Extended Universe Superman Batman Wonder Woman Flash Aquaman DC Extended Universe Superman Batman Wonder Woman Flash Aquaman Superman Batman Wonder Woman Flash Aquaman Category Category This template's initial visibility currently defaults to .mw-parser-output .tpl-pval__code{border:thin solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--color-inverted,#fff);color:inherit;white-space:nowrap} autocollapse , meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar , or table with the collapsible attribute ), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible. To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used: {{ Justice League characters | state = collapsed }} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar. {{ Justice League characters | state = expanded }} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible. Usage Add this navigation template to the bottom of articles related to Justice League . Per WP:BIDIRECTIONAL , this template should NOT normally be added to pages not linked to above. Comic book navigational boxes Justice League templates Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected templates This page was last edited on 14 December 2025, at 00:52 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Justice_League_characters
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Main Page Main Page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikibooks Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Wikidata item Welcome to Wikipedia 267,090 active editors 7,122,778 articles in English From today's featured article Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989) and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman , played by Michael Keaton (pictured) , as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck ( Christopher Walken ) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle ( Michelle Pfeiffer ), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Released in June 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 . Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the film's mixed reception, Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995). ( Full article... ) Louis Abramson The Snow Queen (Kernaghan novel) "Shine" (Gwen Stefani song) Archive By email More featured articles About Did you know ... ... that, when reminiscing about her Spitting Image puppet, bonkbuster writer Jilly Cooper (pictured) only remembered it shouting "sex sex sex sex sex sex"? ... that the film Wicked was dubbed by actresses who were part of the stage show in various countries returning to voice their characters? ... that Fernando Mayén was named the top college football player in Mexico in 2023 after leading the nation with 14 touchdowns? ... that a World War I chemical agent was apparently used against protestors in Tbilisi during the 2024–2026 Georgian protests? ... that, according to the Albatross file , Singapore's Goh Keng Swee never raised proposals for a looser federation in talks with the Malaysian leaders, in spite of Lee Kuan Yew 's instructions? ... that Oregon lumberjack Clarence Boggie had been convicted and pardoned twice for robbery before being charged with murder in 1935? ... that six people were killed and more than 100 others injured during the Trieste riots in 1953 following the announcement of the city being transferred to Italy? ... that Samar was the first Philippine island sighted by Ferdinand Magellan ? ... that between 1906 and 1914 Julian P. Thomas claimed to have set ballooning records, crashed a wind wagon, sold mislabeled bread, and was arrested for providing fraudulent medical advice? Archive Start a new article Nominate an article In the news Thirty-two people are killed when a crane falls onto a passenger train in Sikhio district , Thailand. Following a Saudi-led offensive , Yemeni government forces take control of Aden , the capital of the Southern Transitional Council . Faustin-Archange Touadéra (pictured) is re-elected as the president of the Central African Republic . Delcy Rodríguez is sworn in as the interim president of Venezuela following the capture of Nicolás Maduro during United States strikes on the capital . Iranian protests Russo-Ukrainian war timeline timeline Sudanese civil war timeline timeline Bob Weir Włodzimierz Jakubowski Aoi Fujino Scott Adams Terry Yorath Jim Dennison More current events Nominate an article On this day January 16 1537 – Sir Francis Bigod began an armed rebellion against King Henry VIII and the English Parliament . 1883 – The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act , establishing the United States Civil Service , was enacted by the U.S. Congress . 1945 – World War II : Adolf Hitler and his staff moved into the Führerbunker in Berlin, where he would eventually commit suicide . 2016 – After gunmen took hostages the previous night at a restaurant in Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso, government commandos stormed the premises to bring the situation to an end. 2017 – Turkish Airlines Flight 6491 crashed in Manas International Airport (aftermath pictured) after the flight overflew the entire runway, which resulted in 39 deaths. John C. Breckinridge ( b. 1821) Miguel Ángel Mancera ( b. 1966) Susie Bootja Bootja Napaltjarri ( d. 2003) Valene L. Smith ( d. 2024) January 15 January 16 January 17 Archive By email List of days of the year About From today's featured list There are sixty-three extant species of heteromyids , members of Heteromyidae , a family of small mammals in the order Rodentia . Members include kangaroo rats (example pictured) , kangaroo mice , pocket mice , and spiny pocket mice . They are found in North America, Central America, and the northwest tip of South America, primarily in forests, shrublands , and deserts, though some species can be found in grasslands or rocky areas. The sixty-three extant species in Heteromyidae are divided into three subfamilies: Dipodomyinae , containing twenty-two species of kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice in two genera; Heteromyinae , containing fourteen species of spiny pocket mice in a single genus; and Perognathinae , containing twenty-seven species of pocket mice in two genera. ( Full list... ) Green Bay Packers draft picks (1936–1969) Awards and nominations received by Kim Seon-ho National Assembly constituencies of the Bahamas Archive More featured lists Today's featured picture Narbonne Cathedral is a Catholic church located in the town of Narbonne , France. Dedicated to Saints Justus and Pastor , it was the cathedral of the Diocese of Narbonne until it was merged with the Diocese of Carcassonne under the Concordat of 1801 . It is now a co-cathedral of the Diocese of Carcassonne–Narbonne, and was declared a minor basilica in 1886. The first church on the site was a small Constantinian structure that was erected in 313 and destroyed by fire in 441. A replacement building, erected in 445, fell into ruin and was eventually replaced in 890 by a Carolingian cathedral whose restored steeple remains on the site. Construction on the present Gothic building began in 1272, opening in 1286. It was gradually expanded until 1354, but its size was then limited by the location of the city walls and the rest of the building was never completed, the nave and transept being notably absent. This photograph shows the choir of Narbonne cathedral, looking towards the high altar in the background. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Recently featured: Great Chicago Fire Rainbow bee-eater Paxillus involutus Archive More featured pictures Narbonne Cathedral is a Catholic church located in the town of Narbonne , France. Dedicated to Saints Justus and Pastor , it was the cathedral of the Diocese of Narbonne until it was merged with the Diocese of Carcassonne under the Concordat of 1801 . It is now a co-cathedral of the Diocese of Carcassonne–Narbonne, and was declared a minor basilica in 1886. The first church on the site was a small Constantinian structure that was erected in 313 and destroyed by fire in 441. A replacement building, erected in 445, fell into ruin and was eventually replaced in 890 by a Carolingian cathedral whose restored steeple remains on the site. Construction on the present Gothic building began in 1272, opening in 1286. It was gradually expanded until 1354, but its size was then limited by the location of the city walls and the rest of the building was never completed, the nave and transept being notably absent. This photograph shows the choir of Narbonne cathedral, looking towards the high altar in the background. Photograph credit: Diego Delso Great Chicago Fire Rainbow bee-eater Paxillus involutus Archive More featured pictures Other areas of Wikipedia Community portal – The central hub for editors, with resources, links, tasks, and announcements. Village pump – Forum for discussions about Wikipedia itself, including policies and technical issues. Site news – Sources of news about Wikipedia and the broader Wikimedia movement. Teahouse – Ask basic questions about using or editing Wikipedia. Help desk – Ask questions about using or editing Wikipedia. Reference desk – Ask research questions about encyclopedic topics. Content portals – A unique way to navigate the encyclopedia. Wikipedia's sister projects Wikipedia is written by volunteer editors and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other volunteer projects : Commons Free media repository MediaWiki Wiki software development Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikinews Free-content news Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning tools Wikivoyage Free travel guide Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikipedia languages This Wikipedia is written in English . Many other Wikipedias are available ; some of the largest are listed below. 1,000,000+ articles العربية Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 العربية Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 250,000+ articles Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Bân-lâm-gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto Euskara עברית Հայերեն 한국어 Magyar Norsk bokmål Română Simple English Slovenčina Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Oʻzbekcha Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Bân-lâm-gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto Euskara עברית Հայերեն 한국어 Magyar Norsk bokmål Română Simple English Slovenčina Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Oʻzbekcha 50,000+ articles Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski کوردی Frysk Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Shqip Slovenščina ไทย తెలుగు اردو Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski کوردی Frysk Gaeilge Galego Hrvatski ქართული Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Македонски မြန်မာဘာသာ Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Shqip Slovenščina ไทย తెలుగు اردو Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe Farefare فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Ikirundi Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Li Niha Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan Pangcah پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Pinayuanan Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seediq Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး Tayal తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Bajau Sama Betawi Batak Mandailing Dagaare Kadazandusun Fɔ̀ngbè Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Kʋsaal Moore IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် Руски ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ትግሬ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 22:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main%20Page
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and growth 1.3 Sister projects 1.4 Milestones 1.5 Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views 2 Collaborative editing Toggle Collaborative editing subsection 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 2.4 Disputes and edit warring 3 Policies and content Toggle Policies and content subsection 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 4 Governance Toggle Governance subsection 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 4.2.1 Arbitration Committee 5 Community Toggle Community subsection 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 5.1 Research 5.2 Diversity 6 Language editions Toggle Language editions subsection 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 6.1 English Wikipedia editor numbers 7 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2.1 Medical information 7.2.1 Medical information 7.3 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.3.1 Systemic biases 7.4 Explicit content 7.5 Privacy 7.6 Sexism 8 Operation Toggle Operation subsection 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Hardware operations and support 8.5 Internal research and operational development 8.6 Internal news publications 8.7 The Wikipedia Library 9 Access to content Toggle Access to content subsection 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.2.1 Mobile access 9.3 Chinese access 10 Cultural influence Toggle Cultural influence subsection 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.2.1 COVID-19 pandemic 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.3.1 Awards 10.3.2 Satire 10.4 Publishing 10.5 Research use 11 Related projects 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources 14.3 Sources 15 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 15.1 Academic studies 15.2 Books 15.3 Book review–related articles 16 External links Wikipedia Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikirundi Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Mfantse Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు Tetun ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Obolo Batak Toba Betawi Kadazandusun Ghanaian Pidgin Jaku Iban Igala Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ရခိုင် ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item The logo of Wikipedia , a globe made out of puzzle pieces featuring glyphs from various writing systems .mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}} Screenshot Wikipedia's desktop homepage Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in 342 languages Headquarters San Francisco , California, US Country of origin United States Owner Wikimedia Foundation (since 2003) Created by .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger URL wikipedia .org Commercial No Registration Optional [ a ] Users 126 million (as of January 16, 2026) Launched January 15, 2001 (25 years ago) ( 2001-01-15 ) Current status Active Content license CC Attribution / Share-Alike 4.0 [ b ] Written in PHP OCLC number 52075003 Wikipedia [ c ] is a free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers , known as Wikipedians , through open collaboration and the wiki software MediaWiki . Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001, Wikipedia has been hosted since 2003 by the Wikimedia Foundation , an American nonprofit organization funded mainly by donations from readers. [ 1 ] Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Initially available only in English , Wikipedia exists in over 340 languages and is one of the world's most visited websites . The English Wikipedia , with over 7 million articles , remains the largest of the editions, which together comprise more than 66 million articles and attract more than 1.5 billion unique device visits and 13 million edits per month (about five edits per second on average) as of April 2024 [update] . [ W 1 ] As of December 2025 [update] , over 25% of Wikipedia's traffic comes from the United States, while Japan accounts for nearly 7%, and the United Kingdom, Germany, and Russia each represent around 5%. [ 4 ] Wikipedia has been praised for enabling the democratization of knowledge , its extensive coverage, unique structure, and culture. Wikipedia has been censored by some national governments, ranging from specific pages to the entire site, sometimes due to its criticism of the government or by content otherwise considered blasphemous. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Although Wikipedia's volunteer editors have written extensively on a wide variety of topics, the encyclopedia has also been criticized for systemic bias, such as a gender bias against women and a geographical bias against the Global South . [ 7 ] [ 8 ] While the reliability of Wikipedia was frequently criticized in the 2000s, it has improved over time, receiving greater praise from the late 2010s onward. [ 2 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Articles on breaking news are often accessed as sources for up-to-date information about those events. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] History Nupedia Various collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before the start of Wikipedia, but with limited success. [ 13 ] Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia, a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. [ 14 ] It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of Bomis , a web portal company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia Open Content License, but before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the GNU Free Documentation License at the urging of Richard Stallman . [ W 2 ] Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia, [ 17 ] while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal. [ 18 ] On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. [ W 3 ] Launch and growth Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001 (referred to as "Wikipedia Day"), [ 19 ] as a single English language edition with the domain name www.wikipedia.com , [ W 4 ] and was announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. [ 17 ] The name, proposed by Sanger to forestall any potential damage to the Nupedia name, [ 20 ] originated from a blend of the words wiki and encyclopedia . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Its integral policy of " neutral point of view " arose within its first year. [ 23 ] Otherwise, there were initially relatively few rules, and it operated independently of Nupedia. [ 17 ] Bomis originally intended for it to be a for-profit business. [ 24 ] Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot postings, and web search engine indexing. Language editions were created beginning in March 2001, with a total of 161 in use by the end of 2004. [ W 5 ] [ W 6 ] Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia made in China during the Ming dynasty in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600 years. [ 25 ] Due to fears of commercial advertising and lack of control, users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002. [ W 7 ] Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org . [ 26 ] [ W 8 ] After an early period of exponential growth, [ 27 ] the growth rate of the English Wikipedia in terms of the numbers of new articles and of editors appears to have peaked around early 2007. [ 28 ] The edition reached 3 million articles in August 2009. Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800. [ W 9 ] A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to "increased coordination and overhead costs, exclusion of newcomers, and resistance to new edits". [ 27 ] Others suggested that the growth flattened naturally because articles that could be called " low-hanging fruit "—topics that clearly merit an article—had already been created and built up extensively. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] [ 31 ] In November 2009, a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, Spain, found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, it lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend. [ 34 ] Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the study's methodology. [ 35 ] Two years later, in 2011, he acknowledged a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, he also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable". [ 36 ] A 2013 MIT Technology Review article, "The Decline of Wikipedia", questioned this claim, reporting that since 2007 Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and suggesting that those remaining had focused increasingly on minutiae. [ 37 ] In July 2012, The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators was also in decline. [ 38 ] In November 2013, New York magazine stated, "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis." [ 39 ] The number of active English Wikipedia editors has since remained steady after a long period of decline. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost 9 percent." [ 42 ] Varma added, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users." [ 42 ] When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky , associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society said that he suspected much of the page-view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]." [ 42 ] By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked the fifth most popular website globally. [ 43 ] As of January 2023, 55,791 English Wikipedia articles have been cited 92,300 times in scholarly journals, [ 44 ] from which cloud computing was the most cited page. [ 45 ] Sister projects Wikipedia has spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation . These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary , a dictionary project launched in December 2002, [ W 10 ] Wikiquote , a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, [ 46 ] Wikibooks , a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, [ W 11 ] Wikimedia Commons , a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, [ W 12 ] Wikinews , for collaborative journalism, [ W 13 ] and Wikiversity , a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities. [ W 14 ] Another sister project of Wikipedia, Wikispecies , is a catalog of all species, but is not open for public editing. [ 47 ] In 2012, Wikivoyage , an editable travel guide, [ 48 ] and Wikidata , an editable knowledge base, launched. [ W 15 ] Milestones In January 2007, Wikipedia first became one of the ten most popular websites in the United States, according to Comscore Networks. [ 49 ] With 42.9 million unique visitors, it was ranked ninth, surpassing The New York Times (No. 10) and Apple (No. 11). [ 49 ] This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when Wikipedia ranked 33rd, with around 18.3 million unique visitors. [ 50 ] In 2014, it received 8 billion page views every month. [ W 16 ] On February 9, 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore". [ 51 ] As of March 2023 [update] , it ranked sixth in popularity, according to Similarweb . [ 52 ] Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that have accumulated improvements piecemeal through " stigmergic accumulation". [ 53 ] [ 54 ] On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress —the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) and the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA)—by blacking out its pages for 24 hours . [ 55 ] More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced its content. [ 56 ] [ W 17 ] In January 2013, 274301 Wikipedia , an asteroid , was named after Wikipedia; [ 57 ] in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the Wikipedia Monument ; [ 58 ] and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as Print Wikipedia . [ 59 ] In April 2019, an Israeli lunar lander , Beresheet , crash landed on the surface of the Moon carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16 GB of article text from the English Wikipedia had been encoded into synthetic DNA . [ 62 ] On January 18, 2023, Wikipedia debuted a new website redesign, called " Vector 2022 ". [ 63 ] [ 64 ] It featured a redesigned menu bar , moving the table of contents to the left as a sidebar , and numerous changes in the locations of buttons like the language selection tool. [ 64 ] [ W 18 ] The update initially received backlash, most notably when editors of the Swahili Wikipedia unanimously voted to revert the changes. [ 63 ] [ 65 ] Both Sanger and Wales have given public interviews in late 2025 about their reflections about the status and state of Wikipedia leading up to its 25 years of operation on January 15, 2026; Wales appeared on the PBS television news show GZERO World interviewed by Ian Bremmer [ 66 ] and Sanger has appeared on the FOX news network interviewed by Ashley Rindsberg . [ 67 ] Wales's book The Seven Rules of Trust was published in October 2025 by Penguin Random House . It was described by the publisher as a "sweeping reflection on the global crisis of credibility and knowledge" with the book examining the "rules of trust" that enabled the growth and success of Wikipedia. [ 68 ] Impacts of generative AI on Wikipedia views Since January 2024, the Wikimedia Foundation has reported a roughly 50 percent increase in bandwidth use from downloads of multimedia content across its projects. According to the foundation, this growth is largely attributed to automated programs, or "scraper" bots, that collect large volumes of data from Wikimedia sites for use in training large language models and related applications. [ 69 ] In October 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported an estimated 8 percent decline in traffic as compared to the same months in 2024 in human page views. They speculate it reflects the use of generative AI and social media on how people tend to search for information. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] Collaborative editing Restrictions Due to Wikipedia's increasing popularity, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only users with 10 edits that have an account that is four days old may create a new article. [ W 19 ] On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive, or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees. [ 72 ] A frequently vandalized article can be "semi-protected" or "extended confirmed protected", meaning that only "autoconfirmed" or "extended confirmed" editors can modify it. [ 73 ] A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators can make changes. [ W 20 ] A 2021 article in the Columbia Journalism Review identified Wikipedia's page-protection policies as "perhaps the most important" means at its disposal to "regulate its market of ideas". [ 74 ] Wikipedia has delegated some functions to bots . Such algorithmic governance has an ease of implementation and scaling, though the automated rejection of edits may have contributed to a downturn in active Wikipedia editors. [ 75 ] Bots must be approved by the community before their tasks are implemented. [ 76 ] In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the German Wikipedia maintains "stable versions" of articles which have passed certain reviews. [ W 21 ] Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the "pending changes" system in December 2012. [ 77 ] Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published. [ 78 ] However, restrictions on editing may reduce the editor engagement as well as efforts to diversify the editing community. [ 79 ] Articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict are placed under extended-confirmed protection. [ 80 ] Editors also can make only one revert per day across the entire field and can be banned from editing related articles. These restrictions were introduced in 2008. [ 81 ] In January 2025, the Arbitration Committee introduced the "balanced editing restriction", which requires sanctioned users to devote only a third of their edits to articles related to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict even when no misconduct rules have been violated. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] Review of changes Although changes are not systematically reviewed, Wikipedia's software provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. Each article's History page links to each revision. [ e ] [ 84 ] On most articles, anyone can view the latest changes and undo others' revisions by clicking a link on the article's History page. Registered users may maintain a "watchlist" of articles that interest them so they can be notified of changes. [ W 22 ] "New pages patrol" is a process where newly created articles are checked for obvious problems. [ W 23 ] In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki created a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favored "creative construction" over "creative destruction". [ 85 ] Vandalism Any change that deliberately compromises Wikipedia's integrity is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor; it can also include advertising and other types of spam. [ 86 ] Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the article's underlying code, or use images disruptively. [ W 24 ] Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix it is a few minutes. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] However, some vandalism takes much longer to detect and repair. [ 89 ] In the Seigenthaler biography incident , an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005, falsely presenting him as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . [ 89 ] It remained uncorrected for four months. [ 89 ] Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University , called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales said he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced. [ 90 ] [ 91 ] After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool". [ 89 ] The incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia for tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people. [ 92 ] Disputes and edit warring Wikipedia editors often have disagreements regarding content, which can be discussed on article Talk pages. Disputes may result in repeated competing changes to an article, known as "edit warring". [ W 25 ] [ 93 ] It is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added, [ 94 ] and criticized as creating a competitive [ 95 ] and conflict-based editing culture associated with traditional masculine gender roles . [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Research has focused on, for example, impoliteness of disputes, [ 98 ] [ 99 ] the influence of rival editing camps, [ 100 ] [ 101 ] the conversational structure, [ 102 ] and the shift in conflicts to a focus on sources. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford examined editing conflicts and their resolution in a 2013 study. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive work behavior at Wikipedia. He relied instead on "mutually reverting edit pairs", where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush , anarchism , and Muhammad . [ 106 ] By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the study were for the articles covering Croatia , Scientology , and 9/11 conspiracy theories . [ 106 ] In 2020, researchers identified other measures of editor behaviors, beyond mutual reverts, to identify editing conflicts across Wikipedia. [ 104 ] Editors also debate the deletion of articles on Wikipedia , with roughly 500,000 such debates since Wikipedia's inception. Once an article is nominated for deletion, the dispute is typically determined by initial votes (to keep or delete) and by reference to topic-specific notability policies. [ 107 ] Policies and content External videos Jimmy Wales , The Birth of Wikipedia, 2006, TED talks , 20 minutes Katherine Maher , What Wikipedia Teaches Us About Balancing Truth and Beliefs, 2022, TED talks , 15 minutes Wikipedia is composed of 11 different namespaces , with its articles being present in mainspace . Other namespaces have a prefix before their page title and fulfill various purposes. For example, the project namespace uses the Wikipedia prefix and is used for self-governance related discussions. Most readers are not aware of these other namespaces. [ 108 ] The fundamental principles of the Wikipedia community are embodied in the "Five pillars", while the detailed editorial principles are expressed in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content. [ W 26 ] The five pillars are: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia Wikipedia is written from a neutral point of view Wikipedia is free content that anyone can use, edit, and distribute Wikipedia's editors should treat each other with respect and civility Wikipedia has no firm rules The rules developed by the community are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines in accordance with community consensus. [ 109 ] Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent. [ W 21 ] Content policies and guidelines According to the rules on the English Wikipedia community, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style. [ W 27 ] A topic should also meet Wikipedia's standards of "notability" , which generally means that the topic has been covered extensively in reliable sources that are independent of the article's subject. [ 110 ] Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized and therefore must not present original research. [ 111 ] Some subjects such as politicians and academics have specialized notability requirements. [ 110 ] Finally, Wikipedia must reflect a neutral point of view. This is accomplished through summarizing reliable sources, using impartial language, and ensuring that multiple points of view are presented based on their prominence. Information must also be verifiable. [ 112 ] Information without citations may be tagged or removed entirely. [ 113 ] This can at times lead to the removal of information which, though valid, is not properly sourced. [ 114 ] As Wikipedia policies changed over time, and became more complex, their number has grown. In 2008, there were 44 policy pages and 248 guideline pages; by 2013, scholars counted 383 policy pages and 449 guideline pages. [ 75 ] Governance Wikipedia's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article. [ W 28 ] Editors in good standing in the community can request extra user rights , granting them the technical ability to perform certain special actions. Some user rights are granted automatically, such as the autoconfirmed and extended confirmed groups, when thresholds for account age and edits are met. [ 73 ] Administrators Experienced editors can choose to run for " adminship ", [ 117 ] which includes the ability to delete pages or prevent them from being changed in cases of severe vandalism or editorial disputes. [ W 29 ] Administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent disruptive editors from making unproductive edits. [ W 29 ] By 2012, fewer editors were becoming administrators compared to Wikipedia's earlier years, in part because the process of vetting potential administrators had become more rigorous. [ 38 ] In 2022, there was a particularly contentious request for adminship over the candidate's anti-Trump views; ultimately, they were granted adminship. [ 118 ] Dispute resolution Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums, seek outside input through third opinion requests, or initiate a more general community discussion known as a "request for comment", [ W 25 ] in which bots add the discussion to a centralized list of discussions, invite editors to participate, and remove the discussion from the list after 30 days. [ W 30 ] However, editors have the discretion to close (and delist) the discussion early or late. If the result of a discussion is not obvious, a closer—an uninvolved editor usually in good standing—may render a verdict from the strength of the arguments presented and then the numbers of arguers on each side. [ 119 ] Wikipedians emphasize that the process is not a vote by referring to statements of opinion in such discussions as "!vote"s, in which the exclamation mark is the symbol for logical negation and pronounced "not". [ 120 ] Wikipedia encourages local resolutions of conflicts, which Jemielniak argues is quite unique in organization studies, though there has been some recent interest in consensus building in the field. [ 121 ] Reagle and Sue Gardner argue that the approaches to consensus building are similar to those used by Quakers . [ 121 ] : 62 A difference from Quaker meetings is the absence of a facilitator in the presence of disagreement, a role played by the clerk in Quaker meetings. [ 121 ] : 83 Arbitration Committee The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. [ 122 ] Statistical analyses suggest that the English Wikipedia committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted, [ 123 ] functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. [ 122 ] Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered biased). [ f ] Commonly used solutions include cautions and probations (used in 63% of cases) and banning editors from articles (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). [ 122 ] Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and antisocial behavior . [ W 31 ] When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather edit warring and other violations of editing policies, solutions tend to be limited to warnings. [ 122 ] Community Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated and dedicated "talk" page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate. [ 124 ] Wikipedia's community has been described as cultlike , [ 125 ] although not always with entirely negative connotations. [ 126 ] Its preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials , has been referred to as " anti-elitism ". [ W 32 ] Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification. [ 127 ] As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked there. [ 128 ] Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization". [ 129 ] Since Wikipedia relies on volunteer labour, editors frequently focus on topics that interest them. [ 130 ] The English Wikipedia has 7,122,774 articles, 51,074,164 registered editors, and 267,090 active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days. [ W 33 ] Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk page comments, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". [ 131 ] Editors who do not log in are in some sense " second-class citizens " on Wikipedia, [ 131 ] as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation", [ 132 ] but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty. [ 132 ] New editors often struggle to understand Wikipedia's complexity. Experienced editors are encouraged to not "bite" the newcomers in order to create a more welcoming atmosphere. [ 133 ] Research A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ... are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site". [ 134 ] Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just 0.7% of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits." [ 129 ] However, Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most Wikipedia content (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders". [ 129 ] In 2008, a Slate magazine article reported that "one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits." [ 135 ] This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz , who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts. [ 136 ] A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others, [ 137 ] although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small. [ 138 ] According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content". [ 139 ] Diversity Several studies have shown that most volunteer Wikipedia contributors are male. The results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female. [ 140 ] Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage women to become Wikipedia contributors. [ 141 ] Similarly, many of these universities, including Yale and Brown , gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology. [ 141 ] Andrew Lih , a professor and scientist, said that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to "ugly, intimidating behavior". [ 142 ] Data has shown that Africans are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors. [ 143 ] Language editions English (10.7%) Cebuano (9.20%) German (4.70%) French (4.10%) Swedish (4.00%) Dutch (3.30%) Spanish (3.10%) Russian (3.10%) Italian (2.90%) Polish (2.50%) Egyptian Arabic (2.50%) Chinese (2.30%) Japanese (2.20%) Ukrainian (2.10%) Vietnamese (2.00%) Arabic (2.00%) Waray (1.90%) Portuguese (1.90%) Persian (1.60%) Catalan (1.20%) Other (32.7%) There are currently 342 language editions of Wikipedia (also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias ). As of January 2026, the six largest, in order of article count, are the English , Cebuano , German , French , Swedish , and Dutch Wikipedias. [ W 35 ] The second and fifth-largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating bot Lsjbot , which as of 2013 [update] had created about half the articles on the Swedish Wikipedia , and most of the articles in the Cebuano and Waray Wikipedias . The latter are both languages of the Philippines . In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ( Spanish , Russian , Italian , Polish , Egyptian Arabic , Chinese , Japanese , Ukrainian , Vietnamese , Arabic , Waray , and Portuguese ), seven more have over 500,000 articles ( Persian , Catalan , Indonesian , Korean , Chechen , Serbian , and Norwegian ), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000. [ W 36 ] [ W 35 ] The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 7.1 million articles. As of January 2021, [update] the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic. [ W 37 ] Most viewed editions of Wikipedia, 2008–2024 Most edited editions of Wikipedia, 2001–2024 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 English 7,122,774 Cebuano 6,115,889 German 3,088,174 French 2,732,651 Swedish 2,621,894 Dutch 2,209,177 Spanish 2,087,385 Russian 2,080,543 Italian 1,952,325 Polish 1,681,454 Egyptian Arabic 1,630,376 Chinese 1,520,328 Japanese 1,486,306 Ukrainian 1,403,978 Vietnamese 1,297,325 Arabic 1,294,750 Waray 1,266,852 Portuguese 1,163,273 Persian 1,066,733 Catalan 787,329 Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the English edition). These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences (e.g. colour versus color ) [ W 38 ] or points of view. [ W 39 ] Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use . [ W 40 ] [ 145 ] The content of articles on the same subject can differ significantly between languages, depending on the sources editors use and other factors. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language". [ W 41 ] Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others). [ W 42 ] For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia, [ W 43 ] and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have. [ W 44 ] The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. [ W 44 ] It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects. [ W 45 ] Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles. Articles available in more than one language may offer "interwiki links", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions. [ 149 ] [ W 46 ] A study published by PLOS One in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51% for the English Wikipedia, and 25% for the Simple English Wikipedia . [ 148 ] English Wikipedia editor numbers On March 1, 2014, The Economist , in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia", cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that "the number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years." [ 150 ] The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014. [ 150 ] In contrast, the trend analysis for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) shows success in retaining active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000. No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively improving substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia. [ 150 ] Reception Various Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation , which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014. [update] [ 151 ] [ 121 ] Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias . In 2010, columnist and journalist Edwin Black described Wikipedia as being a mixture of "truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods". [ 152 ] Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia's " undue-weight policy ", concluding that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] [ 155 ] Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic. [ 152 ] [ 156 ] A 2008 article in Education Next journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin . [ 157 ] In 2020, Omer Benjakob and Stephen Harrison noted that "Media coverage of Wikipedia has radically shifted over the past two decades: once cast as an intellectual frivolity, it is now lauded as the 'last bastion of shared reality' online." [ 158 ] Multiple news networks and pundits have accused Wikipedia of being ideologically biased . In February 2021, Fox News accused Wikipedia of whitewashing communism and socialism and having too much " leftist bias". [ 159 ] Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger , who left Wikipedia in 2002 to establish competing websites, has said that Wikipedia had become "propaganda" for the left-leaning "establishment" and warned the site can no longer be trusted. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In 2022, libertarian John Stossel opined that Wikipedia, a site he financially supported at one time, appeared to have gradually taken a significant turn in bias to the political left, specifically on political topics. [ 162 ] Some studies suggest that Wikipedia (and in particular the English Wikipedia) has a "western cultural bias " (or "pro-western bias") [ 163 ] or "Eurocentric bias", [ 164 ] reiterating, says Anna Samoilenko, "similar biases that are found in the 'ivory tower' of academic historiography". Carwil Bjork-James proposes that Wikipedia could follow the diversification pattern of contemporary scholarship [ 165 ] and Dangzhi Zhao calls for a "decolonization" of Wikipedia to reduce bias from opinionated White male editors. [ 166 ] In October 2025, Larry Sanger published his Nine Theses , a critical assessment and reform agenda for Wikipedia. The proposal is part of his broader effort to address what Sanger perceives as systemic issues within Wikipedia, which include ideological bias, lack of transparency in the editor hierarchies and an ineffective consensus-based decision making procedure. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] Accuracy of content External audio The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1 , Ideas with Paul Kennedy , CBC , January 15, 2014 Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are written by experts , lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy. [ 169 ] However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; Britannica , about three." [ 170 ] Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects." [ 171 ] [ failed verification ] Others raised similar critiques. [ 172 ] The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica , [ 173 ] [ 174 ] and in response, Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica . [ 175 ] In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in Nature ' s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported confidence intervals ), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size , 42 or 4 × 10 1 articles compared, vs >10 5 and >10 6 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia, respectively). [ 176 ] As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it. [ W 47 ] Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users' anonymity, the insertion of false information, [ 177 ] vandalism , and similar problems. Legal Research in a Nutshell (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources". [ 178 ] Economist Tyler Cowen wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases, and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles as well as relevant information being omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them. [ 179 ] Amy Bruckman has argued that, due to the number of reviewers, "the content of a popular Wikipedia page is actually the most reliable form of information ever created". [ 180 ] In September 2022, The Sydney Morning Herald journalist Liam Mannix noted that: "There's no reason to expect Wikipedia to be accurate ... And yet it [is]." Mannix further discussed the multiple studies that have proved Wikipedia to be generally as reliable as Encyclopædia Britannica , summarizing that "...turning our back on such an extraordinary resource is... well, a little petty." [ 181 ] Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable. [ 182 ] Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear. [ 183 ] Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project's utility and status as an encyclopedia. [ 184 ] Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of "fake news" because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles. [ 185 ] External videos Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry , Deutsche Welle , 7:13 mins [ 186 ] Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia. [ 84 ] [ W 48 ] In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in The Wall Street Journal to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing. [ 187 ] The article stated that: "Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia. ' " [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report . [ 192 ] Discouragement in education Some university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; [ 193 ] some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative. [ 196 ] Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said. [ 197 ] In February 2007, an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change. [ 198 ] In June 2007, Michael Gorman , former president of the American Library Association , condemned Wikipedia, along with Google, stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything". [ 199 ] A 2020 research study published in Studies in Higher Education argued that Wikipedia could be applied in the higher education " flipped classroom ", an educational model where students learn before coming to class and apply it in classroom activities. The experimental group was instructed to learn before class and get immediate feedback before going in (the flipped classroom model), while the control group was given direct instructions in class (the conventional classroom model). The groups were then instructed to collaboratively develop Wikipedia entries, which would be graded in quality after the study. The results showed that the experimental group yielded more Wikipedia entries and received higher grades in quality. The study concluded that learning with Wikipedia in flipped classrooms was more effective than in conventional classrooms, demonstrating Wikipedia could be used as an educational tool in higher education. [ 200 ] Medical information On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information." [ 201 ] Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health-related issues , as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process. [ 201 ] In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in The Atlantic titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes WikiProject Medicine's James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference." [ 202 ] Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed." [ 202 ] Coverage of topics and systemic bias Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia. [ W 49 ] The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see deletionism and inclusionism ). [ 203 ] [ 204 ] Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. [ W 50 ] The "Wikipedia is not censored" policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article, citing this policy. [ 205 ] The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China [ 206 ] and Pakistan, [ 207 ] among other countries. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Through its "Wikipedia Loves Libraries" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles. [ 211 ] A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the "people and arts" category, while males focus more on "geography and science". [ 212 ] An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for a list of female porn actors than a list of women writers . [ 213 ] Systemic biases Wikipedia's policies may limit "its capacity for truly representing global knowledge". For example, Wikipedia only considers published sources to be reliable. Oral knowledge of Indigenous cultures is not always reflected in print. Marginalized topics are also more likely to lack significant coverage in reliable sources. Wikipedia's content is therefore limited as a result of larger systemic biases. [ 214 ] Academic studies of Wikipedia have shown that the average contributor to the English Wikipedia is an educated, technically inclined white male, aged 15–49, from a developed, predominantly Christian country. [ 215 ] The corresponding point of view (POV) is over-represented. [ 216 ] [ 165 ] This systemic bias in editor demographic results in cultural bias , gender bias , and geographical bias on Wikipedia . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] There are two broad types of bias, which are implicit (when a topic is omitted) and explicit (when a certain POV is over-represented in an article or by references). [ 216 ] Interdisciplinary scholarly assessments of Wikipedia articles have found that while articles are typically accurate and free of misinformation, they are also typically incomplete and fail to present all perspectives with a neutral point of view . [ 217 ] In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example "biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare". [ 36 ] The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's Technology Review titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors . [ 37 ] Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven, with Africa being the most underrepresented. [ 219 ] Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events. [ 220 ] Explicit content Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. [ 221 ] Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as feces , cadaver , human penis , vulva , and nudity) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children. [ W 51 ] The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation , illustrations of zoophilia , and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles. It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children . [ W 52 ] The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer —a 1976 album from the German rock band Scorpions —features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked prepubescent girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a "blacklist" it supplies to British internet service providers. [ 222 ] In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography, and were in violation of US federal obscenity law . [ 223 ] [ 224 ] Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon , were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the PROTECT Act of 2003 . [ 225 ] That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law . [ 225 ] Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools. [ 226 ] Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation, [ 227 ] saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it." [ 227 ] Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteered to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted". [ 228 ] Critics, including Wikipediocracy , noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared. [ 229 ] Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia regards one's right to remain a private citizen rather than a public figure in the eyes of the law. [ 230 ] [ g ] It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life . The Wikimedia Foundation's privacy policy states, "we believe that you shouldn't have to provide personal information to participate in the free knowledge movement", and states that "personal information" may be shared "For legal reasons", "To Protect You, Ourselves & Others", or "To Understand & Experiment". [ W 53 ] In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated. [ 231 ] Wikipedia has a " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Volunteer Response Team " that uses Znuny, a free and open-source software fork of OTRS [ W 54 ] to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project. [ W 55 ] In late April 2023, Wikimedia Foundation announced that Wikipedia will not submit to any age verifications that may be required by the UK's Online Safety Bill legislation. Rebecca MacKinnon of the Wikimedia Foundation said that such checks would run counter to the website's commitment to minimal data collection on its contributors and readers. [ 232 ] Sexism Wikipedia was described in 2015 as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment . [ 233 ] [ 234 ] The perceived tolerance of abusive language was a reason put forth in 2013 for the gender gap in Wikipedia editorship. [ 235 ] Edit-a-thons have been held to encourage female editors and increase the coverage of women's topics. [ 236 ] In May 2018, a Wikipedia editor rejected a submitted article about Donna Strickland due to lack of coverage in the media. [ W 56 ] [ 237 ] Five months later, Strickland won a Nobel Prize in Physics "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", becoming the third woman to ever receive the award. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Prior to winning the award, Strickland's only mention on Wikipedia was in the article about her collaborator and co-winner of the award Gérard Mourou . [ 237 ] Her exclusion from Wikipedia led to accusations of sexism, but Corinne Purtill writing for Quartz argued that "it's also a pointed lesson in the hazards of gender bias in media, and of the broader consequences of underrepresentation." [ 239 ] Purtill attributes the issue to the gender bias in media coverage. [ 239 ] A comprehensive 2008 survey, published in 2016, by Julia B. Bear of Stony Brook University 's College of Business and Benjamin Collier of Carnegie Mellon University found significant gender differences in confidence in expertise, discomfort with editing, and response to critical feedback. "Women reported less confidence in their expertise, expressed greater discomfort with editing (which typically involves conflict), and reported more negative responses to critical feedback compared to men." [ 240 ] Operation Wikimedia Foundation and affiliate movements Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks . [ W 57 ] The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission. [ 241 ] [ W 58 ] The foundation's 2020 Internal Revenue Service Form 990 shows revenue of $124.6 million and expenses of almost $112.2 million, with assets of about $191.2 million and liabilities of almost $11 million. [ W 59 ] In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner. [ W 60 ] The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background, from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free." [ 242 ] [ 243 ] The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who "said Tretikov would address that issue ( paid advocacy ) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities", Walsh said. [ 242 ] Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the "superprotection" feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, [ W 61 ] Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016. [ W 62 ] Maher stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. She said to Bloomberg Businessweek regarding the harassment issue that: "It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... [and that correction requires that] it has to be more than words." [ 142 ] Maher served as executive director until April 2021. [ 244 ] Maryana Iskander was named the incoming CEO in September 2021, and took over that role in January 2022. She stated that one of her focuses would be increasing diversity in the Wikimedia community. [ 245 ] Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called Wikimedia movement affiliates . These include Wikimedia chapters (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimedia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia. [ W 63 ] Software operations and support The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom-made, free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system. [ W 64 ] The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . [ W 65 ] MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. [ W 64 ] [ W 66 ] Originally, Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. [ W 67 ] Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software. [ W 68 ] In April 2005, a Lucene extension [ W 69 ] [ W 70 ] was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching. Lucene was later replaced by CirrusSearch which is based on Elasticsearch . [ W 71 ] In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, VisualEditor , was opened to public use. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] [ 248 ] It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy". [ 249 ] The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward. [ W 72 ] Automated editing Computer programs called bots have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data. [ W 73 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] One controversial contributor, Sverker Johansson , created articles with his bot Lsjbot , which was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days. [ 252 ] Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses). [ W 74 ] Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. An anti-vandal bot is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly. [ 250 ] Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the MH17 jet in July 2014 when it was reported that edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government. [ 253 ] Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation. [ W 75 ] According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots. [ 254 ] Hardware operations and support As of 2021, [update] page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of Varnish caching servers and back-end layer caching is done by Apache Traffic Server . [ W 76 ] Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. [ W 76 ] The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses. [ 255 ] Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers running the Debian operating system. [ W 77 ] By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn, Virginia . [ W 78 ] [ 256 ] A second application data center was created in 2014 in Carrollton, Texas , to improve Wikipedia's reliability. [ 257 ] [ 258 ] Both datacenters work as the primary one, in alternate semesters, with the other one working as secondary datacenter. [ 259 ] In 2017, Wikipedia installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in Singapore , the first of its kind in Asia. [ W 79 ] In 2022, a caching data center was opened in Marseille , France. [ W 80 ] In 2024, a caching data center was opened in São Paulo , the first of its kind in South America. [ W 81 ] As of November 2024, [update] caching clusters are located in Amsterdam , San Francisco, Singapore, Marseille, and São Paulo. [ W 82 ] [ W 83 ] Internal research and operational development Following growing amounts of incoming donations in 2013 exceeding seven digits, [ 37 ] the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation. [ 260 ] Two projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and the "Thank" tab in the edit history, which were developed to improve issues of editor attrition. [ 37 ] [ 249 ] The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe , who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment. [ 261 ] At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, [ W 84 ] the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually. [ 261 ] In 2019, the level of contributions were reported by the Wikimedia Foundation as being at $120 million annually, [ W 85 ] updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually. [ 261 ] Internal news publications Multiple Wikimedia projects have internal news publications. Wikimedia 's online newspaper The Signpost was founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, a Wikipedia administrator who would join the Wikimedia Foundation's board of trustees in 2008. [ 262 ] [ 263 ] The publication covers news and events from the English Wikipedia, the Wikimedia Foundation, and Wikipedia's sister projects . [ W 86 ] The Wikipedia Library Wikipedia editors sometimes struggle to access paywalled sources needed to improve a subject. [ 264 ] The Wikipedia Library is a resource for Wikipedia editors which provides free access to a wide range of digital publications , so that they can consult and cite these while editing the encyclopedia. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] Over 60 publishers have partnered with The Wikipedia Library to provide access to their resources: when ICE Publishing joined in 2020, a spokesman said "By enabling free access to our content for Wikipedia editors, we hope to further the research community's resources – creating and updating Wikipedia entries on civil engineering which are read by thousands of monthly readers." [ 267 ] Access to content Content licensing When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), a copyleft license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work. [ W 87 ] The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL . This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. [ 268 ] In December 2002, the Creative Commons license was released; it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons. [ W 88 ] Because the GFDL and Creative Commons were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the Free Software Foundation (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY-SA by August 1, 2009. [ W 89 ] In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009. [ W 90 ] [ W 91 ] [ W 92 ] [ W 93 ] The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under fair use doctrine, [ W 94 ] while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in Japanese copyright law ). Media files covered by free content licenses (e.g. Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. [ W 95 ] Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text. [ 269 ] The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content on Wikipedia or its related projects but merely a hosting service for contributors to and licensors of Wikipedia, a position which was successfully defended in 2004 in a court in France. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] Methods of access Since Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. [ W 96 ] The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website. Thousands of " mirror sites " exist that republish content from Wikipedia; two prominent ones that also include content from other reference sources are Reference.com and Answers.com . [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Another example is Wapedia , which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did. [ W 97 ] Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include Microsoft Bing (via technology gained from Powerset ) [ 274 ] and DuckDuckGo . Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs . An English version released in 2006 contained about 2,000 articles. [ W 98 ] The Polish-language version from 2006 contains nearly 240,000 articles, [ W 99 ] the German-language version from 2007/2008 contains over 620,000 articles, [ W 100 ] and the Spanish-language version from 2011 contains 886,000 articles. [ W 101 ] Additionally, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedia and SOS Children , is a free selection from Wikipedia designed for education towards children eight to seventeen. [ W 102 ] There have been efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form. [ 275 ] [ W 103 ] Since 2009, tens of thousands of print-on-demand books that reproduced English, German, Russian, and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM . [ 276 ] The website DBpedia , begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. [ 277 ] Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects and make it available in a queryable semantic format, RDF . [ W 104 ] As of February 2023, [update] it has over 101 million items. [ W 105 ] WikiReader is a dedicated reader device that contains an offline copy of Wikipedia, which was launched by OpenMoko and first released in 2009. [ W 106 ] Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged. [ W 107 ] Wikipedia publishes " dumps " of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2023, [update] there is no dump available of Wikipedia's images. [ W 108 ] Wikimedia Enterprise is a for-profit solution to this. [ 278 ] Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk , with an accuracy of 55 percent. [ 279 ] Mobile access Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection . Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013, The New York Times on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller , deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry. The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more." In 2014 The New York Times reported that Möller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment. [ 51 ] By 2023, the Wikimedia Foundation's staff had grown to over 700 employees. [ 1 ] Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), via the Wapedia service. [ W 97 ] In June 2007, Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009, a newer mobile service was officially released, located at en.m.wikipedia.org, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone , Android -based devices, or WebOS -based devices. [ W 109 ] Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged since. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata like geoinformation . [ 280 ] [ 281 ] The Android app for Wikipedia was released in January 2012, to over 500,000 installs and generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google. [ W 110 ] [ W 111 ] The version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews. [ W 112 ] Wikipedia Zero was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries by partnering with mobile operators to allow free access. [ W 113 ] [ 282 ] It was discontinued in February 2018 due to lack of participation from mobile operators. [ W 113 ] Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smartphones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Lih states that the number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years, [ 283 ] and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo. [ 37 ] Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Chinese access Access to Wikipedia has been blocked in mainland China since May 2015. [ 6 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] This was done after Wikipedia started to use HTTPS encryption, which made selective censorship more difficult. [ 287 ] Cultural influence Trusted source to combat fake news In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. [ 288 ] [ 289 ] Noam Cohen , writing in The Washington Post states, "YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out ' fake news '." [ 289 ] [ 290 ] Readership In February 2014, The New York Times reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month, ... Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors." [ 51 ] However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping. [ 43 ] The website has since recovered its ranking as of April 2022. [ 43 ] In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles, [ W 114 ] Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001. [ 291 ] The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009. [ W 115 ] The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia. [ 292 ] In 2011, Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements. [ 293 ] According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization. [ W 116 ] As of February 2023, [update] Wikipedia attracts around 2 billion unique devices monthly, with the English Wikipedia receiving 10 billion pageviews each month. [ W 1 ] COVID-19 pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic , Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic and fight against misinformation received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall. [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] [ 297 ] Noam Cohen wrote in Wired that Wikipedia's effort to combat misinformation related to the pandemic was different from other major websites, opining, "Unless Twitter, Facebook and the others can learn to address misinformation more effectively, Wikipedia will remain the last best place on the Internet." [ 295 ] In October 2020, the World Health Organization announced they were freely licensing its infographics and other materials on Wikimedia projects. [ 298 ] There were nearly 7,000 COVID-19 related Wikipedia articles across 188 different Wikipedias, as of November 2021. [update] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Cultural significance Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases. [ W 117 ] [ 301 ] [ 302 ] The Parliament of Canada 's website refers to Wikipedia's article on same-sex marriage in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the Civil Marriage Act . [ 303 ] The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization [ 304 ] —though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case. [ 305 ] Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports. [ 306 ] In December 2008, the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia. [ 307 ] Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism, [ 308 ] [ 309 ] often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia . [ 310 ] [ 311 ] [ 312 ] [ 313 ] In 2006, Time magazine recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with YouTube, Reddit , MySpace , and Facebook) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide. [ 314 ] On September 16, 2007, The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign , saying: "Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day." [ 315 ] An October 2007 Reuters article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability. [ 316 ] One of the first times Wikipedia was involved in a governmental affair was on September 28, 2007, when Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama . He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues. [ 317 ] A working group led by Peter Stone (formed as a part of the Stanford -based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence ) in its report called Wikipedia "the best-known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth". [ 318 ] [ 319 ] In a 2017 opinion piece for Wired , Hossein Derakhshan describes Wikipedia as "one of the last remaining pillars of the open and decentralized web " and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with social media and social networking services , the latter having "since colonized the web for television's values". For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the Age of Enlightenment tradition of rationality triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers "endangered" due to the "gradual shift from a typographic culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment". Rather than " sapere aude " ( lit. ' dare to know ' ), social networks have led to a culture of "dare not to care to know". This is while Wikipedia faces "a more concerning problem" than funding, namely "a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website". Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to "save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know." [ 320 ] Awards Wikipedia has won many awards, receiving its first two major awards in May 2004. [ W 118 ] The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year. The second was a Judges' Webby Award for the "community" category. [ 321 ] In September 2008, Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić , Eckart Höfling , and Peter Gabriel . The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger . [ 322 ] In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize , which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences, [ 323 ] and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation. [ 324 ] Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian Wikipedia users. [ 325 ] Satire Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on". [ 192 ] Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in The Onion , [ 326 ] as well as the 2010 The Onion article " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today". [ 327 ] In an April 2007 episode of the American television comedy The Office , office manager ( Michael Scott ) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee. [ 328 ] Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page. [ 329 ] " My Number One Doctor ", a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs , played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide . [ 330 ] In 2008, the comedy website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements. [ 331 ] The Dilbert comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia." [ 332 ] In July 2009, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia , which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. [ 333 ] Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles. [ 334 ] On August 23, 2013, the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, Manning, have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?" [ 335 ] The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier who had recently come out as a trans woman . [ 336 ] In June 2024, nature.com published a fictional Wikipedia Talk page under the title "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday" by Emma Burnett. The Talk page concerned a fictional article describing the unintended consequences of the release of a plastic-eating fungus to clean up an oil spill. The article contained Talk page topics found on Wikipedia, like discussions of changes in the articles priority level. [ 337 ] Publishing The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially printed versions like Encyclopædia Britannica , which were unable to compete with a free alternative. [ 338 ] [ 339 ] [ 340 ] Nicholas Carr 's 2005 essay "The amorality of Web 2.0 " criticizes websites with user-generated content (like Wikipedia) for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote, "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening." [ 341 ] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. Chris Anderson , the former editor-in-chief of Wired , wrote in Nature that the " wisdom of crowds " approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals with rigorous peer review processes. [ 342 ] Wikipedia's influence on the biography publishing business has been a concern for some. Book publishing data tracker Nielsen BookScan stated in 2013 that biography sales were dropping "far more sharply". [ 343 ] Kathryn Hughes , professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of two biographies wrote, "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" [ 343 ] Research use Wikipedia has been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics , information retrieval and natural language processing . [ 344 ] [ 345 ] In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem, which is then called "wikification", [ 346 ] and to the related problem of word-sense disambiguation . [ 347 ] Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia. [ 348 ] In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the University of Franche-Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] They used PageRank , CheiRank and similar algorithms "followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)". [ 351 ] [ 352 ] The study was updated in 2019. [ 353 ] In December 2015, John Julius Norwich stated, in a letter published in The Times newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia "at least a dozen times a day", and had "never caught it out". He described it as "a work of reference as useful as any in existence", with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it. [ 354 ] A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used in Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications. [ 355 ] Studies related to Wikipedia have been using machine learning and artificial intelligence [ 319 ] to support various operations. One of the most important areas is the automatic detection of vandalism [ 356 ] [ 357 ] and data quality assessment in Wikipedia. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] Related projects Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project , which included text (entered on BBC Micro computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008. [ 360 ] Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. Everything2 ), [ 361 ] with many later being merged into the project (e.g. GNE ). [ W 119 ] One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2 , which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. [ 362 ] Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Others use more traditional peer review , such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium . [ 363 ] [ 364 ] The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] See also Internet portal Wikipedia portal Democratization of knowledge Interpedia – an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of films about Wikipedia List of online encyclopedias List of Wikipedia controversies List of wikis Missing Links and Secret Histories Network effect Outline of Wikipedia – guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see Portal:Contents/Outlines QRpedia – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Notes ^ Registration is required for certain tasks, such as editing protected pages, creating pages on the English Wikipedia, and uploading files. ^ Most text is also dual-licensed under GFDL ; media licensing varies. ^ Pronounced / ˌ w ɪ k ɪ ˈ p iː d i ə / ⓘ WIK -ih- PEE -dee-ə or / ˌ w ɪ k i -/ ⓘ WIK -ee- PEE -dee-ə in English ^ Available as an archive at the Nostalgia Wikipedia ^ Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely. ^ The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate. ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction. References Footnotes ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa (October 23, 2023). "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 27, 2023 . ^ a b "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ Anderson, Chris (May 8, 2006). "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100" . Time . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . ^ "wikipedia.org" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on June 5, 2020 . Retrieved January 9, 2026 . ^ Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war" . NPR . Archived from the original on December 2, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ a b Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again" . International Business Times UK . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Noor, Poppy (July 29, 2018). "Wikipedia biases" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on November 9, 2020 . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ Hern, Alex (September 15, 2015). "Wikipedia's view of the world is written by the west" . The Guardian . Retrieved May 31, 2024 . ^ "Happy Birthday, Wikipedia" . The Economist . January 9, 2021. Archived from the original on January 1, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Cooke, Richard (February 17, 2020). "Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 17, 2022 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . ^ Kelly, Samantha Murphy (May 20, 2022). "Meet the Wikipedia editor who published the Buffalo shooting entry minutes after it started" . CNN . Archived from the original on October 12, 2022 . Retrieved May 24, 2022 . ^ McNamee, Kai (September 15, 2022). "Fastest 'was' in the West: Inside Wikipedia's race to cover the queen's death" . NPR . Archived from the original on January 15, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Garber, Megan (October 12, 2011). "The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Kock, Ned ; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). "Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF) . International Journal of e-Collaboration . 12 (2). IGI Global: 1– 8. doi : 10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 . ISSN 1548-3681 . Archived (PDF) from the original on September 27, 2016. ^ Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on October 11, 2007 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22, 2007 . 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. ^ a b c Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be" . Mid-day . January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 7. ^ Larry Sanger (January 11, 2001). "Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki..." Nupedia mailing list. Archived from the original on April 14, 2003. ^ Miliard, Mike (March 1, 2008). "Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?" . Salt Lake City Weekly . Archived from the original on April 2, 2009 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . ^ Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). "Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego" . The San Diego Union-Tribune . Archived from the original on November 11, 2016 . Retrieved May 5, 2009 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 29. ^ Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). "Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 18 (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257– 286. ^ Shirky, Clay (2008). Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations . The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273 . ISBN 978-1-59420-153-0 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H. ; Pirolli, Peter (October 25, 2009). "The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . WikiSym '09. ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . Archived from the original on September 26, 2024 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Johnson, Bobbie (August 12, 2009). "Wikipedia approaches its limits" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ Morozov, Evgeny (November–December 2009). "Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia" . Boston Review . Archived from the original on December 11, 2019. ^ Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). "Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. ^ Gibbons, Austin; Vetrano, David; Biancani, Susan (2012). "Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow" (PDF) . Stanford Network Analysis Project. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 18, 2014. ^ Kleeman, Jenny (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018 . Retrieved December 13, 2016 . ^ Ortega Soto, José Felipe (2009). Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis (PhD thesis). Rey Juan Carlos University. hdl : 10115/11239 . Archived from the original on March 14, 2023 . Retrieved March 14, 2023 . ^ Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Angwin, Julia (November 27, 2009). "Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on December 4, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved March 31, 2010 . ^ a b Rawlinson, Kevin (August 8, 2011). "Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors" . The Independent . Archived from the original on April 21, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2012 . ^ a b c d e Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "The Decline of Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Archived from the original on July 31, 2022 . Retrieved November 30, 2013 . ^ a b Meyer, Robinson (July 16, 2012). "3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Ward, Katherine (November 25, 2013). New York Magazine. p. 18. ^ F., G. (May 5, 2013). "Who really runs Wikipedia?" . The Economist . ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ Mandiberg, Michael (February 23, 2020). "Mapping Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on November 15, 2021 . Retrieved November 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Varma, Subodh (January 20, 2014). "Google eating into Wikipedia page views?" . The Economic Times . Archived from the original on December 11, 2022 . Retrieved February 10, 2014 . ^ a b c "Alexa Top 500 Global Sites" . Alexa Internet . Archived from the original on February 3, 2021 . Retrieved December 28, 2016 . ^ "Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ "Citations of Cloud Computing" . exaly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2022 . Retrieved November 4, 2022 . ^ Woods, Dan; Theony, Peter (2007). "3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis". Wikis for dummies (1st ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons . p. 58. ISBN 978-1-118-05066-8 . OCLC 1300481129 . OL 5741003W . ^ "NET News: Calling All Taxonomists" . Science . 307 (5712): 1021. February 18, 2005. doi : 10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a . S2CID 220095354 . ^ Luyt, Brendan (January 1, 2020). "A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia". Online Information Review . 45 (2): 356– 371. doi : 10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104 . ^ a b "New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic" (PDF) . Comscore . February 15, 2007. p. 3. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Perez, Juan Carlos (February 17, 2007). "Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites" . PCWorld . Archived from the original on March 19, 2012 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ a b c Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). "Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Similarweb. "Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World" . Similarweb . Archived from the original on February 10, 2022 . Retrieved March 4, 2023 . ^ Loveland, Jeff; Reagle, Joseph (January 15, 2013). "Wikipedia and encyclopedic production". New Media & Society . 15 (8): 1294. doi : 10.1177/1461444812470428 . ISSN 1461-4448 . S2CID 27886998 . ^ Rosen, Rebecca J. (January 30, 2013). "What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion?" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 9, 2013 . ^ Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). "Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 6, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves" . BBC News . January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ Workman, Robert (January 5, 2013). "Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia' " . Space.com . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Katz, Leslie (October 27, 2014). "A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)" . CNET . Archived from the original on January 24, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Sawers, Paul (June 18, 2015). "You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000" . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on October 17, 2022 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Oberhaus, Daniel (August 5, 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon" . Wired . Archived from the original on December 24, 2022 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Resnick, Brian (August 6, 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon – The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun" . Vox . Archived from the original on November 29, 2019 . Retrieved August 6, 2019 . ^ Shankland, Stephen (June 29, 2019). "Startup packs all 16 GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech – Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes" . CNET . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved August 15, 2023 . ^ a b Pearl, Mike (January 18, 2023). "Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out" . Mashable . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Tech Desk (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features" . The Indian Express . Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Rauwerda, Annie (January 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point" . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on January 20, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ GZERO World. Ian Bremmer. "Why we still trust Wikipedia, with cofounder Jimmy Wales". Dec. 13, 2025. [1] ^ "Wikipedia's co-founder on anonymous editors, why the site is biased against conservatives and how to fix it: Larry Sanger criticizes 'reliable sources' system and anonymous administrators." By Ashley Rindsberg and Nora Moriarty, Fox News, October 9, 2025. [2] ^ "The Seven Rules of Trust" . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Weaver, Tanya (April 4, 2025). "AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure" . eandt.theiet.org . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Ha, Anthony (October 18, 2025). "Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video" . TechCrunch . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Miller, Marshall (October 17, 2025). "New User Trends on Wikipedia" . Diff . Retrieved October 22, 2025 . ^ Hafner, Katie (June 17, 2006). "Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 12, 2022 . Retrieved December 5, 2016 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 12–13. ^ Harrison, Stephen; Benjakob, Omer (January 14, 2021). "Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better" . Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on January 17, 2023 . Retrieved January 15, 2021 . ^ a b Ren, Yuqing; Zhang, Haifeng; Kraut, Robert E. (February 29, 2024). "How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors" . ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction . 31 (1): 1– 48. doi : 10.1145/3617369 . ISSN 1073-0516 . Archived from the original on September 12, 2024 . Retrieved September 12, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 36. ^ Henderson, William (December 10, 2012). "Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Frewin, Jonathan (June 15, 2010). "Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing" . BBC News . Archived from the original on November 27, 2022 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ Ajmani, Leah; Vincent, Nicholas; Chancellor, Stevie (September 28, 2023). "Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 7 (CSCW2): 1– 33. doi : 10.1145/3610198 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (October 26, 2023). "Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X" . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2023 . Retrieved December 20, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (October 4, 2020). "The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on January 8, 2024 . Retrieved March 6, 2024 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (February 5, 2025). "Project 2025's Creators Want to Dox Wikipedia Editors. The Tool They're Using Is Horrifying" . Slate . Archived from the original on July 19, 2025 . Retrieved February 5, 2025 . ^ Elia-Shalev, Asaf (January 24, 2025). "Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides" . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Archived from the original on June 10, 2025 . Retrieved May 27, 2025 . ^ a b Kleinz, Torsten (February 2005). "World of Knowledge" (PDF) . Linux Magazine . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007 . Retrieved July 13, 2007 . The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. ^ Ciffolilli, Andrea (December 2003). "Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia" . First Monday . 8 (12). doi : 10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 . ^ West, Andrew G.; Chang, Jian; Venkatasubramanian, Krishna; Sokolsky, Oleg; Lee, Insup (2011). "Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit" . Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic messaging, Anti-Abuse and Spam Conference on – CEAS '11 . 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference. pp. 152– 161. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.222.7963 . doi : 10.1145/2030376.2030394 . ISBN 978-1-4503-0788-8 . Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B.; Wattenberg, Martin; Dave, Kushal (2004). "The palm zire 71 camera interface". CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (PDF) . pp. 575– 582. doi : 10.1145/985921.985953 . ISBN 978-1-58113-702-6 . S2CID 10351688 . Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2006 . Retrieved January 24, 2007 . ^ Priedhorsky, Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (November 4, 2007). "Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Association for Computing Machinery Group '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2007 . Retrieved October 13, 2007 . ^ a b c d Seigenthaler, John (November 29, 2005). "A False Wikipedia 'biography' " . USA Today . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (2007). The World is Flat . Farrar, Straus & Giroux . p. 124. ISBN 978-0-374-29278-2 . ^ Buchanan, Brian (November 17, 2006). "Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace" . First Amendment Center . Archived from the original on December 21, 2012 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). "Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress" " . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on July 8, 2012 . Retrieved July 26, 2012 . ^ Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). "Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study" . Technology. NBC News . Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. ^ Kalyanasundaram, Arun; Wei, Wei; Carley, Kathleen M.; Herbsleb, James D. (December 2015). "An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached". 2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) . Huntington Beach, CA: IEEE. pp. 276– 287. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.2758 . doi : 10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 . ISBN 978-1-4673-9743-8 . S2CID 9353425 . ^ Suh, Bongwon; Convertino, Gregorio; Chi, Ed H.; Pirolli, Peter (2009). "The singularity is not near". Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration . Orlando, FL: ACM Press. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/1641309.1641322 . ISBN 978-1-60558-730-1 . ^ Torres, Nicole (June 2, 2016). "Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?" . Harvard Business Review . ISSN 0017-8012 . Archived from the original on June 17, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2019 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (March 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia". Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6): 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . ^ Khazraie, Marzieh; Talebzadeh, Hossein (February 7, 2020). " "Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice" . Journal of Pragmatics . 163 : 46– 65. doi : 10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Smirnov, Ivan; Oprea, Camelia; Strohmaier, Markus (December 1, 2023). Ognyanova, Katherine (ed.). "Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia" . PNAS Nexus . 2 (12) pgad385. doi : 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 . ISSN 2752-6542 . PMC 10697426 . PMID 38059265 . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Lerner, Jürgen; Lomi, Alessandro (December 21, 2020). "The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles" . Social Networks . 60 : 11– 25. doi : 10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A.; Strotmann, Andreas; Zhao, Dangzhi (April 4, 2023). "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps" . Journal of Documentation . 79 (3): 784– 810. doi : 10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 . ISSN 0022-0418 . Archived from the original on October 20, 2023 . Retrieved November 14, 2023 . ^ Ziembowicz, Karolina; Roszczyńska-Kurasińska, Magdalena; Rychwalska, Agnieszka; Nowak, Andrzej (October 3, 2022). "Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia" . Information, Communication & Society . 25 (13): 1987– 2005. doi : 10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 . ISSN 1369-118X . Archived from the original on October 7, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ Chhabra, Anamika; Kaur, Rishemjit; Iyengar, S. R.S. (August 25, 2020). "Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration . ACM. pp. 1– 10. doi : 10.1145/3412569.3412585 . ISBN 978-1-4503-8779-8 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ a b Ruprechter, Thorsten; Santos, Tiago; Helic, Denis (September 9, 2020). "Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure" . Applied Network Science . 5 (1) 61. doi : 10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y . ISSN 2364-8228 . ^ "Edit Wars Reveal The 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia" . MIT Technology Review . Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology . July 17, 2013. Archived from the original on June 16, 2021 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ a b c Yasseri, Taha ; Spoerri, Anselm; Graham, Mark; Kertész, János (2014). Fichman, P.; Hara, N. (eds.). The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis . Scarecrow Press. arXiv : 1305.5566 . doi : 10.2139/SSRN.2269392 . S2CID 12133330 . SSRN 2269392 . ^ Mayfield, Elijah; Black, Alan W. (November 7, 2019). "Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 3 (CSCW): 1– 26. doi : 10.1145/3359308 . ISSN 2573-0142 . Archived from the original on September 15, 2024 . Retrieved September 15, 2024 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 3. ^ "Who's behind Wikipedia?" . PC World . February 6, 2008. p. 2. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008 . Retrieved February 7, 2008 . ^ a b McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 53–54. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 32. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 5–7. ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 33. ^ Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). "For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far". International Herald Tribune . p. 18. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir" . Slashdot . Archived from the original on May 25, 2009 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ Kostakis, Vasilis (March 2010). "Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists" . First Monday . 15 (3). Archived from the original on March 10, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ Mehegan, David (February 13, 2006). "Many contributors, common cause" . Boston Globe . Retrieved March 25, 2007 . ^ Harrison, Stephen (June 16, 2022). "Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" " . Slate . Archived from the original on August 24, 2022 . Retrieved July 22, 2022 . ^ Bandler, Aaron (June 21, 2024), "Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned' " , Jewish Journal , archived from the original on June 22, 2024 , retrieved May 3, 2025 ^ Harrison, Stephen (July 1, 2021), "Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail" , Slate , ISSN 1091-2339 , archived from the original on July 1, 2021 , retrieved May 13, 2025 ^ a b c d Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . doi : 10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 . ISBN 978-0-8047-9120-5 . JSTOR j.ctvqsdrf9 . ^ a b c d Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (March 5, 2009). "Wikitruth Through Wikiorder" . Emory Law Journal . 59 (1). SSRN 1354424 . Archived from the original on June 13, 2021 . Retrieved November 15, 2024 . ^ Hoffman, David A.; Mehra, Salil K. (2009). "Wikitruth through Wikiorder". Emory Law Journal . 59 (1): 181. SSRN 1354424 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. ; Wattenberg, Martin M. ; Kriss, Jesse; van Ham, Frank (January 3, 2007). "Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). "Log on and join in, but beware the web cults" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). "Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site" . CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Goodwin, Jean (2009). "The Authority of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2011 . Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers ^ Kittur, Aniket (2007). "Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie". CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . Viktoria Institute. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.212.8218 . ^ a b c Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). "Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 61–62. ^ a b Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences" . Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . Archived from the original on January 26, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 – via Santa Clara Law Digital Commons. ^ a b Noveck, Beth Simone (March 2007). "Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education". Journal of Legal Education . 57 (1). Association of American Law Schools : 3– 9. JSTOR 42894005 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 10–11. ^ "Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money" . Scientific American . October 19, 2007. Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). "The Wisdom of the Chaperones" . Slate . Archived from the original on September 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 13, 2014 . ^ Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). "Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?" . Archived from the original on August 3, 2014 . Retrieved February 23, 2008 . ^ Amichai-Hamburger, Yair; Lamdan, Naama; Madiel, Rinat; Hayat, Tsahi (2008). "Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members". CyberPsychology & Behavior . 11 (6). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 679– 681. doi : 10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 . PMID 18954273 . ^ McGreal, Scott A. (March 11, 2013). "The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members" . Psychology Today . Archived from the original on July 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ Giles, Jim (August 4, 2009). "After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust?" . New Scientist . Archived from the original on April 21, 2015 . Retrieved September 18, 2017 . ^ Cohen, Noam (January 31, 2011). "Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 6, 2013 . Retrieved October 28, 2013 . ^ a b "OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall" . CBC News . August 27, 2013. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b Kessenides, Dimitra; Chafkin, Max (December 22, 2016). "Is Wikipedia Woke?" . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on April 15, 2022 . Retrieved September 21, 2022 . ^ Walker, Andy (June 21, 2018). "The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps" . memeburn . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . ^ "List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Viégas, Fernanda B. (January 3, 2007). "The Visual Side of Wikipedia" (PDF) . Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 24, 2006 . Retrieved October 30, 2007 . ^ Fians, Guilherme (September 16, 2025). "Wikipedia: Editing the narrative" . Chartered Institute of Linguists . Archived from the original on September 24, 2025 . Retrieved September 27, 2025 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (February 16, 2021). "Israeli 'rule,' not 'occupation': In a sign of the times, Hebrew Wikipedia renames a key article" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on November 19, 2023 . Retrieved March 16, 2024 . ^ a b Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (January 17, 2012). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS One . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . ^ Massa, Paolo; Scrinzi, Federico (January 4, 2013). "Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities" . First Monday . 18 (1). doi : 10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 . ^ a b c "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?" . The Economist . March 1, 2014. Archived from the original on October 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 11, 2014 . ^ Jemielniak, Dariusz (June 22, 2014). "The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia" . Slate . Archived from the original on August 13, 2014 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ a b Black, Edwin (April 19, 2010). "Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge" . History News Network . Columbian College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 21, 2014 . ^ Messer-Krusse, Timothy (February 12, 2012). "The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia" . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Archived from the original on December 18, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Colón Aguirre, Mónica; Fleming-May, Rachel A. (November 2012). " "You Just Type in What You Are Looking For": Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia" (PDF) . The Journal of Academic Librarianship . 38 (6). Elsevier : 391– 399. doi : 10.1016/j.acalib.2012.09.013 . Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia experience sparks national debate" . BGSU News . Bowling Green State University . February 27, 2012. Archived from the original on August 27, 2016 . Retrieved March 27, 2014 . ^ Kamm, Oliver (August 16, 2007). "Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds" . The Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2011. ^ Petrilli, Michael J. (Spring 2008). "Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?" . What Next. Education Next . 8 (2). Hoover Institution . Archived from the original on November 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 22, 2014 . ^ Benjakob, Omer; Harrison, Stephen (October 13, 2020). "From Anarchy to Wikiality, Glaring Bias to Good Cop: Press Coverage of Wikipedia's First Two Decades" . Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.003.0005 . ISBN 978-0-262-36059-3 . Archived from the original on September 11, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2021 . ^ Lott, Maxim (February 18, 2021). "Inside Wikipedia's leftist bias: socialism pages whitewashed, communist atrocities buried" . Fox News . Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schwartz, Zach (November 11, 2015). "Wikipedia's Co-Founder Is Wikipedia's Most Outspoken Critic" . Vice . Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. ^ Brown, Lee (July 16, 2021). "Wikipedia co-founder says site is now 'propaganda' for left-leaning 'establishment' " . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 16, 2021 . Retrieved May 31, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Bias" . StosselTV . April 27, 2022. Archived from the original on December 9, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hube, Christoph (2017). "Bias in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . New York, New York, US: ACM Press. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Samoilenko, Anna (June 2021) Cultural Neighbourhoods, or approaches to quantifying cultural contextualisation in multilingual knowledge repository Wikipedia Archived November 14, 2023, at the Wayback Machine . ^ a b Bjork-James, Carwil (July 3, 2021). "New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias". New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia . 27 (3): 207– 228. Bibcode : 2021NRvHM..27..207B . doi : 10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 . S2CID 234286415 . ^ Morris-O'Connor, Danielle A., Andreas Strotmann, and Dangzhi Zhao. "The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps." Journal of Documentation 79.3 (2023): 784–810. ^ "Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' " . The New York Sun . October 4, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Nine Theses on Wikipedia" . LarrySanger.org . December 11, 2025 . Retrieved January 8, 2026 . ^ "Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up" . Wired . Associated Press. December 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 14, 2014 . Retrieved August 8, 2015 . ^ Giles, Jim (December 2005). "Internet encyclopedias go head to head" . Nature . 438 (7070): 900– 901. Bibcode : 2005Natur.438..900G . doi : 10.1038/438900a . PMID 16355180 . (subscription required) Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.: "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. "Wikipedia survives research test" . BBC News . December 15, 2005. ^ Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Orlowski, Andrew (December 16, 2005). "Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 25, 2019 . ^ Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2016. ^ "Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response" (PDF) . March 23, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2006 . Retrieved July 13, 2010 . ^ " Nature ' s responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica " . Nature . March 30, 2006. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017 . Retrieved February 25, 2018 . ^ Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Rung, András; Kornai, András; Kertész, János (June 20, 2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia" . PLOS ONE . 7 (6) e38869. arXiv : 1202.3643 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...738869Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0038869 . PMC 3380063 . PMID 22745683 . ^ Raphael, JR (August 26, 2009). "The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders" . PC World . Archived from the original on December 1, 2022 . Retrieved September 2, 2009 . ^ Cohen, Morris; Olson, Kent (2010). Legal Research in a Nutshell (10th ed.). St. Paul, MN: Thomson Reuters. pp. 32–34 . ISBN 978-0-314-26408-4 – via Internet Archive . ^ Cowen, Tyler (March 14, 2008). "Cooked Books" . The New Republic . Archived from the original on March 18, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Stuart, S.C. (June 3, 2021). "Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?" . PCMag . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ Mannix, Liam (September 13, 2022). "Evidence suggests Wikipedia is accurate and reliable. When are we going to start taking it seriously?" . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on March 6, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Schiff, Stacy (July 23, 2006). "Know It All" . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on November 22, 2008 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Boyd, Danah (January 4, 2005). "Academia and Wikipedia" . Many 2 Many: A Group We blog on Social Software . Corante. Archived from the original on March 16, 2006 . Retrieved December 18, 2008 . [The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley [,] and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society [at Harvard Law School .] ^ McHenry, Robert (November 15, 2004). "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia" . Tech Central Station . Archived from the original on January 7, 2006. ^ Shapiro, Ari (April 27, 2018). "Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era" . NPR . Archived from the original on June 25, 2018 . Retrieved May 1, 2018 . ^ "Inside Wikipedia – Attack of the PR Industry" . Deutsche Welle . June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2014 . Retrieved July 2, 2014 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (June 16, 2014). "Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 24, 2020 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles" . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). "Politicians notice Wikipedia" . CNET . Archived from the original on July 30, 2009 . Retrieved January 28, 2007 . ^ Bergstein, Brian (January 23, 2007). "Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit" . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 19, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Hafner, Katie (August 19, 2007). "Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ a b Colbert, Stephen (July 30, 2006). "Wikiality" . Archived from the original on September 11, 2015 . Retrieved October 8, 2015 . ^ "Wide World of Wikipedia" . The Emory Wheel . April 21, 2006. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007 . Retrieved October 17, 2007 . ^ Waters, Neil L. (September 2007). "Why You Can't Cite Wikipedia in My Class" (PDF) . Communications of the ACM . 50 (9): 15– 17. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.380.4996 . doi : 10.1145/1284621.1284635 . S2CID 11757060 . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 28, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Jaschik, Scott (January 26, 2007). "A Stand Against Wikipedia" . Inside Higher Ed . Archived from the original on July 8, 2007 . Retrieved January 27, 2007 . ^ Helm, Burt (December 14, 2005). "Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' " . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 21, 2012 . Retrieved January 29, 2007 . ^ Buis, Kyle (February 25, 2007). "Wikipedia sucks students in with reliable information" . The Orion . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ Child, Maxwell L. (February 26, 2007). "Professors Split on Wiki Debate" . The Harvard Crimson . Cambridge, MA. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. ^ Chloe Stothart. "Web threatens learning ethos" Archived December 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The Times Higher Education Supplement , 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2. ^ Zou, Di; Xie, Haoran; Wang, Fu Lee; Kwan, Reggie (April 10, 2020). "Flipped learning with Wikipedia in higher education" . Studies in Higher Education . 45 (5). Routledge : 1026– 1045. doi : 10.1080/03075079.2020.1750195 . S2CID 216534736 . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (March 5, 2014). "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on October 24, 2022 . Retrieved January 29, 2023 . ^ a b Beck, Julie (May 7, 2014). "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?" . The Atlantic . ISSN 2151-9463 . Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ "The battle for Wikipedia's soul" . The Economist . March 6, 2008. ISSN 0013-0613 . Archived from the original on December 14, 2022 . Retrieved March 7, 2008 . ^ Douglas, Ian (November 10, 2007). "Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2010 . ^ Cohen, Noam (February 5, 2008). "Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Taylor, Sophie (April 5, 2008). "China allows access to English Wikipedia" . Reuters . Archived from the original on December 29, 2020 . Retrieved July 29, 2008 . ^ Bruilliard, Karin (May 21, 2010). "Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 27, 2020 . Retrieved October 24, 2011 . ^ Moon, Mariella (March 12, 2022). "Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus" . Yahoo! . Archived from the original on March 13, 2022 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Mokhtar, Hassna'a (July 19, 2006). "What Is Wrong With Wikipedia?" . Arab News . Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. ^ Arthur, Charles (December 8, 2008). "Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ^ Petrusich, Amanda (October 20, 2011). "Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 11, 2020 . Retrieved October 28, 2011 . ^ Lam, Shyong (Tony) K.; Uduwage, Anuradha; Dong, Zhenhua; Sen, Shilad; Musicant, David R.; Terveen, Loren; Riedl, John (October 3–5, 2011). WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance (PDF) . WikiSym'2011. Mountain View, California: ACM. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 9, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . ^ "The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth" . The Guardian . August 7, 2018. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , pp. 37, 38, 47. ^ Livingstone, Randall M. (November 23, 2010). "Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality" . M/C Journal . 13 (6). doi : 10.5204/mcj.315 . ISSN 1441-2616 . Archived from the original on November 21, 2022 . Retrieved November 23, 2022 . ^ a b Hube, Christoph (April 3, 2017). "Bias in Wikipedia" . Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion . Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. pp. 717– 721. doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053375 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . S2CID 10472970 . ^ a b Ackerly, Brooke A.; Michelitch, Kristin (2022). "Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives" . PS: Political Science & Politics . 55 (2): 429– 433. doi : 10.1017/S1049096521001463 . S2CID 247795102 . ^ Beytía, Pablo (April 20, 2020). "The Positioning Matters" . Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 . WWW '20. New York: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 806– 810. doi : 10.1145/3366424.3383569 . ISBN 978-1-4503-7024-0 . S2CID 218523099 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved May 8, 2023 . ^ Graham, Mark (November 12, 2009). "Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content" . Zerogeography . Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. ^ Strohmaier, Markus (March 6, 2017). "KAT50 Society, Culture". Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia . GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences . doi : 10.7802/1411 . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved January 31, 2023 . Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). ^ Maxton, Richard (September 9, 2008). "Wikipedia attacked over porn pages" . Macquarie Network . Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. ^ Metz, Cade (December 7, 2008). "Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover" . The Register . Archived from the original on May 13, 2020 . Retrieved May 10, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017 . Retrieved May 14, 2017 . ^ Farrell, Nick (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI" . The Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 1, 2010 . Retrieved October 9, 2010 . ^ a b Metz, Cade (April 9, 2010). "Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn' " . The Register . Retrieved April 19, 2010 . ^ "Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website" . The Economic Times . India. April 29, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved April 29, 2010 . ^ a b Agence France-Presse (April 29, 2010). "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation" . The Sydney Morning Herald . ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights" . BBC News . May 10, 2010. Archived from the original on May 13, 2010 . Retrieved May 19, 2010 . ^ Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). "Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break" . XBIZ.com . Archived from the original on October 21, 2013 . Retrieved November 10, 2013 . ^ McStay, Andrew (2014). Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol . Digital Formation. Vol. 86. Peter Lang . doi : 10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9 . ISBN 978-1-4541-9163-6 . ^ Kleinz, Torsten (September 2, 2006). "Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]" [Court rejects preliminary injunction against Wikimedia Germany [Update]]. Heise Online (in German). Heinz Heise . Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks" . BBC . April 28, 2023. Archived from the original on May 1, 2023 . Retrieved May 1, 2023 . ^ Paling, Emma (October 21, 2015). "Wikipedia's Hostility to Women" . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on December 31, 2022 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Auerbach, David (December 11, 2014). "Encyclopedia Frown" . Slate . Archived from the original on October 23, 2015 . Retrieved October 24, 2015 . ^ Murphy, Dan (August 1, 2013). "In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny" . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on December 1, 2021 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Kueppers, Courtney (March 23, 2020). "High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women" . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 24, 2020 . ^ a b c Schlanger, Zoë; Purtill, Corinne (October 2, 2018). "Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough" . Quartz . Archived from the original on October 25, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018" . The Nobel Prize . October 2, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2018 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2018). "Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media" . Quartz . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Bear, Julia B.; Collier, Benjamin (January 4, 2016). "Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia" . Sex Roles . 74 ( 5– 6). Springer Science : 254– 265. doi : 10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y . S2CID 146452625 . Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved June 27, 2021 . ^ McGregor, Jena (March 17, 2020). "Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on April 21, 2021 . Retrieved February 25, 2021 . ^ a b Elder, Jeff (May 1, 2014). "Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on February 1, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (May 1, 2014). "Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Salmon, Felix (February 4, 2021). "Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia" . Axios . Archived from the original on February 4, 2021 . Retrieved April 16, 2021 . ^ Lima, Cristiano (September 14, 2021). "Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Archived from the original on September 14, 2021 . Retrieved September 14, 2021 . ^ Protalinski, Emil (July 2, 2013). "Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English" . TNW . Archived from the original on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Curtis, Sophie (July 23, 2013). "Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors" . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ L. M. (December 13, 2011). "Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things" . The Economist . Archived from the original on June 9, 2013 . Retrieved July 28, 2013 . ^ a b Orlowski, Andrew (August 1, 2013). "Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor" . The Register . Archived from the original on August 4, 2013 . Retrieved August 18, 2013 . ^ a b Nasaw, Daniel (July 24, 2012). "Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia" . BBC News . Archived from the original on July 28, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Halliday, Josh; Arthur, Charles (July 26, 2012). "Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 20, 2022 . Retrieved September 5, 2012 . ^ Jervell, Ellen Emmerentze (July 13, 2014). "For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved August 18, 2014 . ^ "MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address" . Al Jazeera . July 21, 2014. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016 . Retrieved July 22, 2014 . ^ Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution . Hachette Books . pp. 99– 106. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . OCLC 232977686 . ^ Friedman, Vitaly (January 12, 2021). "Front-End Performance Checklist 2021 (PDF, Apple Pages, MS Word)" . Smashing Magazine . Archived from the original on April 1, 2022 . Retrieved April 26, 2022 . ^ Verge, Jason (January 14, 2013). "It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home" . Data Center Knowledge. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Data centers - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Bergsma, Mark (May 5, 2014). "Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center" . Diff . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ "Switch Datacenter - Wikitech" . wikitech.wikimedia.org . Retrieved October 4, 2025 . ^ Scherer, Frederic M. (2009) [1970]. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance . Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign . SSRN 1496716 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ a b c Trajtenberg, Manuel; Jaffe, Adam B. (2002). Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy . MIT Press . pp. 89– 153. doi : 10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-27623-8 . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ McCarthy, Caroline (July 18, 2008). "Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees" . CNET . Archived from the original on March 1, 2016 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 5, 2007). "A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 18, 2008 . ^ McDowell & Vetter 2022 , p. 64. ^ Orlowitz, Jake (January 2018). "The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it" . JLIS.it . 9 (3). doi : 10.4403/jlis.it-12505 . Archived from the original on April 28, 2024 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 – via ResearchGate . ^ The British Newspaper Archive (July 18, 2014). "Working with Wikipedia to bring history facts to light" . British Newspaper Archive . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Hall, Sam (June 24, 2020). "ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library" . ICE Virtual Library . Archived from the original on November 13, 2022 . Retrieved October 26, 2021 . ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses" . GNU Operating System . Free Software Foundation . Archived from the original on March 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Cohen, Noam (July 19, 2009). "Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 . Retrieved March 9, 2013 . ^ "Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case" . Reuters . November 2, 2007. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved November 2, 2007 . ^ Anderson, Nate (May 2, 2008). "Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" " . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on August 6, 2011 . Retrieved May 4, 2008 . ^ "Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities" . Lexico Publishing Group, LLC . Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. ^ "Definition of Answers.com" . PCMag . Archived from the original on February 3, 2023 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Researching With Bing Reference" . Bing Community . Archived from the original on October 23, 2010 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ "Wikipedia turned into book" . The Daily Telegraph . London. June 16, 2009. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010). "Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten" . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Archived from the original on November 26, 2010 . Retrieved December 6, 2010 . ^ Bizer, Christian; Lehmann, Jens; Kobilarov, Georgi; Auer, Sören; Becker, Christian; Cyganiak, Richard; Hellmann, Sebastian (September 2009). "DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data". Journal of Web Semantics . 7 (3): 154– 165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.150.4898 . doi : 10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 . S2CID 16081721 . ^ Cohen, Noam (March 16, 2021). "Wikipedia Is Finally Asking Big Tech to Pay Up" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Shachaf, Pnina (October 16, 2009). "The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library?" (PDF) . Journal of Documentation . 65 (6): 977– 996. doi : 10.1108/00220410910998951 . ^ "Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia" . AndroGeoid . May 15, 2011. Archived from the original on June 1, 2011 . Retrieved May 15, 2011 . ^ Hollington, Jesse David (November 30, 2008). "iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps" . iLounge . Archived from the original on January 12, 2009 . Retrieved July 22, 2008 . ^ Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). "Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding" . Nieman Lab . Archived from the original on November 30, 2022 . Retrieved April 22, 2013 . ^ a b c Lih, Andrew (June 20, 2015). "Can Wikipedia Survive?" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 17, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Brown, Andrew (June 25, 2015). "Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Fox-Brewster, Thomas (May 22, 2015). "Wikipedia Disturbed Over Fresh China Censorship" . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 3, 2018 . Retrieved May 2, 2018 . ^ Henochowicz, Anne (May 20, 2015). "Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall" . China Digital Times . Archived from the original on May 4, 2017 . Retrieved May 4, 2017 . ^ Perez, Sarah (June 12, 2015). "The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on August 24, 2020 . Retrieved June 3, 2020 . ^ Hughes, Taylor; Smith, Jeff; Leavitt, Alex (April 3, 2018). "Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button" . Meta . Archived from the original on January 11, 2023 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (April 7, 2018). "Conspiracy videos? Fake news? Enter Wikipedia, the 'good cop' of the Internet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. ^ Constine, Josh (April 3, 2018). "Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context" . TechCrunch . Retrieved July 15, 2021 . ^ "694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks" . comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008 . Retrieved December 16, 2007 . Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US ^ Rainie, Lee; Tancer, Bill (December 15, 2007). "Wikipedia users" (PDF) . Pew Internet & American Life Project . Pew Research Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 15, 2007 . 36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. ^ SAI (October 7, 2011). "The World's Most Valuable Startups" . Business Insider . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Sachdev, Shaan (February 26, 2021). "Wikipedia's Sprawling, Awe-Inspiring Coverage of the Pandemic" . The New Republic . ISSN 0028-6583 . Archived from the original on February 28, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ a b Cohen, Noam (March 15, 2020). "How Wikipedia Prevents the Spread of Coronavirus Misinformation" . Wired . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on May 1, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Benjakob, Omer (September 2, 2020). "On Wikipedia, a fight is raging over coronavirus disinformation-GB" . Wired UK . ISSN 1357-0978 . Archived from the original on April 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Dodds, Laurence (April 3, 2020). "Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB" . The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on April 11, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (October 22, 2020). "Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on December 27, 2020 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better" . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on May 30, 2022 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). "Learning to trust the internet again" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on August 27, 2021 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on February 3, 2007 . Retrieved February 6, 2007 . ^ Sharma, Raghav (February 19, 2009). "Wikipedian Justice". Social Science Research Network . doi : 10.2139/ssrn.1346311 . S2CID 233749371 . SSRN 1346311 . ^ "An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes" . LEGISinfo . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). "Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source" . Internet Business Law Services . Archived from the original on May 20, 2012 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . (The name " World Intellectual Property Office " should however read " World Intellectual Property Organization " in this source.) ^ Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). "Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively" . The New York Times . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). "The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence" . Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013 . Retrieved April 14, 2007 . ^ Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". Nature News . doi : 10.1038/news.2008.1312 . ^ Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). "Wikipedia in the Newsroom" . American Journalism Review . Archived from the original on August 5, 2012 . Retrieved February 11, 2008 . ^ Lexington (September 24, 2011). "Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth" . The Economist . Retrieved September 27, 2011 . Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund". ^ "Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article" . Japan News Review . July 5, 2007. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. ^ Richter, Bob (January 9, 2007). "Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered" . San Antonio Express-News . Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. ^ Bridgewater, Frank. "Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal" . Honolulu Star-Bulletin . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Coscarelli, Joe (July 29, 2014). "Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times" . Intelligencer . New York . Archived from the original on August 18, 2022 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). "Time's Person of the Year: You" . Time . Archived from the original on March 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vargas, Jose Antonio (September 17, 2007). "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Ablan, Jennifer (October 22, 2007). "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol" . Reuters . Retrieved October 24, 2007 . ^ Grillini, Franco (March 30, 2009). "Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law] (in Italian). Archived from the original on March 30, 2009 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030" . One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) . Stanford University . September 2016. Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved September 3, 2016 . ^ a b Gertner, Jon (July 18, 2023). "Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 19, 2023 . Retrieved July 19, 2023 . ^ Derakhshan, Hossein (October 19, 2017). "How Social Media Endangers Knowledge" . Business. Wired . Condé Nast. eISSN 1078-3148 . ISSN 1059-1028 . Archived from the original on October 22, 2018 . Retrieved October 22, 2018 . ^ "Webby Awards 2004" . The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. ^ "Die Quadriga – Award 2008" . Archived from the original on September 15, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum" . Praemium Erasmianum Foundation . Archived from the original on January 15, 2015 . Retrieved January 15, 2015 . ^ "Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015" [Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015]. Fundación Princesa de Asturias (in Spanish) . Retrieved June 17, 2015 . ^ "Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano" [The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version]. La Nueva España (in Spanish). October 22, 2015 . Retrieved October 20, 2015 . ^ "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence" . The Onion . July 26, 2006. Archived from the original on March 25, 2010 . Retrieved October 15, 2006 . ^ " 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today" . The Onion . November 24, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ " The Negotiation ". The Office . Season 3. Episode 19. April 5, 2007. NBC . ^ Jesdanun, Anick (April 12, 2007). " 'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia" . USA Today . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved December 12, 2014 . ^ Bakken, Janae (December 6, 2007). " My Number One Doctor ". Scrubs . Season 7. Episode 145. NBC . ^ "Professor Wikipedia". CollegeHumor Originals . September 24, 2008. CollegeHumor . ^ Adams, Scott ( w , a ). Topper . May 8, 2009, United Media . ^ Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). "Bigipedia given second series" . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen" . British Comedy Guide . Archived from the original on July 31, 2009 . Retrieved July 31, 2009 . ^ Flake, Emily (August 23, 2013). "Manning/Wikipedia cartoon" . Conde Nast Collection . Archived from the original on October 12, 2014 . Retrieved August 26, 2013 . ^ " 'I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement" . Today . August 22, 2013 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Burnett, Emma (June 12, 2024). "Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3]" . Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 38867010 . ^ Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 3, 2023 . Retrieved January 26, 2015 . ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic]" . GizmoCrazed . March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Caldwell, Christopher (June 14, 2013). "A chapter in the Enlightenment closes" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on December 25, 2022 . Retrieved June 15, 2013 . Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia. ^ Carr, Nicholas (October 3, 2005). "The amorality of Web 2.0" . Rough Type . Archived from the original on August 4, 2022 . Retrieved July 15, 2006 . ^ "Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds" . Nature . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ a b Flood, Alison (February 7, 2013). "Alison Flood: Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast? " . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Mayo, Matthew (November 23, 2017). "Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing" . KDnuggets . Archived from the original on May 28, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Lindemann, Luke (February 19, 2021). "Wikipedia Corpus" . lukelindemann.com . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rada, Mihalcea ; Csomai, Andras (November 2007). "Wikify!: linking documents to encyclopedic knowledge" (PDF) . CIKM '07: Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Lisbon; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 233– 242. doi : 10.1145/1321440.1321475 . ISBN 978-1-59593-803-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2016. ^ Milne, David; Witten, Ian H. (October 2008). "Proceeding of the 17th ACM conference on Information and knowledge mining – CIKM '08". CIKM '08: Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM conference on Conference on information and knowledge management . ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Napa Valley, CA; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 509– 518. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.148.3617 . doi : 10.1145/1458082.1458150 . ISBN 978-1-59593-991-3 . ^ Adafre, Sisay Fissaha; de Rijke, Maarten (August 2005). "Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery – LinkKDD '05" (PDF) . LinkKDD '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Link discovery . ACM LinkKDD. Chicago; New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 90– 97. doi : 10.1145/1134271.1134284 . ISBN 978-1-59593-135-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2012. ^ "Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries" . MIT Technology Review . December 7, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Marmow Shaw, Jessica (December 10, 2015). "Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list" . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ a b Bothwell, Ellie (December 15, 2015). "Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances" . Times Higher Education . Retrieved December 27, 2015 . ^ Lages, J.; Patt, A.; Shepelyansky, D. (2016). "Wikipedia ranking of world universities". Eur. Phys. J. B . 89 (69): 69. arXiv : 1511.09021 . Bibcode : 2016EPJB...89...69L . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 . S2CID 1965378 . ^ Coquidé, C.; Lages, J.; Shepelyansky, D.L. (2019). "World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks". Eur. Phys. J. B . 92 (3): 3. arXiv : 1809.00332 . Bibcode : 2019EPJB...92....3C . doi : 10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 . S2CID 52154548 . ^ "All hail Wikipedia" . The Times . December 13, 2015 . Retrieved October 1, 2024 . ^ Thompson, Neil; Hanley, Douglas (February 13, 2018). "Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial". MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 . Rochester, NY. doi : 10.2139/ssrn.3039505 . S2CID 30918097 . SSRN 3039505 – via SSRN . ^ Sarabadani, Amir; Halfaker, Aaron ; Taraborelli, Dario (April 2017). "Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion". WWW '17 Companion: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion . International Conference on World Wide Web Companion. Perth; New York: Association for Computing Machinery . pp. 1647– 1654. arXiv : 1703.03861 . doi : 10.1145/3041021.3053366 . ISBN 978-1-4503-4914-7 . ^ Potthast, Martin; Stein, Benno; Gerling, Robert (2008). "Advances in Information Retrieval". In Macdonald, Craig; Ounis, Iadh; Plachouras, Vassilis; Ruthven, Ian; White, Ryen W. (eds.). Advances in Information Retrieval . 30th ECIR . Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 4956. Glasgow: Springer. pp. 663– 668. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.188.1093 . doi : 10.1007/978-3-540-78646-7_75 . ISBN 978-3-540-78645-0 . ^ Asthana, Sumit; Halfaker, Aaron (November 2018). Lampe, Cliff (ed.). "With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep" . Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction . 2 (CSCW). New York City: Association for Computing Machinery . 21. doi : 10.1145/3274290 . ISSN 2573-0142 . ^ Petroni, Fabio; Broscheit, Samuel; Piktus, Aleksandra; Lewis, Patrick; Izacard, Gautier; Hosseini, Lucas; Dwivedi-Yu, Jane; Lomeli, Maria; Schick, Timo; Bevilacqua, Michele; Mazaré, Pierre-Emmanuel; Joulin, Armand; Grave, Edouard; Riedel, Sebastian (2023). "Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI" . Nature Machine Intelligence . 5 (10): 1142– 1148. arXiv : 2207.06220 . doi : 10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 . ^ Heart Internet. "Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface" . Archived from the original on May 17, 2014 . Retrieved September 9, 2014 . ^ Frauenfelder, Mark (November 21, 2000). "The next generation of online encyclopedias" . CNN . Archived from the original on August 14, 2004 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Rubin, Harriet (May 31, 1998). "The Hitchhikers Guide to the New Economy" . Fast Company . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Encyclopedia of Life" . National Museum of Natural History . Smithsonian . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia" . Society of Applied Neuroscience . Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. ^ Orlowski, Andrew (September 18, 2006). "Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?" . The Register . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. ^ Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). "Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site" . LinuxInsider. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007 . Retrieved June 27, 2007 . Wikipedia-affiliated and primary sources ^ a b "Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 11, 2020 . Retrieved August 8, 2023 . ^ Stallman, Richard M. (June 20, 2007). "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved January 4, 2008 . ^ Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). "Let's Make a Wiki" . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on April 14, 2003 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ "Wikipedia: HomePage" . Archived from the original on March 31, 2001 . Retrieved March 31, 2001 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 16, 2001). "Alternative language wikipedias" . Wikipedia-L (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved January 16, 2022 . ^ Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics/2004 ^ "[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008" . Osdir . Archived from the original on October 6, 2008 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Vibber, Brion (August 16, 2002). "Brion VIBBER at pobox.com" . Wikimedia . Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved December 8, 2020 . ^ "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 26, 2011 . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (December 12, 2002). "Wiktionary project launched" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on June 20, 2014 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Talk:Science Hypertextbook project" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on March 19, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (March 19, 2004). "Proposal: commons.wikimedia.org" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Eloquence. "User:Eloquence/History" . Wikinews . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity" . Wikiversity . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 24, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ Roth, Matthew (March 30, 2012). "The Wikipedia data revolution" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011 . Retrieved March 8, 2015 . ^ "SOPA/Blackoutpage" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018 . Retrieved January 19, 2012 . ^ "Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront" . Wikimedia Foundation . January 18, 2023. Archived from the original on January 19, 2023 . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Why create an account ^ Wikipedia:Protection policy#Full protection ^ a b Birken, P. (December 14, 2008). "Bericht Gesichtete Versionen" . Wikide-l (Mailing list) (in German). Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on June 22, 2014 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ Help:Recent changes ^ Wikipedia:New pages patrol ^ Vandalism . Wikipedia . Retrieved November 6, 2012. ^ a b Wikipedia:Dispute resolution ^ Wikipedia:Five pillars ^ Wikipedia:Citing sources : "Wikipedia's verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space." ^ Wikipedia:Ownership of content : "No one "owns" content (including articles or any page at Wikipedia)." ^ a b Wikipedia:Administrators ^ Wikipedia:Requests for comment ^ Wikipedia:Banning policy ^ Sanger, Larry (December 31, 2004). "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism" . Kuro5hin , Op–Ed . Archived from the original on November 1, 2021 . Retrieved March 26, 2021 . There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.) ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedians ^ List of Wikipedias – Meta ^ a b "Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved January 16, 2026 . ^ Special:Statistics ^ A455bcd9 (February 8, 2021). Wikipedia page views by language over time (PNG) . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on May 12, 2022 . Retrieved June 25, 2021 . ^ "Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved November 6, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias" . Wikipedia . Archived from the original on January 4, 2021 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Non-free content" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on January 16, 2023 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wales, Jimmy (March 8, 2003). "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" . Wikipedia-l (Mailing list). Archived from the original on July 10, 2017 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ "Meta-Wiki" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013 . Retrieved March 24, 2009 . ^ "Meta-Wiki Statistics" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 26, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ a b "List of articles every Wikipedia should have" . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original on March 21, 2008 . Retrieved March 24, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:Notability ^ "Manual:Interwiki" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on December 3, 2010 . Retrieved January 27, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:General disclaimer ^ Sanger, Larry . "Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version)" . Citizendium . Archived from the original on November 3, 2006 . Retrieved October 10, 2006 . ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not a paper encyclopedia ^ Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content/FAQ ^ Wikipedia:Sexual content ^ "Privacy policy" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Volunteer Response Team" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software" . Open Technology Real Services . OTRS.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013 . Retrieved June 9, 2012 . ^ "Draft:Donna Strickland" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Projects" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on October 11, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. October 12, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . May 17, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 24, 2022 . Retrieved October 14, 2014 . ^ "Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov" . Wikimedia Foundation . May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014 . Retrieved June 14, 2014 . ^ Neotarf (August 13, 2014). "Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia" . The Signpost . Archived from the original on January 25, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ Lorente, Patricio (March 16, 2016). "Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia chapters" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on November 12, 2005 . Retrieved February 1, 2023 . ^ a b Bergsma, Mark. "Wikimedia Architecture" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2009 . Retrieved June 27, 2008 . ^ "MediaWiki Features" . WikiMatrix . Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Project:Copyrights" . MediaWiki . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on October 22, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "UseMod: UseModWiki" . UseModWiki . Archived from the original on October 17, 2000. ^ Special:Version ^ Snow, Michael (April 18, 2005). "Internal search function returns to service" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 31, 2012 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Vibber, Brion. "[Wikitech-l] Lucene search" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on March 30, 2013 . Retrieved February 26, 2009 . ^ "Extension:CirrusSearch" . MediaWiki . Archived from the original on April 13, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Forrester, James (April 25, 2013). "The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bots ^ Aude (March 23, 2009). "Abuse Filter is enabled" . The Signpost . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Bot policy ^ a b "Varnish" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 20, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Debian" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on April 18, 2021 . Retrieved April 9, 2021 . ^ Palmier, Guillaume (January 19, 2013). "Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on July 15, 2018 . Retrieved June 5, 2016 . ^ "⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on May 12, 2019 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ "⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter" . Wikimedia Phabricator . Archived from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "The journey to open our first data center in South America" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . July 26, 2024. Archived from the original on September 21, 2024 . Retrieved November 29, 2024 . ^ "Wikimedia servers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . April 22, 2013. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021 . Retrieved January 24, 2023 . ^ "Data centers" . Wikitech . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 29, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Peters, David; Walsh, Jay (2013). "Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 10, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020)" . Wikimedia Foundation . 2020. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/About" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on June 10, 2021 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Copyrights ^ Vermeir, Walter (December 1, 2007). "Resolution:License update" . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on September 3, 2011 . Retrieved December 4, 2007 . ^ Wikipedia:Licensing update ^ Wikimedia ^ "Licensing update/Questions and Answers" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on July 16, 2020 . Retrieved February 15, 2009 . ^ "Licensing_update/Timeline" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on August 17, 2022 . Retrieved April 5, 2009 . ^ Walsh, Jay (May 21, 2009). "Wikimedia community approves license migration" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 13, 2021 . Retrieved May 21, 2009 . ^ "Wikipedia:Non-free content" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on January 27, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Commons:Fair use" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Commons . Archived from the original on January 31, 2023 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks ^ a b Seifi, Joe (August 27, 2007). "Wapedia review" . appSafari . Archived from the original on April 23, 2022 . Retrieved February 2, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM" . Wikipedia On DVD . Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. ^ "Polish Wikipedia on DVD" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Archived from the original on December 29, 2022 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . ^ Wikipedia:DVD ^ "¿Qué es la CDPedia?" . Py Ar (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. ^ "2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online" . WikiNews . Wikimedia Foundation . October 22, 2008 . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Selection for Schools" . Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original on August 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 14, 2012 . ^ "Wikidata:Introduction" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikidata:Statistics" . Wikidata . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ Moeller, Erik (October 13, 2009). "OpenMoko Launches WikiReader" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ^ Wikipedia policies on data download ^ "Data dumps/What's available for download" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched" . Wikimedia Technical Blog . Wikimedia Foundation . June 30, 2009. Archived from the original on January 11, 2010 . Retrieved July 22, 2009 . ^ Finc, Tomasz (January 26, 2012). "Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia" . Google Play . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes" . App Store (iOS/iPadOS) . Apple Inc. August 4, 2014 . Retrieved August 21, 2014 . ^ a b "Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships" . Diff . Wikimedia Foundation . February 16, 2018 . Retrieved May 12, 2019 . ^ Wikipedia: Modelling Wikipedia's growth ^ West, Stuart (2010). "Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010" (PDF) . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 3, 2023 . ^ "Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . February 6, 2012. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013 . Retrieved April 16, 2014 . ^ Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media ^ "Trophy shelf" . Wikimedia Meta-Wiki . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . ^ "The Free Encyclopedia Project" . GNU Operating System . Retrieved February 4, 2023 . Sources McDowell, Zachary; Vetter, Matthew (2022). Wikipedia and the Representation of Reality . New York: Routledge. pp. 1– 107. ISBN 978-0-367-55571-9 . Further reading Balke, Jeff (March 2008). "For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace" . Houston Chronicle . Broken Record (blog). Archived from the original on December 29, 2008 . Retrieved December 17, 2008 . Borland, John (August 14, 2007). "See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign" . Wired . Archived from the original on November 16, 2015 . Retrieved October 23, 2018 . Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). "All the News That's Fit to Print Out" . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). "Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust" . New Scientist . Retrieved January 14, 2008 . Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). "Wikipedia Rules" . The Phoenix . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . Poe, Marshall (September 1, 2006). "The Hive" . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 22, 2008 . Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). "Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom" . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). "Like Boiling a Frog" . London Review of Books . Archived from the original on May 27, 2009 . Retrieved June 3, 2009 . Stix, Gary , "Wiki-Curious: Are you a 'busybody,' a 'hunter" or a 'dancer'?", Scientific American , vol. 332, no. 2 (February 2025), p. 18. "'Curiosity actually works by connecting pieces of information, not just acquiring them.'" Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). "It's a Wiki, Wiki World" . Time . Archived from the original on June 2, 2005 . Retrieved February 22, 2008 . "Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist" . The Economist . June 5, 2008 . Retrieved June 5, 2008 . Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? "Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries" , BBC News, October 21, 2013. "The Decline of Wikipedia" Archived October 23, 2013, at the Library of Congress Web Archives, MIT Technology Review , October 22, 2013 "Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza" Archived March 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (March 2015), Capital Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems (March 2016), Motherboard "Dark Side of Wikipedia" . Full Measure . Archived from the original on August 4, 2016 . Retrieved April 17, 2016 . Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson , April 17, 2016. (Includes video.) Wales, Jimmy (December 9, 2016). "How Wikipedia Works" . Cato Institute . Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus , Ideas, with Paul Kennedy , CBC Radio One , originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also found here ). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner (audio, 53:58, Flash required). "So Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" The Independent , February 3, 2009. Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019 . Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo. Academic studies Leitch, Thomas (2014). Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age . JHU Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-1535-2 . Jensen, Richard (October 2012). "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812" (PDF) . The Journal of Military History . 76 (4): 523– 556. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2012. Yasseri, Taha; Sumi, Robert; Kertész, János (2012). Szolnoki, Attila (ed.). "Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis" . PLOS ONE . 7 (1) e30091. arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...730091Y . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . Goldman, Eric (2010). "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences". Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . SSRN 1458162 . ( A blog post by the author. ) Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). "Scientific Citations in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (8). arXiv : 0805.1154 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.246.4536 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 . S2CID 58893 . Pfeil, Ulrike; Zaphiris, Panayiotis; Chee Siang Ang (2006). "Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia" . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication . 12 (1): 88. doi : 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Priedhorsky; Reid; Chen, Jilin; Shyong (Tony) K. Lam; Panciera, Katherine; Terveen, Loren ; Riedl, John (2007). "Creating, destroying, and restoring value in Wikipedia". Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 . pp. 259– 268. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.7456 . doi : 10.1145/1316624.1316663 . ISBN 978-1-59593-845-9 . S2CID 15350808 . Reagle, Joseph (2007). Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia (PDF) . WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal: ACM. hdl : 2047/d20002876 . Retrieved December 26, 2008 . Rijshouwer, Emiel (2019). Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. hdl : 1765/113937 . ISBN 978-94-028-1371-5 . OCLC 1081174169 . (Open access) Rosenzweig, Roy . Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past . (Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.) Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Huberman, Bernardo A. (April 2007). "Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia" . First Monday . 12 (4). arXiv : cs/0702140 . Bibcode : 2007cs........2140W . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.342.6933 . doi : 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 . hdl : 2027.42/136037 . S2CID 10484077 . Halfaker, Aaron; R. Stuart Geiger; Morgan, Jonathan T.; Riedl, John (2012). "The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community". American Behavioral Scientist . 57 (5): 664. doi : 10.1177/0002764212469365 . S2CID 144208941 . Maggio, Lauren A.; Willinsky, John M. ; Steinberg, Ryan M.; Mietchen, Daniel; Wass, Joseph L.; Dong, Ting (2017). "Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia" . PLOS One . 12 (12) e0190046. PLOS . Bibcode : 2017PLoSO..1290046M . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0190046 . PMC 5739466 . PMID 29267345 . Books Keen, Andrew (2007). The Cult of the Amateur . Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 978-0-385-52080-5 . (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Listen to: Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). "Does the Internet Undermine Culture?" . National Public Radio, US . The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007. Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (2008). How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It . San Francisco: No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-176-3 . Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia – The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51516-4 . (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.) Broughton, John (2008). Wikipedia Reader's Guide . Sebastopol: Pogue Press. ISBN 978-0-596-52174-5 . Rafaeli, Sheizaf ; Ariel, Yaron (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia". In Barak, A. (ed.). Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press . pp. 243 –267. ISBN 978-0-521-69464-3 . Dalby, Andrew (2009). The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality . Siduri. ISBN 978-0-9562052-0-9 . Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia . New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6 . O'Sullivan, Dan (2009). Wikipedia: a new community of practice? . Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7433-7 . Rahmstorf, Olaf (2023). Wikipedia – die rationale Seite der Digitalisierung? (in German). transcript Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8394-5862-4 . Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . Cambridge, MA: the MIT Press . ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2 . Retrieved October 25, 2015 . Jemielniak, Dariusz (2014). Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-8944-8 . Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution . MIT Press . doi : 10.7551/mitpress/12366.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-262-53817-6 . Retrieved October 13, 2020 . Bruckman, Amy S. (2022). Should You Believe Wikipedia?: Online Communities and the Construction of Knowledge . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/9781108780704 . ISBN 978-1-108-78070-4 . Book review–related articles Baker, Nicholson . "The Charms of Wikipedia" . The New York Review of Books , March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of The Missing Manual , by John Broughton, as listed previously.) Crovitz, L. Gordon . "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best." (Originally published in Wall Street Journal online – April 6, 2009.) Postrel, Virginia , "Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it" , Pacific Standard , November/December 2014 issue. External links Official website – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) Wikipedia on Twitter Wikipedia on Instagram Wikipedia collected news and commentary at The Guardian Wikipedia topic page at The New York Times Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia Ro, Christine (February 19, 2025). "Why these scientists devote time to editing and updating Wikipedia". Nature . doi : 10.1038/d41586-025-00244-7 . PMID 39972088 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Wikipedia v t e Overview (outline) Biases gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Biases gender geographical ideological racial gender geographical ideological racial Censorship Conflict-of-interest editing political editing incidents political editing incidents Criticism Deletion of articles deletionism and inclusionism notability deletionism and inclusionism notability Disputes " Ignore all rules " MediaWiki Plagiarism Predictions of the project's end Reliability Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Fact-checking Citation needed Perennial sources list Vandalism Community (Wikipedians) Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Administrators AfroCrowd Arbitration Committee Art+Feminism Bots Lsjbot Lsjbot Edit count List of Wikipedias The Signpost Wikimedian of the Year Wikipedian in residence WikiProject Women in Red Women in Red Events Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Edit-a-thon WikiConference India Wiki Indaba WikiConference North America Wikimania Wiki Loves Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science Earth Folklore Monuments Pride Science People ( list ) Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White Esra'a Al Shafei Lee Daniel Crocker Florence Devouard Sue Gardner David Gerard James Heilman Maryana Iskander Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Katherine Maher Magnus Manske Bernadette Meehan Erik Möller Jason Moore Raju Narisetti Steven Pruitt Annie Rauwerda Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Lila Tretikov Jimmy Wales Molly White History Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Bomis Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Bomis Nupedia Nupedia First edit Logo Internet Watch Foundation Scientology Hillsborough disaster Wikipedia posts VisualEditor #1Lib1Ref Wikimedia Foundation actions on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts on the Chinese Wikipedia (2021) against MENA Wikipedians (2022) Timeline of Wikipedia–U.S. government conflicts Controversies Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Alan MacMasters hoax Antisemitism on Wikipedia Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation Brazilian aardvark Carlos Bandeirense Mirandópolis hoax Edit wars Essjay controversy Henryk Batuta hoax Jar'Edo Wens hoax Operation Orangemoody Seigenthaler biography incident Star Trek Into Darkness debate United States congressional staff edits Weintraub controversy Zhemao hoaxes Coverage American politics Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war American politics Donald Trump Donald Trump COVID-19 pandemic Death Israeli–Palestinian conflict Russo-Ukrainian war Honors Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia Wikipedia Monument 274301 Wikipedia Viola angustifolia References and analysis Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Academic studies Bibliography Cultural Films Listen to Wikipedia Wikipediocracy Wikipedia philosophy phenomenon Mobile Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Apps QRpedia Wapedia Wikipedia Zero WikiReader Wikiwand Content use DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education DBpedia Depths of Wikipedia Google and Wikipedia Health information Kiwix Science information Wikipedia-based education Related AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis AI on Wikipedia The Iraq War: A Historiography of Wikipedia Changelogs LGBTQ and Wikipedia Magna Carta (An Embroidery) People imprisoned for editing Wikipedia Print Wikipedia The Seven Rules of Trust Wiki rabbit hole Wikimedia Foundation Wikimedia movement Wikipedia for World Heritage Wikipedia in India Wikiracing List of online encyclopedias List of wikis List Category List Category v t e Wikipedia language editions by article count v t e 7,000,000+ English English 6,000,000+ Cebuano Cebuano 3,000,000+ German German 2,000,000+ French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish French Swedish Dutch Russian Spanish 1,000,000+ Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray Arabic Chinese Egyptian Arabic Italian Japanese Persian Polish Portuguese Ukrainian Vietnamese Waray 100,000+ Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh Afrikaans Albanian Armenian Asturian Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Bulgarian Burmese Cantonese Catalan Croatian Czech Danish Esperanto Estonian Finnish Galician Georgian Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Indonesian Kazakh Korean Ladin Latin Latvian Macedonian Marathi Norwegian (Bokmål/Riksmål) Norwegian (Nynorsk) Romanian Serbian Serbo-Croatian Simple English Slovak Slovene Southern Min Swahili Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Turkish Urdu Uzbek Welsh 10,000+ Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu Alemannic Aragonese Assamese Balinese Belarusian (Taraškievica) Bosnian Breton Chuvash Crimean Tatar Irish Javanese Kannada Kurdish (Kurmanji) Kurdish (Sorani) Maithili Malayalam Nepali Occitan Odia Ossetian Punjabi Samogitian Sanskrit Santali Scots Scottish Gaelic Silesian Sindhi Tagalog Volapük Western Punjabi Yiddish Zulu 1,000+ Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof Atikamekw Bhojpuri Classical Syriac Dutch Low Saxon Extremaduran Goan Konkani Guarani Kashmiri Northern Sami Ripuarian Tulu Wolof 500+ Bambara Wayuu Bambara Wayuu List of Wikimedia wikis v t e Wikimedia Foundation v t e People Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Wikipedia community (Wikipedians) Current Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Maryana Iskander Lisa Seitz-Gruwell Dariusz Jemielniak Rebecca MacKinnon Raju Narisetti Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight Esra'a Al Shafei Jimmy Wales Incoming Bernadette Meehan Bernadette Meehan Past Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Hampton Lintorn-Catlin Danese Cooper Bishakha Datta Florence Devouard Oscar van Dillen Sue Gardner Arnnon Geshuri Mike Godwin Aaron Halfaker James Heilman Guy Kawasaki Patricio Lorente Katherine Maher Erik Möller Larry Sanger María Sefidari Lila Tretikov Luis Villa Projects Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia history List of Wikipedias Censorship of Wikipedia Wiktionary Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiquote Wikibooks Wikisource Wikispecies Wikinews Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikifunctions Abstract Wikipedia Abstract Wikipedia Other Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Wikimedia movement List of Wikimedia chapters Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Bangladesh Deutschland Israel New York City Polska UK Ukraine Wikimania Wiki Indaba WikiConference India WikiConference North America MediaWiki Litigation Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Monkey selfie copyright dispute Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA Knowledge Engine Related The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage The Signpost Wikipedia Monument Wikimedian of the Year Tides Foundation Artificial intelligence in Wikimedia projects Google and Wikipedia Wikipedia for World Heritage v t e Wikis v t e Types Fan Personal Medical Semantic Fan Personal Medical Semantic Components Software Software Lists Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Fan wikis LocalWikis Wikis Wiki software Wikipedias Wiktionaries Comparisons Software Wiki farms Software Wiki farms Notable wikis Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Ballotpedia Biographicon Book Drum Chalo Chatu Conservapedia DavisWiki Diplopedia Encyclopedia Dramatica Engineering and Technology History Wiki Family History Research Wiki Gene Wiki Geo-Wiki Giant Bomb Gynopedia The Hidden Wiki Intellipedia LifeWiki LocalWiki Moegirlpedia Namuwiki Open protein structure annotation network Qiuwen Baike RationalWiki Resistance Manual Rigveda Wiki Ruwiki Sky-Map.org The Cutting Room Floor TV Tropes Uncyclopedia WikiArt WikiFactor Wikifonia wikiHow Wikiloc Wikimania Wikipedia WikiProfessional Wikiprogress Wikirating WikiStage Wikistrat WikiTribune Wowpedia Wiki farms Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint Confluence Fandom PBworks Wetpaint See also Wikis and education History Creole .wiki Wikis and education History Creole .wiki v t e Laureates of the Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation v t e Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program 1981: José López Portillo 1982: Enrique V. Iglesias 1983: Belisario Betancur 1984: Contadora group 1985: Raúl Alfonsín 1986: University of Salamanca and University of Coimbra 1987: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 1988: Óscar Arias 1989: Jacques Delors and Mikhail Gorbachev 1990: Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1991: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 1992: Frederik W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela 1993: United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia 1994: Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat 1995: Mário Soares 1996: Helmut Kohl 1997: Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity 1998: Emma Bonino , Olayinka Koso-Thomas , Graça Machel , Fatiha Boudiaf , Rigoberta Menchú , Fatana Ishaq Gailani , and Somaly Mam 1999: Pedro Duque , John Glenn , Chiaki Mukai , and Valeri Polyakov 2000: Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2001: International Space Station 2002: The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research 2003: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 2004: The European Union's Erasmus Programme 2005: Simone Veil 2006: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 2007: Al Gore 2008: Manhiça Centre of Health Research (Mozambique), Ifakara Health Institute (Tanzania), Malaria Research and Training Centre (Mali), and Kintampo Health Research Centre (Ghana) 2009: World Health Organization 2010: The Transplantation Society and the Spanish National Transplant Organization 2011: Bill Drayton 2012: International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2013: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science 2014: Fulbright Program Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi 2015: Wikipedia 2016: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement 2017: The Hispanic Society of America 2018: Amref Health Africa 2019: Salman Khan and the Khan Academy 2020: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 2021: Camfed, Campaign for Female Education 2022: Ellen MacArthur 2023: Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi) 2024: Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture (OEI) 2025: Mario Draghi Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Travel guides from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST VIAF GND FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Czech Republic Norway Croatia Argentina Sweden Israel Catalonia Other IdRef MusicBrainz label IdRef MusicBrainz label Wikipedia 2001 establishments in the United States Creative Commons-licensed websites Free-content websites Internet properties established in 2001 Jimmy Wales Larry Sanger Multilingual websites Wikis Online encyclopedias Social information processing Wikimedia projects Pages using the Phonos extension Pages including recorded pronunciations Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription-only content CS1: unfit URL CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use American English from September 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2024 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2023 Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021 Articles containing Latin-language text Webarchive template other archives Guardian topic template using Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 22:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia#cite_note-57
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Girl Guides of America 1.2 Girl Scouts of the United States 1.3 Desegregation 1.4 Wing Scouts 1.1 Girl Guides of America 1.2 Girl Scouts of the United States 1.3 Desegregation 1.4 Wing Scouts 2 Age levels Toggle Age levels subsection 2.1 Mariner Scouts 2.2 Special programs 2.1 Mariner Scouts 2.2 Special programs 3 Organizational structure Toggle Organizational structure subsection 3.1 Realignment 3.1 Realignment 4 Insignia Toggle Insignia subsection 4.1 Promise, Law, Motto, and Slogan 4.2 Girl Scout uniforms 4.3 Logos 4.1 Promise, Law, Motto, and Slogan 4.2 Girl Scout uniforms 4.3 Logos 5 Activities and programs Toggle Activities and programs subsection 5.1 Girl Scouts and STEM 5.1 Girl Scouts and STEM 6 International convention Toggle International convention subsection 6.1 Destinations 6.1 Destinations 7 Traditions 8 Badges and other awards Toggle Badges and other awards subsection 8.1 Skill building badges 8.2 Journey awards 8.3 Additional awards 8.4 Highest awards 8.5 Adult recognition 8.1 Skill building badges 8.2 Journey awards 8.3 Additional awards 8.4 Highest awards 8.5 Adult recognition 9 Effect on American life Toggle Effect on American life subsection 9.1 The American Girl 9.2 Girl Scout Senior Roundups 9.1 The American Girl 9.2 Girl Scout Senior Roundups 10 Issues Toggle Issues subsection 10.1 Religion 10.1.1 Non-sectarian founding 10.1.2 "To serve God" in the Promise 10.1.3 Prayer at meetings 10.1.4 Religious pin 10.2 Sexuality and gender issues 10.3 Local objections to sex education sponsored by Planned Parenthood in Waco, Texas 10.4 The Radical Brownies 10.4.1 Name controversy 10.1 Religion 10.1.1 Non-sectarian founding 10.1.2 "To serve God" in the Promise 10.1.3 Prayer at meetings 10.1.4 Religious pin 10.1.1 Non-sectarian founding 10.1.2 "To serve God" in the Promise 10.1.3 Prayer at meetings 10.1.4 Religious pin 10.2 Sexuality and gender issues 10.3 Local objections to sex education sponsored by Planned Parenthood in Waco, Texas 10.4 The Radical Brownies 10.4.1 Name controversy 10.4.1 Name controversy 11 Presidents Toggle Presidents subsection 11.1 Chief executive officers 11.1 Chief executive officers 12 100th anniversary 13 Similar organizations 14 See also 15 Explanatory notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Girl Scouts of the USA العربية বাংলা Català Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Polski Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Girl Scouts of the United States of America The current Girl Scouts logo, introduced in 2009. [ a ] Headquarters New York City , U.S. Country United States Coordinates .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 40°45′3″N 73°59′0″W / 40.75083°N 73.98333°W / 40.75083; -73.98333 Founded March 12, 1912 ; 113 years ago ( 1912-03-12 ) Founder Juliette Gordon Low Membership 1 million+ girl members (2023) and 750,000 adults (2020) [ 1 ] [ 2 ] CEO Bonnie Barczykowski Affiliation World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts Website www .girlscouts .org Scouting portal Girl Scouts of the United States of America ( GSUSA ), commonly referred to as Girl Scouts , is a youth organization for girls in the United States and American girls living abroad. [ 3 ] It was founded by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912, a year after she had met Robert Baden-Powell , the founder of Scouting [ 4 ] (formerly Boy Scouts). The stated mission of Girl Scouts is to "[build] girls of courage, confidence, and character, who make the world a better place" [ 5 ] through activities involving camping , community service , and practical skills such as first aid . Members can earn badges by completing certain tasks and mastering skills. More senior members may be eligible for awards, such as the Bronze , Silver , and Gold Awards . [ 6 ] Membership is organized according to grade level, with activities designed for each level. The organization is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). [ 7 ] History Girl Guides of America Girl Scouting in the United States began on March 12, 1912, when founder Juliette Gordon Low organized the first Girl Guide troop meeting in Savannah, Georgia . It has since grown to near 3.7 million members. [ 8 ] From its inception, Girl Scouts has been organized and run exclusively for girls. [ 9 ] Low was the granddaughter of Juliette Magill Kinzie and John Harris Kinzie, and her maternal grandparents were two of the earliest settlers of Chicago . Juliette Kinzie wrote about her experiences in the Northwest Territory (now the state of Wisconsin ) in her book Wau-Bun: The Early Day . Low incorporated some of her grandmother's experiences on the frontier into the traditions of Girl Scouts. In late 1912, Low sought various mergers with similar organizations, including Camp Fire Girls and the Des Moines -based Girl Scouts of America , but was unsuccessful in any merging. [ 10 ] Girl Scouts of the United States In 1913, the organization was renamed to Girl Scouts of the United States. Its headquarters was subsequently moved to Washington, D.C. [ 10 ] In 1915, the organization was incorporated , [ 11 ] and its headquarters was moved to New York City . [ 10 ] The organization was renamed for the final time to Girl Scouts of the United States of America in 1947. The organization received a congressional charter on March 16, 1950. [ 5 ] By 1920, the organization reached nearly 70,000 members. [ 12 ] In 1930, that number had expanded to over 200,000 members. As of 2013, there were over 3.2 million Girl Scouts: 2.3 million youth members and 890,000 adult members. [ 12 ] More than 50 million American women have participated in Girl Scouts throughout its history. [ 12 ] In 1923, Girl Scouts were organized into patrols, troops, local councils, and a National Council. [ 11 ] Initially, troops had a high degree of independence, but over time, councils were formed between troops. Today there are 111 councils across the United States and Girl Scouts Overseas following a cycle of mergers in 2006. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The Juliette Gordon Low Historic District in Savannah, Georgia , became the national Girl Scout program center in 1956. [ 15 ] Upon Low's death in 1927, she willed her carriage house, at 330 Drayton Street , which eventually became The Girl Scout First Headquarters, to the local Savannah Girl Scouts for continued use. [ 16 ] Desegregation Most Girl Scout units were originally segregated by race according to state and local laws and customs. The first troop for African American girls was founded in 1917; the first American Indian troop was formed in New York State in 1921; and the first troop for Mexican Americans was formed in Houston , Texas, in 1922. In 1933, Josephine Groves Holloway founded unofficial African American troops in Tennessee . She also fully desegregated the Cumberland Valley council in 1962. [ 17 ] The first official African American troop in the South was founded in 1932 in Richmond, Virginia . It was created by Maggie Lena Walker and Lena B. Watson, but was led by Lavnia Banks, a teacher from Armstrong High School . It first met in Hartshorn Hall at Virginia Union University . [ 18 ] By the 1950s, GSUSA had begun significant national efforts to desegregate the camps and maintain racial balance. One of the first desegregations, accomplished by Murray Atkins Walls in 1956, was at Camp Shattuck in Kentucky . [ 19 ] In 1969, a Girl Scout initiative called Action 70 was created that aimed to eliminate prejudice . Gloria D. Scott, an African American, was elected national president of GSUSA in 1975. [ 20 ] Wing Scouts The Wing Scouts was a Senior Girl Scout program for girls interested in aviation . It was started in 1941 and ended in the 1970s. In July 1942, 29 troop leaders from 15 states met in Philadelphia for Wing Scout leadership training. They returned to their councils and began the creation of Wing Scout troops. In 1959, the council in San Mateo County, California was presented with an offer from United Airlines to start an aviation program for Senior Girl Scouts. A highlight of the Wing Scout program was a courtesy flight provided to Senior Girl Scouts using United Airlines aircraft. For many of the girls, the flight was their first time being in an airplane. Senior Girl Scouts who had been in the program for three years were given the opportunity to temporarily take control of a small aircraft during flight. The program was discontinued after United Airlines experienced financial issues in the 1970s. [ 21 ] Age levels In 1938, the age divisions consisted of Brownies (ages 7 through 9), Intermediates (ages 10 through 13), and Seniors (ages 14 through 18). [ 22 ] In 1965, the age divisions were changed to include Brownies (ages 7 and 8, or 2nd and 3rd grade), Juniors (ages 9 through 11, or 4th through 6th grade), Cadettes (ages 11 through 14, or 7th through 9th grade), and Seniors (ages 14 through 18, or 10th through 12th grade). [ 23 ] The Daisy program for kindergarten -age girls was started in 1984. [ 24 ] The Daisy program succeeded a 1976 pilot program known as Pixies. In 2003, the Studio 2B program was introduced for Cadettes and Seniors. [ 25 ] Under the Studio 2B programs, girls were able to work on traditional badges as well as Studio 2B activities, and the Silver Award and Gold Award requirements were altered to require both. Studio 2B activities differed from badges in that each booklet focused on a topic such as environmentalism or self-confidence rather than being skill-based like a badge . On October 1, 2008, all levels were renamed to begin with "Girl Scout" (e.g., Girl Scout Brownies instead of Brownie Girl Scouts). Additionally, levels were changed to an exclusively grade-based system, A new level, Girl Scout Ambassadors, was created for girls in grades 11 and 12. Sixth grade girls were reclassified from Junior level to Cadette level in order to conform with the broad reclassification of 6th grade as a middle school grade. The new levels were tested in approximately six councils during the spring of 2008 and were instituted nationally after October 1, 2008. [ 26 ] As of 2024, Girl Scouts can begin in kindergarten and join all the way through 12th grade. The age divisions are Daisies (kindergarten and 1st grade), Brownies (2nd and 3rd grade), Juniors (4th and 5th grade), Cadettes (6th through 8th grade), Seniors (9th and 10th grade), and Ambassadors (11th and 12th grade). [ 27 ] Although troop membership is the most common way to participate in Girl Scouting, girls who do not have a local troop, or those who are unable or unwilling to participate in their local troop, can still sign up as individual Girl Scouts. [ 28 ] Individual Girl Scouts were known in the early years of Girl Scouting as Lone Scouts and later as Juliettes; they attend activities independently and work individually on badges and awards. In 2015–2016, the term Juliette was phased out at the national level, in favor of the term Independent Girl Scouts, although some councils still use the term Juliette. Mariner Scouts The 20th National Council of GSUSA launched the Mariner Girl Scout program in October 1934. [ 29 ] Similar to the Boy Scouts of America 's Sea Scouting , the program was designed for older Girl Scouts interested in outdoor water-based activities. By the end of 1934, 12 Mariner ships were registered and the first two handbooks, launching a Girl Scout Mariner Ship and Charting the Course of a Girl Scout Mariner Ship, were published. The Mariner Girl Scout program remains active but in a smaller form; most girls have instead joined Sea Scouting, which has been coed since 1971. [ 30 ] Special programs Programs are available for girls in specific circumstances that may make it difficult for them to participate in standard programs. The Girl Scouts "Beyond Bars program" helps daughters of incarcerated mothers connect with their mothers and helps mothers participate in Girl Scout activities. Another program, Girl Scouting in Detention Centers, allows girls who are themselves in detention centers to participate in Scouting. Other initiatives try to help girls in rural areas or in public housing. There are also programs for American girls living overseas, and girls whose families are experiencing homelessness or are living in temporary housing. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Organizational structure The national organization is headquartered in New York City . It is headed by a chief executive officer and a 30-member board of directors . Bonnie Barczykowski currently serves as the chief executive officer and was officially appointed in February 2023. [ 33 ] The president of the board of directors is Noorain Khan . [ 34 ] Councils operate below the national leadership; they usually cover a large portion of a state or geographic region. Some councils own and run camps for the troops within their area of responsibility. Councils are usually subdivided into areas, variously known as neighborhoods, service units, or associations. These are program delivery areas that consist of troops at all age levels in a smaller area, such as a town. The basic unit is the troop which may or may not be sponsored. In contrast to Boy Scout troop-chartered organizations, Girl Scout troop sponsors do not own the troop. Troops range in size from as small as 5 to as large as 30 or more girls and may be divided into several patrols of 8 or fewer girls. Realignment In 2004, Girl Scouts of the USA hired a consultant "to help Girl Scouts develop a strategy to ensure our future success and growth." Six "gap teams" looked at ways Girl Scouts could improve its structure in order to ensure the future growth and success of the organization. [ 35 ] This followed declines in both membership and revenue, as well as challenges in subsidizing programs in urban areas . The governance gap team found that consolidation decreased confusion and provided economies of scale and recommended an optimal council size of approximately 10,000 girls. [ 36 ] This left 312 regional Girl Scout councils, which administrate 236,000 local troops and other groups. In 2004, the board of directors consolidated the 312 councils into 109 councils. [ 37 ] In response to the consolidation, the Manitou Girl Scout council in Wisconsin sued GSUSA in the district court , alleging a breach of the Girl Scout charter. The suit was summarily dismissed with prejudice. [ 36 ] The Seventh U.S. Circuit of Appeals overturned the decision, stating that a Girl Scout council agreement "was no different than a Dunkin' Donuts franchise." The decision of the appeals court maintained the status of the Manitou council. As a result, there are 112 Girl Scout councils in the United States. [ 38 ] Insignia Promise, Law, Motto, and Slogan Promise The Girl Scout Promise can be communicated in English, Spanish, or in American Sign Language , carrying the same meaning: [ 39 ] On my honor, I will try: To serve God* and my country, To help people at all times, And to live by the Girl Scout Law * Members may substitute for the word God in accordance with their own spiritual beliefs. [ 40 ] On my honor, I will try: To serve God* and my country, To help people at all times, And to live by the Girl Scout Law * Members may substitute for the word God in accordance with their own spiritual beliefs. [ 40 ] The Promise is often recited at Girl Scout troop meetings while holding up the three middle fingers of the right hand, forming the Girl Scout sign. Girl Scout policy states that the organization does not endorse or promote any particular philosophy or religious belief. The movement is nonsectarian and secular. In this context, the word "God" may be interpreted by each Girl Scout depending on her individual spiritual beliefs, and Girl Scouts are free to substitute the word consistent with their beliefs, such as "Creator", "my faith", "Allah", etc. [ 41 ] Many Girl Scouts use the word "Community" or "Good" as a substitution. [ citation needed ] Law The current version of the Girl Scout Law reads as follows: I will do my best to be honest and fair, friendly and helpful, considerate and caring, courageous and strong, and responsible for what I say and do, and to respect myself and others, respect authority, use resources wisely, make the world a better place, and be a sister to every Girl Scout. [ 40 ] I will do my best to be honest and fair, friendly and helpful, considerate and caring, courageous and strong, and responsible for what I say and do, and to respect myself and others, respect authority, use resources wisely, make the world a better place, and be a sister to every Girl Scout. [ 40 ] The Girl Scout Law has been changed several times since 1912. [ 42 ] The original Girl Scout Law written by Juliette Gordon Low was: A Girl Scout's honor is to be trusted A Girl Scout is loyal A Girl Scout's duty is to be useful and to help others A Girl Scout is a friend to all, and a sister to every other Girl Scout no matter to what social class she may belong A Girl Scout is courteous A Girl Scout keeps herself pure A Girl Scout is a friend to animals A Girl Scout obeys orders A Girl Scout is cheerful A Girl Scout is thrifty A Girl Scout's honor is to be trusted A Girl Scout is loyal A Girl Scout's duty is to be useful and to help others A Girl Scout is a friend to all, and a sister to every other Girl Scout no matter to what social class she may belong A Girl Scout is courteous A Girl Scout keeps herself pure A Girl Scout is a friend to animals A Girl Scout obeys orders A Girl Scout is cheerful A Girl Scout is thrifty Motto Be prepared. [ 43 ] Slogan Do a good turn daily. [ 43 ] Girl Scout uniforms Girl Scout uniforms have changed significantly over the years from the original navy blue in 1912, to khaki in 1914, to the familiar green. The evolution has included uniforms with the specificity to designate each age level of Girl Scouting- Daisies wear blue, Brownies wear brown, Juniors wear green, and Cadettes, Seniors, and Ambassadors wear tan. Since 2008, Girl Scouts at each level have one required element ( tunic , sash or vest) for the display of official pins and awards which will be required when girls participate in ceremonies or officially represent the Girl Scout Movement. For girls ages 5 to 14, the unifying look includes wearing a choice of a tunic, vest, sash for displaying official pins and awards, combined with their own solid white shirts and khaki pants or skirts. Girl Scouts in high school can also wear a scarf that unites their look with the sisterhood of Girl Scouts around the world. For adult members the unifying look of the uniform is a Girl Scout official scarf or tie for men, worn with the official membership pins, combined with their own navy-blue business attire. Girl Scouts at the Daisy and Brownie levels will continue to have a full uniform ensemble available. [ 44 ] The adult uniform also changed, with registered women and men wearing navy blue business attire, again from their regular wardrobes. Also available for women are official sweaters and an insignia scarf, while men have the option of an official tie. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] For all levels, earned awards go on the front of the vest or sash following official placements. Fun patches can be displayed on the back of a vest or sash. Girl Scout Daisies can choose a blue vest or a smock with a full uniform or white shirt and khaki pants and skirt. They have their own Daisy pin and a choice of accessories. Girl Scout Brownies can choose a traditional brown vest or sash to be worn with the historic Brownie pin and other uniform pieces or white shirt and khaki pants or skirts. Girl Scout Juniors wear their official vest or sash to display insignia including awards, coupled with a white shirt and khaki pants or skirt. Girl Scout Cadettes, Seniors, and Ambassadors can choose a khaki sash or vest to go with khaki pants or skirt and a white shirt. Logos The emblem designed by Juliette Gordon Low was the only emblem used for Girl Scout pins through 1980. At the 1978 GSUSA National Convention, the use of two logos was voted on, allowing Girl Scouts to pick which they wanted to wear as their Girl Scout pin (for Girl Scout Juniors and up). The current Girl Scouts of the USA logo is a rejuvenation of the original logo based on Saul Bass ' 1978 design, [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Bass being a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences and design of various other well-known logos. In 2010, the hair and facial styles were updated by Jennifer Kinnon and Bobby C. Martin Jr. of The Original Champions of Design. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Activities and programs One of the original and continuing attractions of Girl Scouts is that girls become proficient campers and participate in many outdoor activities such as canoeing or backpacking with their troops. Troops do service projects such as carrying out flag ceremonies, collecting food for food drives, visiting nursing homes, and Christmas caroling or other community services. [ 50 ] Troops may also plan and take extended trips within the United States or even to another country. Troops may organize cultural or learning events such as first-aid training or attending live theater. The Girl Scout activity most familiar to the general public may be the annual sale of Girl Scout Cookies , which started in 1917 as a money-earning opportunity for councils and troops. Girl Scouts and STEM Girl Scouts has incorporated STEM -related programs and badges to encourage more interest in Scouts in STEM fields. [ 51 ] From 2005 to 2007, more than 8.6 million STEM-related badges were earned. [ 52 ] The first STEM-related Girl Scout badges, though, can be traced back to the 1913 Electrician and Flyer Badges. [ 53 ] The first computer-related badges appeared in the 1980s. [ 53 ] In 2001, The Girl Scout Research Institute, published a 36-page report about the need for more encouragement to get girls into the field of technology. [ 54 ] An even larger push for STEM programs came after a 2012 study by the Girl Scout Research Institute reported that 74% of teenage girls were interested in courses in STEM subjects while only 25% of STEM industry jobs were held by women. [ 55 ] Recent endeavors to encourage interest in STEM fields amongst Girl Scouts includes partnerships with companies like NASA , [ 56 ] AT&T , [ 57 ] and Lockheed Martin . [ 58 ] NASA specifically paired Girl Scouts with the SETI Institute to create a 5-year space education program called "Reaching for the Stars: NASA Science for Girl Scouts." [ 59 ] The most recent push to help Girl Scouts imagine a future in STEM was the Girl Scout's appearance at the International Consumer Electronics Show in January 2016 to show off Digital Cookie 2.0, a website made in partnership with Dell and Visa, that helps Girl Scouts manage their cookie business online. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] There are four Girl Scout FIRST Robotics Competition teams: Space Cookies Team 1868, Lady Cans Team 2881, Gadget Girls Team 4816, and Tin Mints Team 4574. The Space Cookies are based at NASA Ames Research Center and were the first all-girls team to reach the finals at FRC world championships. [ 62 ] They are known for their extensive community outreach and work to expand menstrual equity and eliminate period poverty . The Space Cookies helped launch the Girl Scout STEM Pledge, a national initiative to reduce the gender gap in STEM fields by bringing millions of girls into the STEM pipeline. [ 63 ] Girl Scouts currently has 127 badges and journeys under the STEM category. [ 64 ] In 2020, Girl Scouts announced the addition of 24 new badges in STEM, entrepreneurship, and leadership. [ 65 ] Age Level STEM Badges/Awards [ 64 ] Automotive Coding for Good Cybersecurity Mechanical Engineering Robotics Space Science STEM Careers Journeys Other STEM related badges Daisy Design, Engineering, Manufacturing Coding Basics, Digital Game Design, App Development Basics, Safeguards, Investigator Board Game, Model Car, Roller Coaster What Robots Do, How Robots Move, Design a Robot Space Science Explorer — Between Earth and Sky Think Like a Citizen Scientist, Think Like a Programmer, Think Like an Engineer — Brownie Fling Flyer, Leap Bot, Race Car Programming Robots, Designing Robots, Showcasing Robots Space Science Adventurer Brownie STEM Career Exploration WOW! Wonders of Water Bugs, Home Scientist, Inventor, Making Games Junior Balloon Car, Crane, Paddle Boat Space Science Investigator Junior STEM Career Exploration GET MOVING! Animal Habitats, Detective, Digital Photographer Cadette — — Space Science Researcher Cadette STEM Career Exploration Breathe Digital Movie Maker, Netiquette, Science of Happiness, Special Agent, Woodworker Senior Space Science Expert — Sow What? Game Visionary, Science of Style, Sky, Social Innovator, Truth Seeker, Website Designer Ambassador Space Science Master Justice Photographer, Water The Automotive, Coding for Good, Cybersecurity, Mechanical Engineering, and Robotics badges are all series of three awards that cover different areas in their respective topics. These badges can be earned separately but are all related by the topic that they cover. Additionally, these badges mostly have the same name across levels, but have unique requirements for each level that get more complex and in-depth through the different age levels. In June 2017, Girl Scouts announced a partnership with Palo Alto Networks to create 18 cybersecurity badges by September 2018. [ 66 ] International convention Every three years Girl Scouts holds an international convention, featuring voting on policies and procedures, as well as guest speakers and activities and events for upwards of 10,000 girls and Girl Scout alums. The 2020 convention was conducted virtually due to concerns about COVID-19, and the latest convention was held in 2023 at Walt Disney World in Florida. [ 67 ] Destinations Once known as "Wider Opportunities" or "Wider Ops", Destinations are travel opportunities for individual older Girl Scouts. Destinations are held within the United States and in other countries. Destinations are primarily international, outdoor, science, people, or apprenticeship oriented, [ 68 ] such as kayaking in Alaska, or career oriented such as learning about working for NASA . [ 69 ] A "Destination" may be a trip to one of the WAGGGS World Centers: Our Cabaña in Cuernavaca, Mexico Our Chalet in Adelboden, Switzerland Pax Lodge in London, England Sangam World Centre in Pune, India [ 70 ] Kusafiri in Africa Traditions The Girl Scouts of the USA have many customs and traditions: camping, community service, singing, and money earning to support their activities. The Girl Scout Handshake and the Girl Scout signal for silence are two shared by WAGGGS member organizations. Other traditions include the Friendship Circle with "the squeeze," taking bandanas and homemade sit-upons on camping trips, and the buddy system. "Bridging" is the process of going from one level to another. Bridging is usually done at the troop level, although area bridgings are often held. The girls that are bridging walk across a bridge to their new level and are greeted with the Girl Scout Handshake. A bridging ceremony takes place in San Francisco, where Girl Scout Juniors transition to Cadettes by crossing the Golden Gate Bridge . World Thinking Day and "Girl Scouts' Own" are traditions throughout the world of Girl Scouting. World Thinking Day has occurred annually since 1926 on February 22, the birthday of both Robert Baden-Powell and Olave Baden-Powell . On World Thinking Day, Girl Scouts and Guides around the world think about their sisters in other lands; [ 71 ] Councils or local service units (associations) hold a celebration on or near this day, in which each participating troop gives a presentation of the culture and customs of a country selected by the troop. Many Girl Scouts in America celebrate Juliette Gordon Low's birthday on October 31, Founder's Day. The parties often include the girls dressing up in Halloween costumes and serving birthday cake. A "Girl Scouts' Own" is a special ceremony that expresses the spirit of Girl Scouting when the girls reflect upon their feelings about Girl Scouting and the world around them. A "Girl Scouts' Own" can have any theme, or none at all. It is a solemn time given for Girl Scouts to create a moment of their very own. It can be held at any time and include the girls' troop or be held at any inter-troop gathering. [ 72 ] Badges and other awards All levels of Girl Scouts can earn badges. Each level has specific badges that can be earned. Daisies earn badges shaped like flowers. Brownies earn badges shaped like triangles. Juniors earn badges shaped like circles. Cadettes earn badges shaped like diamonds. Seniors earn badges shaped like rectangles. Ambassadors earn badges shaped like squares. Earned Badges and Awards are worn on the front of a Girl Scout's vest (or sash). Fun Patches are worn on the back of the vest. Daisies wear blue vests. Brownies wear brown vests. Juniors wear green vests. Cadettes, Seniors, and Ambassadors wear khaki vests. For Cadettes, Seniors, and Ambassadors, a Girl Scout may choose to wear the same khaki vest for all three levels. Active Girl Scouts, who earn a lot of badges, may opt to get a new khaki vest when they change levels, so they have more room to display their awards. Skill building badges Badge group Daisy Brownie Junior Cadette Senior Ambassador Promise & Law Daisy Center & Petals Brownie Girl Scout Way Junior Girl Scout Way Cadette Girl Scout Way Senior Girl Scout Way Ambassador Girl Scout Way Cookie Business Count It Up Meet My Customers Cookie CEO Business Plan My Portfolio Research & Development Talk It Up Give Back Customer Insights Marketing Customer Loyalty P&L Think Big Financial Literacy Money Counts Money Manager Business Owner Budgeting Financing My Future On My Own Making Choices Philanthropist Savvy Shopper Comparison Shopping Buying Power Good Credit Financing My Dreams Troop Camping Buddy Camper Cabin Camper Eco Camper Primitive Camper Adventure Camper Survival Camper Citizenship Good Neighbor Celebrating Community Inside Government Finding Common Ground Behind the Ballot Public Policy Mechanical Engineering Model Car Design Challenge Race Car Design Challenge Balloon Car Design Challenge Roller Coaster Design Challenge Fling Flyer Design Challenge Crane Design Challenge Board Game Design Challenge Leap Bot Design Challenge Paddle Boat Design Challenge Outdoors Outdoor Art Maker Outdoor Art Creator Outdoor Art Explorer Outdoor Art Apprentice Outdoor Art Expert Outdoor Art Master Outdoor Adventurer Horseback Riding Archery Paddling Ultimate Recreation Challenge Buddy Camper Hiker Camper Trailblazing Adventurer Snow or Climbing Snow or Climbing Snow or Climbing Snow or Climbing Snow or Climbing Snow or Climbing Trail Adventure Trail Adventure Trail Adventure Trail Adventure Trail Adventure Trail Adventure Robotics What Robots Do Programming Robots Programming Robots Programming Robots Programming Robots Programming Robots How Robots Move Designing Robots Designing Robots Designing Robots Designing Robots Designing Robots Design a Robot Showcasing Robots Showcasing Robots Showcasing Robots Showcasing Robots Showcasing Robots Space Science Space Science Explorer Space Science Adventurer Space Science Investigator Space Science Researcher Space Science Expert Space Science Master Cyber Security Cyber Security Basics Cyber Security Basics Cyber Security Basics Cyber Security Basics Cyber Security Basics Cyber Security Basics Cyber Security Safeguards Cyber Security Safeguards Cyber Security Safeguards Cyber Security Safeguards Cyber Security Safeguards Cyber Security Safeguards Cyber Security Investigator Cyber Security Investigator Cyber Security Investigator Cyber Security Investigator Cyber Security Investigator Cyber Security Investigator Coding Coding Basics Coding Basics Coding Basics Coding Basics Coding Basics Coding Basics Digital Game Design Digital Game Design Digital Game Design Digital Game Design Digital Game Design Digital Game Design App Development App Development App Development App Development App Development App Development Environmental Stewardship Eco Learner Eco Friend Eco Camper Eco Trekker Eco Explorer Eco Advocate Adventure Letterboxer Geocacher Night Owl Traveler Animals Pets Animal Habits Animal Helpers Voice for Animals Artist Painting Drawing Comic Artist Collage Photographer Athlete Fair Play Practice with Purpose Good Sportsmanship Cross-Training Coaching College Preparation College Knowledge Craft Potter Jeweler Book Artist Textile Artist Creative Play Making Games Playing the Past Field Day Game Visionary Digital Arts Computer Expert Digital Photographer Digital Movie Maker Website Designer Do It Yourself Household Elf Gardener Woodworker Room Makeover First Aid Brownie First Aid Junior First Aid Cadette First Aid Senior First Aid Ambassador First Aid Cook Snacks Simple Meals New Cuisines Locavore Dinner Party Healthy Living My Best Self Staying Fit Eating for You Women's Health Innovation Inventor Product Designer Entrepreneur Social Innovator Investigation Senses Detective Special Agent Truth Seeker Manners Making Friends Social Butterfly Netiquette Business Etiquette Naturalist Bugs Flowers Trees Sky Water Performance Dancer Musician Public Speaker Troupe Performer Practical Life Skills My Great Day Independence Babysitter Car Care Science and Technology Home Scientist Entertainment Technology Science of Happiness Science of Style Storytelling My Family Story Scribe Screenwriter Novelist Leadership Leader in action (WOW) Leader in Action (Quest) Leader in Action (World) Leader in Action (any) Journey awards Each level of Girl Scouting has multiple Journey programs. A Journey is a series of lessons on a particular topic. The Journeys are made up of multiple parts and all parts of the Journey must be earned for it to be complete. A Girl Scout who completes three Journeys at one level earns a Summit Pin. Before beginning work on a Bronze, Silver, or Gold Award project, a Girl Scout must complete one Journey at her level. A Girl Scout who did not earn her Silver Award must complete two Journeys at her current level, instead of one, to work on her Gold Award. Daisy Brownie Juniors Cadettes Seniors Ambassadors Welcome to the Daisy Flower Garden Brownie Quest Agent of Change aMAZE! GIRLtopia Your Voice, Your World Between Earth and Sky WOW! Wonders of Water Get Moving! Breathe Sow What? Justice 5 Flowers, 4 Stories, 3 Cheers for Animals A World of Girls aMUSE MEdia Mission: Sisterhood! BLISS: Live It! Give It! Think Like an Engineer Think Like an Engineer Think Like an Engineer Think Like an Engineer Think Like an Engineer Think Like an Engineer Think Like a Programmer Think Like a Programmer Think Like a Programmer Think Like a Programmer Think Like a Programmer Think Like a Programmer Think Like a Citizen Scientist Think Like a Citizen Scientist Think Like a Citizen Scientist Think Like a Citizen Scientist Think Like a Citizen Scientist Think Like a Citizen Scientist Outdoor Journey Outdoor Journey Outdoor Journey Outdoor Journey Outdoor Journey Outdoor Journey Girl Scouts has announced that Journeys will be retired on October 1, 2026. They will be replaced with updated leadership awards for Juniors through Ambassadors. [ 74 ] Additional awards Girl Scouts can earn other awards, usually represented by pins. Some of these awards are: Leadership Torch, Community Service Bar, Service to Girl Scouting Bar, Bronze Cross, Medal of Honor, Cookie Activity Pin, Safety Pin, My Promise My Faith Pin, Counselor in Training I & II, Volunteer in Training, World Thinking Day Award, and Global Action Award. Girl Scouts can also earn and display on their uniform awards from outside organizations, such as the religious emblems from religious organizations, or the President's Volunteer Service Award . Highest awards The highest achievement in Girl Scouting is the Girl Scout Gold Award , which can only be earned by Girl Scout Seniors and Ambassadors. The highest award for Girl Scout Cadettes is the Silver Award , and Bronze Award is the highest award for Girl Scout Juniors. [ 75 ] These awards require large-scale service projects showing leadership along with service hours. [ 76 ] The Gold Award is the highest honor a Girl Scout can earn. This award can be earned by Girl Scout Seniors and Girl Scout Ambassadors. This prestigious award represents a Girl Scout's dedication and commitment to Girl Scouting and to her community. Earning the Girl Scout Gold Award requires hard work and a willingness to take on significant responsibility. For many, the leadership and organizational skills and sense of community and commitment that come from earning the Gold Award set the foundation for a lifetime of active citizenship. The Gold Award project takes a minimum of 80 hours to complete. The Silver Award , the highest honor a Girl Scout Cadette can earn, gives girls the chance to do big things and make their community better in the process. The Silver Award takes the participants through a seven-step process: identify an issue, build a Girl Scout Silver Award team, explore the community needs, choose a project, develop the project, make a plan, and put it into motion. The Silver Award project takes a minimum of 50 hours to complete. The Bronze Award , the highest honor a Girl Scout Junior can earn, requires girls to learn the leadership and planning skills necessary to follow through on a project that makes a positive impact on her community. Working toward this award demonstrates a Girl Scout's commitment to helping others, improving her community and the world, and becoming the best she can be. The Bronze Award project takes a minimum of 20 hours to complete. Adult recognition There are also GS awards for adults including: Outstanding Volunteer, Outstanding Leader, Appreciation Pin, Honor Pin, Thanks Badge, and Thanks Badge II. Outstanding Volunteer is awarded for Outstanding service as Girl Scout volunteer (other than a leader). Outstanding Leader is awarded for Outstanding service as Girl Scout leader. Appreciation Pin is awarded for exceptional performance beyond expectations for the position. The Honor Pin recognizes an adult member who has delivered exceptional service beyond expectations to two or more geographic areas, service units or program delivery audiences in a way that furthers the council's goals. [ 77 ] Thanks Badge recognizes outstanding service for a Council as a whole or the Girl Scout Movement as a whole. Different GS councils use different terminology for regions within their council. Thanks Badge II is awarded where the recipient has received the Thanks Badge and the recipient's service continues to merit further recognition. At least one nomination, two endorsements, and a review of the forms is required for each of these awards. [ 78 ] Effect on American life Among the many famous American Girl Scouts are Taylor Swift , Sonia Sotomayor , Dakota Fanning , Lucille Ball , Katie Couric , Elizabeth Dole , Ann Landers , and Nancy Reagan . [ 79 ] Many Girl Scouts have become successful leaders in numerous professional fields such as law, medicine, politics, journalism, and science. [ 79 ] Beginning with Lou Henry Hoover , the incumbent First Lady has served as the honorary president of GSUSA. Lou Henry Hoover was also the actual president of the Girl Scouts from 1922 to 1925 and Chairman of the National board of directors from 1925 to 1928. [ 80 ] A 1994 Chronicle of Philanthropy poll showed Girl Scouts ranked by the public as the eighth "most popular charity/non-profit in America" among more than 100 charities. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] During World War I and World War II , girls involved in Scouts helped the Allied forces by selling defense bonds, growing victory gardens , and collecting waste fat and scrap iron. [ 83 ] Girl Scouts also spread their values into their communities through community service projects such as soup kitchens and food drives. Over twenty of NASA's female career astronauts were former Girl Scouts. The first American woman to spacewalk was a former Girl Scout, Dr. Kathryn Sullivan . [ 84 ] The American Girl Girl Scouts published their own magazine from 1917 to 1979. The name changed from The Rally (1917–1920) to The American Girl (eventually dropping "The"). [ 85 ] Circulation exceeded 200,000 in the 1940s, [ 86 ] and reached as high as 510,000 per month by 1949. [ 87 ] It can be confused with American Girl magazine, 1992–2019. [ 88 ] Girl Scout Senior Roundups International Girl Scout gatherings named Senior Roundups were held every three years from 1956 until 1965: [ 89 ] Milford, Michigan (1956) attended by 5,000 girls Colorado Springs, Colorado , from July 3, 1959, to July 12, 1959, with 10,000 girls Button Bay , Vermont from July 18, 1962, to July 31, 1962, with 9,000 girls Farragut , Idaho , from July 17, 1965, to July 26, 1965, with 12,000 girls Issues Religion Non-sectarian founding When Girl Scouts was first organized, the organization claimed to be "non-sectarian in practice as well as theory". By the early 1920s, Catholic Girl Scout units had been founded in New York, Philadelphia, Washington and other cities. In the 1920s, about 2,000 Girl Scouts were Catholic. [ 11 ] During this time, the organization upheld standards which were consistent with the beliefs of the Catholic religion. [ 90 ] From its founding in 1912, it had Jewish leaders and scouts. [ 91 ] "To serve God" in the Promise Since 1993, Girl Scouts have been able to substitute something appropriate to their own beliefs for the phrase "To serve God" in the Girl Scout Promise. This option appears in the guidelines distributed to adult volunteers but not in the actual girls' books. Official volunteer documentation contains this note: [ 92 ] Girl Scouts of the USA makes no attempt to define or interpret the word "God" in the Girl Scout Promise. It looks to individual members to establish for themselves the nature of their spiritual beliefs. When making the Girl Scout Promise, individuals may substitute wording appropriate to their own spiritual beliefs for the word "God." Girl Scouts of the USA makes no attempt to define or interpret the word "God" in the Girl Scout Promise. It looks to individual members to establish for themselves the nature of their spiritual beliefs. When making the Girl Scout Promise, individuals may substitute wording appropriate to their own spiritual beliefs for the word "God." This note or a shorter variant also frequently appears on local council web pages. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Volunteers are reminded "to be sensitive to the spiritual beliefs of the girls in your group and to make sure that everyone in the group feels comfortable and included in Girl Scouting" and to feel free to share the policy with the girls' families. [ 92 ] The policy change was prompted by lawsuits and attempts to be more inclusive. Atheist parents sued the Boy Scouts of America in 1991 for denying membership in the Cub Scouts to their sons. Considering this news, the Totem Girl Scout Council of Seattle attempted to change the Girl Scout Promise to make mention of "God" optional, which would be more inclusive of local non-theist Native American and Southeast Asian girls. After the national organization asserted this could not be changed locally, the Seattle council advocated that the change be adopted nation-wide. In November 1992, the parents of Nitzia Cuevas-Macias sued for their daughter to be permitted to participate in Girl Scouts even though she refused to promise to serve God. [ 95 ] [ 96 ] On October 23, 1993, at the Girl Scouts of the USA annual national convention, delegates voted 1,560 "yes" against 375 "no" [ 97 ] [ 98 ] to permit individuals to substitute another word or phrase for "God" in their promise. [ 41 ] The convention gave this explanation: For some individuals, the word "God", no matter how broadly interpreted, does not appropriately reflect their spiritual beliefs. Since the belief in a spiritual principle is fundamental to Girl Scouting, not the word used to define that belief, it is important that individuals have the opportunity to express that belief in wording meaningful to them. It is essential to maintain the spiritual foundation of Girl Scouting, yet be inclusive of the full range of spiritual beliefs. This [policy change] does not take the word "God" out of the Girl Scout Promise. It gives those individuals who wish to do so the option to state their commitment to the spiritual concepts fundamental to the Movement with a word or words more appropriate to their own beliefs. For instance, an individual may say "my faith" or "Allah" or "the Creator". [ 41 ] For some individuals, the word "God", no matter how broadly interpreted, does not appropriately reflect their spiritual beliefs. Since the belief in a spiritual principle is fundamental to Girl Scouting, not the word used to define that belief, it is important that individuals have the opportunity to express that belief in wording meaningful to them. It is essential to maintain the spiritual foundation of Girl Scouting, yet be inclusive of the full range of spiritual beliefs. This [policy change] does not take the word "God" out of the Girl Scout Promise. It gives those individuals who wish to do so the option to state their commitment to the spiritual concepts fundamental to the Movement with a word or words more appropriate to their own beliefs. For instance, an individual may say "my faith" or "Allah" or "the Creator". [ 41 ] This policy change settled the Cuevas-Macias lawsuit. [ 99 ] Some consider that the Girl Scouts of the USA have not gone far enough in making Scouting open to non-theists ; others that they have gone too far in removing God or that they are violating the constitution of the WAGGGS . In 2017, some parents still find the perceived religious aspects of the Girl Scouts enough of a reason not to sign up their daughters to participate. [ 100 ] The WAGGGS constitution requires member societies to maintain membership standards to include a promise similar to the one established by Baden-Powell, which includes the concept of duty to God. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 103 ] The GSUSA policy adopted in 1993 led to the 1995 formation of an alternative organization, the American Heritage Girls that accepts only leaders and chartering organizations that agree with a specific Christian statement of faith. [ 104 ] The organization had a little over 5,000 members in 2006. According to the organization, membership as of 2017 is over 43,000. [ 105 ] Prayer at meetings The official Girl Scout policy does not ban or require prayer. [ 106 ] The Girl Scout organization does not endorse or promote any particular philosophy or religious belief. Our movement is secular and is founded on American democratic principles, one of which is freedom of religion. Although Girl Scouts has policies supporting religious diversity, there is no policy by Girl Scouts of the USA that prohibits or requires the saying or singing of a grace, blessing, or invocation before meals by Girl Scout members in a troop/group setting, in a resident or day camp, or at meetings, conferences, and other large events. The decision to say a grace, blessing, or invocation is made locally at the troop or group level, and should be sensitive to the spiritual beliefs of all participants. The Girl Scout organization does not endorse or promote any particular philosophy or religious belief. Our movement is secular and is founded on American democratic principles, one of which is freedom of religion. Although Girl Scouts has policies supporting religious diversity, there is no policy by Girl Scouts of the USA that prohibits or requires the saying or singing of a grace, blessing, or invocation before meals by Girl Scout members in a troop/group setting, in a resident or day camp, or at meetings, conferences, and other large events. The decision to say a grace, blessing, or invocation is made locally at the troop or group level, and should be sensitive to the spiritual beliefs of all participants. Religious pin Girl Scouts of the USA has an optional "My Promise, My Faith" pin which girls in all grades may earn. [ 107 ] Girls may also do religious recognition programs and wear the resulting emblem on their uniform; however, these are created and administered by the religious organizations and not by Girl Scouts directly. [ 107 ] Sexuality and gender issues Girl Scouts of the USA stated in an October 1991 letter: [ 108 ] As a private organization, Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. respects the values and beliefs of each of its members and does not intrude into personal matters. Therefore, there are no membership policies on sexual preference. However, Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. has firm standards relating to the appropriate conduct of adult volunteers and staff. The Girl Scout organization does not condone or permit sexual displays of any sort by its members during Girl Scout activities, nor does it permit the advocacy or promotion of a personal lifestyle or sexual preference. These are private matters for girls and their families to address. As a private organization, Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. respects the values and beliefs of each of its members and does not intrude into personal matters. Therefore, there are no membership policies on sexual preference. However, Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. has firm standards relating to the appropriate conduct of adult volunteers and staff. The Girl Scout organization does not condone or permit sexual displays of any sort by its members during Girl Scout activities, nor does it permit the advocacy or promotion of a personal lifestyle or sexual preference. These are private matters for girls and their families to address. GSUSA upholds a "don't ask, don't evangelize" policy on sexuality. [ 109 ] The debate over this issue is split between those who feel that the policy should avoid and prevent discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation , and those who question the inclusion of lesbians. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] In October 2011, the Girl Scouts of Colorado council publicly stated, "If a child identifies as a girl and the child's family presents her as a girl, Girl Scouts of Colorado welcomes her as a Girl Scout", when overturning a local troop's rejection of a seven-year-old transgender girl. [ 112 ] In July 2015, the Girl Scouts of Western Washington returned a $100,000 donation after the donor stipulated that the money could not be used to support services for transgender Scouts. The group then set up an online fundraising campaign to recoup the lost funds, ultimately raising $250,000. [ 113 ] In January 2012, a teen in California created a video calling for the boycott of Girl Scout Cookies in response to Girl Scouts' policy of inclusion for transgender girls. The viral video became a rallying cry for both supporters and opponents of the group's stance on transgender members. [ 114 ] In February 2016, Robert James Carlson , the Roman Catholic archbishop of St. Louis, urged parishioners to cut ties with the Girl Scouts over the group's embrace of LGBT rights. [ 115 ] Girl Scouts themselves defended their actions against this. "For 100 years, Girl Scouts has prided itself on being an inclusive organization serving girls from all walks of life. We handle cases involving transgender children on a case-by-case basis, with a focus on ensuring the welfare and best interests of the child in question and the other girls in the troop as our highest priority." [ 116 ] Local objections to sex education sponsored by Planned Parenthood in Waco, Texas GSUSA is not aligned with and does not endorse, at the national level, the reproductive health organization Planned Parenthood ; Girl Scout councils may choose to have or not have connections with Planned Parenthood. [ 117 ] In 2003, in Waco, Texas , the local Bluebonnet Council was listed as a co-sponsor, with the Girl Scouts logo printed on the promotional flyer, of the Planned Parenthood of Central Texas event titled "Nobody's Fool '03: Dating, Love, Sex & HIV." [ 118 ] [ non-primary source needed ] In 2004, the same Council promoted a Planned Parenthood education event without providing money nor sending Girl Scouts to it. This was criticized by some anti-abortion movement supporters and social conservatives , resulting in a local attempt to boycott Girl Scout cookies sold by the Bluebonnet Council. Waco residents responded to the announced boycott by purchasing a record number of cookies, and the Bluebonnet Council dropped promotion of the event. [ 119 ] A month later, GSUSA CEO Kathy Cloninger went on NBC's Today show , defending the Bluebonnet Council's decision to sever ties with Planned Parenthood. The Radical Brownies In 2014, Marilyn Hollinquest and Ana Yvette Martinez, both women of color, founded the Radical Brownies, a community group for girls of color in Oakland, California. Similar to the GSUSA, but created specifically for girls of color, the Radical Brownies endeavors to "empower and encourage" [ 120 ] girls of color and cultivate sisterhood and community bonds between them. According to the Radical Brownies' mission statement at the time of its founding, its aim was to empower young girls of color to "step into their collective power" and to make the world a more "radical" place. The Radical Brownies wear brown berets and vests in homage to the Brown Berets and Black Panther movements. The group's members, ages 8–12 years old, can earn badges in "radical beauty," "food justice," and "radical self-love." [ 120 ] Name controversy In February 2015, despite Radical Brownies co-founder Hollinquest clarifying that the group claimed no affiliation with the GSUSA, the GSUSA contacted the Radical Brownies organization and informed them that their troop's name and uniforms caused "some confusion" [ 121 ] among GSUSA membership. According to GSUSA Chief Communications Officer Kelly Parisi, once the founders of the Radical Brownies were notified of the misunderstanding, they offered to change the group's name. [ 121 ] In May that same year, the Radical Brownies renamed themselves the Radical Monarchs. [ 122 ] Presidents Juliette Gordon Low (1915–1920) Anne Hyde Choate (1920–1922) Lou Henry Hoover (1922–1925) (1935–1937) Sarah Louise Arnold (1925–1943) (first Dean of Simmons College , 1902–1921) [ 123 ] Mira Hoffman (1926–1930) (Mrs. William H. Hoffman) Birdsall Otis Edey (1930–1935) (Mrs. Frederick Edey) (after ceasing to be president she became National Commissioner for Girl Scouts until her death in 1940) Henrietta Bates Brooke (1937–1939) (Mrs. Frederick H. Brooke) (died 1967, her husband was the architect Frederick H. Brooke who designed the District of Columbia War Memorial ) Mildred Mudd (1939–1941) (she later supported the founding of Harvey Mudd College named after her husband, Harvey Seeley Mudd ) Helen Means (1941–1945) (Mrs. Alan H. Means) Later chairwoman of the World Board (WAGGGS) (1952–1957) Harriet Rankin Ferguson (1946–1951) (Mrs. Vaughan C. Ferguson) Olivia Cameron Higgins Layton (1951–1957) (Mrs. Roy F. Layton) (died 1975) [ 124 ] Marjorie Mehne Culmer (1958–1963) (Mrs. Charles U. Culmer) (later chair of WAGGGS, died in 1994) Margaret W. Price (1963–1969) (Mrs. Holton R. Price Jr.) (died in 1973) [ 125 ] Grace M. S. McKittrick MacNeil (1969–1972) (Mrs. Douglas H. MacNeil) (died in 2000) [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Marjorie Motch (1972–1975) [ 128 ] [ 129 ] Gloria Randle Scott (1975–1978) [ 130 ] Jane C. Shields Freeman (1978–1984) (her husband is Orville Freeman ) [ 131 ] Betty Fuller Pilsbury (1984–1990), she received the Silver Buffalo Award in 1986. B. LaRae Orullian (1990–1996) Elinor Johnstone Ferdon (1996–1999) Connie L. Matsui (1999–2002) Cynthia B. Thompson (2002–2005) Patricia Diaz Dennis (2005–2008) Connie L. Lindsey (2008–2013) Kathy Hopinkah Hannan (2014–2020) Karen P. Layng (2020–2023) Noorain Khan (2023–present) Chief executive officers The title has changed over the years. [ 132 ] National Secretaries: Edith D. Johnston (June 1913 – June 1914) Cora Neal (June 1914 – June 1916) Montague Gammon (June 1916 – August 1917) National Directors: Abby Porter Leland (August 1917 – February 1919) Jane Deeter Rippin (February 1919 – November 1930) [ 133 ] Josephine Schain (November 1930 – September 1935) Constance Rittenhouse (September 1935 – December 1950) National Executive Directors: Dorothy C. Stratton (December 1950 – July 1960) Sally Stickney Cortner (July 1960 – May 1961) (Interim) Louise A. Wood (May 1961 – April 1972) Dr. Cecily Cannan Selby (April 1972 – September 1975) Frank H. Kanis (September 1975 – July 1976) (Interim) Frances Hesselbein (July 1976– February 1990) was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 in part for her work in Girl Scouts. Mary Rose Main (February 1990– October 1997) Joel E. Becker (October 1997– January 1998) (Interim) Marsha Johnson Evans (January 1998– July 2002): retired rear admiral , left Girl Scouts to become president of the American Red Cross Chief executive officers: Jackie Barnes (July 2002– October 2003) (Interim) Kathy Cloninger (October 2003– November 2011) Anna Maria Chávez (November 2011– June 2016) [ 134 ] Sylvia Acevedo (July 2016– August 2020) [ 135 ] (Served in interim capacity from July 2016 – May 2017) Judith Batty (August 16, 2020– January 27, 2022) (Interim) [ 136 ] [ 137 ] Sofia Chang (January 27, 2022 – February 2023) [ 137 ] Bonnie Barczykowski (February 2023–present) [ 33 ] 100th anniversary GSUSA celebrated the 100th anniversary of its founding by Juliette Gordon Low with a "Bridge to the Second Century" event on November 13, 2011, at the GS National Convention in Houston and other sites around the country. The Anniversary was also celebrated by participation in the world-famous Pasadena , California Tournament of Roses Parade of 2012, featuring the Girl Scouts 100th Anniversary float, which was designed and decorated by Girl Scouts. [ 138 ] US president Barack Obama signed the "Girl Scouts of the USA Commemorative Coin Act" for the 100th Anniversary celebration. The act authorized the minting of 350,000 silver dollar coins in honor of Girl Scouts and the achievements of the 50 million women influenced by Girl Scouting during the last 100 years. [ 139 ] Colorado staged a vigorous campaign to create a special license plate to honor the Girl Scout Centennial. The Girl Scouts of Minnesota and Wisconsin River Valleys hosted "The Great Girl Gathering", a Centennial Celebration on March 10 and 11, 2012 for 140,000 girls at the Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota. [ 140 ] Build-A-Bear Workshop had a limited-edition Girl Scout bear and outfits for the 100th anniversary. The Girl Scout Council of the Nation's Capital in Washington, DC hosted a 100th Anniversary Sing-Along on the National Mall , on June 9, 2012, called Girl Scouts Rock the Mall: 100th Anniversary Sing-Along. [ 141 ] The Rock the Mall event drew more than 200,000 people to the national mall to celebrate Girl Scouting and cost $2 million. [ 142 ] Girl life-sized Scouts of Citrus, in partnership with Walt Disney World , held a special 100th anniversary bridging event on May 25–28, 2012. The Bridging into the Next Century event provides Girl Scouts from all over the country an opportunity to celebrate the spirit of Girl Scouting at Epcot . [ 143 ] Cincinnati Museum Center held a daytime and overnight event to celebrate in partnership with the Girl Scouts of Western Ohio, who Ohio designed an exhibit, which was on display for free until May 13, 2012. The exhibit displays old uniforms, literature and discussed the role of Girl Scouts for the last 100 years. [ 144 ] GSUSA made a new cookie called Savannah Smiles to commemorate the anniversary. [ 145 ] The Girl Scouts of Northeast Texas hosted the Girl Scouts national exhibition at the 2012 State Fair of Texas in the historic Hall of State. At the State Fair of Texas, visitors were able to indulge on a Fried Samoa, be part of a virtual campfire, walk through a life – sized cookie box and see a replica of Juliette Gordon Low's house. [ 146 ] In Savannah, Georgia where Girl Scouting was founded, they hosted a "Party in the Park" in Forsyth Park where there was a Centennial Honor Guard consisting of girls wearing vintage uniforms from the Girl Scout First Headquarters. The uniforms represented various eras: 1912 (replica), 1914, 1928, the 1940s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and the present. The city of Savannah closed part of the Talmadge Bridge so girls could walk the bridge and "Bridge to the next century. "Savannah also had a "Sunrise Service" with the CEO, Anna Maria Chavez. [ 147 ] The Honor guard from the park carried the Eternal Flame. [ citation needed ] The city of Savannah dedicated their annual "Georgia Day" to Juliette. [ citation needed ] Similar organizations Camp Fire Girls was founded in 1910, two years prior to Girl Scouts, by some of the creators of the Boy Scouts of America . [ 148 ] In 1975, the group became co-educational and soon afterwards changed its name to "Camp Fire Boys and Girls". The name was changed to Camp Fire USA in 2001 and to Camp Fire in 2012. As of 2009, the group has a membership of about 750,000. [ 149 ] Various religious groups have established their own youth clubs such as Missionettes (now Mpact Girls) for the Assemblies of God . Little Flowers Girls' Club is a Catholic -focused girls club. [ 150 ] GEMS Girls' Clubs is a non-denominational group with a Calvinist /Reformed background. Pioneer Girls started as a Methodist group but is non-denominational. [ citation needed ] The Masonic Lodge which requires belief in a Supreme Being has their own set of service organizations targeted at young and teenage girls, The International Order of the Rainbow for Girls and Job's Daughters International . [ citation needed ] One youth group explicitly set up as a Christian alternative to Girl Scouts is the American Heritage Girls (AHG), started in 1995 in West Chester , Ohio, by a group of parents upset with available female Scouting organizations. [ 151 ] AHG is a Christian organization that states that it is "a nonprofit organization dedicated to the mission of building women of integrity through service to God, family, community and country." [ 104 ] As of 2020, it claims a membership (adult and youth) of over 50,000. [ 152 ] See also Scouting portal United States portal Girl Scout Museum and Archives Explanatory notes ^ An earlier version of this logo, designed by Saul Bass , was introduced 31 years prior. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Girl Scouts of the USA 2023 Annual Report (PDF) . 2023 . Retrieved August 20, 2025 . ^ Girl Scouts of the USA 2020 Annual Report (PDF) . 2021 . Retrieved August 20, 2025 . ^ Maurer, Elizabeth (June 2017). "What Did Girls Want? Independence, Challenge, and a Cool Uniform" . National Women's History Museum. Archived from the original on January 30, 2018 . Retrieved January 29, 2018 . ^ Cook, David C. (2005). Mothers of Influence . Cook Communications Ministries. ISBN 978-1-56292-368-6 . Retrieved April 20, 2011 . ^ a b "Facts About Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts . Archived from the original on December 11, 2023 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Highest Awards" . Girl Scouts . Archived from the original on December 11, 2023 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Member Organisation – USA" . WAGGGS . Archived from the original on December 3, 2023 . Retrieved December 11, 2023 . ^ "Juliette Gordon Low Biography" . Girl Scouts of the United States of America . Archived from the original on July 5, 2013 . Retrieved July 10, 2013 . ^ Aickin Rothschild, Mary (Autumn 1981). "To Scout or to Guide? The Girl Scout–Boy Scout Controversy, 1912–1941". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies . 6 (3). University of Nebraska Press: 115– 121. doi : 10.2307/3346224 . JSTOR 3346224 . ^ a b c Chirhart, Ann Short; Wood, Betty (2007). Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times . University of Georgia Press. p. 381. ISBN 9780820339009 . ^ a b c Preuss, Arthur (1924). A Dictionary of Secret and other Societies . St. Louis: B. Herder Book Co. p. 152 . republished Detroit: Gale Reference Company 1966 ^ a b c "Who We Are: Facts" . Girl Scouts of The USA. 2013. Archived from the original on August 21, 2007 . Retrieved July 10, 2013 . ^ "Council Finder | Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Retrieved May 10, 2025 . ^ "Realignment History" . www.girlscoutsrscmo.org . Archived from the original on September 11, 2007 . Retrieved May 10, 2025 . ^ "Girl Scouting in Indiana" (PDF) . The Indiana Historian. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2006 . Retrieved November 4, 2006 . ^ Montgomery, Dana (2003). "History of the Girl Scout Organization" . Troop 1440, Wakefield, MA. Archived from the original on August 29, 2006 . Retrieved September 8, 2006 . ^ Elisabeth Israels Perry (2002) [1998]. Josephine Groves Holloway . Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Tennessee Historical Society, Nashville, Tenn. (Online ed.). Archived from the original on July 29, 2013 . Retrieved September 8, 2006 . ^ "Girl Scout Commonwealth Council to celebrate and honor first African-American Troop in the South" (PDF) . 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009 . Retrieved December 19, 2008 . ^ Human Rights Report: New Great Black Kentuckian poster unveiled (PDF) . Kentucky Commission on Human Rights. Winter 2005. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2006 . Retrieved September 8, 2006 . ^ "Gloria Dean Randle Scott" . TopBlacks. 2001. Archived from the original on November 25, 2006 . Retrieved September 8, 2006 . ^ Highlights in Girl Scout 1912–1996 . Girl Scouts of the USA. 1996. GSP154.2001 ^ "Timeline of GSUSA – 1930s" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on August 14, 2007 . Retrieved November 2, 2006 . ^ "Timeline of GSUSA – 1970s" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on December 15, 2004 . Retrieved November 2, 2004 . ^ "Timeline of GSUSA – 1980s" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on August 16, 2007 . Retrieved November 2, 2006 . ^ "Timeline of GSUSA Today" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007 . Retrieved November 2, 2006 . ^ "2006 Blue Book Changes" . Girl Scout Governance . Retrieved October 20, 2024 . ^ "What Girl Scouts Do" . Girl Scouts NYC . Retrieved October 20, 2024 . ^ "Individual Members | Juliettes | Girl Scouts" . www.gsctx.org . Retrieved October 20, 2024 . ^ "Vintage Girl Scout Online Museum" . Mariner Girl Scouts . Vintage Girl Scouts. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007 . Retrieved October 28, 2007 . ^ "History of Girl Scouts" . Troop 1440. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007 . Retrieved October 28, 2007 . ^ Goddard, Jennifer (2003). "Where Girls Go, Girl Scouting Follows" . Girl Scouts Cross Timbers Council. Archived from the original on September 29, 2006 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ "Troop 6000" . Archived from the original on July 31, 2023 . Retrieved July 31, 2023 . ^ a b "Girl Scouts of the USA Announces New CEO Bonnie Barczykowski, a Decade-Long Veteran of the Organization" . Archived from the original on June 9, 2023 . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ "Leadership | Girl Scouts" . Archived from the original on June 9, 2023 . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ "Girl Scouts – Core Business Strategy: Facts" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on January 12, 2006 . Retrieved July 21, 2010 . ^ a b "Girl Scouts of Manitou Council Inc., v. Girl Scouts of United States of America Inc" (PDF) . Lb7.uscourts.gov . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2020 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "Girl Scouting Undergoes Historic Transformation to Focus on Leadership Development for 21st century Girls" (Press release). Girl Scouts of the USA. September 18, 2006. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007 . Retrieved September 26, 2006 . ^ "Manitou Girl Scout Council proves to be one tough cookie" . jsonline.com . Archived from the original on January 16, 2012 . Retrieved March 5, 2012 . ^ "The Many Languages of the Girl Scout Promise and Law" (PDF) . Girl Scouts – Mile Hi Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 27, 2007 . Retrieved November 6, 2006 . ^ a b "Girl Scout Promise and Law" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009 . Retrieved February 4, 2009 . ^ a b c Nelson, Bill (April 27, 1996). "What is the position of the GSUSA as related to God and religion?" . [rec.scouting.issues] Commonly asked questions . Internet FAQ Archives. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ "Girl Scout Law History" . Epilogsys.com . Archived from the original on October 17, 2018 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ a b "Girl Scout Glossary" . GSUSA. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015 . Retrieved February 4, 2009 . ^ a b "Where to Place Insignia – Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Archived from the original on June 11, 2015 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "Uniform" . Archived from the original on October 30, 2010 . Retrieved November 7, 2018 . ^ Armin (July 7, 2010). "This is not your Mom's Girl Scouts" . Brand New . Under Consideration. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ "Girl Scout Cookie History" . Girl Scouts of the USA . 2017. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ Walker, Alissa (July 6, 2010). "A Fresh Identity for the Girl Scouts of America" . Fast Company . Archived from the original on July 8, 2010 . Retrieved July 6, 2010 . ^ "Girl Scouts of the USA: An American Institution" . OCD Agency . Original Champions of Design. 2010. Archived from the original on April 13, 2018 . Retrieved April 13, 2018 . ^ "What is Girl Scouting?" . Girl Scouts of the USA, Talus Rock Council. Archived from the original on September 8, 2005 . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ "Girl Scouts look to build future STEM leaders – May 25, 2012" . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on March 7, 2016 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ Huband, Frank L. "Engineering for Life." 2007. Published in ASEE Prism by American Society for Engineering Education. p. 6 ^ a b Shallcross, Lynne. "Girl Power." 2007. Published in ASSE Prism by American Society for Engineering Education. p. 32 ^ Jacobs, Stephen. "Work in Progress – Games for Like Workshop: Outreach to Middle and High School Age Girl Scouts." 2011. Published in Frontiers in Education Conference by IEEE Conference Publications. ^ "A new Girl Scout badge aims to keep more girls in math and science" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ Dawn Jenkins (October 15, 2010). "NASA Help for Girl Scouts" . Spaceflightsystems.grc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "AT&T Engages Girl Scouts in STEM Activities" . Archived from the original on March 2, 2016 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ Melissa Kory (February 24, 2012). "Girl Scouts Visit Lockheed Martin in Marietta" . Marietta, GA Patch . Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "SETI Institute to Lead New STEM Project with Girl Scouts: "Reaching for the Stars: NASA Science for Girl Scouts" | SETI Institute" . Seti.org . Archived from the original on March 13, 2016 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "Girl Scouts Expand Presence at 2016 International Consumer Electronics Show to Help Girls Imagine a Future in STEM" . PRNews Wire . January 2016. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved February 23, 2016 . ^ Lisota, Kevin (January 8, 2016). "The Girl Scouts are back at CES, showing off their updated digital cookie sales platform" . GeekWire . Retrieved May 29, 2025. ^ "Space Cookies – Team 1868" . The Blue Alliance . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved January 28, 2023 . ^ "Girl Scouts Announces STEM Pledge" . Girl Scouts . Archived from the original on January 28, 2023 . Retrieved January 28, 2023 . ^ a b "Award and Badge Explorer – Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Archived from the original on March 10, 2021 . Retrieved March 21, 2021 . ^ "Girl Scouts Introduces 24 New Badges to Encourage Girls in STEM, Entrepreneurship and Civics" . NBC Los Angeles . July 21, 2020. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020 . Retrieved July 22, 2020 . ^ "The Future of Cybersecurity Sells Cookies" . windowsitpro.com . June 15, 2017. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017 . Retrieved June 23, 2017 . ^ "National Girl Scout Convention | Girl Scouts" . Archived from the original on June 9, 2023 . Retrieved June 9, 2023 . ^ "GSUSA Global Toolkit 'Your Passport to Travel' " (PDF) . GSUSA. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 23, 2010 . Retrieved February 26, 2011 . ^ "Destinations 411" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on October 19, 2006 . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ "Global – Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Archived from the original on May 12, 2015 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "World Thinking Day" . Girl Scouts of the USA. 2005. Archived from the original on February 21, 2007 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ "Ceremonies and Celebrations" . Scoutingweb.com . Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "Award and Badge Explorer – Girl Scouts" . Archived from the original on May 7, 2018 . Retrieved May 7, 2018 . ^ "Journeys | Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Archived from the original on August 7, 2025 . Retrieved September 18, 2025 . ^ "20 Girl Scout Bronze Award Project Ideas" . Scout It Up . May 25, 2020. Archived from the original on January 8, 2024 . Retrieved January 8, 2024 . ^ "List of Insignia" . Girl Scouts of the USA. Archived from the original on July 2, 2008 . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ "Honor Pin Criteria" (PDF) . Girl Scouts of the USA, Tongass Alaska Girl Scout Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2006 . Retrieved November 2, 2006 . ^ "GSUSA Awards" . Girl Scouts of the USA, Girl Scouts of Northern New Jersey. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010 . Retrieved February 2, 2011 . ^ a b "Famous Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts of the USA. 2003. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006 . Retrieved November 5, 2006 . ^ Clements, Kendrick (2004). "The New Era and the New Woman: Lou Henry Hoover and 'Feminisms' Awkward Age' ". Pacific Historical Review . 73 (3). University of California Press: 425– 462. doi : 10.1525/phr.2004.73.3.425 . ^ "The Charities Americans Like Most and Least". The Chronicle of Philanthropy . December 13, 1996. ^ "Charity Begins with Health". USA Today . December 20, 1994. p. 01D. ^ Montgomery, Dana J. "History of Girl Scouts" . Archived from the original on November 1, 2006 . Retrieved November 7, 2006 . ^ Dawn Jenkins. "Girl Scout Astronauts" . nasa.gov . Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. ^ "Girl Scouting in Indiana – Timeline" . Indiana Historical Bureau. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009 . Retrieved June 22, 2009 . ^ Amar, Wesley Francis (1943). "Children's Magazines Today". The Elementary English Review . 20 (7): 289. JSTOR 41382721 . ^ United States. Congress. House of Representatives. (1949). Hearings . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 439. ^ Heer-Forsberg, Mary. "American Girl, Inc" . www.Encyclopedia.com . Archived from the original on November 21, 2023 . Retrieved September 23, 2023 . ^ Larson, Keith (2000). "Girl Scout Senior Roundups" . Scouts on Stamps Society International. Archived from the original on October 11, 2006 . Retrieved September 8, 2006 . ^ Brady, NF (1924). "The American Girl". America . 32 (4): 79– 80. ^ Alroy, Tal Trachtman (March 30, 2015). "The Jewish History Behind the Girl Scouts" . Tablet Magazine . Archived from the original on December 25, 2018 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ a b Volunteer Essentials 2018/2019 (PDF) . GSUSA. 2018. p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ "Who we are" . Girl Scouts of Utah . Archived from the original on December 25, 2018 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ "Who We Are" . Girl Scouts of the National Capital . Archived from the original on December 25, 2018 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ Brennan, Pat (November 19, 1992). "OC lawyer moves battle over oath to Girl Scouts – Man who won suit for sons now backing Daisy hopeful" . BSA Discrimination.org. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016 . Retrieved October 20, 2006 . ^ Brennan, Pat (December 20, 1992). "Girl Scout troop ordered to readmit atheist" . BSA Discrimination.org. Archived from the original on October 19, 2016 . Retrieved March 20, 2007 . ^ "Girl Scouts Allow for Religious Diversity in Pledge" . The New York Times . October 25, 1993. Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ "Boy Scouts Of America Practices Discrimination" . Freedom From Religion Foundation. May 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015 . Retrieved March 2, 2015 . ^ Matt Lait (December 7, 1993). "Girl Scouts Settle in Pledge Dispute" . Archived from the original on July 17, 2015 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ "Atheist or Agnostic Girls Scout Parents | GBCN" . pandce.proboards.com . Archived from the original on December 24, 2018 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ "WAGGGS constitution" (PDF) . WAGGGS. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2006 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ "Exploring Spirituality in Girl Guides and Girl Scouts: Module 1" (PDF) . WAGGGS. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2006 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ "Exploring Spirituality: Resource Materials for Girl Guides and Girl Scouts" (PDF) . WAGGGS. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2006 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ a b "Why AHG?" . American Heritage Girls. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008 . Retrieved October 27, 2007 . ^ Ross, Chelsey. "American Heritage Girls Reaches Troop Milestone" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2017 . Retrieved November 7, 2018 . ^ "What We Stand For" (PDF) . Girl Scouts of the USA. December 30, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 23, 2006 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ a b "Faith – Girl Scouts" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Archived from the original on December 29, 2018 . Retrieved December 24, 2018 . ^ "GSUSA Statement" . BSA Discrimination.org. October 1991. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ "Girl Scouts and Discrimination" . BSA-Discrimination. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007 . Retrieved November 4, 2006 . ^ "People for the American Way: Family Research Council" . Archived from the original on June 10, 2008 . Retrieved November 4, 2006 . ^ Dexter, Penna (April 26, 2007). "First-person: Not Your Mom's Girl Scouts" . Baptist Press. Archived from the original on May 10, 2007 . Retrieved April 30, 2007 . ^ "Transgender boy allowed to join Girl Scouts" . The Telegraph . Australia. October 29, 2011. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012 . Retrieved October 29, 2011 . ^ Larimer, Sarah (July 1, 2015). "Girl Scouts choose transgender girls over $100,000 donation" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 2, 2016 . Retrieved May 6, 2016 . ^ "Teen calls for Girl Scout cookie boycott" . Daily News . New York. January 12, 2012. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013 . Retrieved May 23, 2013 . ^ Houser, Christine (February 25, 2016). "Girl Scouts face opposition from St. Louis Archbishop" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 16, 2018 . Retrieved March 1, 2017 . ^ Mandell, Nina (January 12, 2012). "Teen calls for boycott of Girl Scout cookies over transgender members" . Daily News . New York. Archived from the original on March 21, 2013 . Retrieved May 23, 2013 . ^ Kleder, Martha (March 30, 2004). "Girl Scouts' Stumble Boosts Christian-Based American Heritage Girls" . Archived from the original on November 3, 2006 . Retrieved November 4, 2006 . ^ "Honest Girl Scouts" . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021 . Retrieved May 23, 2017 – via Facebook . ^ "Cookie crumbles: Girl Scout sex furor splits Texas town" . USA Today . March 3, 2004. Archived from the original on September 14, 2006 . Retrieved September 25, 2006 . ^ a b " 'Radical Brownies' allows girls of color to address injustice" . PBS NewsHour . January 30, 2015. Archived from the original on October 29, 2021 . Retrieved November 29, 2021 . ^ a b "Oakland's 'Radical Brownies' Troop To Change Name After Getting A Call From The Girl Scouts" . February 24, 2015. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 13, 2021 . ^ "Radical Monarchs: A Social-Justice Twist on the Girl Scouts" . Ms. Magazine . May 29, 2015. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021 . Retrieved October 13, 2021 . ^ "Sarah Arnold, Educator, Dies: Simmons Dean Emerita, Once Girl Scout Head". Boston Herald . February 27, 1943. p. 34. ^ "Mrs. Roy Layton, Girl Scouts Chief :National President 1951–57 Is Dead at Age of 77". The New York Times . October 11, 1975. p. 34. ^ "Mrs. Margaret Price, 62, Dies; Ex-National Head of Girl Scouts :Received Service Awards". The New York Times . March 22, 1973. p. 46. ^ "Girl Scouts Seek Update Goal: Give Members Policy Role and Widen Recruiting". The New York Times . October 26, 1969. p. 44. ^ Obituary (July 12, 2000). "Grace MacNeil, 92, Leader of Girl Scouts". The New York Times . pp. B9. ^ "Local – The Enquirer – December 19, 1997" . enquirer.com . ^ "2011 Annual Report" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on January 28, 2013 . Retrieved November 7, 2018 . ^ Oliver, Lady (March 2007). "Hometown Hero Dr. Gloria Randall Scott, First African-American National President of Girl Scouts USA, Visits Girl Scouts of San Jacinto Council" . Girl Scouts of San Jacinto Council. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007 . Retrieved March 21, 2007 . ^ "Orville and Jane Freeman" . University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010 . Retrieved October 8, 2010 . ^ "Meet Kathy Cloninger: Chief Executive Officer" . Archived from the original on February 2, 2009 . Retrieved December 21, 2008 . ^ "Mrs. Rippin is dead; Girl Scout Leader". The New York Times . June 3, 1953. p. 31. ^ Michelle Healey (August 24, 2011). "Hispanic attorney named new Girl Scouts CEO" . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 10, 2011 . Retrieved November 27, 2011 . ^ "Sylvia Acevedo Named Permanent CEO Of GSUSA" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Archived from the original on July 13, 2017 . Retrieved July 2, 2017 . ^ "Judith Batty named Interim CEO of Girl Scouts of the USA", Girl Scouts of America, [1] Archived August 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b "Girl Scouts of the USA Names Former Warner Media Executive Sofia Chang as CEO", Girl Scouts of America, [2] Archived January 27, 2022, at the Wayback Machine ^ "GSGLA : Tournament of Roses Parade" . girlscoutsla.org . Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. ^ "News Releases" . Girl Scouts of the USA . Archived from the original on December 3, 2009 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ "100 tears of Girl Scouting" . Archived from the original on July 2, 2011 . Retrieved November 14, 2011 . ^ "Rock the Mall" . gscnc.org . Archived from the original on February 14, 2011. ^ Zaveri, Mihir (June 9, 2012). "Thousands of Girl Scouts Descend on National Mall to Celebrate 100th Birthday" . The Washington Post Blog . Archived from the original on July 29, 2013 . Retrieved April 29, 2013 . ^ "Home" . citrus-gs.org . Archived from the original on January 16, 2012 . Retrieved January 9, 2012 . ^ "Girl Scouts: Taking Action for 100 Years" . Archived from the original on March 17, 2012 . Retrieved November 7, 2018 . ^ "Celebrate with Savannah Smiles" . Little Brownie Bakers . Archived from the original on November 25, 2020 . Retrieved December 20, 2020 . ^ "The Girl Scouts 100th Anniversary Experience to Mark Anniversary Milestone at 2012 State Fair of Texas" (Press release). Girl Scouts of Northeast Texas Inc and AT&T. PR Newswire. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020 . Retrieved September 18, 2019 . ^ Landers, Mary (March 13, 2012). "Girl Scouts celebrate centennial with sunrise service in Savannah" . savannahnow.com . Archived from the original on November 7, 2018 . Retrieved November 7, 2018 . ^ Beard, Alice Marie. "Historical Origins of Camp Fire" . Archived from the original on January 11, 2009 . Retrieved January 29, 2009 . ^ "All About Us" . Camp Fire USA. 2005. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008 . Retrieved January 29, 2009 . ^ "Behold Christ Clubs Foundation – Catholic Clubs" . Behold Christ Clubs Foundation, Inc . Archived from the original on January 18, 2016 . Retrieved March 12, 2016 . ^ Brown, Angela K. "Some unhappy with Girl Scouts form new group" . Planned Parenthood of the Inland Northwest. Archived from the original on October 21, 2004 . Retrieved November 1, 2006 . ^ "American Heritage Girls celebrates 16 sweet years" (PDF) . American Heritage Girls. September 12, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2014 . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . Further reading Anderson, Erin K.; Behringer, Autumn (2010). "Girlhood in the Girl Scouts" . Girlhood Studies . 3 (2): 89– 108. doi : 10.3167/ghs.2010.030206 . Arneil, Barbara (2010). Gender, Diversity, and Organizational Change: The Boy Scouts vs. Girl Scouts of America . Perspectives on Politics. Vol. 8. pp. 53– 68. Block, Nelson R.; Proctor, Tammy M. (2009). Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's First Century . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-0450-9 . Cordery, Stacy A. (2012). The Remarkable Founder of the Girl Scouts: Juliette Gordon Low . New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02330-1 . Corey, Shana (2012). Here Come the Girl Scouts! The Amazing, All-True Story of Juliette "Daisy" Gordon Low and Her Great Adventure . New York: Scholastic. ISBN 978-0-545-34278-0 . Degenhardt, Mary; Kirsch, Judith (2005). Girl Scout Collector's Guide: A History of Uniforms, Insignia, Publications, and Memorabilia (2nd ed.). Texas Tech. ISBN 978-0-89672-546-1 . Hahner, Leslie (2008). "Practical Patriotism: Camp Fire Girls, Girl Scouts, and Americanization". Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies . 5 (2): 113– 134. doi : 10.1080/14791420801989702 . S2CID 143730086 . Inness, Sherrie A. (1997). "Chapter 5: Girl Scouts, Camp Fire Girls, and Woodcraft Girls: The Ideology of Girls' Scouting Novels, 1910–1935". In Inness, Sherrie A. (ed.). Nancy Drew and Company: Culture, Gender, and Girls' Series . Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. pp. 89– 100. ISBN 9780879727369 . Lawson, Katheryn (2017). "Girl Scout Contrafacta and Symbolic Soldiering in the Great War". American Music . 35 (3): 375– 411. doi : 10.5406/americanmusic.35.3.0375 . JSTOR 10.5406/americanmusic.35.3.0375 . S2CID 194899430 . Low, Juliette (1919). "Girl Scouts as an Educational Force" (PDF) . Bulletin . 33 . Bureau of Education, US Department of the Interior. Proctor, Tammy M. (2009). Scouting for Girls: A Century of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313381140 . Revzin, Rebekah E. (1998). "American Girlhood in the Early Twentieth Century: The Ideology of Girl Scout Literature, 1913–1930". Library Quarterly . 68 (3): 261– 275. doi : 10.1086/602982 . S2CID 141165674 . Rothschild, Mary Aickin (1981). "To Scout or to Guide? The Girl Scout–Boy Scout Controversy, 1912–1941". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies . 6 (3): 115– 121. doi : 10.2307/3346224 . JSTOR 3346224 . Strickland, Charles (1979). "Juliette Low, the Girl Scouts, and the Role of American Women". In Mary Kelley (ed.). Woman's Being, Woman's Place: Female Identity and Vocation in Amencan History . Boston: G. K. Hall. pp. 252– 264. ISBN 9780816183241 . OCLC 470987797 . Wadsworth, Ginger (2012). First Girl Scout: The Life of Juliette Gordon Low . New York: Clarion Books. ISBN 978-0-547-24394-8 . External links Official website Girl Scout Uniform, ca. 1917, in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database Juliette Gordon Low Birthplace Works by Girl Scouts of the United States of America at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Girl Scouts of the USA at the Internet Archive Works by Girl Scouts of the USA at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) All Things Girl Scouts .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Girl Scouts of the USA v t e Organization Membership levels Studio 2B Wing Scout Organization Membership levels Studio 2B Wing Scout Membership levels Studio 2B Wing Scout Advancement and recognition Bronze Award Silver Award Gold Award Religious emblems programs Advancement and recognition Bronze Award Silver Award Gold Award Religious emblems programs Bronze Award Silver Award Gold Award Religious emblems programs People Juliette Gordon Low Lou Henry Hoover Anne Hyde Choate Gloria Randle Scott People Juliette Gordon Low Lou Henry Hoover Anne Hyde Choate Gloria Randle Scott Juliette Gordon Low Lou Henry Hoover Anne Hyde Choate Gloria Randle Scott Places Edith Macy Conference Center Juliette Gordon Low Historic District Places Edith Macy Conference Center Juliette Gordon Low Historic District Edith Macy Conference Center Juliette Gordon Low Historic District Other Destinations Girl Scout Cookies Other Destinations Girl Scout Cookies Destinations Girl Scout Cookies Councils Alaska Appalachian Arizona Cactus-Pine Badgerland Black Diamond California's Central Coast Caribe Carolinas Peaks to Piedmont Central & Southern New Jersey Central and Western Massachusetts Central California South Central Illinois Central Indiana Central Maryland Central Texas Chesapeake Bay Citrus Colonial Coast Colorado Commonwealth Council of Virginia Connecticut Dakota Horizons Desert Southwest – Southern New Mexico & West Texas Diamonds of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas Eastern Iowa & Western Illinois Eastern Massachusetts Eastern Missouri Eastern Oklahoma Eastern Pennsylvania Eastern South Carolina Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho Farthest North Florida Panhandle Gateway Greater Atlanta Greater Chicago and Northwest Indiana Greater Iowa Greater Los Angeles Greater New York Greater South Texas Gulf Pines Gulfcoast Florida Hawai'i Heart of Central California Heart of Michigan Heart of New Jersey Heart of Pennsylvania Heart of the Hudson Heart of the South Historic Georgia Hornets' Nest Jersey Shore Kansas Heartland Kentuckiana Kentucky's Wilderness Road Louisiana - Pines to the Gulf Louisiana East Maine Manitou Michigan Shore to Shore Middle Mississippi Middle Tennessee Minnesota and Wisconsin Lakes and Pines Minnesota and Wisconsin River Valleys Missouri Heartland Moccasin Bend Montana and Wyoming Nassau County Nation's Capital New Mexico Trails North Carolina Coastal Pines North Central Alabama North East Ohio Northeast Kansas and Northwest Missouri Northeast Texas Northeastern New York Northern California Northern Illinois Northern Indiana-Michiana Northern New Jersey Northwestern Great Lakes NYPENN Pathways Ohio's Heartland Orange County Oregon and Southwest Washington Raintree Rhode Island Sahuaro San Diego-Imperial San Gorgonio San Jacinto Sierra Nevada Silver Sage South Carolina - Mountains to Midland Southeast Florida Southeastern Michigan Southern Alabama Southern Illinois Southern Nevada Southwest Texas Spirit of Nebraska Suffolk County Susitna Tanasi Texas Oklahoma Plains Tongass Alaska Tropical Florida Tulip Trace Utah Virginia Skyline West Central Florida Western New York Western Ohio Western Oklahoma Western Pennsylvania Western Washington Wisconsin Southeast USA Girl Scouts Overseas North Atlantic West Pacific U.S. Virgin Islands Guam Councils Alaska Appalachian Arizona Cactus-Pine Badgerland Black Diamond California's Central Coast Caribe Carolinas Peaks to Piedmont Central & Southern New Jersey Central and Western Massachusetts Central California South Central Illinois Central Indiana Central Maryland Central Texas Chesapeake Bay Citrus Colonial Coast Colorado Commonwealth Council of Virginia Connecticut Dakota Horizons Desert Southwest – Southern New Mexico & West Texas Diamonds of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas Eastern Iowa & Western Illinois Eastern Massachusetts Eastern Missouri Eastern Oklahoma Eastern Pennsylvania Eastern South Carolina Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho Farthest North Florida Panhandle Gateway Greater Atlanta Greater Chicago and Northwest Indiana Greater Iowa Greater Los Angeles Greater New York Greater South Texas Gulf Pines Gulfcoast Florida Hawai'i Heart of Central California Heart of Michigan Heart of New Jersey Heart of Pennsylvania Heart of the Hudson Heart of the South Historic Georgia Hornets' Nest Jersey Shore Kansas Heartland Kentuckiana Kentucky's Wilderness Road Louisiana - Pines to the Gulf Louisiana East Maine Manitou Michigan Shore to Shore Middle Mississippi Middle Tennessee Minnesota and Wisconsin Lakes and Pines Minnesota and Wisconsin River Valleys Missouri Heartland Moccasin Bend Montana and Wyoming Nassau County Nation's Capital New Mexico Trails North Carolina Coastal Pines North Central Alabama North East Ohio Northeast Kansas and Northwest Missouri Northeast Texas Northeastern New York Northern California Northern Illinois Northern Indiana-Michiana Northern New Jersey Northwestern Great Lakes NYPENN Pathways Ohio's Heartland Orange County Oregon and Southwest Washington Raintree Rhode Island Sahuaro San Diego-Imperial San Gorgonio San Jacinto Sierra Nevada Silver Sage South Carolina - Mountains to Midland Southeast Florida Southeastern Michigan Southern Alabama Southern Illinois Southern Nevada Southwest Texas Spirit of Nebraska Suffolk County Susitna Tanasi Texas Oklahoma Plains Tongass Alaska Tropical Florida Tulip Trace Utah Virginia Skyline West Central Florida Western New York Western Ohio Western Oklahoma Western Pennsylvania Western Washington Wisconsin Southeast USA Girl Scouts Overseas North Atlantic West Pacific U.S. Virgin Islands Guam Alaska Appalachian Arizona Cactus-Pine Badgerland Black Diamond California's Central Coast Caribe Carolinas Peaks to Piedmont Central & Southern New Jersey Central and Western Massachusetts Central California South Central Illinois Central Indiana Central Maryland Central Texas Chesapeake Bay Citrus Colonial Coast Colorado Commonwealth Council of Virginia Connecticut Dakota Horizons Desert Southwest – Southern New Mexico & West Texas Diamonds of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas Eastern Iowa & Western Illinois Eastern Massachusetts Eastern Missouri Eastern Oklahoma Eastern Pennsylvania Eastern South Carolina Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho Farthest North Florida Panhandle Gateway Greater Atlanta Greater Chicago and Northwest Indiana Greater Iowa Greater Los Angeles Greater New York Greater South Texas Gulf Pines Gulfcoast Florida Hawai'i Heart of Central California Heart of Michigan Heart of New Jersey Heart of Pennsylvania Heart of the Hudson Heart of the South Historic Georgia Hornets' Nest Jersey Shore Kansas Heartland Kentuckiana Kentucky's Wilderness Road Louisiana - Pines to the Gulf Louisiana East Maine Manitou Michigan Shore to Shore Middle Mississippi Middle Tennessee Minnesota and Wisconsin Lakes and Pines Minnesota and Wisconsin River Valleys Missouri Heartland Moccasin Bend Montana and Wyoming Nassau County Nation's Capital New Mexico Trails North Carolina Coastal Pines North Central Alabama North East Ohio Northeast Kansas and Northwest Missouri Northeast Texas Northeastern New York Northern California Northern Illinois Northern Indiana-Michiana Northern New Jersey Northwestern Great Lakes NYPENN Pathways Ohio's Heartland Orange County Oregon and Southwest Washington Raintree Rhode Island Sahuaro San Diego-Imperial San Gorgonio San Jacinto Sierra Nevada Silver Sage South Carolina - Mountains to Midland Southeast Florida Southeastern Michigan Southern Alabama Southern Illinois Southern Nevada Southwest Texas Spirit of Nebraska Suffolk County Susitna Tanasi Texas Oklahoma Plains Tongass Alaska Tropical Florida Tulip Trace Utah Virginia Skyline West Central Florida Western New York Western Ohio Western Oklahoma Western Pennsylvania Western Washington Wisconsin Southeast USA Girl Scouts Overseas North Atlantic West Pacific U.S. Virgin Islands Guam v t e Scouting in the United States v t e Scouting organizations Girl Scouts of the USA International Scout and Guide Fellowship Outdoor Service Guides Scouting America Scouts-in-Exile Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders Polish Scouting Association Scout-like organizations Non-sectarian Camp Fire Navigators USA Woodcraft League of America Sectarian Adventurers American Heritage Girls Awana Boys' Brigade Calvinist Cadet Corps Christian Service Brigade Federation of North-American Explorers GEMS Girls' Clubs Pathfinders SpiralScouts International Royal Rangers Trail Life USA Troops of Saint George Historical organizations American Boy Scouts Baden-Powell Scouts' Association Boy Rangers of America Lone Scouts of America New England Boy Scouts Rhode Island Boy Scouts Sons of Daniel Boone Woodcraft League of America Other organizations Alpha Phi Omega American Indian Scouting Association U.S. Scouting Service Project Scouting organizations Girl Scouts of the USA International Scout and Guide Fellowship Outdoor Service Guides Scouting America Girl Scouts of the USA International Scout and Guide Fellowship Outdoor Service Guides Scouting America Scouts-in-Exile Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders Polish Scouting Association Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders Polish Scouting Association Scout-like organizations Non-sectarian Camp Fire Navigators USA Woodcraft League of America Sectarian Adventurers American Heritage Girls Awana Boys' Brigade Calvinist Cadet Corps Christian Service Brigade Federation of North-American Explorers GEMS Girls' Clubs Pathfinders SpiralScouts International Royal Rangers Trail Life USA Troops of Saint George Non-sectarian Camp Fire Navigators USA Woodcraft League of America Camp Fire Navigators USA Woodcraft League of America Sectarian Adventurers American Heritage Girls Awana Boys' Brigade Calvinist Cadet Corps Christian Service Brigade Federation of North-American Explorers GEMS Girls' Clubs Pathfinders SpiralScouts International Royal Rangers Trail Life USA Troops of Saint George Adventurers American Heritage Girls Awana Boys' Brigade Calvinist Cadet Corps Christian Service Brigade Federation of North-American Explorers GEMS Girls' Clubs Pathfinders SpiralScouts International Royal Rangers Trail Life USA Troops of Saint George Historical organizations American Boy Scouts Baden-Powell Scouts' Association Boy Rangers of America Lone Scouts of America New England Boy Scouts Rhode Island Boy Scouts Sons of Daniel Boone Woodcraft League of America American Boy Scouts Baden-Powell Scouts' Association Boy Rangers of America Lone Scouts of America New England Boy Scouts Rhode Island Boy Scouts Sons of Daniel Boone Woodcraft League of America Other organizations Alpha Phi Omega American Indian Scouting Association U.S. Scouting Service Project Alpha Phi Omega American Indian Scouting Association U.S. Scouting Service Project Scouting by State States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Overseas American Scouting overseas Scouting by State States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. Territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Overseas American Scouting overseas v t e Members of the Western Hemisphere Region of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts v t e Full members Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States of America Venezuela Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Netherlands Antilles Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States of America Venezuela Associate members Nicaragua Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname Nicaragua Saint Kitts and Nevis Suriname v t e Scouting and Guiding topics v t e Movement Scouting Scouting for Boys Scouting Round the World Scout method Scout Law Scout Promise Scout Motto Wood Badge Girl Guides Jamboree World Scout Jamboree World Scout Moot Scout Leader Non-aligned organisations Scouting controversy and conflict Traditional Scouting Scouting in popular culture List of Scouts List of highest scouting awards by country Scouting Scouting for Boys Scouting Round the World Scout method Scout Law Scout Promise Scout Motto Wood Badge Girl Guides Jamboree World Scout Jamboree World Scout Moot World Scout Jamboree World Scout Moot Scout Leader Non-aligned organisations Scouting controversy and conflict Traditional Scouting Scouting in popular culture List of Scouts List of highest scouting awards by country Sections Age groups in Scouting and Guiding Beavers Cub Scout Scout Venture Scout Rover Scout Rainbow Guides Brownie Guides Girl Guides Ranger Guides Air Scouts Extension Scouting Lone Scouts Lone Guides Sea Scout Age groups in Scouting and Guiding Beavers Cub Scout Scout Venture Scout Rover Scout Rainbow Guides Brownie Guides Girl Guides Ranger Guides Air Scouts Extension Scouting Lone Scouts Lone Guides Sea Scout Pioneers Robert Baden-Powell Olave Baden-Powell Agnes Baden-Powell Daniel Carter Beard Frederick Russell Burnham Lawrie Dring Charles Eastman Bear Grylls William Hillcourt László Nagy Ernest Thompson Seton Jacques Sevin Francis Fletcher-Vane J. S. Wilson Robert Baden-Powell Olave Baden-Powell Agnes Baden-Powell Daniel Carter Beard Frederick Russell Burnham Lawrie Dring Charles Eastman Bear Grylls William Hillcourt László Nagy Ernest Thompson Seton Jacques Sevin Francis Fletcher-Vane J. S. Wilson Places Baden-Powell House Brownsea Island Edith Macy Conference Center Foxlease Gilwell Park Kandersteg Pax Hill Philmont Scouting memorials Baden-Powell grave Scouting museums WAGGGS World Centres Kusafiri Nuestra Cabaña Our Chalet Pax Lodge Sangam Baden-Powell House Brownsea Island Edith Macy Conference Center Foxlease Gilwell Park Kandersteg Pax Hill Philmont Scouting memorials Baden-Powell grave Baden-Powell grave Scouting museums WAGGGS World Centres Kusafiri Nuestra Cabaña Our Chalet Pax Lodge Sangam Kusafiri Nuestra Cabaña Our Chalet Pax Lodge Sangam International organisations Confederation of European Scouts International Catholic Conference of Scouting International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe International Scout and Guide Fellowship Order of World Scouts World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts World Federation of Independent Scouts World Organization of Independent Scouts World Organization of the Scout Movement Confederation of European Scouts International Catholic Conference of Scouting International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe International Scout and Guide Fellowship Order of World Scouts World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts World Federation of Independent Scouts World Organization of Independent Scouts World Organization of the Scout Movement Other B-P's footprint Ging Gang Goolie International Scouting Collectors Association Oldest Scout groups Outdoor Code Leave No Trace Religion in Scouting Scout handshake Scout prayers Scout sign and salute Scout Spirit Scouting memorabilia collecting The Handbook for Girl Guides The Hackney Scout Song Book The Jungle Book and Scouting The Wolf Cub's Handbook SPICES A Boy Scout Around the World World Scout Emblem B-P's footprint Ging Gang Goolie International Scouting Collectors Association Oldest Scout groups Outdoor Code Leave No Trace Religion in Scouting Scout handshake Scout prayers Scout sign and salute Scout Spirit Scouting memorabilia collecting The Handbook for Girl Guides The Hackney Scout Song Book The Jungle Book and Scouting The Wolf Cub's Handbook The Wolf Cub's Handbook SPICES A Boy Scout Around the World World Scout Emblem Scouting portal Scouting portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF ISNI VIAF National United States Czech Republic Israel United States Czech Republic Israel Other NARA SNAC Yale LUX NARA SNAC Yale LUX Girl Scouts of the USA Scouting in the United States 1912 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) AmeriCorps organizations Patriotic and national organizations chartered by the United States Congress Women's organizations based in the United States World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts member organizations Youth organizations based in New York City Youth organizations established in 1912 Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use mdy dates from February 2014 Use American English from November 2023 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021 Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links This page was last edited on 8 December 2025, at 13:59 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA
|
Page dé garde Tcheu nous Dreins amendements À dgi l'adèrt Aîgue Daons Créer un compte Se connecter Daons Créer un compte Se connecter Sommaire Début 1 Histouère dé l'annaée : Afficher / masquer la sous-section Histouère dé l'annaée : 1.1 Mounde 1.2 Ûrope 1.3 Normaundie 1.3.1 Duchie de Normaundie (Fraunce) 1.3.2 Bailliage dé Guernési 1.3.3 Bailliage dé Jèrri 1.1 Mounde 1.2 Ûrope 1.3 Normaundie 1.3.1 Duchie de Normaundie (Fraunce) 1.3.2 Bailliage dé Guernési 1.3.3 Bailliage dé Jèrri 1.3.1 Duchie de Normaundie (Fraunce) 1.3.2 Bailliage dé Guernési 1.3.3 Bailliage dé Jèrri 2 Biâos-Arts & tchulteure 3 Scienches & techniques 2016 Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Авар Kotava Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Brezhoneg Bosanski Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano کوردی Corsu Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Zazaki Dolnoserbski ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Suomi Võro Føroyskt Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego Avañe'ẽ Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano 日本語 La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 Къарачай-малкъар Kurdî Коми Kernowek Latina Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála Lietuvių Latviešu मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол मराठी Bahasa Melayu Malti မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Sesotho sa Leboa Occitan Livvinkarjala Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Polski پښتو Português Runa Simi Română Tarandíne Русский Русиньскый Саха тыла Sardu Sicilianu سنڌي Davvisámegiella Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Seeltersk Svenska Kiswahili Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 მარგალური ייִדיש Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Articl'ye devisaer Luure Amendaer Modifier le wikicode Voir l’historique Luure Amendaer Modifier le wikicode Voir l’historique Lians Suivi des pages liées Chèrgi un dôssyi Lian tréjouos-là Informations sur la page Citaer ch't articlle-ilo Obtenir l'URL raccourcie Télécharger le code QR Utiliser l'ancien analyseur Créer un livre Télécharger comme PDF Versioun imprimablle Wikimedia Commons Élément Wikidata XXI e syiclle | XXI e syiclle | XXI e syiclle Annaées 1990 | Annaées 2000 | Annaées 2010 | Annaées 2020 | Annaées 2030 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 MMXVI , A.D. Chute page sé rapporte à l'annaée 2016 du calendri grégorian . * XXI e syiclle | XXI e syiclle | XXI e syiclle Annaées 1990 | Annaées 2000 | Annaées 2010 | Annaées 2020 | Annaées 2030 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 Histouère dé l'annaée : [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Mounde [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Ûrope [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Normaundie [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Duchie de Normaundie (Fraunce) [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Bailliage dé Guernési [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Bailliage dé Jèrri [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Histouère dé l'annaée : Mounde [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Mounde Ûrope [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Ûrope Normaundie [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Duchie de Normaundie (Fraunce) [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Bailliage dé Guernési [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Bailliage dé Jèrri [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Normaundie Duchie de Normaundie (Fraunce) [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Duchie de Normaundie (Fraunce) Bailliage dé Guernési [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Bailliage dé Guernési Bailliage dé Jèrri [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Bailliage dé Jèrri Biâos-Arts & tchulteure [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Biâos-Arts & tchulteure Scienches & techniques [ amendaer | modifier le wikicode ] Scienches & techniques Chute page-il a taé drényirement amendaée lé 27 d'avri 2020 à 02:36. La page a été rendue avec Parsoid . Le texte ichin est prenablle aveu la « Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License » ; mais i peut y aveî des nouviâos terme d'appliqùis. Veî les Termes d'utilisatioun pouor en saveî pus. Garauntie de segret À saveî sus la Viqùipédie Avertiments Code de conduite Développeurs Statistiques Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies) Version mobile
|
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016#bodyContent
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Article titles 2 Article scope 3 Quality of articles 4 Namespace 5 Lists of articles and statistics 6 See also 7 External links Wikipedia : What is an article? Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية অসমীয়া Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Jawa Kapampangan کٲشُر Қазақша Кыргызча Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Português Qaraqalpaqsha Ripoarisch Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Svenska Tagalog Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wikidata item This is an information page . It is neither an encyclopedia article nor one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines ; rather, its purpose is to explain certain aspects of Wikipedia's norms, customs, technicalities, or practices. It may reflect differing levels of consensus and vetting . .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:ARTICLE WP:ARTICLE WP:WIAA WP:WIAA WP:ARTICLE WP:ARTICLE WP:WIAA WP:WIAA v t e Namespaces Subject namespaces Talk namespaces 0 (Main/Article) Talk 1 2 User User talk 3 4 Wikipedia Wikipedia talk 5 6 File File talk 7 8 MediaWiki MediaWiki talk 9 10 Template Template talk 11 12 Help Help talk 13 14 Category Category talk 15 100 Portal Portal talk 101 118 Draft Draft talk 119 126 MOS MOS talk 127 710 TimedText TimedText talk 711 828 Module Module talk 829 1728 Event Event talk 1729 Former namespaces 108 Book Book talk 109 442 Course Course talk 443 444 Institution Institution talk 445 446 Education Program Education Program talk 447 2300 Gadget Gadget talk 2301 2302 Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 2303 2600 Topic 2601 Virtual namespaces -1 Special -2 Media Current list A Wikipedia article or entry is a page on this site that has encyclopedic information on it. A well-written encyclopedia article: identifies a notable topic, summarizes that topic comprehensively, is written in an encyclopedic style of language , has been copyedited well, contains references to reliable sources , and contains wikilinks to and is linked to by other articles or article sections about related topics . Most articles consist of paragraphs and images (perhaps with other types of audiovisual media). However, articles may also be formatted as stand-alone lists or tables (not to be confused with disambiguation pages , which are purely navigation aids). These lists or tables are also considered articles for Wikipedia's purposes and are included in the main or article namespace , the one without a title prefix and colon (e.g. Template: ). The following items are not counted as articles (see also Wikipedia:Administration § Data structure and development ): disambiguation pages , redirect pages , templates , including navboxes (aka navigation boxes) , user pages , drafts , portals , talk pages (aka discussion pages) , file pages for media such as images, category pages , help pages , and Wikipedia policies and guidelines pages (along with everything else in the Wikipedia: namespace). Article titles Article creation Introductory Getting started with Wikipedia Article wizard Your first article Getting started with Wikipedia Article wizard Your first article Suggested articles Most-wanted articles Requested articles Images needing articles Most-wanted articles Requested articles Images needing articles Concepts and guidelines Standard layout Lead section Sections Stub articles Categorization Standard layout Lead section Sections Stub articles Categorization Development processes Article development Moving a page Merging articles Featured article criteria The perfect article Article development Moving a page Merging articles Featured article criteria The perfect article Meta tools and groups WikiProject: Articles for creation Special:NewPages Special:NewPagesFeed New pages patrol New articles by topic Recent additions ( DYK ) WikiProject: Articles for creation Special:NewPages Special:NewPagesFeed New pages patrol New articles by topic Recent additions ( DYK ) v t e v t e See Wikipedia:Article titles to learn how we title articles. Article scope Each article has a scope, which is what the article covers. The article should contain a readable summary of everything within the scope, given due weight, based on what reliable sources say. Quality of articles Articles range greatly in quality, from as high as featured articles to as low as candidates for speedy deletion . Some articles are quite lengthy and rich in content while others are shorter (possibly stubs ) or of lesser quality. Namespace WP:NS0 WP:NS0 WP:MAINSPACE WP:MAINSPACE WP:ARTICLESPACE WP:ARTICLESPACE "Articles" belong to the main namespace of Wikipedia pages (also called " article namespace " or simply " mainspace "). The main namespace, article namespace, or mainspace is the namespace of Wikipedia that contains the encyclopedia proper – that is, where "live" Wikipedia articles reside, as opposed to sandbox pages. The main namespace is the default namespace and does not use a prefix in article page names. This is distinct from other namespaces, where page names are always prefixed by an indicator of the particular namespace in which the page resides. For example, all user pages are prefixed by " User: " , their talk pages by "User talk:" , templates by "Template:" , and various types of internal administrative pages by "Wikipedia:" (such as this page). Thus, any page created without such a prefix will automatically be placed in the article namespace. The main namespace does not include any pages in any of the specified namespaces that are used for particular purposes, such as: the talk namespaces for discussing what the content of articles in mainspace should be (for example, Talk:Mathematics ) the Wikipedia namespace, for material about meta subjects related to Wikipedia and is where policies and guidelines , essays , information , and process pages reside, as well as other "meta" topics about editing Wikipedia (examples, WP:VERIFY and Wikipedia:Statistics ); the Wikipedia talk namespace, for discussing what the content of pages in Wikipedia space should be, and interpretations of them (for example, Wikipedia talk:VERIFY and Wikipedia talk:Statistics ); the special namespace, whose pages are created by the software on demand (see Help:Special page ); the user namespace for pages that are used by individual Wikipedia editors (example, User:Example ). the file namespace which is used for describing and attributing images (example, File:Great Horned Owl.USFWS.jpg ) the MediaWiki namespace, which is used to define shortcuts and other text strings used around Wikipedia (example MediaWiki:Wikimedia-copyrightwarning ) But not all pages in the article namespace are considered to be articles by everyone. Pages in mainspace that are not universally considered articles-proper are: hundreds of thousands of stand-alone lists (although these are usually treated as articles, and can even be assessed as featured lists ) including outlines , glossaries and indices ; hundreds of thousands of disambiguation pages and set index articles , which are used to resolve naming conflicts; many millions of redirect pages, including soft redirects , which are used to re-route one page to another page; a small number of mathematical tables and data pages (e.g. Table of divisors , Table of nuclides (segmented, narrow) , Ethanol (data page) ); and the Main Page , which is a portal – but it's still in mainspace from a time before any other namespaces existed, and it would be more trouble than it's worth to move it now . Every page in the main namespace can have a companion talk page , and these belong to the "Talk" namespace, i.e., the page names start with the prefix "Talk:", followed by the name of the page in the main namespace. For example, " Talk:Wikipedia " is the talk page for Wikipedia's article on itself . Lists of articles and statistics Special:AllPages has a list of all pages in the article namespace, and Wikipedia:Statistics has statistics on Wikipedia and its growth. The automatic definition used by the software at Special:Statistics is: any page that is in the article namespace, is not a redirect page and contains at least one wiki link . The statistics software currently has no method of detecting disambiguation pages, however; nor does it disregard stubs (but in any case, many articles tagged as stubs are quite substantial) or stub lists (lists templates with little or no content). See also Wikipedia:Administration Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia? Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia Wikipedia:Subpages Wikipedia:Featured article criteria What counts as an Article (from English Wikipedia's newsletter, The Signpost ) External links Special:Statistics (current article count) More detailed (but less current) statistics v t e Wikipedia technical help v t e Get personal technical help at the Teahouse , help desk , village pump (technical) , talk pages , or IRC . General technical help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Special characters Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Bypass cache Keyboard shortcuts Editing CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting CharInsert Edit conflict Edit toolbar Reverting How to create a page IRC Tutorial Tutorial Mobile access Multilingual support Page history Page information Page name Help Help Printing Software notices Editnotice Editnotice Special characters Entering Entering User access levels VisualEditor Help Help Special page -related Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Special page help AllPages Edit filter Emailing users Logging in Reset passwords Reset passwords Logs Moving a page History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves History merging Non-admin and admin-only page moves Notifications/Echo FAQ FAQ Page Curation Page import Pending changes Random pages Recent changes Related changes Searching Linksearch Linksearch Tags User contributions Watchlist What links here Wikitext Wikitext Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Wikitext Cheatsheet Cheatsheet Columns Line-break handling Lists Magic words For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function For beginners Conditional expressions Switch parser function Time function Redirects Sections and TOCs Tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Introduction Basics Advanced table formatting Collapsing Conditional tables Sortable tables Using colours Links and diffs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Links Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Interlanguage Interwiki Permanent Diffs Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Simplest diff guide Simple diff and link guide Complete diff and link guide Colon trick Link color Pipe trick URLs Media files: images, videos and sounds Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Media help Files Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Creation and usage Moving files to Commons Images Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Introduction to images Picture tutorial Preparing images for upload Uploading images Options to hide an image Extended image syntax SVG help Gallery tag Graphics tutorials Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Basic bitmap image editing How to improve image quality Graphics Lab resources Sound file markup Visual file markup Other graphics Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Family trees Graphs and charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts How to create Barcharts To scale charts Math formulas Math symbols Math symbols Musical scores Musical symbols Musical symbols Timeline EasyTimeline syntax EasyTimeline syntax WikiHiero syntax Templates and Lua modules Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Templates Advanced template coding Template documentation Template index Template limits Template sandbox and test cases Citation templates Lua help Lua project Resources To do Resources To do Substitution Purge Job queue Job queue Transclusion Labeled section Costs and benefits Labeled section Costs and benefits Guide to Scribbling Data structure Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Template User User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special Namespaces Main/Article Category Draft File File description page File description page Help Portal Project/Wikipedia Talk Archiving Simple Archiving Simple Simple Template User User page design User page design MediaWiki Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Bug reports and feature requests TimedMediaHandler extension Module Special HTML and CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Cascading Style Sheets HTML in wikitext Catalogue of CSS classes Common.js and common.css Classes in microformats Markup validation Span tags Useful styles Customisation and tools Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Preferences Gadgets Skins Citation tools Cleaning up vandalism tools Customizing watchlists Hide pages Hide pages IRC Scripts User scripts Guide List Techniques Safe mode Guide List Techniques Safe mode User style Tools Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Alternative browsing Browser tools Editing tools Navigation shortcuts Optimum tool set Wikimedia Cloud Services Beta Features at MediaWiki Automated editing AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki AfC helper script AntiVandal AutoWikiBrowser Bots Creating history Creating history HotCat Huggle Navigation popups RedWarn Twinkle Ultraviolet WPCleaner Inactive igloo STiki igloo STiki See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Templates User scripts See also: Category:Wikipedia how-to Category:Wikipedia information pages Further navigation at: Help pages Administrators Administrators Accessibility Accounts Bots Referencing Citation metadata Citation metadata Templates User scripts Wikipedia information pages Wikipedia FAQs Articles Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project pages This page was last edited on 14 December 2025, at 08:27 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainspace
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 1.1 Post-Soviet relations 1.2 Ukrainian revolution 1.3 Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas 1.4 Economic aspects 2 Prelude Toggle Prelude subsection 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.1 Russian military buildup and demands 2.2 Invasion plans 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 2.2.1 Putin's invasion announcement 3 Events Toggle Events subsection 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.1 Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.1.1 Kyiv and northern front 3.1.2 Southern and eastern front 3.2 Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.2.1 Fall of Mariupol 3.2.2 Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk 3.2.3 Zaporizhzhia front 3.3 Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.3.1 Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts 3.3.2 Kherson counteroffensive 3.3.3 Kharkiv counteroffensive 3.4 Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) 3.5 Battle of Bakhmut 3.6 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) 3.7 Battle of Avdiivka 3.8 Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 3.8.1 Russian spring and summer offensives 3.8.2 Ukrainian offensive into Russia 3.8.3 Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances 4 Battlespaces Toggle Battlespaces subsection 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 4.1 Command 4.2 Missile attacks and aerial warfare 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.2.1 Crimea attacks 4.2.2 Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure 4.2.3 Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production 4.3 Naval blockade and engagements 4.4 Ukrainian resistance 4.5 Energy infrastructure 5 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.1 Support for Ukraine 5.2 Support for Russia 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 5.2.1 Belarus 5.2.2 Iran 5.2.3 North Korea 5.2.4 Others and sanction evasions 6 Casualties 7 War crimes and attacks on civilians Toggle War crimes and attacks on civilians subsection 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 7.1 Prisoners of war 7.2 Abduction of Ukrainian children 7.3 International arrest warrants 8 Impacts Toggle Impacts subsection 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.1 Humanitarian impact 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.1.1 Cultural heritage 8.2 Refugee crisis 8.3 Long-term demographic effects 8.4 Environmental impact 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.4.1 Nuclear risk 8.5 Economic impact 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 8.5.1 Ukraine 8.5.2 Russia 9 Peace efforts 10 International reactions 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Ikinyarwanda Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lombard Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk bokmål Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya Gagana Samoa سرائیکی Sardu Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Meta-Wiki Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( outline ) Map of Ukraine as of 17 December 2025 [update] ( details ) : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Continuously controlled by Ukraine Currently occupied or controlled by Russia Formerly occupied by Russia Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Date 24 February 2022 – present (3 years, 10 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Ukraine, Russia , Black Sea Status Ongoing ( list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events ) Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Russia Belarus [ a ] North Korea [ b ] Ukraine Commanders and leaders .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Vladimir Putin Valery Gerasimov Aleksandr Dvornikov Gennady Zhidko Sergey Surovikin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Volodymyr Zelenskyy Oleksandr Syrskyi Valerii Zaluzhnyi Units involved Order of battle Order of battle Strength Pre-invasion at border : 169,000–190,000 [ c ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Pre-invasion total : 900,000 military [ 8 ] 554,000 paramilitary [ 8 ] In February 2023 : 300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine [ 9 ] In June 2024 : 700,000 active personnel in the area [ 10 ] Pre-invasion total : 196,600 military [ 11 ] 102,000 paramilitary [ 11 ] July 2022 total : up to 700,000 [ 12 ] September 2023 total : over 800,000 [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2022 ( outline ) v t e Timeline February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present February – April 2022 April – August 2022 August – November 2022 November 2022 – June 2023 June – August 2023 September – November 2023 December 2023 – March 2024 April – July 2024 August – December 2024 January 2025 – May 2025 June 2025 – August 2025 September 2025 – December 2025 January 2026 – present Prelude Casualties Territorial control map map List of engagements War crimes Attacks on civilians Economic impact Peace negotiations 28-point U.S. peace plan Collaboration with Russia Russian emigration Nuclear risk Humanitarian impacts Russian annexation Treatment of prisoners of war 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2022–23 campaign Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion Northern front Antonov Airport Chernobyl Hostomel Kyiv Bucha massacre massacre Irpin Makariv Moshchun Kozarovytska Dam Kozarovytska Dam Brovary Slavutych 1st Sumy Chernihiv Northern Ukraine skirmishes Eastern front 1st Kharkiv Volnovakha Izium Donbas Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar Rubizhne Popasna Siverskyi Donets Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Pisky Bakhmut Soledar 2nd Kharkiv Lyman Lyman Luhansk Oblast Vuhledar Russian winter offensive (2022–23) Marinka Avdiivka Southern front Mariupol 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Enerhodar Voznesensk 2nd Kherson Kherson City Kherson City Dnieper Kakhovka Dam Krynky Kakhovka Dam Krynky 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive ( Mala Tokmachka ) Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Snake Island Berdiansk port Moskva Spillover & related incidents Western Russia Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion Bryansk Oblast Kremlin drone attack Belgorod Oblast incursion 2022 Russian mobilization Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Poland missile explosion Black Sea drone incident Wagner Group rebellion 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2024–25 campaign Northern Ukraine skirmishes 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland 2nd Sumy Sumy strike Sumy strike Eastern front Luhansk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Avdiivka Vuhledar Chasiv Yar Krasnohorivka Ocheretyne 3rd Kharkiv Kharkiv strikes Kharkiv strikes Toretsk Pokrovsk Dobropillia Dobropillia Kurakhove Velyka Novosilka Novopavlivka Southern front Dnieper Krynky Krynky Huliaipole Ukrainian incursion Kursk Stream Stream Belgorod incursion Tyotkino incursion Other regions Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure Naval operations Tendra Spit Spillover & related incidents Western Russia May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Toropets explosions North Korean involvement Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Spider's Web Russian drone incursion into Poland v t e Russo-Ukrainian war Since 2014 ( outline ) v t e Background Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia Russia–Ukraine relations Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine ( Odesa clashes ) Major topics 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism Information war cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks cyberwarfare ransomware cyberattacks Belarusian involvement International sanctions Media portrayal Foreign aid ( military humanitarian ) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) ( Timeline ) Little green men Krymnash Crimean Parliament Belbek Airport Southern Naval Base 2014 Simferopol 2014 Russian protests War in Donbas (2014–2022) ( Timeline ) Capture of Donetsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk Artemivsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk Border Base Krasnyi Lyman Sector D clashes Il-76 shootdown Zelenopillia rocket attack Raid of the 95th Brigade Shakhtarsk Raion Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve International recognition Post-Minsk II conflict 2015 Shyrokyne (2015) Marinka (2015) 2016 Svitlodarsk (2016) 2017 Avdiivka (2017) 2018 Kerch Strait incident (2018) 2019 2020 2021 2022 Attacks on civilians Sloviansk Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 Novosvitlivka Volnovakha Donetsk Mariupol Kramatorsk Stanytsia Luhanska Russian full-scale invasion (2022–present) ( Timeline ) Prelude to invasion ( Reactions ) Invasion of Ukraine (February–April 2022) Military engagements Northern Ukraine campaign Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Antonov Airport Kyiv Chernihiv Sumy Eastern Ukraine campaign Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Mariupol 1st Kharkiv Izium 2nd Kharkiv Donbas Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Sievierodonetsk Lysychansk Soledar Bakhmut Luhansk Oblast Marinka Avdiivka Pokrovsk Southern Ukraine campaign 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 1st Kherson Melitopol Mykolaiv Kherson counteroffensive 2nd Kherson 2nd Kherson 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Kursk offensive Effects and aftermath Economic impact Peace negotiations Protests in occupied Ukraine War crimes Government and intergovernmental reactions Non-government reactions Protests Russian protests Russian protests ICJ case Arrest warrants Related Ukrainian resistance Belarusian and Russian partisan movement Zagreb Tu-141 crash Russian mystery fires Nord Stream pipeline sabotage Soloti training ground shooting Brovary helicopter crash Black Sea drone incident Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Wagner Group rebellion Wagner Group plane crash Ukrainian coup attempt 2025 Slovak–Ukraine gas dispute Slovak opposition to sanctions on Russia v t e Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union v t e Caucasus Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude Nagorno-Karabakh 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2023 offensive 1st 2016 2nd Border crisis 2022 clashes 2022 clashes 2023 offensive Georgia South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori South Ossetia Abkhazia 1st 2nd Kodori 1st 2nd Kodori North Ossetia Chechen–Russian 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency 1st 2nd guerrilla phase North Caucasus insurgency IS insurgency Dagestan Ingushetia Russo-Georgian Central Asia Tajikistan Uzbekistan Batken spillover Batken spillover Kyrgyz revolutions Tulip 2010 2020 Tulip 2010 2020 South Kyrgyzstan Gorno-Badakhshan Dungan–Kazakh clashes Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes 2021 2022 2021 2022 Kazakhstan Karakalpakstan Central and Eastern Europe Transnistria 1992 1992 1993 Moscow 1995–1996 Minsk Ukraine Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity pro-Russian unrest Russo-Ukrainian (outline) annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude annexation of Crimea Donbas Kerch Strait 2022 invasion prelude prelude On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II . It is a major escalation of the war between the two countries that began when Russia attacked Ukraine in 2014 . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties . As of December 2025, Russian troops occupy almost 20% of Ukraine . [ 17 ] From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians have been internally displaced [ 18 ] and 6–7 million have fled the country , [ 19 ] creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II. In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West , including a ban on Ukraine ever joining NATO . [ 20 ] [ 21 ] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a " special military operation ", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk , whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the Donbas War since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas , and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine. [ d ] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv , a southern front from occupied Crimea , and an eastern front from the Donbas towards Kharkiv . Ukraine enacted martial law , ordered a general mobilisation , and severed diplomatic relations with Russia . Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege . Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck Ukraine's energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east , liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast . Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces . In November, Ukraine liberated the city of Kherson and all land west of the Dnipro river . After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to help Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. Russia's attacks on civilians, as well as the policies it has introduced in occupied territories, have led to allegations of genocide . [ e ] The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] The Russian invasion was met with international condemnation . The UN General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus while providing large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship . War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping worsened the world food crisis ; war-related environmental damage was described as ecocide . The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity , war crimes , abduction of Ukrainian children , and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials. Peace negotiations have stalled, and Russia has repeatedly refused calls for a ceasefire. Background Post-Soviet relations After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up its nuclear weapons . [ 34 ] Russia, the US, and UK agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to respect Ukraine's sovereignty and borders. [ 35 ] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security , affirming that every country had the right "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join military alliances. [ 36 ] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice". [ 37 ] Ukrainian revolution In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement . [ 38 ] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country. [ 39 ] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders. [ 40 ] In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement, [ 41 ] choosing closer ties to Russia instead. This coerced withdrawal sparked massive protests known as Euromaidan , culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces, most of them shot by police snipers. Despite signing an agreement , Yanukovych secretly fled. Ukraine's parliament then voted to remove him and hold new elections. [ 42 ] Russian invasion of Crimea and Donbas On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to occupy the Ukrainian territory of Crimea, [ 43 ] blockading Ukrainian military bases. [ 44 ] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely-condemned and disputed referendum . Several scholars have likened the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk , covertly funded and organized by Russia. [ 48 ] In April 2014, armed Russian paramilitaries seized Sloviansk and other settlements, proclaiming the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent. Their commander, Igor Girkin , acknowledged that this sparked the War in Donbas , as Ukraine soon launched an operation to retake the territory. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery. [ 52 ] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia, [ 53 ] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward. [ 54 ] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia. [ 55 ] The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism . Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism ". [ 56 ] Putin began referring to " Novorossiya " (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine. [ 57 ] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism [ 58 ] and sought to create a new Novorossiya . [ 59 ] When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially neutral [ 61 ] and said it was not seeking NATO membership. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Following Russia's occupation of Crimea and invasion of the Donbas , Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek NATO membership . [ 64 ] [ 65 ] The Minsk agreements (September 2014 and February 2015) aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed. [ 66 ] The West 's weak response to Russian actions led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ] Economic aspects Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's invasion of Ukraine and annexation of the southeast . [ 73 ] [ 74 ] Ukraine holds Europe's second-largest reserves of natural gas, coal, and titanium, and some of the world's largest reserves of iron ore and uranium. [ 73 ] Ukraine is also thought to hold Europe's largest supply of recoverable rare-earth minerals , and one of Europe's largest reserves of lithium. [ 74 ] Furthermore, Ukraine is one of the world's biggest suppliers of wheat, corn and other grains. [ 73 ] Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas, and Ukraine's grain wealth, would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market". [ 75 ] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that one of the goals of the invasion was to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits. [ 31 ] [ 76 ] About 80% of Ukraine's oil , natural gas and coal fields are found in the Donbas-Dnipro region. [ 74 ] The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion. [ 75 ] Prelude Russian military buildup and demands There was a Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021, [ 77 ] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward. [ 78 ] Russia said it was only holding military exercises . Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas. [ 82 ] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021, most in Russian-controlled territory. [ 83 ] In July 2021, Putin published " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians ", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians". [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism , [ 86 ] historical revisionism and disinformation. [ 87 ] [ 88 ] The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO , included demands that NATO end all activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance. [ 21 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line". [ 91 ] A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some that "the Russians know are unacceptable" and had already been ruled out. [ 89 ] NATO secretary general Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no veto" on whether Ukraine joins, and "has no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours". [ 92 ] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance , and had co-operated with Russia until the Crimea annexation. [ 93 ] Several Western political analysts suggested that Russia knew its "unrealistic demands" would be rejected, [ 89 ] giving it a pretext to invade. [ 94 ] No countries bordering Russia had joined NATO since 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some NATO states would likely veto its membership. [ 95 ] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership". [ 90 ] Political scientists Michael McFaul and Robert Person said Russia's occupation of Crimea and the Donbas had already blocked Ukraine's NATO membership; they suggested Putin's real aim was to subjugate Ukraine. [ 96 ] NATO offered to negotiate some of Russia's demands and to improve military transparency , as long as Russia stopped its troop buildup. [ 97 ] The alliance rejected Russia's demand to keep Ukraine out of NATO forever, pointing out that Russia had signed agreements affirming the right of Ukraine and other countries to join alliances. [ 98 ] [ 75 ] The US proposed that itself and Russia sign an agreement not to station missiles or troops in Ukraine. [ 98 ] Putin replied that Russia's demands had been "ignored", and the Russian troop buildup continued. [ 99 ] Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions should Putin invade rather than negotiate. [ 100 ] French president Emmanuel Macron [ 101 ] and German chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from invading. Putin told Scholz that Ukraine should not be an independent state. [ 102 ] Zelenskyy said Putin had broken agreements and could not be trusted to respect Ukrainian neutrality. [ 103 ] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas . [ 61 ] [ 104 ] At the Munich Security Conference , Zelenskyy called for Western powers to end their " appeasement " of Putin and give a timeframe for when Ukraine could join NATO. [ 105 ] Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders. [ 107 ] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine. [ 107 ] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations. [ 106 ] Invasion plans The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations ; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians ; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and annexation. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu . [ 111 ] After the invasion began, Ukrainian and Western analysts assessed that Putin seemed to have believed the Russian military could seize Kyiv within days. This assessment led to the conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original goal of the invasion. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Putin's invasion announcement On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers", [ 115 ] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad. [ 116 ] Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech , announced a " special military operation ", which effectively declared war on Ukraine. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years. [ 23 ] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and that a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine. [ 119 ] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech. [ 117 ] Events The invasion began at dawn on 24 February. [ 117 ] [ 122 ] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II. [ 123 ] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine, [ 126 ] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south. [ 127 ] Russia did not officially declare war. [ 128 ] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech. [ 129 ] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60, [ 130 ] prohibiting them from leaving the country. [ 131 ] The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District , one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army , [ 132 ] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol . [ 132 ] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance. [ 133 ] Russia failed to take Kyiv and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin , Hostomel , and Bucha . The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive. [ 134 ] By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine. [ 132 ] [ 135 ] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, military supplies and refitting to Ukraine. [ 136 ] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected. [ 137 ] Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia. [ 138 ] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace, [ 139 ] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses. [ 140 ] Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022) The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk. [ 141 ] Kyiv and northern front Russian troops tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River , with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv , and from the east at Sumy . [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting . [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary , an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride." [ 146 ] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences. [ 125 ] [ 124 ] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy , reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv. [ 147 ] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there . Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha , Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] [ 150 ] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover. [ 151 ] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive. [ 152 ] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha . [ 157 ] [ 158 ] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast ; [ 159 ] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast. [ 160 ] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine. [ 135 ] Southern and eastern front On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper [ 161 ] and the North Crimean Canal . [ 162 ] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia. [ 163 ] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it , but were repelled. [ 164 ] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant [ 165 ] and besieged Enerhodar . By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol . [ 166 ] Russian forces captured Berdiansk . [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 169 ] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin , head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha . [ 170 ] By 18 March, Mariupol was encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians. [ 171 ] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused. [ 172 ] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed." [ 173 ] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv , [ 176 ] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April [ 177 ] after a monthlong battle. [ 178 ] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine. [ 179 ] On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk , and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine. [ 182 ] Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022) By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol. [ 183 ] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv. [ 184 ] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "minimal at best". [ 185 ] By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned. [ 138 ] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities, and ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks. [ 186 ] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided: [ 187 ] This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have. On 29 June, US intelligence director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening." [ 188 ] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal telling a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute. [ 189 ] The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin . [ 190 ] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad by expanding its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts. [ 191 ] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel. [ 192 ] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive , in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes , having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces. [ 193 ] Fall of Mariupol On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works . [ 194 ] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last. [ 183 ] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the ironworks and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief. [ 195 ] After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN secretary-general Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin. [ 196 ] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection. [ 197 ] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart, Russian troops renewed their bombardment. [ 198 ] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary. [ 199 ] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated. [ 200 ] After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered. [ 201 ] Reports of dissent on 8 May indicated that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defence as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks. [ 202 ] Ilia Somolienko , deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly." [ 203 ] On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk , controlled by Russia. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..." [ 206 ] Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station on 8 April killed at least 61 [ 207 ] and injuring 87 to 300. [ 208 ] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east. [ 209 ] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment. [ 212 ] On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying the Donbas. [ 213 ] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast. [ 214 ] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman , capturing the city by 26 May. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk . [ 217 ] By 24 May, Russian forces captured Svitlodarsk . [ 218 ] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk. [ 219 ] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops. [ 220 ] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured. [ 221 ] Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers. [ 222 ] [ 223 ] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack on the neighbouring city of Lysychansk . [ 224 ] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages. [ 225 ] On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those in Mariupol. [ 226 ] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied. [ 227 ] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut . [ 228 ] Zaporizhzhia front Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia . [ 184 ] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April. [ 229 ] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol. [ 230 ] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk , detonated in a mall, had killed at least 18. France's Macron called it a "war crime". [ 231 ] The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant. [ 232 ] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited. [ 233 ] Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar . [ 234 ] Tobias Ellwood , chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee , and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of the North Atlantic Treaty , under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all. [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022) On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region , beginning near Balakliia , led by General Syrskyi . [ 237 ] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive. [ 238 ] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called. [ 239 ] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures". [ 240 ] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation", [ 241 ] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder". [ 242 ] Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and allies, including the UK, US, and France, as sham elections , official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation. [ 243 ] On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to the Russian parliament . [ 244 ] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal. [ 245 ] Kherson counteroffensive On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions. [ 246 ] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia . [ 247 ] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable. [ 248 ] In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi), with fighting extending to Dudchany . [ 249 ] [ 250 ] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson , and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper. [ 251 ] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west bank of the Dnieper. [ 252 ] Kharkiv counteroffensive Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi. [ 237 ] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian-occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson. [ 253 ] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk . [ 254 ] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north. [ 255 ] On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk . The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours, [ 256 ] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter. [ 257 ] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk, [ 258 ] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi). [ 259 ] Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk. [ 260 ] By 15 September, an assessment by the UK Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river , abandoning high-value military assets. [ 261 ] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian forces had liberated Lyman . [ 262 ] Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023) After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting semi-deadlocked during the winter, [ 263 ] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline. [ 264 ] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign stalled with limited gains. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Analysts blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men" and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems. [ 263 ] [ 265 ] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position." [ 266 ] On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas. [ 267 ] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war, [ 268 ] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions. [ 265 ] In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties. [ 269 ] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated." [ 270 ] [ 271 ] In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops . The UK defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation and barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them". [ 272 ] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops. [ 273 ] Battle of Bakhmut Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar . After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023. [ 274 ] [ 275 ] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west. [ 276 ] On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city. [ 277 ] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day, [ 278 ] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units. [ 279 ] 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023) In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts. [ 280 ] [ 281 ] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance. [ 282 ] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements. [ 283 ] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal. [ 284 ] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast. [ 285 ] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world. [ 286 ] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships. [ 287 ] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities. [ 288 ] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles [ 289 ] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base. [ 290 ] [ 291 ] In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro River despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful. [ 292 ] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised and has much pro-Russian sentiment. [ 293 ] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives. [ 292 ] [ 294 ] [ 295 ] Battle of Avdiivka In October 2023, it was reported that there were growing mutinies among Russian troops due to the extensive losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka , with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported. [ 296 ] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far." [ 297 ] On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka , a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk . [ 298 ] [ 299 ] [ 300 ] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost. [ 301 ] Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time . The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia. [ 302 ] Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present) Russian spring and summer offensives On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast . Russia captured a dozen villages; Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions. [ 303 ] [ 304 ] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further. [ 305 ] Following the battle of Avdiivka, Russian forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, capturing Ocheretyne in late April [ 306 ] [ 307 ] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months. [ 308 ] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards Chasiv Yar in early April, [ 309 ] and by early July had captured its easternmost district. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Another offensive in the direction of Toretsk was launched on 18 June, [ 312 ] with the goal of capturing the city, [ 313 ] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south. [ 314 ] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July 2024, made a breakthrough allowing them to advance towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk . [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Ukrainian offensive into Russia On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast . [ 317 ] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of Sudzha , 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border, [ 318 ] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August. [ 319 ] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion. [ 320 ] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat, [ 321 ] [ 322 ] though not from Donetsk Oblast. [ 322 ] Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had not done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritised over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theatre-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armoured vehicles, artillery, and air defence systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] By the summer of 2025, Ukrainian forces had been mostly repelled from the area. [ 325 ] Late 2024 and 2025 Russian advances Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive, [ 327 ] including towards the operationally important city of Pokrovsk , where their forces had instead been increased. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] [ 330 ] In late August 2024, Russian forces seized Novohrodivka , southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city, [ 327 ] while capturing Krasnohorivka [ 331 ] and Ukrainsk [ 332 ] in early September. [ 332 ] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began ; [ 333 ] after it fell on 1 October, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin". [ 334 ] [ 335 ] On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation. [ 336 ] [ 337 ] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024. [ 338 ] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine, [ 341 ] [ 342 ] with Russia claiming to have captured Velyka Novosilka in January. [ 343 ] [ 344 ] Russia continued attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure. [ 345 ] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 not subject to mobilisation . [ 346 ] By April 2025, Russian advances had slowed, according to Seth Jones from the Center for Strategic and International Studies . [ 347 ] Russian attacks on civilians also intensified, with the month of June seeing the highest civilian casualty count in Ukraine since the start of the invasion, with 232 killed and 1,343 injured. [ 348 ] Russia killed at least 21 civilians including children in the second largest strike of the war overnight on 27 and 28 August, damaging European diplomatic facilities along with civilian infrastructure. [ 349 ] Putin declared in March 2025 that "there are reasons to believe we can finish off Ukrainian forces", as a Russian summer offensive was expected. Russia planned to expand into Sumy and Kharkiv, however, the actual offensive was generally considered a failure with modest gains at the cost of heavy casualties. By September 2025, Russian forces had still not achieved any frontline breakthroughs, with key strategic objectives like Pokrovsk still held by Ukraine. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] During October and November 2025, Russian forces intensified operations around Pokrovsk. According to open-source military assessments, Russia advanced hundreds of square miles during this period, applying sustained pressure on Ukrainian defensive lines. [ 352 ] Zelenskyy stated that Russia had deployed approximately 170,000 troops in response, describing the situation as difficult but highlighting continued Ukrainian resistance. [ 353 ] [ 354 ] By late October, there was fighting within Pokrovsk city proper. [ 355 ] On 1 December, Russia claimed to have captured the city, although there were still Ukrainian forces present in the northern portion of the city. [ 356 ] [ 357 ] In December 2025, following Russian claims of controlling Kupiansk, Zelenskyy visited the city and praised the troops defending it. Ukraine said it had retaken parts of Kupiansk, and a Ukrainian commander stated that Russian troops stationed there were completely surrounded. [ 358 ] [ 359 ] The ISW reported that Russian ultranationalist milbloggers acknowledged the severity of the situation for Russian forces, and that Russian claims of advances in the area had been used as part of a cognitive warfare effort. [ 360 ] Russia also escalated attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure throughout the period. [ 361 ] In one major strike, over 450 drones and 45 missiles were reportedly used, according to Ukrainian officials, causing civilian casualties and damaging critical infrastructure. In response, Ukraine attacked Russian energy and logistical networks, including targeting oil facilities, causing a Russian fuel crisis . [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Battlespaces Command The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state: President Putin of Russia and President Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders. [ 365 ] US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine , General Valerii Zaluzhnyi , "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians." [ 366 ] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives. [ 367 ] After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov , was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022, [ 368 ] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov, [ 369 ] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command: [ 367 ] commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 – 8 May October 2022) commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023) commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023) Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals . [ 370 ] Missile attacks and aerial warfare Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine, [ 124 ] [ 125 ] as far west as Lviv. [ 371 ] By September 2022, Ukrainian air forces had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes. [ 372 ] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure , intended to knock out energy facilities. [ 373 ] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded, [ 374 ] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power. [ 375 ] In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia , killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft. [ 376 ] On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out " Operation Spiderweb ", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful, [ 377 ] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities. [ 378 ] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10. [ 379 ] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars in damage to Russian aircraft. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Crimea attacks On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol. [ 384 ] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident; [ 385 ] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September. [ 386 ] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area. [ 387 ] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol. [ 388 ] On 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge , linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion . [ 389 ] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge. [ 390 ] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours. [ 391 ] Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems. [ 392 ] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched. [ 393 ] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique. [ 394 ] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles. [ 395 ] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia, [ 396 ] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war. [ 397 ] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany called for a UN investigation. [ 398 ] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine. [ 399 ] On 15 November 2022, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid , causing power outages in Kyiv and neighbouring regions. [ 400 ] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences. [ 401 ] The UK Defence Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [ 402 ] According to the Royal United Services Institute : [ 403 ] Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed. On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile [ 404 ] to kill two and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] [ 407 ] [ 408 ] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night. [ 409 ] In late 2024, Russia switched from attacking energy distribution infrastructure to striking power stations, affecting 15% of Ukraine's pre-war generating capacity. From the summer of 2025, attacks switched back to infrastructure with a much greater number of drones and ballistic missiles. Strikes were also made on Ukrainian gas production, with 60% of its capacity destroyed in October 2025. [ 361 ] Ukrainian attacks on Russian oil production In 2025, Ukraine intensified efforts to disrupt Russian oil production and export facilities, using drone and missile strikes assisted by Western targeting intelligence. By late October 2025, an estimated 50% of Russia's 38 major refineries had been hit more than once. The result has been an estimated drop in oil production of between 10 and 15%, leading to raised domestic fuel prices and shortages in some regions. [ 361 ] Naval blockade and engagements On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage to four Russian naval vessels. [ 410 ] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island . [ 411 ] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet , Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island. [ 412 ] The Russian warship instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was " Russian warship, go fuck yourself! " [ 413 ] After the bombardment, Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island . [ 414 ] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this. [ 415 ] By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny , the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture. [ 416 ] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack. [ 167 ] [ 417 ] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports. [ 418 ] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone , for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official, [ 421 ] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles . The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its crew had been evacuated. [ 422 ] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs in Sevastopol . [ 423 ] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk . [ 424 ] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured. [ 425 ] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" to assist in the sinking. [ 426 ] On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea." [ 427 ] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of foodstuffs. [ 428 ] On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia . Ukraine said it was destroyed. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] [ 431 ] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] On 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . [ 434 ] [ 435 ] Ukrainian resistance Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails , donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs , [ 436 ] and helping to transport refugees. [ 437 ] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor , Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs, [ 438 ] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways. [ 439 ] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops. [ 440 ] By April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence. [ 441 ] People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat. [ 440 ] [ 442 ] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters, [ 440 ] to firing directly into crowds. [ 443 ] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings , and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military. [ 444 ] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia , a Ukrainian government app. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks. [ 445 ] As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion. [ 446 ] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions. [ 447 ] Energy infrastructure Throughout the war Russia and Ukraine have attacked each other's energy infrastructure. Ukrainian power generation and heating facilities and Russia's pipelines and refineries were hit. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] As a reaction to Russia's recognition of the occupied Ukrainian territories in Donetsk and Luhansk , Germany suspended its certification of the Nord Stream 2 pipeline on 22 February 2022. [ 450 ] In September 2022 the inactive Nord Stream pipeline between Russia and Germany was sabotaged , destroying three of the four pipelines. As of August 2025 [update] no party has claimed nor admitted responsibility and investigations are ongoing. A Ukrainian national was arrested in August 2025 on suspicion of being involved. [ 451 ] As part of the economic sanctions against Russia for its war the EU Commission has banned use of the Nord Stream pipelines. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Pipelines carrying natural gas and oil from Russia to Central Europe continued to operate during the war in a reduced manner. They have been attacked several times; in May 2025 both sides accused each other of attacking gas infrastructure in Russia's Kursk Oblast. In August 2025 Ukraine repeatedly attacked pumping stations of Russia's Druzhba pipeline , interrupting oil supply to Hungary and Slovakia, [ 449 ] [ 454 ] while the same month a Russian attack on Ukrainian energy infrastructure left more than 100,000 households without electricity. [ 455 ] By 28 August 2025 Ukraine's campaign to strike at Russia's petroleum industry had hit ten oil refineries and was estimated by Reuters to have disrupted Russia's refinery capacity by at least 17% or 1.1 million barrels a day. [ 456 ] The effect was a fuel crisis in Crimea and both southern and far eastern regions with price surges and dry gas stations. [ 457 ] In September 2025 the International Energy Agency stated that Russia's revenues from oil product exports had in August declined to five-year lows, contributing to Russia's economic slowdown. [ 458 ] Acknowledging Russia's strained energy system president Vladimir Putin pointed to Russia's coal reserves to offset its gas shortage, insufficient infrastructure and under-developed grid economy. [ 459 ] Following its 14 September 2025 attack on Russia's second largest refinery Kinef the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces claimed to be "working 'systematically' to weaken Russia's military and economic capabilities with a particular focus on fuel, weapons, and ammunition production". [ 460 ] Foreign involvement Support for Ukraine Many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Several imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy; [ 461 ] [ 462 ] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports. [ 461 ] Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group , whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO . [ 463 ] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute . [ 464 ] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian). [ 465 ] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP. [ 466 ] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time. [ 467 ] The US has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine, [ 465 ] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country. [ 466 ] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles , while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidising the manufacture of weapons and military equipment. [ 466 ] [ 468 ] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel. [ 469 ] Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion. [ 470 ] Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion, [ 471 ] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia. [ 472 ] The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia. [ 473 ] According to the Atlantic Council 's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its " red lines " being crossed. [ 474 ] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long. [ 475 ] In May 2025, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA , said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling." [ 476 ] [ 477 ] Since the start of Russia's invasion in 2022, the United States has been sharing intelligence gathered through sophisticated satellites and manned and unmanned aerial systems with Ukraine, with a focus on finished signal intelligence to aid in targeting. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] In March 2025, the United States paused intelligence sharing with Ukraine, [ 480 ] only to resume it a few days later. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] In October 2025, the Wall Street Journal and Reuters reported that the US was to provide intelligence to enable long-range strikes on Russian energy infrastructure deep in Russian territory. [ 483 ] [ 484 ] [ 485 ] In November 2025, Reuters reported that the United States threatened to cut intelligence sharing in order to pressure Ukraine into negotiating a peace agreement. [ 486 ] By January 2026, according to French president Macron, the coalition of the willing , a coalition of 34 countries, were providing all of the international military support to Ukraine, with France providing two-thirds of the military intelligence. [ 487 ] [ 488 ] Support for Russia Belarus Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 489 ] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones . [ 490 ] Belarus is considered a co-belligerent . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] [ 493 ] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co- combatant , with " Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions", [ 494 ] while the 2023 issue Armed Conflict Survey classified it as not a direct co-combatant . [ 495 ] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of Armed Conflict Survey , Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 496 ] Iran In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia. [ 497 ] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military. [ 498 ] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure. [ 499 ] [ 500 ] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine. [ 397 ] North Korea North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers. [ 501 ] [ 502 ] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] [ 505 ] Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 506 ] [ 507 ] [ 508 ] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces. [ 509 ] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia. [ 510 ] [ 511 ] [ 512 ] The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower. [ 513 ] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive , and the Pentagon reported that around 10,000 North Korean soldiers been sent in total. [ 514 ] [ 515 ] [ 516 ] On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had engaged in battle on 5 November. [ 517 ] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had engaged in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast. [ 518 ] [ 519 ] [ 520 ] [ 521 ] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle. [ 522 ] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units. [ 523 ] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training. [ 524 ] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast. [ 525 ] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred, [ 526 ] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured. [ 527 ] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement. [ 528 ] Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers to conceal their presence on the battlefield. [ 529 ] [ 530 ] [ 531 ] [ 532 ] In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued false military papers stating that they are Russians from Tuva . [ 533 ] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of which were killed or wounded. [ 534 ] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region". [ 535 ] In June 2025, former Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu announced that 1,000 North Korean military workers would be deployed to Kursk for demining, and another 5,000 for reconstruction. [ 536 ] The BBC reported that, in 2024, more than 10,000 North Korean workers were sent to work in "slave-like conditions" in Russian construction and other sectors, "in violation of the UN sanctions banning the use of North Korean labour." A South Korean intelligence official told the BBC that as many as 50,000 workers were to be deployed in 2025. [ 537 ] Others and sanction evasions Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armour to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates . [ 539 ] According to the US, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine. [ 540 ] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia. [ 541 ] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence , machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles. [ 542 ] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion. [ 543 ] In July 2025, Ukraine's Main Directorate of Intelligence reported that Laos had sent a 50-person demining crew to Kursk, though Laos denied the claim. [ 544 ] Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India. [ 545 ] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs. [ 546 ] [ 547 ] Reuters reported in July 2025 that according to Indian customs data, an Indian company shipped military-use explosive compounds valued at $1.4 million to Russia in December 2024. [ 548 ] Russia has continued to make billions from fossil fuel exports to the West. Ukraine's Western allies [ which? ] have paid Russia more for its hydrocarbons than they have given Ukraine in aid. In 2025 Slovakia and Hungary rejected an EU plan to phase out deliveries of Russian gas via Turkey by 2028. "Laundromat refineries" in Turkey and India process Russian crude and sell the refined fuel to sanctioning countries. [ 549 ] [ 550 ] [ 551 ] Russia has also developed partnerships with India and UAE that actively support its efforts to evade sanctions. [ 552 ] [ 553 ] [ 554 ] In 2022, approximately 400,000 US-made semiconductors worth $53.6 million were shipped to Russia via Maldives , accounting for almost 20% of Maldives's exports. Maldives has no native semiconductor manufacturers; all of its exports are by Russian shell companies, most headquartered in Hong Kong. [ 555 ] [ 556 ] From 2015 to 2021, average annual trade between Russia and Turkey in 45 military-linked materials was $28 million; from January to October 2023 it was $158 million. [ 557 ] From January 2022 to mid-2025, the United States imported $24.51 billion of Russian goods, mainly fertilisers, enriched uranium and plutonium , and palladium . [ 558 ] Casualties Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate opposing casualty numbers and downplay their own losses for morale. [ 559 ] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command." [ 560 ] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll. [ 561 ] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant" [ 562 ] and "considerable" losses, respectively. [ 563 ] [ 564 ] The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely. [ 565 ] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated. [ 566 ] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories , citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing. [ 567 ] While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000. [ 568 ] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs. [ 569 ] In Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed, [ 570 ] [ 571 ] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022. [ 572 ] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment when they entered the city. [ 573 ] [ 574 ] [ 575 ] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone. [ 576 ] [ 577 ] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died". [ 578 ] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022 and February 2023. [ 579 ] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm. [ 580 ] In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan , Tuva and Buryatia , all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities' continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities. [ 581 ] [ 582 ] [ 583 ] [ 584 ] [ 585 ] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024, [ 586 ] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated. [ 587 ] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836). [ 588 ] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024. [ 589 ] In December 2025, an analysis by the BBC suggested that Russian casualties were growing at a faster rate than at any point previously in the invasion, with 40% more obituaries of soldiers being published in Russia in 2025 compared to 2024. [ 590 ] [ 591 ] The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years. [ 592 ] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020, [ 593 ] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates. [ 594 ] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion. [ 595 ] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead. [ 596 ] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded. [ 597 ] Numbers Time period Source Civilians in Ukraine 14,534 killed, 38,472 wounded [ f ] 24 February 2022 – 31 October 2025 United Nations ( OHCHR ) [ 598 ] [ 599 ] Russian civilians 394 killed (in Western Russia ) 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024 7x7 [ 600 ] Ukrainian forces 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat), [ 601 ] 64,995 missing, 6,087 captured (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025 UALosses project [ 602 ] Russian forces ( DPR/LPR excluded) 152,142 killed (conf. by names) 24 February 2022 – 28 November 2025 BBC News Russian and Mediazona [ 603 ] Russian forces ( Donetsk & Luhansk PR ) 21,000–23,500 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] Numbers Time period Source Ukrainian civilians 12,000 killed (confirmed), [ g ] 16,000+ captive [ h ] 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024 24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024 Ukraine [ 606 ] [ 607 ] 2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded (in DPR/LPR areas) 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024 DPR [ i ] and LPR [ 610 ] [ 611 ] Russian civilians 621 killed (including Crimea ), 789 missing 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025 Russia [ 612 ] [ 613 ] Ukrainian forces 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – before September 2024 WSJ citing confidential Ukrainian estimate [ 597 ] 60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024 The Economist estimate [ 614 ] 50,000 killed, [ 615 ] 380,000 wounded, [ 616 ] 56,700 missing, [ j ] 8,000 captured [ 619 ] 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025 24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025 24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024 Ukraine Russian forces 1,140,000 killed and wounded 24 February 2022 – 5 November 2025 UK MoD estimate [ 620 ] 191,000–269,000 killed 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025 BBC News Russian [ 603 ] 1,204,510+ killed and wounded, 60,000 missing 24 February 2022 – 28 December 2025 24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025 Ukrainian MoD estimate [ 621 ] Government of Ukraine [ 622 ] DPRK forces 600 killed, 4,100 wounded, 2 captured [ k ] 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025 South Korean estimate [ 625 ] [ 626 ] War crimes and attacks on civilians The Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets [ 627 ] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid ), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence , [ 628 ] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs , in one instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack . [ 629 ] [ 630 ] [ 631 ] [ 207 ] According to Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria . [ 632 ] According to the United Nations' Human Rights Office (OHCHR), by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-held territory. [ 634 ] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the invasion began. [ 635 ] Russia has deliberately and repeatedly attacked Ukrainian civilians with FPV drones , including first responders , [ 636 ] such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the " human safari ". [ 637 ] [ 638 ] [ 639 ] In October 2025, the UN concluded that the Russian military were systematically attacking Ukrainian civilians and civilian targets with drones along a 300-kilometer stretch of the Dnipro River , to drive Ukrainians out of the region. The report said that these are war crimes and crimes against humanity. [ 640 ] The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine , including arbitrary detentions , enforced disappearances , torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech , enforced Russification , indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture. [ 641 ] The UN also found that Russian authorities were systematically deporting Ukrainian civilians from occupied provinces, which is a crime against humanity. [ 640 ] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights, [ 641 ] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against Ukraine. [ 642 ] Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons , usually tear gas grenades. [ 643 ] [ 644 ] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers". [ 645 ] In January 2026, the UN reported that 2025 had been the deadliest year for Ukrainian civilians since 2022, with 2,514 deaths and 12,142 injuries being verified during the year, a 31% increase compared to 2024. The report said that a ″massive increase″ of Russian long-range weapons was causing increased harm in urban centers. [ 646 ] [ 647 ] Prisoners of war An August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs [prisoners of war], and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison , found two sites of disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves". [ 648 ] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and assault. [ 648 ] An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides, based on interviews with prisoners. [ 649 ] In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to. [ 650 ] In April 2023, several videos circulated on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers. [ 651 ] In March 2024, the UN issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian POWs over the winter. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian POWs "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations". [ 652 ] In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement included the OHCHR's confirmation of systematic use of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners. [ 653 ] The Ukrainian Armed Forces have been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian POWs, but the number of allegations has been significantly lower. [ 654 ] : para. 105 [ 655 ] [ 656 ] [ 657 ] Abduction of Ukrainian children In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website who had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and an age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, while another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were confirmed as Ukrainian children in a New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity. [ 658 ] [ 659 ] A March 2025 report published by the ISW suggests that the mass transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia had been an established component of Russia's war plans in Ukraine prior to the invasion. It references Russian governmental documents that predate the invasion by days which outlined plans to move Ukrainian orphans in occupied Ukraine to Russia described internally as 'humanitarian evacuations'. Since the invasion, tens to hundreds of thousands of Ukrainian children have been deported to Russia, where they have been housed in camps, placed with adoptive families, and provided with new Russian identities including new or altered names, falsified birth certificates, and other state documentation. The report claims that Russia intends to convert the abductees into 'the next generation of Russians' whilst 'depriving [Ukraine] of its multi-generation potential'. Referencing Article 2 of the Genocide Convention , the author concludes the opening section by noting that 'International law explicitly forbids the forcible transfer of children from one group to another group for the purpose of destroying, in whole or in part, a national or ethnic group, and considers these violations as constituent acts of genocide.' [ 660 ] In August 2025, Mykola Kuleba , the head of a Ukrainian NGO , said that Russian occupation authorities in Ukraine had created an online "catalog" of Ukrainian children up for adoption sorted by physical traits such as hair and eye colour, denouncing the practice as child trafficking . [ 661 ] [ 662 ] [ 663 ] [ 664 ] International arrest warrants The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity , genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine. [ 665 ] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia. [ 666 ] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council [ 666 ] (the world's five principal nuclear powers). [ 667 ] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical", [ 668 ] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal. [ 669 ] One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets (the Holodomor ) still looms large in public memory. [ 670 ] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus: [ 671 ] forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute . As both war crimes and crimes against humanity , they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation. The ICC issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash , Viktor Sokolov , Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov . [ 672 ] [ 673 ] Impacts Humanitarian impact The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises . [ 674 ] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees. [ 675 ] Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women. [ 676 ] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity . [ 677 ] By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian healthcare and reported widespread double-tap attacks. [ 678 ] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's healthcare system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity. [ 679 ] Cultural heritage As of August 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 508 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 151 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries. [ 680 ] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime. [ 681 ] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide . [ 682 ] Refugee crisis The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II. [ 683 ] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023. [ 684 ] [ 685 ] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the front in southeastern Ukraine. [ 686 ] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine. [ 687 ] Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled. [ 688 ] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription , [ 689 ] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities. [ 690 ] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance. [ 691 ] According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees. [ 684 ] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. [ 692 ] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022. [ 693 ] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years. [ 694 ] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years. [ 695 ] According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity. [ 696 ] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence . [ 697 ] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia. [ 697 ] [ 698 ] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine, [ 699 ] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia. [ 700 ] [ 701 ] [ l ] Long-term demographic effects Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other. [ 703 ] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine. [ 704 ] Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis , making significant shrinking very likely. [ 705 ] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that, [ 706 ] regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair reconstruction. [ 706 ] The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia . [ 707 ] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%. [ 708 ] [ 709 ] Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated ; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population. [ 710 ] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict. [ 711 ] According to BBC: [ 712 ] They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities. According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain , out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run." [ 713 ] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs. [ 714 ] In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council , Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children. [ 715 ] In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties. [ 716 ] Environmental impact Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment , 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible. [ 717 ] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged. [ 718 ] According to peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns. [ 719 ] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam , under Russian occupation, was damaged , causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster". [ 720 ] The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide . [ 721 ] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine). [ 722 ] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures ( Heidi Hautala , Margot Wallstrom , Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg ) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it. [ 723 ] According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up. [ 724 ] The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted global climate policy and increased CO 2 emissions. [ 725 ] [ 726 ] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia, [ 727 ] [ 728 ] [ 729 ] Europe, [ 730 ] and the US. [ 731 ] Fatih Birol , the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted: [ 732 ] ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine , and still frosty relations between the US and China , would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation . Nuclear risk Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response. [ 733 ] Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine. [ 734 ] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets. [ 735 ] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. [ 736 ] The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants . Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels. [ 737 ] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant , the largest in Europe, which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror ". [ 738 ] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP. [ 739 ] Economic impact Ukraine Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP). [ 740 ] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would decrease between 10% to 35%; [ 741 ] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development predicted a 20% decrease. [ 742 ] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%. [ 743 ] Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias. [ 744 ] In May 2022 the European Commission banned grain sales in Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia, with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries; the ban was lifted in September 2023. [ 745 ] The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year. [ 746 ] Russia The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. [ 31 ] The Russian Ministry of Economic Development said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1% [ 747 ] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%. [ 748 ] On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning tax increases to help finance the war. [ 749 ] In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the war. In addition to the official Russian government defence budget —direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels, [ 31 ] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] A report published in April 2025 by the Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE) noted that official Russian statistics are unreliable and opaque, and "serves to bolster the domestic narrative of economic resilience and questions the effectiveness of sanctions while masking underlying fragilities". [ 750 ] The report, which was presented to the finance ministers of the EU at a meeting of the Economic and Financial Affairs Council on 13 May 2025, also argued that Russian fiscal stimulus has kept the economy afloat so far, but that it is on an unsustainable trajectory. [ 750 ] [ 751 ] "Even under optimistic growth scenarios, Russia's economic scale remains insufficient to match its Western adversaries' capacity in a sustained geopolitical rivalry", the report concluded. [ 750 ] In August 2025, VEB , one of the largest Russian state banks, assessed that the Russian economy had started slipping into recession. [ 752 ] A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022. [ 753 ] The US banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022. [ 754 ] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023. [ 753 ] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. [ 755 ] Russia issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, lifting it on 6 October. [ 756 ] According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy resources, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion. [ 31 ] Peace efforts Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February , 3 March , and 7 March 2022 , on the Belarus–Ukraine border , with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March. [ 757 ] The talks ended without agreement. In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes , and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied , that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted. [ 759 ] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would " reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent. [ 760 ] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbours, and embolden other expansionist regimes. [ 760 ] [ 761 ] [ 762 ] [ 763 ] After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia. [ 764 ] In November 2025, Trump adopted a 28-point peace plan for ending the war. The plan was interpreted as broadly pro-Russian, [ 765 ] [ 766 ] and according to The Insider , was at its core a recycled Russian document substantially written by Kirill Dmitriev , a Kremlin operative. [ 767 ] International reactions The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations . [ 768 ] In March 2022 and February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, opposed the measure. [ 769 ] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions on Russia , which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies . [ 770 ] As of July 2025, the EU had adopted 18 packages of sanctions against Russia and Belarus, totalling over 2,500 listed entities and persons. [ 771 ] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to EU sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia. [ 772 ] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia. [ 773 ] Over 70 countries and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid . [ 774 ] Economic sanctions included bans on Russian aircraft using EU airspace, [ 775 ] certain Russian banks from the SWIFT payments system , and certain Russian media outlets. [ 776 ] Reactions to the invasion have included public and media responses, peace efforts , and the examination of the invasion's legality . Demonstrations were held worldwide, including in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia . [ 777 ] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media, [ 778 ] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government. [ 779 ] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion. [ 780 ] In March 2022, Russian president Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations, [ 781 ] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war. [ 782 ] Some countries, particularly in the Global South , saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy . [ 783 ] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way. [ 784 ] A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism . [ 785 ] By October 2022, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia had declared Russia a terrorist state . [ 786 ] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion. [ 787 ] The invasion prompted Ukraine, [ 788 ] Finland and Sweden to apply for NATO membership. [ 789 ] Finland became a member in April 2023, [ 790 ] followed by Sweden in March 2024. [ 791 ] A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol , won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024 . [ 792 ] See also 2020s portal Current events portal Europe portal Politics portal Russia portal Ukraine portal 2020s in military history – Overview of military-related events in the 2020s Democracy in Europe Elections in Russia Elections in Ukraine List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine List of conflicts in Europe List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union List of interstate wars since 1945 – Post-1945 military conflicts over territory List of invasions in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian war – Veiled threats of engagement Russian emigration during the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Notes ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] and to launch missiles into Ukraine. [ 4 ] .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0} See: Belarusian involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ See: North Korean involvement in the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias. ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 27 ] [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] ^ At least 176 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia, [ 604 ] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna . [ 605 ] ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024, [ 608 ] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022, [ 609 ] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025. [ 617 ] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers, [ 618 ] which would be around 56,700. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true. [ 623 ] However, Russia denied the reports. [ 624 ] ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021. [ 702 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lister, Tim; Kesa, Julia (24 February 2022). "Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders" . Kyiv: CNN . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Murphy, Palu (24 February 2022). "Troops and military vehicles have entered Ukraine from Belarus" . CNN . Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Why is Belarus admitting Wagner leader and backing Russia against Ukraine?" . BBC . 26 June 2023 . Retrieved 5 February 2025 . ^ "Missiles launched into Ukraine from Belarus" . BBC News . 27 February 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ "75 тысяч погибших российских солдат 120 смертей в день – вот цена, которую платит Россия за нападение на соседнюю страну. Новое большое исследование "Медузы" и "Медиазоны" о потерях" . Meduza (in Russian) . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ... численность войск на фронте (если при вторжении ее оценивали в 190 тысяч вместе с «народными милициями ДНР и ЛНР», ... ^ Bengali, Shashank (18 February 2022). "The U.S. says Russia's troop buildup could be as high as 190,000 in and near Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 February 2022 . Retrieved 18 February 2022 . ^ Hackett, James, ed. (February 2021). The Military Balance 2021 (1st ed.). Abingdon, Oxfordshire: International Institute for Strategic Studies . p. 68. ISBN 978-1-03-201227-8 . OCLC 1292198893 . OL 32226712M . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 30, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 May 2023 . Retrieved 31 May 2023 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 14, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ a b The Military Balance 2022 . International Institute for Strategic Studies . February 2022. ISBN 9781000620030 – via Google Books . ^ " Ukraine ", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2023-01-18, retrieved 19 January 2023 ^ "Swimming rivers and faking illness to escape Ukraine's draft" . BBC News . 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ McFaul, Michael; Person, Robert (2 April 2024). Brands, Hal (ed.). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 34. ISBN 978-1-4214-4985-2 . On February 24, 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, expanding dramatically the war against Ukraine he began in 2014 and starting the largest war in Europe since World War II. ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . pp. i, 98. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0 . OCLC 1350843759 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Dec. 23, 2025" . Russia Matters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine internal displacement report: General population Survey" (PDF) . Global Crisis Response Platform . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ Asadzade, Ulviyya; Sachalko, Borys (December 2025). "Ukraine Faces Labor Shortage as Russia's War Empties Factories and Farms" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Retrieved 4 December 2025 . ^ "Putin warns Russia will act if NATO crosses its red lines in Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ a b Roth, Andrew (17 December 2021). "Russia issues list of demands it says must be met to lower tensions in Europe" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 18 June 2025 . Retrieved 5 January 2025 . ^ Marples, David R. (3 July 2022). "Russia's war goals in Ukraine" . Revue Canadienne des Slavistes . 64 ( 2– 3): 207– 219. doi : 10.1080/00085006.2022.2107837 . ISSN 0008-5006 . ^ a b Hinton, Alexander (25 February 2022). "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented" . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 18 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ Al Jazeera Staff. " 'No other option': Excerpts of Putin's speech declaring war" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 6 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ melvin, Neil. "Nationalist and Imperial Thinking Define Putin's Vision for Russia" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 25 May 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine war: President Putin speech fact-checked" . BBC News . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2025 . ^ a b Etkind, Alexander (2022). "Ukraine, Russia, and Genocide of Minor Differences". Journal of Genocide Research . 25 ( 3– 4). Taylor & Francis : 1– 19. doi : 10.1080/14623528.2022.2082911 . S2CID 249527690 . ^ a b McGlynn, Jade (23 April 2024). "Russia Is Committing Cultural Genocide in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Stavljanin, Dragan (2 April 2024). "Genocide Scholar: 'I Do Think that Russia's Violence in Ukraine is Genocidal' " . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . Archived from the original on 22 June 2025 . Retrieved 4 July 2024 . ^ a b Richardson, Jon (11 March 2024). "Unmarked graves, violent repression and cultural erasure: the devastating human toll of Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . The Conversation . Retrieved 6 July 2024 . ^ a b c d e Brumme, Christoph. "In der Ukraine kämpft Russland um Rohstoffe" . n-tv.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ a b Aris, Ben (14 January 2025). "Russia's Hidden War Debt Creates a Looming Credit Crisis" . Moscow Times . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ a b Hrazhdan, Olena (15 January 2025). "Russia's Preferential Defense Loans a Ticking Bomb for Moscow's Economy" . Kyiv Post . Retrieved 24 January 2025 . ^ Budjeryn, Mariana. "Issue Brief #3: The Breach: Ukraine's Territorial Integrity and the Budapest Memorandum" (PDF) . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009). "On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document' " . The Day . Archived from the original on 24 February 2021 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Harahan, Joseph P. (2014). "With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Luger Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs" (PDF) . DTRA History Series . Defense Threat Reduction Agency. ASIN B01LYEJ56H . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . ^ "Istanbul Document 1999" . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 19 November 1999. p. 3 (PDF). Archived from the original on 1 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ "Interview with French Television Company France 3" . President of Russia . 7 May 2005. ^ Interfax-Ukraine (22 February 2013). "Parliament passes statement on Ukraine's aspirations for European integration" . Kyiv Post . ^ Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 3, 274. ^ Walker, Shaun (22 September 2013). "Ukraine's EU trade deal will be catastrophic, says Russia" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. Dinan, Desmond; Nugent, Neil (eds.). The European Union in Crisis . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 3, 274. ^ Traynor, Ian; Grytsenko, Oksana (21 November 2013). "Ukraine suspends talks on EU trade pact as Putin wins tug of war: Ukraine was due to sign accord at summit next week but MPs reject key bills, especially on freeing Yulia Tymoshenko from jail" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian MPs vote to oust President Yanukovych" . BBC News . 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2025 . ^ Salem, Harriet; Walker, Shaun; Harding, Luke (27 February 2014). "Crimean parliament seized by unknown pro-Russian gunmen: Gunmen storm Crimea's regional administrative complex in Simferopol and hoist Russian flag above parliament building" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Crimea" . BBC News . 24 March 2014 . Retrieved 9 April 2025 . ^ Plokhy, Serhii (9 May 2023). The Russo-Ukrainian War: The Return of History . W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-1-324-05120-6 . ... In an article published on the eve of the referendum, the historian Andrei Zubov, a professor at the elite Moscow Institute of International Relations, compared the planned annexation of the peninsula to Hitler's Anschluss of Austria in 1938. He drew parallels between Hitler's vision of Greater Germany and Russia's reunification rhetoric, pointed out that both acts were justified to the public by the need to protect allegedly persecuted minorities, German (in Czechoslovakia) in the first case and Russian in the second, and mentioned the staged referendum as a sham to provide legal cover for the forcible annexation. ... ^ Žalimas, Dainius (14 March 2017). "Lessons of World War II and the Annexation of Crimea" . International Comparative Jurisprudence . 3 (1): 25– 36. doi : 10.13165/j.icj.2017.03.003 . ISSN 2351-6674 . ^ Gouré, Daniel (3 March 2014). "Putin's Anschluss" . Lexington Institute . Retrieved 13 October 2025 . ^ Umland, Andreas (1 November 2016). "The Glazyev Tapes: Getting to the root of the conflict in Ukraine" . European Council on Foreign Relations . ^ "Russia's Igor Strelkov: I Am Responsible for War in Eastern Ukraine" . The Moscow Times . 21 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse, eds. (2023). Ukraine's Unnamed War . Cambridge University Press . pp. 138– 140. ^ Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). "Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" . Al Jazeera . Archived from the original on 7 November 2020 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Exclusive: Charred tanks in Ukraine point to Russian involvement" . Reuters . 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . Walker, Shaun; Grytsenko, Oksana; Ragozin, Leonid (3 September 2014). "Russian soldier: 'You're better clueless because the truth is horrible' " . The Guardian . ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities (2016)" (PDF) . International Criminal Court . 14 November 2016. pp. 33– 38. ^ "Eastern Ukraine and flight MH17 case declared partly admissible" (PDF) . European Court of Human Rights . 25 January 2023. ^ "Ukraine declares Russian 'occupation' in eastern region" . Al Jazeera . 18 January 2018. ^ Socor, Vladimir (24 March 2014). "Putin's Crimea Speech: A Manifesto of Greater-Russia Irredentism" . Vol. 11, no. 56. Eurasia Daily Monitor . ^ Kimmage, Michael (2024). Collisions: The Origins of the War in Ukraine and the New Global Instability . Oxford University Press . p. 129. ^ "Ukraine: Are 2014 pro-Russia rebels fighting 1920s war?" . BBC News . 28 July 2014. ^ O'Loughlin, John (2017). "The rise and fall of "Novorossiya": examining support for a separatist geopolitical imaginary in southeast Ukraine" . Post-Soviet Affairs . 33 (2): 124– 144. doi : 10.1080/1060586X.2016.1146452 . ^ "Zelenskyy on meeting Putin in 2019: We talked and bargained a lot" . Ukrainska Pravda . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 15 July 2024 . ^ a b Blank, Stephen (28 January 2022). "Ukrainian neutrality would not appease Putin or prevent further Russian aggression" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 8 March 2024 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Deschytsia states new government of Ukraine has no intention to join NATO" . Interfax-Ukraine . 29 March 2014. ^ "New Ukraine president Petro Poroshenko vows to stop war" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. ^ "Ukraine Votes To Abandon Neutrality" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 23 December 2014. ^ "How NATO can ease Ukraine's path to neutrality" . openDemocracy . ^ "Ukraine ceasefire violated more than 100 times within days: OSCE" . Al Jazeera . 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . ibidem. p. 237. ISBN 978-3-8382-7791-2 . ^ Brands, Hal (2 April 2024). War in Ukraine: Conflict, Strategy, and the Return of a Fractured World . JHU Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4214-4984-5 . ^ Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution . Hurst Publishers. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5 . ^ Hall, Stephen (18 January 2024). "Ukraine war: how the west's weak reaction to Crimea's referendum paved the way for a wider invasion" . The Conversation . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ Kazdobina, Julia; Hedenskog, Jakob; Umland, Andreas (17 July 2024). "How the West Misunderstood Moscow in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 March 2025 . ^ a b c Kirby, Jason (25 February 2022). "In taking Ukraine, Putin would gain a strategic commodities powerhouse" . The Globe and Mail . ^ a b c Brewster, Murray (27 May 2022). "Natural gas, rare earth minerals: What's at stake for Ukraine in the territory Russia is trying to conquer" . CBC News . ^ a b c Brumme, Christoph (28 January 2024). "Der dysfunktionale russische Staat ist nicht wettbewerbsfähig" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Margolina, Sonja (23 March 2024). "Russlands Appetit auf die ukrainischen Rohstoffe für die E-Zukunft" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Swiss High German). ISSN 0376-6829 . Retrieved 6 December 2024 . ^ Zwack, Peter B.; Andrusiv, Victor; Antonenko, Oksana (15 April 2021). "The Russian Military Buildup on Ukraine's Border: An Expert Analysis" . Wilson Center . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . Ullah, Zahra; Chernova, Anna; Mackintosh, Eliza (23 April 2021). "Russia pulls back troops after massive buildup near Ukraine border" . CNN . ^ Harris, Shane; Sonne, Paul (3 December 2021). "Russia planning massive military offensive against Ukraine involving 175,000 troops, U.S. intelligence warns" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 February 2023 . Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. Schogol, Jeff (22 February 2022). "Here's what those mysterious white 'Z' markings on Russian military equipment may mean" . Task & Purpose . North Equity. Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . [B]ottom line is the 'Z' markings (and others like it) are a deconfliction measure to help prevent friendly fire incidents. ^ Taylor, Adam (24 February 2022). "Russia's attack on Ukraine came after months of denials it would attack" . The Washington Post . Photograph by Evgeniy Maloletka ( Associated Press ). Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . On Sunday ... "There is no invasion. There is no such plans," Antonov said. ^ Farley, Robert; Kiely, Eugene (24 February 2022). "Russian Rhetoric Ahead of Attack 66 Ukraine: Deny, Deflect, Mislead" . FactCheck.org . Annenberg Public Policy Center . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . Nov. 28 – ... 'Russia has never hatched, is not hatching and will never hatch any plans to attack anyone,' Peskov said. ... 19 Jan – ... Ryabkov ... 'We do not want and will not take any action of aggressive character. We will not attack, strike, invade, quote unquote, whatever Ukraine.' ^ Fořtová, Klára (8 March 2022). "Velvyslanec Ukrajiny v Česku denně promlouvá, ruský mlčí a je 'neviditelný' " [Ukraine's ambassador to the Czech Republic speaks daily, the Russian is silent and 'invisible']. Mladá fronta DNES (in Czech). Archived from the original on 8 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Zmejevský ... 'Důrazně jsme odmítli jako nepodložená obvinění Ruska z přípravy, agrese vůči Ukrajině a fámy o vstupu ruských jednotek na ukrajinské území,' stojí v něm. [Zmeevsky ... 'We emphatically dismissed Russia's allegations of preparation, aggression against Ukraine and rumors of Russian troops entering Ukrainian territory,' he said.] ^ "Ongoing Violations of International Law and Defiance of OSCE Principles and Commitments by the Russian Federation in Ukraine" (PDF) . United States Mission to the OSCE . 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "2021 trends and observations" (PDF) . Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe . 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ Düben, Björn Alexander (8 September 2023). "Revising History and 'Gathering the Russian Lands': Vladimir Putin and Ukrainian Nationhood" . LSE Public Policy Review . 3 (1) 4. doi : 10.31389/lseppr.86 . ^ Putin, Vladimir (12 July 2021). "Article by Vladimir Putin 'On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians' " . The Kremlin . Government of Russia . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 1 February 2022 . ^ Snyder, Timothy D. (18 January 2022). "How to think about war in Ukraine" . Thinking about... (newsletter) . Substack . Archived from the original on 19 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Historically speaking, the idea that a dictator in another country decides who is a nation and who is not is known as imperialism. ^ Roth, Andrew (7 December 2021). "Putin's Ukraine rhetoric driven by distorted view of neighbor" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 December 2021 . Retrieved 25 January 2021 . fear has gone hand-in-hand with chauvinistic bluster that indicates Moscow has a distorted view of modern Ukraine and the goals it wants to achieve there. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. Lucas, Edward (15 September 2020). "Why Putin's history essay requires a rewrite" . The Times . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Dickinson, Peter; Haring, Melinda; Lubkivsky, Danylo; Motyl, Alexander; Whitmore, Brian; Goncharenko, Oleksiy; Fedchenko, Yevhen; Bonner, Brian; Kuzio, Taras (15 July 2021). "Putin's new Ukraine essay reveals imperial ambitions" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 15 July 2021 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Vladimir Putin's inaccurate and distorted claims are neither new nor surprising. They are just the latest example of gaslighting by the Kremlin leader. Wilson, Andrew (23 December 2021). "Russia and Ukraine: 'One People' as Putin Claims?" . Royal United Services Institute . Archived from the original on 24 January 2022 . Retrieved 25 January 2022 . Putin's key trope is that Ukrainians and Russians are 'one people', and he calls them both 'Russian'. He starts with a myth of common origin: 'Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians are all descendants of Ancient Rus', which was the largest state in Europe' from the 9th to 13th centuries AD. ^ Wiśnicki, Jarosław (14 July 2023). "History as an information weapon in Russia's full-scale war in Ukraine" . ^ a b c Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle; Balmforth, Tom (17 December 2021). "Russia demands NATO roll back from East Europe and stay out of Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b Kuzio, Taras; Jajecznyk-Kelman, Stefan (2023). Fascism and Genocide: Russia's War Against Ukrainians . Columbia University Press . pp. 17, 57. ISBN 978-3-8382-1791-8 . ^ MacKinnon, Mark (21 December 2021). "Putin warns of unspecified military response if U.S. and NATO continue 'aggressive line' " . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on 15 January 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "NATO chief: "Russia has no right to establish a sphere of influence" " . Axios . 1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "NATO-Russia: Setting the record straight" . NATO . Retrieved 16 May 2023 . ^ Pifer, Steven (21 December 2021). "Russia's draft agreements with NATO and the United States: Intended for rejection?" . Brookings Institution . ^ Coyer, Cassandre (25 February 2022). "Why is Ukraine not in NATO and is it too late to join? Here's what experts, NATO say" . The Miami Herald . Archived from the original on 29 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ Person, Robert; McFaul, Michael (April 2022). "What Putin Fears Most" . Journal of Democracy . 33 (2): 18– 27. doi : 10.1353/jod.2022.0015 . ISSN 1045-5736 . Archived from the original on 6 April 2024 . Retrieved 8 June 2024 . ^ "US offers no concessions in response to Russia on Ukraine" . Associated Press . 26 January 2022. ^ a b "US offered disarmament measures to Russia in exchange for deescalation of military threat in Ukraine" . El País . 2 February 2022. ^ "Putin: U.S. and NATO have "ignored" Russia's main security demands" . Axios . 1 February 2022. ^ "U.S. and NATO Respond to Putin's Demands as Ukraine Tensions Mount" . The New York Times . 26 January 2022. ^ Rose, Michael; Polityuk, Pavel (8 February 2022). "France's Macron calls for calm to resolve Ukraine crisis" . Reuters . ^ "Scholz: Putin started war for 'completely absurd' reasons" . Deutsche Welle . 21 August 2022. ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Pancevski, Bojan; Bisserbe, Noemie; Walker, Marcus (1 April 2022). "Vladimir Putin's 20-Year March to War in Ukraine—and How the West Mishandled It" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 June 2022 . ^ Lutsevych, Orysia (27 June 2023). "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine: Safeguarding Europe's future, and the dangers of a false peace" . Chatham House . doi : 10.55317/9781784135782 . ^ "West should stop 'appeasement' policy towards Russia, says Ukraine's Zelensky" . France 24 . 19 February 2022 . Retrieved 10 February 2024 . ^ a b c "Ukraine will not respond to provocations, Zelensky says" . BBC News . 19 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 April 2025. ^ a b c d Walker, Shaun; Roth, Andrew (18 February 2022). "Pro-Russian separatists order mass evacuation of eastern Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 14 April 2025. ^ Zabrodskyi, Mykhaylo; Watling, Jack; Danylyuk, Oleksandr; Reynolds, Nick (30 November 2022). "Preliminary Lessons in Conventional Warfighting from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine: February–July 2022" (PDF) . Royal United Services Institute . pp. 1– 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 June 2025. ^ "Captured Documents Show Moscow Planned to Start War with "Massive Airstrike Campaign" " . Kyiv Post . 2 December 2022. ^ "Ukraine war: Captured Russian documents reveal Moscow's 10-day plan to take over the country and kill its leaders" . Sky News . 1 December 2022. ^ "Kremlin Insiders Alarmed Over Growing Toll of Putin's War in Ukraine" . Bloomberg News . 20 March 2022. ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (26 February 2022). "Putin's miscalculation" . Politico . Archived from the original on 10 March 2022 . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ AFP (8 March 2022). "Five reasons why Ukraine has been able to stall Russian advance" . France 24 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ "Putin has once again overplayed his hand in Ukraine" . www.ft.com . ^ "Ukraine crisis: Russia orders troops into rebel-held regions" . BBC News . 22 February 2022. ^ "Federation Council gives consent to use the Russian Armed Forces outside of the Russian Federation" . Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation . Federation Council of Russia . 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2023 . ^ a b c "Putin announces formal start of Russia's invasion in eastern Ukraine" . Meduza . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ "Putin declares war on Ukraine" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . Haltiwager, John (23 February 2022). "Russian President Vladimir Putin announces military assault against Ukraine in surprise speech" . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ a b "Full text: Putin's declaration of war on Ukraine" . The Spectator . 24 February 2022. ^ a b "Ukraine conflict: Russian forces attack after Putin TV declaration" . BBC News . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Perrigo, Billy (22 February 2022). "What Putin Gets Wrong About Ukraine's Statehood" . Time . Retrieved 6 November 2023 . ^ "Missiles rain down around Ukraine" . Reuters . 25 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022. ^ Dietrich, Marc (2023). A Cosmopolitan Model for Peacebuilding: The Ukrainian Cases of Crimea and the Donbas . Ibidem Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8382-1687-4 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (5 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . CriticalThreats . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ a b c d e Kagan, Frederick; Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna (4 March 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 4" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . ^ Sheftalovich, Zoya (24 February 2022). "Battles flare across Ukraine after Putin declares war" . Politico . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . ^ Mongilio, Heather; LaGrone, Sam (27 February 2022). "Russian Navy Launches Amphibious Assault on Ukraine; Naval Infantry 30 Miles West of Mariupol" . USNI News . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Corten, Olivier; Koutroulis, Vaios (22 May 2023). "The 2022 Russian intervention in Ukraine: What is its impact on the interpretation of jus contra bellum?" . Leiden Journal of International Law . 36 (4): 997– 1022. doi : 10.1017/S0922156523000249 . hdl : 2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/360991 . S2CID 258857526 . Coakley, Amanda (24 February 2022). "Lukashenko Is Letting Putin Use Belarus to Attack Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ "Putin" . University of Hull . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 14 November 2023 . ^ Lock, Samantha (24 February 2022). "Russia-Ukraine crisis live news: Putin has launched 'full-scale invasion', says Ukrainian foreign minister – latest updates" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 February 2022 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . "Ukraine president declares martial law following Russia invasion" . The Independent . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ "Zelensky signs decree declaring general mobilization" . Interfax-Ukraine . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Gilbert, Asha C. (25 February 2022). "Reports: Ukraine bans all male citizens ages 18 to 60 from leaving the country" . USA Today . Retrieved 26 March 2022 . ^ a b c Bielieskov, Mykola (21 September 2021). "The Russian and Ukrainian Spring 2021 War Scare" . Center for Strategic & International Studies . Retrieved 25 November 2021 . ^ Kube, Courtney; Siemaszko, Corky (26 February 2022). "Russian offensive unexpectedly slowed by fierce Ukrainian resistance" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . ^ "Russia's failure to take down Kyiv was a defeat for the ages" . Associated Press News . 7 April 2022 . Retrieved 16 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . Sonne, Paul; Khurshudyan, Isabelle (24 August 2022). "Battle for Kyiv: Ukrainian valor, Russian blunders combined to save the capital" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 September 2022 . ^ a b Epstein, Jake; Haltiwanger, John (6 April 2022). "NATO chief says Putin still wants to control all of Ukraine, despite repositioning forces to the eastern Donbas region" . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Vandiver, John; Svan, Jennifer H. (26 April 2022). "US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia's 'unjust invasion' " . Stars and Stripes . Ramstein Air Base, Germany. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Barnes, Julian E. (10 May 2022). "The U.S. intelligence chief says Putin is preparing for a prolonged conflict" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 27 May 2022 . ^ a b Sabbagh, Dan (31 May 2022). "Biden will not supply Ukraine with long-range rockets that can hit Russia" . The Guardian . ^ Champion, Marc; Kudrytski, Aliaksandr (28 May 2022). "Russian Wins in Eastern Ukraine Spark Debate Over Course of War" . Bloomberg . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Luxmoore, Matthew (26 May 2022). "Ukraine Slams Idea of Swapping Land for Peace" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Atlamazoglou, Stavros (30 May 2022). "War in Ukraine, Day 96 Update: Russia's Military Losses are 'Unsustainable' " . 19fortyfive.com . ^ "Russian forces launch full-scale invasion of Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 24 February 2022 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Sly, Liz; Lamothe, Dan (20 March 2022). "Russia's war for Ukraine could be headed toward stalemate" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2022 . Retrieved 6 June 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . Roblin, Sebastien (27 February 2022). "At Vasylkiv, Ukrainians Repel Russia's Paratroopers and Commandos in Frantic Night Battle" . 19FortyFive . Retrieved 5 March 2022 . Boot, Max (21 March 2022). "Opinion: Against all odds, Ukrainians are winning. Russia's initial offensive has failed" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Kemp, Richard (22 March 2022). "The Russian army has run out of time" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ward, Alexander (25 February 2022). " 'Almost not possible' for Ukraine to win without West's help, Ukraine official says" . Politico . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war news from February 25: Kyiv suburbs breached, Russian forces face resistance, Zelensky warns Russia will 'storm' capital" . Financial Times . 26 February 2022. ISSN 0307-1766 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ "Live updates: Zelenskyy declines US offer to evacuate Kyiv" . AP News . 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2023 . ^ Stern, David L. (5 March 2022). "After temporary cease-fires break down, Putin threatens Ukraine's government" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh; McGee, Luke; and Gigova, Radina (7 March 2022). " 'A family died ... in front of my eyes': Civilians killed as Russian military strike hits evacuation route in Kyiv suburb" . CNN . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ "Bucha, Vorzel, Hostomel under enemy's control, situation remains critical" . Ukrinform . 7 March 2022 . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olga (8 March 2022). " "Irpin can't be bought, Irpin fights": Mayor refuses Russian demand to surrender" . CNN . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul (11 March 2022). "Stalled 40-mile-long Russian convoy near Kyiv now largely dispersed, satellite images show" . CNN . Retrieved 11 March 2022 . ^ Cullison, Alan; Coles, Isabel; Trofimov, Yaroslav (16 March 2022). "Ukraine Mounts Counteroffensive to Drive Russians Back From Kyiv, Key Cities" . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ Gordon, Michael R.; Leary, Alex (21 March 2022). "The Wall Street Journal News Exclusive: Russia, Failing to Achieve Early Victory in Ukraine, Is Seen Shifting to 'Plan B' " . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Ali, Idrees; Stewart, Phil (27 February 2022). "Russian forces appear to shift to siege warfare in Ukraine- U.S. official" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Ukrainian fightback gains ground west of Kyiv" . BBC News . 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ Walters, Joanna; Bartholomew, Jem; Belam, Martin; Lock, Samantha (25 March 2022). "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine takes back towns east of Kyiv; hopes of Mariupol humanitarian corridor grow – live" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine says it has retaken entire Kyiv region" . BBC News . Retrieved 2 April 2022 . ^ Rudenko, Olga (2 April 2022). "Hundreds of murdered civilians discovered as Russians withdraw from towns near Kyiv (Graphic Images)" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Demirjian, Karoun and Lamothe, Dan (6 April 2022). "Pentagon: Russia has fully withdrawn from Kyiv, Chernihiv" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Kalatur, Anastasiya (8 April 2022). "Sumy region liberated from Russian troops" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine loses control over crossing to Kherson" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Marrow, Alexander; Ostroukh, Andrey (24 February 2022). Balmforth, Tom (ed.). "Russian forces unblock water flow for canal to annexed Crimea, Moscow says" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ Schwirtz, Michael and Pérez-Peña, Richard (2 March 2022). "First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 March 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian defenders repelled attack on Mykolaiv city, fighting continues on outskirts" . Ukrinform . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine official says Russian troops approaching Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant" . National Post . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 . ^ "Battle ongoing near Mariupol – mayor" . Ukrinform . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . Richárd, Jabronka (25 February 2022). "Így áll most a háború Ukrajnában: több nagyvárosban harcok dúlnak, megtámadtak egy orosz repülőteret" [This is how the war in Ukraine is now: fighting is raging in several big cities, a Russian airport has been attacked]. Ellenszél (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ a b Lister, Tim; Alkhaldi, Celine; Voitovych, Olga; Mezzofiore, Gianluca (24 March 2022). "Ukrainians claim to have destroyed large Russian warship in Berdyansk" . CNN . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Polyakovskaya, Tanya (26 February 2022). "Rossiyskaya voyennaya tekhnika zanyala territoriyu byvshego aeroporta "Berdyansk" – gorsovet" Российская военная техника заняла территорию бывшего аэропорта "Бердянск" – горсовет [Russian military equipment occupied the territory of the former airport "Berdyansk" – city council] (in Russian). Berdyansk City Council. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ NEXTA [@nexta_tv] (26 February 2022). "The tanks of the occupiers have circled #Berdyansk and are heading towards #Mariupol. ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 27 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 February 2022 – via Twitter . ^ Lister, Tim; Voitovych, Olya (1 March 2022). "Russian-backed separatist leader expects his forces to surround Mariupol on Tuesday" . CNN . Retrieved 1 March 2022 . ^ Boffey, Daniel and Tondo, Lorenzo (18 March 2022). "Fighting reaches central Mariupol as shelling hinders rescue attempts" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine refuses to surrender Mariupol as scope of human toll remains unclear" . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ Scully, Rachel (27 March 2022). "Ukrainian official: Mariupol 'simply does not exist anymore' " . The Hill . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine War: Putin demands Mariupol surrender to end shelling" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ "Ukraine: No 'plan B' for evacuation of shattered Mariupol, say humanitarians, as Friday attempt fails" . UN News . 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 April 2022 . ^ Losh, Jack (25 February 2022). "Kharkiv's Resistance to Russia's War Has Already Begun" . Foreign Policy . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . "Rosiya atakuvala ukrayinsʹki mista: de vidbulysya boyi" Росія атакувала українські міста: де відбулися бої [Russia attacked Ukrainian cities: where the fighting took place]. Channel 24 (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 27 February 2022 . ^ Bennett, Dalton (7 April 2022). "In eastern Ukraine, Russian military razing towns to take them over" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 21 February 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Nick; Wilson, Jamie; Harding, Luke (18 July 2023). "Militia units commanded by Russia named in Izium abuse investigation" . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark, ed. (25 March 2022). "Russia says first phase of Ukraine operation mostly complete, focus now on Donbass" . London: Yahoo! Finance . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . ^ "Missiles hit Ukraine refinery, 'critical infrastructure' near Odessa" . The Straits Times . SPH Media Trust . Reuters . 3 April 2022 . Retrieved 6 April 2022 . ^ "Video analysis reveals Russian attack on Ukrainian nuclear plant veered near disaster" . NPR . 11 March 2022 . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ Picheta, Rob (6 April 2022). "The fight for Sloviansk may be 'the next pivotal battle' of Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: Mariupol defenders will fight to the end" . Radio New Zealand News . 17 April 2022. ^ a b Arraf, Jane; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Landler, Mark (19 April 2022). "Ukraine Says Russia Begins Assault in the East After Raining Missiles Nationwide" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "US official briefs on Russia's war effort" . BBC . 2 May 2022. ^ "Russia bombards Kyiv, vows to strike new targets if U.S. Sends long-range missiles to Ukraine" . CBS News Videos via Yahoo News . 6 June 2022. ^ Koshiw, Isobel (10 June 2022). "We're almost out of ammunition and relying on western arms, says Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Alper, Alexandra; Freifeld, Karen; Landay, Jonathan (29 June 2022). "Putin still wants most of Ukraine, war outlook grim -U.S. intelligence chief" . Reuters . Retrieved 2 July 2022 . ^ Rainford, Sarah (5 July 2022). "Ukraine war: Putin presses on after Lysychansk capture" . BBC News . ^ Cherkasov, Alexander (26 June 2022). Люди, стрелявшие в наших отцов (in Ukrainian). Novaya Gazeta . ^ "Ukraine News: Kyiv Intensifies Attacks on Russian Positions in South" . The New York Times . 20 July 2022. ^ "Russia prepares to deploy new strike force against Ukraine – Ukrainian Intelligence" . Ukrainska Pravda . 29 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . "Russia forming 3rd Army Corps for war in Ukraine – ISW" . Ukrinform . 6 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Axe, David (15 September 2022). "The Russians Spent Months Forming A New Army Corps. It Lasted Days in Ukraine" . Forbes . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 18" . Institute for the Study of War . 19 September 2022 . Retrieved 3 October 2022 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel; McKernan, Bethan (13 April 2022). "Last marines defending Mariupol 'running out of ammunition' " . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 15 April 2025 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Schreck, Adam (21 April 2022). "Putin claims victory in Mariupol despite steel-mill holdouts" . Associated Press News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2025. ^ Prentice, Alessandra (28 April 2022). "U.N. chief Guterres calls for escape route from Mariupol 'apocalypse' " . Reuters . Kyiv. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ Balmforth, Tom; Hunder, Max; Prentice, Alessandra (1 May 2022). "Civilians flee Azovstal bunkers in evacuation led by U.N." Yahoo News . Reuters . Retrieved 2 September 2024 . ^ "Russia shells Mariupol plant with civilians still reported trapped" . Reuters . 3 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 9 May 2022 . ^ Vasilyeva, Nataliya (5 May 2022). "Ukraine loses contact with Azovstal defenders as Russian troops storm steelworks" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ " 'All' civilians have been evacuated from a besieged steel plant in Mariupol" . NPR . 7 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Koshiw, Isobel (8 May 2022). " 'Surrender is not an option': Azov battalion commander in plea for help to escape Mariupol" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 May 2025. ^ Petrenko, Roman (8 May 2022). "Mariupol defenders tell how the commander of marines fled the city" . Yahoo News . Ukrayinska Pravda . Archived from the original on 4 March 2025 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Krasnolutska, Daryna; Champion, Marc (8 May 2022). "Mariupol Steel Plant's 'Dead Men' Defenders Call for Rescue Plan" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie; Nechepurenko, Ivan; and Santora, Marc (16 May 2022). "Ukrainian authorities declare an end to the combat mission in Mariupol after weeks of Russian siege" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 16 May 2022 . ^ Harrison, Virginia and agencies (17 May 2022). "Hundreds of Ukrainian troops evacuated from Mariupol steelworks after 82-day assault: Blow for Ukraine as removal of soldiers, many wounded, suggests city that became symbol of resistance has fallen into Russian hands" . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ "Azovstal siege ends as hundreds of Ukrainian fighters surrender" . Reuters . Mariupol. 17 May 2022. Archived from the original on 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2022 . ^ a b "Deadliest civilian attacks in Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . Reuters . 5 October 2023 . Retrieved 15 February 2025 . ^ Tebor, Celina; Lee, Ella (8 April 2022). " 'An evil without limits': Dozens killed, injured in rocket strike on train station in eastern Ukraine: Live updates" . USA Today . Retrieved 8 April 2022 . ^ "Tens of thousands feared dead in Mariupol" . NBC News . 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ Bacon, John; Mansfield, Erin; Wadington, Katie; Santucci, Jeanine; Vanden Brook, Tom; and Tebor, Celina (10 April 2022). "EU to consider Ukraine membership in weeks; Russia warns of 'direct military confrontation' with US: April 10 recap" . USA Today . Archived from the original on 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ Telford, Taylor; Timsit, Annabelle; Pietsch, Bryan; Duplain, Julian (10 April 2022). "As war enters bloody new phase, Ukraine again calls for more weapons" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Saric, Ivana (10 April 2022). "Satellite images: Russian military convoy heads south toward Donbas region" . Axios . ^ "Ukraine says 'Battle of Donbas' has begun, Russia pushing in east" . Reuters . 18 April 2022. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022 . Retrieved 23 May 2022 . ^ Murphy, Matt (23 May 2022). "Ukraine war: Russian assault on key Donbas city intensifies" . BBC . Archived from the original on 23 May 2022 . Retrieved 26 May 2022 . ^ "Russia seeking to capture Ukraine's Lyman: separatist leader" . The Australian . 25 May 2022. ISSN 1038-8761 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2022 . Retrieved 15 June 2022 . ^ "Russian forces have 'upper hand' in Donbas fighting, Ukrainian officials say" . The Guardian . 26 May 2022. ^ Markic, Igor. "Ucraina, Belgorod sotto attacco, ma i Russi stringono la morsa su Severodonetsk" [Ukraine, Belgorod under attack, but the Russians tighten their grip on Severodonetsk]. Rivista Italiana Difesa (in Italian). Coop Giornalistica La Riviera . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Donetsk region: occupying forces capture Svitlodarsk" . Yahoo News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 24 May 2022 . ^ "Russian troops enter outskirts of key city in eastern Ukraine's Donbas" . NBC News . 30 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Thebault, Reis; Iati, Marisa; Timsit, Annabelle; Suliman, Adela; Pietsch, Bryan; Pannett, Rachel (2 June 2022). "Russia, U.S. trade barbs over weapons pledge; Severodonetsk on the brink" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Russia 'suffering huge casualties' as troops retreat: Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 4 June 2022 . Retrieved 5 June 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Chemical plant hit as fighting rages in Severodonetsk" . BBC News . 11 June 2022 . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (12 June 2022). "Fighting in eastern Ukraine rages as Sievierodonetsk chemical plant hit" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 August 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (13 June 2022). "Ukraine Allies Ponder Options As Cities Falter" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59, 453 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. ^ Hughes, Clyde (20 June 2022). "Russian troops capture key suburb near Severodonetsk after months of battle" . UPI . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Lister, Tim (24 June 2022). "Ukraine to withdraw from key city of Severodonetsk as Russia's advance grinds on" . CNN . ^ "Russia claims capture of pivotal city in eastern Ukraine" . CBS News . 3 July 2022. ^ Jones, Sam (4 July 2022). "Putin declares victory in Luhansk after fall of Lysychansk" . The Guardian . ^ "Russian rockets destroy airport in Ukrainian city of Dnipro" . Al Jazeera . 10 April 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Rai, Arpan; Bancroft, Holly (2 May 2022). "Mariupol steelworks shelling resumes as doctors describe dire bunker conditions" . Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Lewis, Simon (28 June 2022). "Dozens missing after Russian missile strike on mall kills 18" . Reuters . ^ "Russia accused of shelling from Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant in Ukraine" . France 24 . 7 July 2022 . Retrieved 13 August 2022 . ^ Murphy, Francois (20 July 2023). "Russia yet to grant access to Zaporizhzhia nuclear reactor roofs, IAEA says" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Mureephy, Matt (19 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia to allow inspectors at Zaporizhzhia nuclear plant – Putin" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "Growing concern about Zaporizhzya NPP sparks international diplomacy" . Nuclear Engineering International. 22 August 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "UK, US Set Ultimatum Against Russia Due To Provocations At Zaporizhzhia NPP" . Charter 97 . 20 August 2022. ^ "The West considers applying NATO's Article 5 in response to possible accident at Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant" . Ukrainska Pravda . Retrieved 20 August 2022 . ^ a b Hird, Karolina; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (6 September 2022). Russian offensive campaign assessment, September 6 (PDF) (Report). Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . "Oleksandr Syrskyi, o coronel-general que está a orquestrar a contraofensiva na Ucrânia" [Oleksandr Syrskyi, the Colonel General who is orchestrating the counter-offensive in Ukraine]. Observador (in Portuguese). Sauer, Pjotr; Koshiw, Isobel (8 September 2022). "Ukraine launches surprise counterattack in Kharkiv region" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Troianovski, Anton (12 September 2022). "Retreat Dents Image of a Might Putin" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. Kramer, Andrew; Higgins, Andrew (12 September 2022). "An Emboldened Kyiv Wants More Arms" (PDF) . The New York Times . Vol. 59544 (Late, New York ed.). Kharkiv, Ukraine. p. 1. ^ "Putin calls up reservists, warns Russia will use 'all means' for defence" . France 24 . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . Scott-Geddes, Arthur (21 September 2022). "Putin calls up 300,000 reservists in 'partial mobilisation' " . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . "Russia calls up 300,000 reservists, says 6,000 soldiers killed in Ukraine" . Reuters . 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraina odpowiada na orędzie Władimira Putina: Rosjanie dostali "prezent" " [Ukraine responds to Vladimir Putin's message: Russians got a "gift"]. gazetapl (in Polish). 21 September 2022 . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ Ellyatt, Holly (21 September 2022). "Russia's Putin announces partial military mobilization" . CNBC . Retrieved 21 September 2022 . ^ " 'We're minor losses': Russia's mobilisation targets ethnic minorities" . Financial Times . 4 October 2022 . Retrieved 3 November 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russia claims win in occupied Ukraine 'sham' referendums" . BBC News . 27 September 2022 . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Berlinger, Joshua; Chernova, Anna; Lister, Tim (30 September 2022). "Putin announces annexation of Ukrainian regions in defiance of international law" . CNN . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . Speri, Alice (8 October 2022). "Will Putin Face Prosecution for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine?" . The Intercept . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022). "Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine's south is on the line as a major counteroffensive appears to be underway" . NBC News . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . "Ukraine says long-anticipated southern offensive has begun" . Reuters . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 29 August 2022 . "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 29" . Institute for the Study of War . 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 31 August 2022 . ^ Asami, Terajima (4 September 2022). "Ukraine war latest: Ukraine liberates villages in south and east" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . Gadzo, Mersiha; Ibrahim, Arwa (4 September 2022). "Ukraine-Russia live 4 September 2022" . Al Jazeera . ^ Dammers, Tobias (10 September 2022). "Gegenoffensive in Südukraine. "Je schneller vorbei, desto besser" " [Counteroffensive in southern Ukraine. "The quicker it's over, the better"]. Tagesschau (in German) . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Peter, Laurence; Murphy, Matt (4 October 2022). "Ukraine makes breakthrough in south against Russia Published" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ "Ukraine says it recaptured 1,200 sq km of Kherson region in ongoing counteroffensive" . Reuters . 9 October 2022 . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter; Sauer, Pjotr (9 November 2022). "Russian troops ordered to retreat from Kherson in face of Ukrainian advance" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 November 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Santora, Marc (11 November 2022). "Russia-Ukraine War: Zelensky Hails 'Historic Day' as Ukrainian Troops Enter Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (7 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 7" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Barros, George; Philipson, Layne; Clark, Mason (8 September 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 8" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2022 – via understandingwar.org. ^ Santora, Marc; Nechepurenko, Ivan; Hernandez, Marco (9 September 2022). "Ukraine Attacks Russia Along Northern Front, Swiftly Making Gains" . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Osterman, Cynthia (9 September 2022). "Ukraine retakes settlements in Kharkiv advance – Russian-installed official" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Kesaieva, Julia; Pennington, Josh (9 September 2022). "Russia sends reinforcements to Kharkiv as Ukrainians advance" . CNN . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian troops liberate Kupiansk, Kharkiv oblast – media" . Euromaidan Press . 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 9" . Archived from the original on 10 September 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ Hunder, Max; Hnidyi, Vitalii (10 September 2022). "Russian grip on northeast Ukraine collapses after Kyiv severs supply line" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "Ukraine continues to consolidate its control in Kharkiv area, UK says" . Reuters . 15 September 2022. ^ Balmforth, Tom; Polityuk, Pavel (1 October 2022). "Ukraine troops say they take key town, Putin ally mulls possible nuclear response" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 October 2022 . ^ a b c "Russia takes stock after winter offensive fails to deliver gains" . The Moscow Times . AFP . 8 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (13 March 2023). "Ukraine, Russia Gird for a Decisive Spring Campaign After a Bloody Winter" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ a b c Holder, Josh; Hernandez, Marco (6 April 2023). "How Russia's Offensive Ran Aground" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Galeotti, Mark (24 May 2023). "Ukraine's next move: can Putin be outsmarted?" . The Spectator . Retrieved 25 May 2023 . ^ Schwirtz, Michael; Addario, Lynsey (6 February 2023). "Outnumbered and Worn Out, Ukrainians in East Brace for Russian Assault" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 March 2023 . ^ "The success of Russia's mercenary group says something about Putin's war" . The Independent . 13 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Grove, Thomas (24 January 2023). "Fighting Intensifies in Southern Ukraine". The Wall Street Journal . p. A6. ^ "Ukraine Latest: Russia Makes 'Incremental Gains' Around Bakhmut" . Bloomberg.com . 22 January 2023 . Retrieved 17 June 2023 . ^ Santora, Marc (16 February 2023). "Moscow's Military Capabilities Are in Question After Failed Battle for Ukrainian City" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (1 March 2023). "How Russia Lost an Epic Tank Battle, Repeating Earlier Mistakes" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 March 2023). "Russian soldiers say commanders used 'barrier troops' to stop them retreating" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ Axe, David (18 January 2024). " 'They're Just Choosing Where To Die.' When Russia's Poorly-Trained Stormtroopers Retreat, Russian Barrier Troops Gun Them Down" . Forbes . Retrieved 25 January 2024 . ^ "Ukrainian military source: Russia controls administrative territory of Soledar" . The Kyiv Independent . 15 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine confirms that Russia has taken control of disputed town of Soledar" . news360.es . 16 January 2023 . Retrieved 29 November 2025 . ^ "Russia Pours Fighters Into Battle for Bakhmut" . The New York Times . 1 February 2023. Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Guerin, Orla (8 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Borrowed time for Bakhmut as Russians close in" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . Engel, Richard (9 February 2023). "Ukraine's defiant city struggles to hold out as Russia pushes for a bloody victory" . CBS News . Retrieved 10 February 2023 . ^ "Bakhmut: Fighting in the street but Russia not in control – deputy mayor" . BBC News . 4 March 2023 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . Badshah, Nadeem; Clinton, Jane; Gerts, Mark (4 March 2023). "As it happened: street fighting in Bakhmut as battle rages for control of the city" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 March 2023 . ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna (24 May 2023). "The Kremlin's Pyrrhic Victory in Bakhmut: A Retrospective on the Battle for Bakhmut" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Bailey, Riley; Mappes, Grace; Hird, Karolina; and Kagan, Frederick W. (3 June 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 3, 2023" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Burridge, Tom Soufi; Pshemyskiy, Oleksiy; Drozd, Yulia; El-Bawab, Nadine; Shalvey, Kevin (27 June 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war updates: Russian missiles strike Zelenskyy's hometown" . ABC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ Sanchez, Raf; Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; O'Reilly, Bill (8 June 2023). "Ukraine launches counteroffensive against Russia" . NBC News . ^ Dettmer, Jamie (9 June 2023). "Ukraine counteroffensive ramps up, but meets stiff Russian resistance" . Politico . ^ Balmforth, Tom (12 June 2023). "Ukraine claims new gains in early phase of counteroffensive" . Reuters . ^ "Russian mercenaries' short-lived revolt could have long-term consequences for Putin" . Associated Press . 25 June 2023. ^ "Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia" . BBC News . 1 July 2023. ^ Boffey, Daniel (13 August 2023). "Ukraine desperate for help clearing mines, says defence minister" . The Guardian . ^ "Ukraine hits Russian naval targets in major Crimea attack" . Reuters . 13 September 2023. ^ "As Russia hits Ukraine's energy facilities with a deadly missile attack, fear mounts over nuclear plants". CBS News . 21 September 2023. ^ "Ukraine to receive US long-range ATACMS missiles, US media report". Al Jazeera . ^ Stern, David L. (22 September 2023). "Ukraine hits headquarters of Russia's Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol". The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . ^ Kilner, James (23 September 2023). "Russian commanders killed in Storm Shadow missile strike". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . ^ a b Page, Lewis (12 November 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive has failed — here's why" . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Mazurenko, Alona (30 November 2023). "Zelenskyy on liberation: Crimea is waiting, but it will be mentally harder with Donbas" . Ukrainska Pravda . ^ Cooper, Helene; Schmitt, Eric (11 December 2023). "U.S. and Ukraine Seek New Strategy for War's Next Phase" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Jaffe, Greg; Ryan, Missy (4 December 2023). "Ukraine's counteroffensive stalls amid Russian defenses" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Cole, Brendan (26 October 2023). "Mutiny is brewing in the Russian army" . Newsweek . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ "Russia ramping up attacks in eastern Ukrainian town of Avdiivka" . France 24 . 29 November 2023 . Retrieved 12 December 2023 . ^ Lukiv, Jaroslav (17 February 2024). "Avdiivka: Ukraine troops leaving embattled eastern town" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Walker, Shaun (17 February 2024). "Ukrainian forces withdraw from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement, army chief says" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ "Avdiivka, Longtime Stronghold for Ukraine, Falls to Russians" . The New York Times . 17 February 2024. Archived from the original on 17 February 2024 . Retrieved 17 February 2024 . ^ Axe, David (8 March 2024). "Russian Regiments Collide With Ukraine's Rebuilt Defensive Line—And Lose 80 Vehicles In One Day" . Forbes . Retrieved 13 April 2024 . ^ Watling, Jack (19 February 2024). "The Peril of Ukraine's Ammo Shortage" . Time . Retrieved 19 April 2024 . ^ Kullab, Samya and Morton, Elise (25 May 2024). "Zelenskyy says Ukraine has taken back control in areas of Kharkiv region, aerial attacks continue" . AP News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Mayer, Daryna and Talmazan, Yuliya (17 May 2024). "Ukraine halts Russia's advance and unleashes a wave of drones on Crimea" . NBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2024 . ^ Dress, Brad (7 June 2024). "US says Russia's advance on Kharkiv is 'all but over' " . The Hill . Retrieved 12 June 2024 . ^ Barnes, Joe (24 April 2024). "Russian troops advance five miles after Ukrainians left front line unmanned" . The Telegraph . ^ Harward, Christina; Evans, Angelica; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (4 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 4, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 5 May 2024 . ^ Santora, Marc (14 May 2024). "How One Crack in the Line Opened a Path for the Russians" . The New York Times . ^ "Frontline report: Ukrainian troops in Chasiv Yar face extensive bombing and numerous attacks" . Euromaidan Press . 7 April 2024. ^ "Ukraine army retreats from part of strategic Chasiv Yar as Russia advances" . Al Jazeera . 4 July 2024. ^ "Russia claims control of part of Chasiv Yar, Ukraine reports heavy fighting" . Reuters . 4 July 2024. ^ Stepanenko, Kateryna; Evans, Angelica; Hird, Karolina; Harward, Christina; Barros, George (18 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 18, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Struck, Julia (7 July 2024). "Russians Advance on Toretsk, Ukrainian Troops Battle on Town's Approaches" . Kyiv Post . ^ Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (21 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 13 July 2024 . ^ "The fall of Prohres : A new Russian breakthrough threatens Ukraine's supply lines at the most vulnerable part of the front" . Meduza . 26 July 2024. ^ Bailey, Riley; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Barros, George; Gasparyan, Davit (19 July 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, July 19, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 19 July 2024 . ^ Méheut, Constant (7 August 2024). "Ukraine Launches Rare Cross-Border Ground Assault Into Russia" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. ^ Farrell, Francis (8 August 2024). "Ukraine's unprecedented attack on Kursk Oblast brings war back to Russian soil" . Kyiv Independent . ^ Méheut, Constant (15 August 2024). "Ukraine Captures Russian Town, Zelensky Says" . The New York Times . ^ "Ukraine's swift push into the Kursk region shocked Russia and exposed its vulnerabilities" . Associated Press . 16 August 2024. ^ Lister, Tim; Brennan, Eve; Goodwin, Allegra (17 August 2024). "How Ukraine turned the war on its head with surprise attack on southern Russia" . CNN . Retrieved 18 August 2024 . ^ a b O'Grady, Siobhán; Burianova, Tetiana; Morgunov, Serhiy (31 August 2024). "Ukraine's gamble in Russia has yet to slow Moscow's eastern assault" . The Washington Post . ^ Evans, Angelica (6 February 2025). "Ukraine's Kursk Incursion: Six Month Assessment" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ Coffey, Luke; Kim, Glen; Holland, Brian; Little, Greg; Moore, Tom; Clifford, Paul; Moyer, Brad; Lehman, Rob (21 January 2025). "Renewed Ukrainian Offensive in Kursk" . Hudson Institute . Retrieved 27 February 2025 . ^ O'Grady, Siobhán; Ebel, Francesca; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Morgunov, Serhiy; Korolchuk, Serhii (11 August 2025). "Ukraine invaded Russia, seizing land it hoped to trade. It couldn't hold on" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Johnson, Lizzie; Korolchuk, Serhii; Galouchka, Anastacia; Khudov, Kostiantyn; Ram, Ed; Chen, Yutao; Ledur, Júlia; Sand, Bishop (8 September 2025). "Russia bombs Ukraine almost every night. This is what it sounds like" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 9 September 2025. ^ a b Miller, Christopher (30 August 2024). "Volodymyr Zelenskyy faces backlash over Russia's breach of eastern defences" . FT . Archived from the original on 31 August 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2024 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Galouchka, Anastacia; Morgunov, Serhiy (22 August 2024). "Ukrainians cheer push into Russia but fear it comes at the cost of the east" . The Washington Post . ^ "The Kremlin is close to crushing Pokrovsk, a vital Ukrainian town" . The Economist . 22 August 2024. ^ "Moscow sees one of Ukraine's largest drone attacks as fighting rages in Kursk and eastern Ukraine" . Associated Press . 22 August 2024. The gains in Kursk come as Ukraine continues to lose ground in the eastern industrial region of Donbas. ^ Hird, Karolina; Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Mappes, Grace; Zehrung, Haley (10 September 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, September 10, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 10 September 2024 . Geolocated footage posted on September 9 indicates that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka [...] The Russian MoD also claimed that Russian forces seized Krasnohorivka, consistent with the available geolocated evidence. ^ a b Méheut, Constant (18 September 2024). "Russia Seizes Eastern Town as Ukraine Says It Hit a Big Ammunition Depot" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 18 September 2024 . Retrieved 18 September 2024 . ^ "Russian forces storming east Ukrainian town of Vuhledar, bloggers and media say" . Reuters . 24 September 2024. ^ Kilner, James (1 October 2024). "Russia secures biggest victory since February as it captures Ukrainian stronghold" . The Daily Telegraph . ^ Harding, Luke (2 October 2024). "Ukraine says its forces have withdrawn from defensive bastion of Vuhledar" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 October 2024 . ^ Kilner, James; Hardaker, Daniel (30 October 2024). "Ukraine's front line is 'crumbling' against Russian advances, says general" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 November 2024 . ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene; Barker, Kim (1 November 2024). "As Russia Advances, U.S. Fears Ukraine Has Entered a Grim Phase" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 November 2024. ^ Kullab, Samya; Yurchuk, Volodymyr (29 November 2024). "Desertion threatens to starve Ukraine's forces at a crucial time in its war with Russia" . AP News . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31, 2024" . Institute for the Study of War . 31 December 2024 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ Trotter, Nate; Kagan, Frederick W.; Mappes, Grace; Runkel, William; Gibson, Olivia; Harward, Christina (3 January 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 3, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . ^ Eckel, Mike (3 January 2025). "Russia Advances, Ukraine Struggles, The War Turns Grimmer For Kyiv" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . ^ "Russian forces take control of two settlements in eastern Ukraine, TASS says" . Reuters . 15 February 2025. ^ "Russia says its troops have captured a strategic town in eastern Ukraine" . AP News . 26 January 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 2, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 2 February 2025 . Retrieved 17 April 2025 . ^ "Russia claims to have seized two new villages in eastern Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 12 January 2025. ^ Basmat, Dmytro (18 February 2025). "Over 10,000 applications to join military submitted by young recruits following introduction of 'special contracts,' Defense Ministry says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ Jones, Seth G.; McCabe, Riley (11 August 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "UN warns of record civilian casualties in Ukraine" . UN News . 10 July 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, August 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . 28 August 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (2 September 2025). "Putin's failed summer offensive shatters the myth of inevitable Russian victory" . Atlantic Council . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "Russia's summer offensive in Ukraine underwhelms – but Kyiv won't be celebrating" . CNN . 29 June 2025 . Retrieved 3 September 2025 . ^ "The Russia-Ukraine War Report Card, Nov. 12, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia deploys 170,000 troops for push in Ukraine's Donetsk region, Zelenskyy says" . AP News . 31 October 2025 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ "Russia in Review, Nov. 7–14, 2025 | Russia Matters" . www.russiamatters.org . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Landale, James (1 November 2025). "Key town faces 'multi-thousand' Russian force, top Ukraine commander admits" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Osborn, Andrew (2 December 2025). "Russia says before talks with US it has fully captured city of Pokrovsk, Ukraine denies it" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Beale, Jonathan (9 December 2025). "Ukrainians raise flag to show BBC the fight goes on in city claimed by Russia" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T (12 December 2025). "Russian forces 'completely cut off' from Kupiansk, says Ukrainian commander" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Dysa, Yuliia (12 December 2025). "Zelenskiy visits Kupiansk as Ukraine retakes parts of frontline town" . Reuters . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ Noonan, Fiona (16 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 15, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 18 December 2025 . ^ a b c Lough, John (10 November 2025). "Ukraine's best defence against Putin's energy war is more attacks on Russia's oil refining sector" . www.chathamhouse.org . London: Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs . Retrieved 20 November 2025 . ^ UK Parliament Library, Ukraine Update, October 2025. ^ Christou, William (8 November 2025). "Russian missile attacks on Ukrainian energy facilities kill at least seven" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Kirichenko, David (1 October 2025). "Russia's Fuel Crisis Deepens As Kremlin Warns Gas Station Owners" . Forbes . Retrieved 19 November 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (16 May 2022). "Putin involved in war 'at level of colonel or brigadier', say western sources" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Shuster, Simon (26 September 2022). "Inside the Ukrainian Counterstrike That Turned the Tide of the War" . Time . Retrieved 10 September 2023 . ^ a b "Russia's War in Ukraine: Military and Intelligence Aspects" . Congressional Research Service. 13 February 2023 . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Hodge, Nathan (11 April 2022). "Russia has appointed a new general for Ukraine. Can Moscow reboot its war in time for Putin to claim a victory?" . CNN . ^ Ryan, Mick (10 September 2023). "The Russians may be learning from the mistakes of the Ukraine war. But are they adapting fast enough?" . ABC . Retrieved 10 October 2023 . ^ Deliso, Meredith (8 May 2022). "Why Russia has suffered the loss of an 'extraordinary' number of generals" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 June 2023 . ^ "Вооруженные силы Украины атаковали Миллерово «Точкой-У»" [Ukrainian Armed Forces attacked Millerovo with Tochka-U]. Rostov Gazeta (in Russian). 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Insinna, Valerie (19 September 2022). "It took 'couple of months' to put US anti-radiation missiles on Ukrainian fighters, USAF reveals" . Breaking Defense . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ Meilhan, Pierre; Roth, Richard (22 October 2022). "Ukrainian military says 18 Russian cruise missiles destroyed amid attacks on energy infrastructure" . CNN . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "UN: Russian attacks on Ukraine's energy system have killed 77 civilians since Oct. 10" . The Kyiv Independent . 25 November 2022 . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Ukraine battles to restore power as millions face blackouts" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 December 2022 . ^ "Three dead in explosions at Russian airbases" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Three killed in second attack on Engels base deep inside Russia" . CNBC . Reuters . 26 December 2022 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ Boffey, Daniel (6 June 2025). " 'He's a bulldog': the man behind the success of Ukraine's Operation Spiderweb" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bego, Katja (5 June 2025). "Ukraine's Operation Spider's Web is a game-changer for modern drone warfare. NATO should pay attention" . Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Stewart, Phil; Ali, Idrees (5 June 2025). "Exclusive: Ukraine hit fewer Russian planes than it estimated, US officials say" . Reuters . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Gozzi, Laura (2 June 2025). "How Ukraine carried out daring 'Spider Web' attack on Russian bombers" . BBC News . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Bondar, Kateryna (3 June 2025). "How Ukraine's Operation "Spider's Web" Redefines Asymmetric Warfare" . CSIS . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Just how much damage did Ukraine do in its 'Spiderweb' drone attack on Russia?" . NBC News . 7 June 2025 . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ Mazhulin, Artem; Holmes, Oliver; Swan, Lucy; Boulinier, Laure; Hecimovic, Arnel (2 June 2025). "Operation Spiderweb: a visual guide to Ukraine's destruction of Russian aircraft" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 June 2025 . ^ "Russian Navy Day Celebrations Canceled In Crimea's Sevastopol After Reported Drone Attack" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 31 July 2022 . Retrieved 23 August 2022 . ^ Cheetham, Joshua (11 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Crimea airbase badly damaged, satellite images show" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ Sands, Leo (7 September 2022). "Saky airfield: Ukraine claims Crimea blasts responsibility after denial" . BBC News . Retrieved 12 September 2022 . ^ Kirby, Paul (16 August 2022). "Ukraine war: Russia blames sabotage for new Crimea blasts" . BBC News . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma (19 August 2022). "Fires and explosions reported at military targets in Russia and Crimea" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 August 2022 . ^ Kramer, Andrew E.; Schwirtz, Michael (11 October 2022) [8 October 2022]. "Explosion on 12-Mile Crimea Bridge Kills 3" . The New York Times . eISSN 1553-8095 . ISSN 0362-4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Pennington, Josh; Stambaugh, Alex (16 July 2023). "Emergency incident reported on bridge linking Crimea with Russia" . CNN . Archived from the original on 17 July 2023 . Retrieved 16 July 2023 . ^ Goldsmith, Adam (3 June 2025). "Crimea bridge reopens after Ukraine says it carried out underwater explosion" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Russia launches another major missile attack on Ukraine" . Associated Press News . 16 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ Impelli, Matthew (6 October 2022). "Half of Russia's Iranian-made drones obliterated in one week: Ukraine" . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 17 December 2022 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 . ^ "Russia names new commander of its forces engaged in Ukraine" . Al-Arabiya . 8 October 2022. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022 . Retrieved 8 October 2022 . ^ Warrick, Joby; Nakashima, Ellen; Harris, Shane (16 October 2022). "Iran plans to send missiles, drones to Russia for Ukraine war, officials say" . The Washington Post . ^ "Ukraine war: US says Iranian drones breach sanctions" . BBC News . 18 October 2022. ^ a b Kennedy, Niamh; Mahmoodi, Negar; Kottasová, Ivana; Raine, Andrew (16 October 2022). "Iran denies supplying Russia with weapons for use in Ukraine" . CNN . Archived from the original on 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2022 . ^ "European countries urge UN probe of Iran drones in Ukraine" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 22 October 2022 . Retrieved 5 November 2022 . ^ Atwood, Kylie (1 November 2022). "Iran is preparing to send additional weapons including ballistic missiles to Russia to use in Ukraine, western officials say" . CNN . Retrieved 29 November 2022 . ^ "Barrage of Russian missiles causes blackouts across Ukraine: Ukraine's energy minister says the wave of attacks was the biggest bombardment of power facilities in war so far" . Al Jazeera . 17 November 2022. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (10 March 2023). "Russia Fires Hypersonic Missiles in Largest Air Assault in Weeks". The New York Times . ^ "UK Defense Ministry: Russia's strategy of attacking Ukraine's critical infrastructure becoming less effective" . The Kyiv Independent . 1 December 2022. ^ Cranny-Evans, Sam (24 June 2024). "Bracing for the Hardest Winter: Protecting Ukraine's Energy Infrastructure" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ "Russian Missile Identified in Kyiv Children's Hospital Attack" . Bellingcat . 9 July 2024. ^ Arhirova, Hanna (11 July 2024). "Russian missile attack on Ukraine's largest hospital complicates treatment of kids with cancer" . AP . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Vlasova, Svitlana; Tarasova-Markina, Daria; Kostenko, Maria; Butenko, Victoria; Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (8 July 2024). "Ukrainian children's hospital attacked as Russian strikes on cities kill at least 43" . CNN . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Corp, Rob; Herrmannsen, Kyla (8 July 2024). "Children's hospital hit as Russian strikes kill dozens in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russian airstrikes kill at least 41 in Ukraine, damage Kyiv children's hospital" . CBC News . 8 July 2024 . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (8 July 2024). "Russia bombs children's hospital as missiles kill dozens across Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 May 2025 . ^ "Russia cancelled Black Sea passage bid of four warships: Turkey" . Al Jazeera . 2 March 2022 . Retrieved 29 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . Tavsan, Sinan (2 March 2022). "Turkey rejects Russia's request for navy ships to pass Bosporus" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . "Turkey to implement pact limiting Russian warships to Black Sea" . Reuters . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 17 March 2022 . ^ Boruah, Manash Pratim; Karle, Prathamesh; Tringham, Kate (25 February 2022). "Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast threaten loss of key naval bases as well as critical shipbuilding facilities" . Jane's Defence Weekly . ^ "Russian Navy Captures Ukraine's Outpost on Snake Island" . The Maritime Executive . 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Lister, Tim; Pennington, Josh (24 February 2022). "February 24, 2022 Russia-Ukraine news" . CNN . Entry: Audio emerges appearing to be of Ukrainian fighters defending island from Russian warship. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . " "Russkyy korablʹ, ydy na kh.y!": zakhysnyky Zmiyinoho vidpovily vorohovi" "Русский корабль, иди на х.й!": захисники Зміїного відповіли ворогові ['Russian ship, go on f.y!': Defenders of the Serpent responded to the enemy]. Ukrainska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Visontay, Elias (25 February 2022). "Ukraine soldiers told Russian officer 'go fuck yourself' before they died on island" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ Hodge, Nathan; Cotovio, Vasco; Lieberman, Oren (26 February 2022). "Pentagon denies Russia's claim that it's "highly likely" US used surveillance drones to help Ukrainian navy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 February 2022. ^ Evans, Michael (4 March 2022). "Ukraine scuttles its flagship frigate as the Russians close in" . The Times . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . "Frehat Ukrayiny "Hetʹman Sahaydachnyy" vyvedenyy z ladu" Фрегат України "Гетьман Сагайдачний" виведений з ладу [The frigate of Ukraine "Hetman Sagaidachny" is out of order] (in Ukrainian). Armed Forces of Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 28 March 2022 . "Hetman Sahaidachny frigate, being under repair, flooded not to get to enemy – Reznikov" . Interfax Ukraine . 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 4 March 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Heritage, Timothy (24 March 2022). Heavens, Andrew (ed.). "Ukraine says it has destroyed a large Russian landing ship" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ Saul, Jonathan (12 March 2022). "UN to work on safe corridor for ships stranded by Ukraine conflict" . Reuters . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ Pedrozo, Raul (12 April 2022). "Ukraine Symposium – Maritime Exclusion Zones in Armed Conflicts" . West Point . United States Military Academy . Retrieved 22 May 2022 . ^ "Communication from the Government of the Russian Federation" (PDF) . Mission of the Russian Federation to the IMO . International Maritime Organization . 28 March 2022. Circular Letter No.4543 . Retrieved 8 June 2022 . ^ "Russia-Ukraine war latest: Ukraine PM to head to Washington; Russian warship sunk by Ukraine missile strike, say US officials – live" . The Guardian . 16 April 2022. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 16 April 2022 . ^ "Russia confirms severe damage to Black Sea Fleet Flagship Moskva, Crew Abandoned Ship" . The Free Press Journal . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Forgey, Quint (14 April 2022). "Pentagon confirms explosion aboard Russian warship" . Politico . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ "Russian warship Moskva has sunk – state media" . BBC News . 14 April 2022 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 . ^ Polityuk, Pavel; Piper, Elizabeth (15 April 2022). "Ukraine says fighting rages in Mariupol, blasts rattle Kyiv" . Reuters . ^ "US intelligence helped Ukraine sink Russia's flagship cruiser Moskva" . ABC News . 6 May 2022. ^ "Lavrov said Russians would let through ships carrying grain if Ukraine demined ports" . Yahoo! News . Ukrainska Pravda . 31 May 2022 . Retrieved 1 June 2022 . ^ "Russia, Ukraine seal grain deal in Istanbul" . Le Monde . 22 July 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2022 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . Macias, Amanda (23 July 2022). " 'He simply cannot be trusted:' World leaders slam Putin's attack on Odesa following sea corridor deal" . CNBC . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ Osborn, Andrew and Max Hunder: "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship, Moscow admits damage," , 26 December 2023, Reuters ; video and transcript on YouTube ; also at NBC News as "Ukraine strikes Russian naval landing warship in Crimea," retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Dorgan, Michael: "Ukraine missile attack strikes Russian warship in Crimea, killing at least 1: The landing ship, called Novocherkassk, was hit at a base in the city of Feodosia by plane-launched guided missiles, the Russian ministry said," 26 December 2023, Fox News , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ Lovett, Ian: "Ukraine Strikes Russian Warship in Crimea, in Another Blow to Moscow's Black Sea Fleet: Kyiv shows it can land blows deep behind Russian lines as the ground war edges toward stalemate," , 26 December 2023, The Wall Street Journal , retrieved 26 December 2023 ^ "Watch: Ukraine sinks Russian warship in Black Sea drone strike" . The Telegraph . 1 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Greenall, Robert (1 February 2024). "Ukraine 'hits Russian missile boat Ivanovets in Black Sea' " . BBC Home . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . ^ Goryashko, Sergey (14 February 2024). "Ukraine sinks Russian ship off Crimean coast" . Politico . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Tom Balmforth, Pavel Polityuk (14 February 2024). "Ukraine says it sank Russian large landing warship in Black Sea" . Reuters . Retrieved 14 February 2024 . ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; O'Grady, Siobhán; Shefte, Whitney; Khudov, Kostiantyn (28 February 2022). "In a Kyiv under siege, neighbors dig trenches and raise barriers to brace for Russian assault" . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . OCLC 2269358 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2022 . ^ Kirby, Jen (3 March 2022). "The other members of Ukraine's resistance" . Vox . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Doubek, James (1 March 2022). "Road signs direct expletives at the Russian military" . NPR . ^ Bella, Timothy (26 February 2022). "Ukrainian agency, urging removal of road signs, posts fake photo with a colorful message for Russia" . The Washington Post . ^ a b c Hunter, Daniel (1 March 2022). "How Ukrainian Civilians Are Resisting Military Force" . YES! Magazine . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Motyl, Alexander J. (12 April 2022). "Russians Likely to Encounter Growing Guerrilla Warfare in Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 13 April 2022 . ^ "Ukrainian Civilians Take On Russian Invaders With Words And Deeds" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . Schwirtz, Michael; Santora, Marc; Hill, Evan; Cardia, Alexander (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian protesters take to the streets in occupied Kherson" . The New York Times . ISSN 1553-8095 . OCLC 1645522 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ Murphy, Paul P.; Lister, Tim; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Voitovych, Olga (5 March 2022). "Ukrainian authorities accuse Russians of opening fire on civilian protest" . CNN International . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ "Ordinary Ukrainians are resisting Vladimir Putin's occupying force in Kherson and elsewhere" . The Economist . 9 March 2022 . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Judah, Tim (10 April 2022). "How Kyiv was saved by Ukrainian ingenuity as well as Russian blunders" . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 June 2025 . ^ "Zelensky: 700,000 soldiers defending Ukraine now" . The Kyiv Independent . 21 May 2022 . Retrieved 2 June 2022 . ^ Cyuzuzo, Samba (18 September 2022). "Ukraine troops leave DR Congo peacekeeping mission Monusco" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 September 2022 . ^ "What is the Real Cost and Benefit of Ukrainian Attacks on Russian Refining?" . Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ a b Polityuk, Pavel; Komuves, Anita; Dvorakova, Vera (22 August 2025). "Ukrainian attack suspends Russian oil flows to Hungary, Slovakia" . Reuters . Kyiv/Budapest: Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "Scholz zu Russland-Sanktionen: Deutschland stoppt Nord Stream 2" [Scholz on Russia sanctions: Germany stops Nord Stream 2]. ZDFheute (in German). Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen. 22 February 2022 . Retrieved 24 August 2022 . ^ Lehberger, Roman; Schmid, Fidelius (21 August 2025). "(S+) Nord Stream: Mutmaßlicher Angreifer auf Ostseepipelines gefasst" . Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349 . Retrieved 21 August 2025 . ^ "EU adopts 18th package of sanctions against Russia" . ec.europa.eu . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "EU imposes new sanctions on Russia's oil and banks after Robert Fico lifts his veto" . euronews.com . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 22 July 2025 . ^ "Russia says Ukraine 'virtually destroys' gas infrastructure in Sudzha" . Reuters . Moscow: Thomson Reuters. 28 March 2025 . Retrieved 23 August 2025 . ^ "More than 100,000 Ukrainian homes lose power after Russia targets energy sites" . France 24 . 27 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia says it put out fire at large oil refinery after latest Ukrainian drone attack" . Reuters . 25 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ Sauer, Pjotr (27 August 2025). "Frustrated Russians grapple with fuel crisis as Ukraine attacks oil refineries" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ "Russia's oil and fuel export revenue fell in August, IEA says" . reuters.com . 11 September 2025 . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ Tan, Huileng (11 September 2025). "Putin's energy fix for drone-hit Russia: Dig up more coal" . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ "Drones strike Russia's major export-oriented oil refinery" . Bloomberg . 14 September 2025 . Retrieved 14 September 2025 – via Business Line . ^ a b Melander, Ingrid; Gabriela, Baczynska (24 February 2022). "EU targets Russian economy after 'deluded autocrat' Putin invades Ukraine" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . "Western Countries Agree To Add Putin, Lavrov To Sanctions List" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 26 February 2022 . ^ Funakoshi, Minami; Lawson, Hugh; Deka, Kannaki (9 March 2022). "Tracking sanctions against Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "NATO's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine" . NATO . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Wilson, Rachel; Robinson, Lou; Pettersson, Henrik (20 March 2024). "Ukraine aid: Where the money is coming from, in 4 charts" . CNN . ^ a b Wolf, Zachary (21 September 2023). "$113 billion: Where the US investment in Ukraine aid has gone" . CNN . ^ a b c "How Much U.S. Aid Is Going to Ukraine?" . Council on Foreign Relations . 27 September 2024. ^ Mills, Claire (12 May 2024). "Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion" . House of Commons Library . ^ "How America's Aid to Ukraine Actually Works" . Lawfare . 16 July 2024. ^ Volkmann-Schluck, Philip (18 January 2023). "Bulgaria to the rescue: How the EU's poorest country secretly saved Ukraine" . Politico . Retrieved 18 January 2023 . ^ LeBlanc, Paul (28 February 2022). "Why the US isn't sending troops into Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "How India Profits From Its Neutrality in the Ukraine War" . The New York Times . 22 June 2023. ^ Brunnstrom, David (19 September 2024). "Ammunition from India enters Ukraine, raising Russian ire" . Reuters . Retrieved 30 September 2024 . ^ "Russia accuses Nato of 'proxy war' in Ukraine as US hosts crucial defence summit" . The Guardian . 26 April 2022. ^ Dickinson, Peter (17 September 2024). "Putin is becoming entangled in his own discredited red lines" . Atlantic Council . ^ "Putin says Ukraine would last 'a week' if Western military support stops" . Al Jazeera English . 6 October 2023. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Stezhensky, Alex (3 May 2025). "Ex-CIA official says U.S. arms policy doomed Ukraine to stalemate" . New Voice of Ukraine . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Brown, Larisa (2 May 2025). "Ex-CIA chief: We gave Ukraine enough weapons to bleed, not to win" . www.thetimes.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2025 . Retrieved 4 May 2025 . ^ Najibullah, Farangis; Dobrynin, Sergei (8 March 2025). "How Important Is US Intelligence For Ukraine's War Effort?" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Murauskaite, Egle E. "U.S. Assistance to Ukraine in the Information Space: Intelligence, Cyber, and Signaling" (PDF) . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Vincent, Elise; Grynszpan, Emmanuel (7 March 2025). " "Pause" of US intelligence sharing with Ukraine poses unprecedented challenges for allies" . Archived from the original on 7 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Hudson, John; Dixon, Robyn (11 March 2025). "U.S. lifts pause on Ukraine aid as Kyiv agrees to ceasefire proposal" . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 11 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ "U.S.-Ukraine Intelligence Sharing: A Conversation with Calder Walton" . Belfer Center . 12 March 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Pancevski, Bojan; Ward, Alexander; Seligman, Lara (1 October 2025). "U.S. to Provide Ukraine With Intelligence for Missile Strikes Deep Inside Russia" . Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 4 November 2025 . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Holland, Steve; Slattery, Gram (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Sabbagh, Dan; Roth, Andrew (2 October 2025). "US to give Ukraine intelligence on long-range energy targets in Russia, say reports" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Balmforth, Tom (22 November 2025). "Exclusive: US threatens to cut intel, weapons to press Ukraine into peace deal, sources say" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 December 2025 . ^ Dariia, Mykailenko (15 January 2026). "France Supplies Majority of Intelligence Ukraine Uses in War With Russia, Macron Says" . UNITED24 Media . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Macron: Coalition of the Willing provides 100% military support to Ukraine" . www.ukrinform.net . 15 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ "Lukashenko: Belarus willing to offer more help to Russia" . AP News . 31 January 2023 . Retrieved 26 April 2023 . ^ "Почему российские "шахеды" залетают в Беларусь и чем это опасно для Украины" . BBC News Русская служба (in Russian). 23 July 2024 . Retrieved 23 July 2024 . ^ Lozka, Katsiaryna (2023). Between the hammer and the anvil : Belarus, its people, and Russia's war against Ukraine . Vol. 6. Instytut Europy Środkowej. hdl : 1854/LU-01HGZF2NV7XH9AVKAZSP0VSVX3 . ISBN 978-83-67678-29-2 . ^ "Putin's Strategic Failure" . IISS . Retrieved 28 June 2024 . ^ Humphreys, Richard; Paegļkalna, Lauma. "Combat Without Warfighting: Non-Belligerent Actors and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine" . SSRN 4048994 . ^ Baturo, Alex; Anceschi, Luca; Cavatorta, Francesco (10 May 2024). Personalism and Personalist Regimes . Oxford University Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-19-266471-6 . ^ The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (6 December 2023). Armed Conflict Survey 2023 . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-040-01544-5 . ... Belarus remains a co-belligerent but not a co-combatant, providing extensive assistance to Russia – including the use of its territory to base Russian forces and launch attacks – without directly intervening with its own military assets ... ^ Studies (IISS), The International Institute for Strategic (12 December 2024). The Armed Conflict Survey 2024 . Taylor & Francis. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-040-33815-5 . ^ "White House says Iran is helping Russia build a drone factory east of Moscow for the war in Ukraine" . Sun Sentinel . 9 June 2023 . Retrieved 10 June 2023 . ^ "Exclusive: Iran sends Russia hundreds of ballistic missiles" . Reuters . 21 February 2024 . Retrieved 23 February 2024 . ^ Madhani, Aamer; Miller, Zeke (21 October 2022). "US: Iranian troops in Crimea backing Russian drone strikes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 3 May 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Kagan, Frederick W. (25 November 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, November 25" . Institute for the Study of War . Archived from the original on 14 December 2023 . Retrieved 22 November 2024 . ^ Axe, David. "Russia Got 7,500-Pound Rockets From North Korea—And Promptly Blew Up A Pair Of Ukrainian Supply Bases" . Forbes . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ "Did Russia Fire North Korean Missiles At Ukraine?" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 January 2024 . Retrieved 8 January 2024 . ^ Graham-Harrison, Emma and McCurry, Justin (10 October 2024). "North Koreans deployed alongside Russian troops in Ukraine, sources say" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Jochecová, Ketrin (8 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are likely dying for Putin in Ukraine, Seoul says" . Politico . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ Lee, Youkyung (9 October 2024). "North Korea Seen Likely to Send Troops to Ukraine to Aid Russia" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 10 October 2024 . ^ "US concerned by reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia" . Reuters . 15 October 2024 . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Parafeniuk, Anastasiia; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 October 2024). "North Korean soldiers are training to fight for Russia, Ukraine says" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ McCurry, Justin (16 October 2024). "North Korean troops for Russia's war in Ukraine: what we know so far" . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2024 . ^ Cecil, Nicholas (17 October 2024). "Putin military doubling 'kamikaze' drone attacks on Ukraine to 1,500 last month, say western officials" . Evening Standard . ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . CNA . 22 October 2024. Archived from the original on 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . North Korea has not sent troops to Russia to help Moscow fight Ukraine, one of its United Nations representatives said on Monday (Oct 22), dismissing Seoul's claims as 'groundless rumour'. ^ "North Korea UN representative denies Pyongyang sent troops to Russia" . TRT World . 23 October 2024 . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Denisova, Kateryna (22 October 2024). "North Korea denies sending troops to join Russia's war in Ukraine, dismisses 'groundless rumors' " . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 2 November 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Hyonhee Shin (23 October 2024). "US says evidence shows North Korea has troops in Russia, possibly for Ukraine war" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 October 2024 . ^ "Russia to deploy 10,000 North Korean troops against Ukraine within 'weeks', Pentagon says" . The Guardian . 29 October 2024 . Retrieved 29 October 2024 . ^ Phil Stewart, Andrew Gray (28 October 2024). "No new limits on Ukraine's use of US arms if North Korea joins fight, Pentagon says" . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "NATO, Pentagon confirm deployment of North Korean troops to Russia" . Al Jazeera . 28 October 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2024 . ^ "North Korean Soldiers Fighting in Kursk" . Kyiv Post . 7 November 2024 . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ Kang, Taejun (13 November 2024). "US confirms North Korean troops joining Russia in combat against Ukraine" . Radio Free Asia . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ "South Korea says North Korean soldiers are fighting Ukraine forces" . Reuters . 13 November 2024 . Retrieved 14 November 2024 . ^ Kim, Stella; Aggarwal, Mithil (16 November 2024). "Language barriers and inexperience may hamper North Korean troops on Russia's battlefield" . NBC News . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Vergun, David (18 November 2024). "North Korean Troops Enter Kursk Where Ukrainians Are Fighting" . U.S. Department of Defence . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ Zimko, Oleksandra (24 November 2024). "DPRK soldiers already participated in battles against Ukrainian Armed Forces in Kursk region" . RBC-Ukraine . Retrieved 7 December 2024 . ^ "Pentagon addresses DPRK troops' role in Russia's offensive" . RBC-Ukraine . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 3 December 2024 . ^ "2,000 North Korean Troops Led by 3 Generals Join Russians Against Ukraine – Intel" . Kyiv Post . 3 December 2024 . Retrieved 5 December 2024 . ^ "North Korean troops killed in combat against Ukraine for first time, Pentagon says" . Reuters . ^ "A couple hundred North Korean troops killed, wounded in battles with Ukrainian forces" . AP News . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "At least 100 North Koreans dead in Ukraine war, says South Korea" . BBC News . 19 December 2024 . Retrieved 21 December 2024 . ^ Szymanski, Steve; Keruski, Joshua C. T. (10 December 2024). "Ukraine Symposium – North Korea's Entry into International Armed Conflict" . Articles of War . Lieber Institute . Retrieved 8 January 2025 . ^ "Russians 'burning faces' of dead North Koreans to keep them secret: Zelenskyy" . Radio Free Asia . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ "Ukraine reports North Korean losses on Russia's Kursk front" . Reuters . 16 December 2024 . Retrieved 18 December 2024 . ^ Psaropoulos, John T. (27 January 2025). "North Koreans are 'disciplined', armed with high-quality ammo, says Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (21 January 2025). "Suicide and soap operas: North Koreans react to being Ukrainian POWs" . Politico . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ Harding, Luke (18 January 2025). "Suicides, new tactics and propaganda iPads: details from captured North Koreans expose new foe in Ukraine" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 19 January 2025 . Retrieved 19 January 2025 . ^ Harvey, Lex (27 March 2025). "North Korea has sent 3,000 more soldiers to bolster Russia's war on Ukraine, South Korea says" . CNN . Retrieved 22 April 2025 . ^ Munster, Ben (26 April 2025). "Russia claims complete 'liberation' of Kursk, admits North Korea assistance" . Politico . Retrieved 26 April 2025 . ^ "North Korea to send military construction workers, deminers to rebuild Russia's Kursk region" . AFP . 17 June 2025 . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Mackenzie, Jean (12 August 2025). "North Koreans tell BBC they are being sent to work 'like slaves' in Russia" . BBC . Retrieved 12 August 2025 . ^ Shidore, Sarang (31 August 2023). "The Return of the Global South" . Foreign Affairs . ^ Banco, Eric; Aarup, Sarah Anne (16 March 2023). " 'Hunting rifles' — really? China ships assault weapons and body armor to Russia" . Politico . ^ "Use of Chinese ammunition in Ukraine confirmed by U.S.: sources" . Kyodo News . 18 March 2023. ^ Rettman, Andrew (9 May 2023). "The EU fears that Chinese and UAE firms could be supplying weapons components to Russia, new sanctions indicate" . EU Observer . ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Jacobs, Jennifer (6 April 2024). "China Is Providing Geospatial Intelligence to Russia, US Warns" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 6 April 2024 . ^ "Exclusive: Russia has secret war drones project in China, intel sources say" . Reuters . 25 September 2024 . Retrieved 16 November 2024 . ^ Shats, Daniel; Mappes, Grace; Campa, Kelly; Hird, Karolina; Kagan, Frederick W. (16 July 2025). "Adversary Entente Task Force Update, July 16" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Walsh, Nick Paton and Davey-Attlee, Florence (19 February 2024). "The Kremlin has never been richer – thanks to a US strategic partner" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2024 . ^ "Russian firms buy $4 billion worth of India-made arms, pay in Indian rupee" . FP News . Retrieved 16 September 2024 . ^ Reed, John; Seddon, Max; Cook, Chris; Rathbone, John Paul (4 September 2024). "Russia built covert trade channel with India, leaks reveal" . Financial Times . ^ Slattery, Gram (24 July 2025). "Exclusive: Indian firm shipped explosives to Russia despite US warnings" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 July 2025 . ^ "Slovakia and Hungary reject EU plan to phase out Russian gas by end-2027" . Reuters . 7 May 2025. ^ "How the West is helping Russia to fund its war on Ukraine" . 29 May 2025. ^ "The EU's continued trade with Russia undermines its support for Ukraine – EUROPP" . 9 October 2024. ^ Cook, Chris; Sheppard, David (24 September 2023). "Russia dodges G7 price cap sanctions on most of its oil exports" . Financial Times . Archived from the original on 26 September 2023 . Retrieved 21 May 2024 . ^ Saul, Jonathan; Verma, Nidhi; Verma, Nidhi (26 May 2023). "Exclusive: Lloyd's Register drops ships of top Indian carrier of Russian oil" . Reuters . ^ "How Dubai became 'the new Geneva' for Russian oil trade" . Financial Times . Retrieved 30 July 2025 . ^ "Maldives is second-largest microcircuit supplier to Russia after China" . pravda.com.ua . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Creel, Katherine; Yano, Shoji. "Maldives: Small island nation with big role shipping chips to Russia" . Nikkei Asia . Retrieved 31 July 2023 . ^ Adam Samson in Ankara and Chris Cook and Max Seddon in London Financial Times (27 Nov 2023) Turkey's exports of military-linked goods to Russia soar ^ "Three years into war, US and Europe keep billions in trade with Russia" . Reuters . 6 August 2025 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . ^ Hamourtziadou, Lily (1 February 2023). "Ukraine war: casualty counts from either side can be potent weapons and shouldn't always be believed" . The Conversation . ^ Kirby, Paul (13 April 2023). "Ukraine war: Pentagon leaks reveal Russian infighting over death toll" . BBC News . ^ Meyer, David (14 March 2022). "Why is it so hard to get accurate death tolls in the Russia-Ukraine war?" . Fortune . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . Roth, Andrew (22 March 2022). "How many Russian soldiers have died in the war in Ukraine?" . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2022 . ^ "Russia admits 'significant losses of troops' in Ukraine" . Al Jazeera . 8 April 2022 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ "Ukraine not to reveal own military death toll until war ends" . Ukrinform . 29 March 2022. ^ " 'Dying by the dozens every day' – Ukraine losses climb" . BBC News . 29 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ Khurshudyan, Isabelle; Witte, Griff (26 February 2022). "Civilians are dying in Ukraine. But exactly how many remains a mystery" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. "As Russian Troop Deaths Climb, Morale Becomes an Issue, Officials Say" . The New York Times . 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . The conservative side of the estimate, at more than 7,000 Russian troop deaths, is greater than the number of American troops killed over 20 years in Iraq and Afghanistan combined. ^ "Ukraine conflict death toll: what we know" . France 24 . Agence France-Presse . 13 April 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Russia's 'irrecoverable losses' in Ukraine: more than 90,000 troops dead, disabled, or AWOL" . Meduza . 12 October 2022. ^ Regan, Helen; Kottasová, Ivana; Haq, Sana Noor; Khalil, Hafsa; Vogt, Adrienne; Sangal, Aditi (16 June 2022). "Tens of thousands have been killed since the invasion, says Ukrainian defense minister" . CNN . Retrieved 15 September 2022 . ^ Bennetts, Marc (25 June 2024). "Facing annihilation, the Ukrainian towns praying for Western reinforcements" . The Times . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ Yuhas, Alan (24 August 2022). "Thousands of Civilian Deaths and 6.6 Million Refugees: Calculating the Costs of War" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ Shandra, Alya (30 August 2022). "87,000 killed civilians documented in occupied Mariupol – volunteer" . Euromaidan Press . Retrieved 20 September 2022 . ^ "Mariupol: invaders don't bother to clear residential buildings of newly discovered bodies" . Ukrinform . 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 19 September 2023 . ^ Karmanau, Yuras; Schreck, Adam; Anna, Cara (11 April 2022). "Over 10,000 civilians killed in Mariupol siege, mayor says" . PBS . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . ^ " 'Terrible toll': Russia's invasion of Ukraine by the numbers" . The Japan Times . 14 February 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Kyiv said at least 20,000 Ukrainian civilians had been killed. In total, some 30,000 to 40,000 civilians have lost their lives nationwide in the conflict, Western sources say. ^ "At What Cost? The Economic and Human Costs of Russia's Invasion of Ukraine" . C.D. Howe Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2023 . ^ "The Cost of War to Ukraine" . The Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies . Retrieved 8 October 2023 . ^ "Russia scrubs Mariupol's Ukraine identity, builds on death" . AP News . 23 December 2022 . Retrieved 1 October 2023 . ^ "10,368: The incomplete count of Ukraine's civilian dead" . Agence France-Presse republished in France 24 . 6 June 2023 . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ " "Our City Was Gone": Russia's Devastation of Mariupol, Ukraine" . Human Rights Watch . 8 February 2024. p. 147 . Retrieved 15 August 2025 . Based on an assessment of satellite imagery and photo and video analysis, we estimate that at least 10,284 people were buried in four of the city's cemeteries and in Manhush cemetery between March 2022 and February 2023. We also estimate that around 2,250 people would have died of causes unrelated to war in Mariupol during that period, meaning the city saw at least an estimated 8,034 deaths above a peacetime rate. We are not able to determine how many of those buried in the city were civilians or military personnel, or how many were killed as a result of unlawful attacks. ^ "Ukraine: Ukraine: civilian casualty update 24 September 2023" . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . 25 September 2023. ^ Schifrin, Nick; Cutler, Sarah; Fellow, Columbia Journalism (11 December 2023). "Russia's ethnic minorities disproportionately die in the war in Ukraine" . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Latypova, Leyla (17 May 2024). "2 Years Into Ukraine War, Russia's Ethnic Minorities Disproportionately Killed in Battle" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Petkova, Mariya (25 October 2022). " 'Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine': Activist" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ Bessonov, Ania (4 October 2022). "Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine" . CBC . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Young, poor and from minorities: the Russian troops killed in Ukraine" . France 24 . 17 May 2022 . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine calls them meat assaults: Russia's brutal plan to take ground" . BBC News . 4 July 2024. ^ Porter, Tom (6 December 2024). "Russia is suffering record casualties as the West steps up support for Ukraine, and it may struggle to replace them" . Business Insider . ^ "Russia's Loss of Men in Ukraine Surpasses Daily Birth Rate" . Newsweek . 12 November 2024. ^ "120,000 dead and counting A new estimate from Meduza and Mediazona shows the rate of Russian military deaths in Ukraine is only growing" . Meduza . 5 July 2024. Wikidata Q127245770 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2024. ^ Ivshina, Olga (30 December 2025). "Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal" . BBC . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ Butt, Maira (31 December 2025). "Russian losses in Ukraine rising faster than ever, finds new analysis" . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Enduring Mayhem: Images From Year 3 of the War in Ukraine" . The New York Times . 24 April 2024. ^ "Annual death rate from all causes, 1980 to 2021 — Ukraine" . Our World in Data . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ "Country Comparisons — Death rate" . The World Factbook . Archived from the original on 13 September 2024 . Retrieved 13 October 2024 . ^ Nir Hasson (14 August 2024). "The Numbers Show: Gaza War Is One of the Bloodiest in the 21st Century" . Haaretz . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. ^ Stanley, Marcus (19 February 2025). "The Ukraine War After Three Years: Roads Not Taken" . Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft . ^ a b Pancevski, Bojan (17 September 2024). "One Million Are Now Dead or Injured in the Russia-Ukraine War" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 17 September 2024 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict. August 2025 update" (PDF) . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Retrieved 20 September 2025 . ^ "Ukraine: Protection of civilians in armed conflict October 2025 update" (PDF) . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Список жертв войны в российских регионах" . 7x7 . 1 August 2023. ^ "Важкі цифри: як сприймати нові дані про військові втрати – DW – 27.02.2024" . dw.com (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 May 2024 . ^ "Ukraine's losses in the war" . UALosses . 21 May 2025. ^ a b c "Разрыв между городом и деревней: что известно о потерях России в Украине к декабрю" . BBC. 30 November 2025. Archived from the original on 30 November 2025. "Russian casualties in Ukraine. Mediazona count, updated" . Mediazona . 1 August 2025 . Retrieved 24 October 2025 . ^ "Thousands of Ukrainian civilians lost in hellish archipelago of Russian jails" . Sky News . 16 May 2025. ^ "Ukraine brings back body of journalist Viktoriia Roshchyna tortured in Russian captivity, official says" . The Kyiv Independent . 24 April 2025 . Retrieved 24 April 2025 . ^ "Only the Establishment of a Just Peace and Holding the Aggressor to Account will Stop Russia's War Crimes in Ukraine – a Separate Discussion on the Humanitarian Dimension of the War Was Held at the Peace Summit" . 17 June 2024. ^ "Over 16,000 Ukrainian civilians held captive in Russia – Ukraine's ombudsman" . 16 December 2024. ^ "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 24 по 30 декабря 2022 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 24 to December 30, 2022] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 30 December 2022. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 25 по 31 декабря 2023 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 25 to December 31, 2023] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 9 January 2024. "Обзор социально-гуманитарной ситуации, сложившейся на территории Донецкой Народной Республики вследствие военных действий в период с 16 по 22 декабря 2024 г." [Overview of the socio-humanitarian situation that developed on the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of military actions in the period from December 16 to December 22, 2024] (in Russian). Human rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic. 22 December 2024. ^ "The overview of the current social and humanitarian situation in the territory of the Donetsk People's Republic as a result of hostilities in the period from 19 and 25 February 2022" . Human Rights Ombudsman in the Donetsk People's Republic . 12 February 2022 . Retrieved 21 March 2022 . ^ "3,200 LPR civilians killed as a result of Kiev's aggression since 2014 – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 2 March 2023 . Retrieved 2 March 2023 . ^ "Kiev artillery attacks claim 72 lives in LPR over year, 268 people wounded – ombudsperson" . lug-info.com . 28 December 2023. ^ "Ukrainian Attacks Have Killed 600 Russian Civilians Since Full-Scale Invasion, Chief Investigator Claims" . The Moscow Times . 19 May 2025. ^ The Moscow Times (28 May 2025). "Over 350 People Killed and Nearly 800 Still Missing in Kursk Region After Ukrainian Incursion, Prosecutor Says" . The Moscow Times . Retrieved 28 May 2025 . ^ "How many Ukrainian soldiers have died?" . The Economist . 26 November 2024 . Retrieved 26 November 2024 . ^ Залужний заявив, що втрати України у війні досягли критичної межі, та назвав причини . The New Voice of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). 6 March 2025. ^ Hodunova, Kateryna (17 February 2025). "Over 46,000 Ukrainian soldiers killed since start of Russia's full-scale war, Zelensky says" . The Kyiv Independent . ^ "Ukraine war death toll: huge but not fully known" . France 24 . 17 February 2025. ^ "Red Cross Says Missing People in Ukraine and Russia War Doubles to 50,000 Over Past Year" . USNEWS . 13 February 2025. ^ "Ukrainians Tell of Brutal Russian Repression in Occupied Territories" . The New York Times . 30 October 2024. ^ Allison, George (6 November 2025). "Russian casualties exceed 1.1m since invasion says Britain" . UK Defence Journal . Retrieved 9 November 2025 . ^ "War in Ukraine. Total Combat Losses of the Russian Forces for Day 1,404" . Ukrainska Pravda . 28 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Ukraine Sees Surge in Inquiries From Russian Families on Missing Soldiers" . Moscow Times . 4 February 2025. ^ "N. Korean soldiers 'highly likely' killed in Ukraine: Seoul" . Yahoo News . ^ "Kremlin dismisses reports of North Korean soldiers fighting for Russia in Ukraine" . Euronews . 11 October 2024. ^ "About 600 North Korean soldiers killed in Russia's war against Ukraine, Seoul says" . Euronews . 30 April 2025. Tong-Hyung, Kim (13 January 2025). "Seoul's spy agency says North Korean soldiers captured in Ukraine haven't shown desire to defect" . Associated Press . ^ "First reported deaths of North Korean soldiers fighting against Ukraine" . The Guardian . 16 December 2024. "30 North Korean soldiers killed, injured in Kursk Oblast assaults, Ukraine's intelligence claims" . The Kyiv Independent . 16 December 2024. ^ "Chernihiv: Are these Russia's weapons of war?" . BBC News . 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . Gall, Carlotta; Kramer, Andrew E. (3 April 2022). "In a Kyiv Suburb,'They Shot Everyone They Saw' " . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 May 2022 . ^ Cumming-Bruce, Nick (23 September 2022). "U.N. Experts find that war crimes have been committed in Ukraine" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . Macias, Amanda (28 October 2022). "UN report details horrifying Ukrainian accounts of rape, torture and executions by Russian troops" . CNBC . Retrieved 29 January 2023 . ^ "Update on the human rights situation in Ukraine" (PDF) . Ukraine . 2 (1). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 April 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via United Nations Human Rights Council . ^ "Ukraine destruction: how the Guardian documented Russia's use of illegal weapons" . The Guardian . 24 May 2022. ISSN 1756-3224 . OCLC 60623878 . Archived from the original on 29 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 . ^ Cluster Munition Monitor 2022 (PDF) . Cluster Munition Coalition. 2022. ISBN 978-2-9701476-1-9 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 19 January 2023 – via The Monitor. ^ "Russia was Preparing for a New Genocide of Ukrainians Long Before the Full-Scale Invasion, – Kyrylo Budanov" . Main Directorate of Intelligence of Ukraine . 23 November 2024. ^ "UPDATE: Russian airstrike on Zaporizhzhia industrial site kills 13, injures 122" . Kyiv Independent . 8 January 2025. ^ "Ukraine: protection of civilians in armed conflict. December 2023 update" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . Total civilians killed: 10,191; Killed in Ukrainian government-controlled territories: 7,967; Killed in Russian-occupied territories: 2,224. ^ "Over 12,300 civilians killed since start of Ukraine war, UN says" . Reuters . 8 January 2025. ^ "UN Commission concludes that Russian armed forces' drone attacks against civilians in Kherson Province amount to crimes against humanity of murder" . OHCHR . 28 May 2025 . Retrieved 29 May 2025 . ^ Hambling, David (11 October 2024). "Terrifying 'Human Safari' In Kherson As Russian Drones Hunt Civilians" . Forbes . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Limaye, Yogita (31 October 2024). "Drone strikes on civilians suggest new Russian terror tactic in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ Horton, Alex; Korolchuk, Serhii (31 October 2024). "Russian drones hunt civilians in streets of southern Ukrainian city" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 February 2025 . ^ a b "Russian authorities committed crimes against humanity targeting civilian population through drone attacks as well as war crimes of forcible transfer and deportation of civilians" . OHCHR . 28 October 2025. ^ a b "UN report details 'climate of fear' in Russian occupied areas of Ukraine" . UN News . 20 March 2024. ^ Hinnant, Lori; Stepanenko, Vasilisa; Kullab, Samya; Hanna, Arhipova (15 March 2024). "Takeaways into AP investigation into Russian system to force its passports on occupied Ukraine" . Associated Press . ^ Hambling, David (29 December 2023). "What We Know About Russian Chemical Weapon Attacks" . Forbes . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Field, Matt (15 March 2024). "Russia appears to be using chemical weapons in Ukraine. And admitting it" . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Retrieved 23 March 2024 . ^ Rushton, James (6 April 2024). "Russia carrying out illegal chemical attacks on Ukrainian soldiers" . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2024 . ^ "2025 deadliest year for civilians in Ukraine since 2022, UN human rights monitors find" . UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine . 12 January 2026 . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Davies, Maia (13 January 2026). "Ukraine war: Last year was deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says" . BBC Home . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ a b "Yale researchers identify 21 sites in Donetsk oblast, Ukraine used for civilian interrogation, processing, and detention" . Yale School of Medicine . 25 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ Waterhouse, James (16 February 2023). "Ukraine war: Inside a prisoner of war camp for Russians" . BBC News . Retrieved 26 February 2025 . ^ "On Ukraine, High Commissioner Türk details severe violations and calls for a just peace" . OHCHR . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ "Ukraine's outrage grows over video seeming to show beheading" . AP News . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy slams 'beasts' in gruesome beheading video; Kremlin calls footage 'terrible' " . CNBC . 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Belam, Martin; Chao-Fong, Léonie (12 April 2023). "Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 413 of the invasion" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . Cotovio, Vasco; Carey, Andrew; Pennington, Josh; Kesaieva, Yulia (12 April 2023). "Zelensky slams 'beasts' who purportedly beheaded Ukrainian soldiers after video emerges" . CNN . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . "Ukraine says Russia 'worse than ISIS' after beheading video" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Melkozerova, Veronika (27 March 2024). "Russia executed Ukrainian POWs, UN report says" . Politico . Retrieved 27 March 2024 . ^ "Ukraine/Russia: Statement by the High Representative on the killing of Ukrainian prisoners of war" . EEAS . 16 October 2024 . Retrieved 25 January 2025 . ^ The situation of human rights in Ukraine in the context of the armed attack by the Russian Federation, 24 February to 15 May 2022 (Report). OHCHR . 29 June 2022 . Retrieved 27 July 2022 . ^ Shull, Abbie. "Video appears to show Ukrainian soldiers executing Russian soldier captured in an ambush outside Kyiv, New York Times reports" . Business Insider . Retrieved 7 April 2022 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas (6 July 2024). "In Ukraine, Killings of Surrendering Russians Divide an American-Led Unit" . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2025 . ^ "Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 29 February 2024)" (PDF) . ukraine.un.org . OHCHR . pp. 14– 15 . Retrieved 13 March 2025 . ^ Miller, Christopher; Joiner, Sam; Killing, Alison; Andringa, Peter; Campbell, Chris; Stognei, Anastasia; Learner, Sam (12 June 2024). "FT investigation finds Ukrainian children on Russian adoption sites" . Financial Times . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ "US aware of 'credible' reports Russia is listing Ukrainian children for adoption, White House says" . Reuters . 12 June 2024 . Retrieved 13 June 2024 . ^ Hird, Karolina (24 March 2025). "Putin is Still Stealing Ukrainian Children" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 23 October 2025 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (7 August 2025). "Russia launches 'catalog' of Ukrainian children for adoption, sorted by eye and hair color" . The Kyiv Independent . Retrieved 13 August 2025 . ^ Vakulina, Sasha (8 August 2025). "Russia creates 'catalogue' of Ukrainian children for adoption" . euronews . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ "Russian occupation authorities publish database of Ukrainian children for adoption, sortable by hair and eye color" . Meduza . 8 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Cookman, Liz (8 August 2025). "Russia 'running slave catalogue of Ukrainian children to adopt' " . The Times and The Sunday Times . Retrieved 28 August 2025 . ^ Allegretti, Aubrey (3 March 2022). "ICC launches war crimes investigation over Russian invasion of Ukraine" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . "Ukraine" . International Criminal Court . Retrieved 11 February 2023 . ^ a b "Ukraine war: International court issues warrant for Putin's arrest" . Reuters . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin and Maria Alekseyevna Lvova-Belova" . International Criminal Court . 17 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . Hofmański, Piotr (17 March 2023). "ICC arrest warrants in the situation of Ukraine: Statement by President Piotr Hofmański" (video) . YouTube . International Criminal Court . Corder, Mike; Casert, Raf (17 March 2023). "ICC issues arrest warrant for Putin over Ukraine war crimes" . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Michaels, Daniel (17 March 2023). "U.N. Court Issues Arrest Warrant for Russia's Putin And Another Kremlin Official" . The Wall Street Journal . Fowler, Sarah (17 March 2023). " "No excuse to deport children to Russia, says ICC prosecutor," " . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. ^ "10: "World nuclear forces" ". Military Spending and Armaments, 2019 (PDF) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Table 10.1. World nuclear forces, January 2020; page 326 . Retrieved 18 March 2023 . ^ Bufacchi, Vittorio (26 July 2022). "War crimes in Ukraine: is Putin responsible?" . Journal of Political Power . 16 (1): 6. doi : 10.1080/2158379X.2022.2105495 . hdl : 10468/13459 . S2CID 251124184 . ^ Warburton, Moira (15 March 2022). "U.S. Senate unanimously condemns Putin as war criminal" . Reuters . ^ Sabbagh, Dan (24 September 2023). "War crimes dossier to accuse Russia of deliberately causing starvation in Ukraine" . The Guardian . ^ Colvin, Victoria; Orchard, Phil (28 March 2023). "Forced deportations and the Ukraine war: Russian culpability in atrocity crimes" . Violence . 3 (2): 281– 300. doi : 10.1177/26330024231167184 . S2CID 257852247 . ^ "Situation in Ukraine: ICC judges issue arrest warrants against Sergei Ivanovich Kobylash and Viktor Nikolayevich Sokolov" . International Criminal Court . International Criminal Court . 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 March 2024 . ^ Roth, Andrew (25 June 2024). "ICC issues arrest warrants for Russian officials over alleged Ukraine war crimes" . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Ukraine exports 1 million tonnes of grain under new deal, train attacks may be war crimes, experts say" . ABC . 27 August 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2022 . ^ "Ukraine Refugee Crisis: Aid, Statistics and News | USA for UNHCR" . www.unrefugees.org . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ Farge, Emma (25 September 2023). "Russia tortured some Ukrainian victims to death, UN inquiry says" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ Gabrielle Tétrault-Farber; Emma Farge (16 March 2023). "UN inquiry finds" . Reuters . Retrieved 26 September 2023 . ^ "Grim milestone on World Humanitarian Day: WHO records 1940 attacks on health care in Ukraine since start of full-scale war" . www.who.int . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction and Devastation: One Year of Russia's Assault on Ukraine's Health Care System" . PHR . 7 August 2023 . Retrieved 17 December 2023 . ^ "Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO" . UNESCO . Archived from the original on 25 April 2025 . Retrieved 25 April 2025 . ^ "Destruction of cultural heritage is a war crime" . EPP Group in the European Parliament . 20 October 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ "Salvaging Ukraine's culture: Country's history & language under threat" . Euronews . 13 September 2022 . Retrieved 11 November 2022 . ^ Beaumont, Peter (6 March 2022). "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN" . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 March 2022 . ^ a b "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation" . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Retrieved 23 July 2022 . ^ Wintour, Patrick (3 July 2022). "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine" . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 July 2022 . ^ Bior, Ayen; Shapiro, Ari; Ozug, Matt (20 May 2022). "Millions rushed to leave Ukraine. Now the queue to return home stretches for miles" . NPR . Archived from the original on 20 May 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Ukraine" . IDMC . Retrieved 15 May 2022 . ^ "Refugees flee Ukraine for the EU, men told to stay and fight" . ABC News . 26 February 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . Michaels, Samantha (7 March 2022). "More Than 1.5 Million Refugees Have Fled Ukraine" . Mother Jones . Retrieved 10 March 2022 . ^ Carpenter, Charli (15 July 2022). "Civilian Men Are Trapped in Ukraine: Human rights and humanitarian NGOs should pay attention to Kyiv's sex-selective martial law" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 17 September 2023 . "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. "Why banning men from leaving Ukraine violates their human rights" . The Conversation . 8 March 2022. ^ Tondo, Lorenzo (9 March 2022). "Ukraine urged to take 'humane' approach as men try to flee war" . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 March 2022 . ^ Men, some in their teens, join Ukraine's resistance fighters . DW News . 5 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022 . Retrieved 8 March 2022 – via YouTube. "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . "Generation UA: Young Ukrainians are driving the resistance to Russia's war" . Atlantic Council . 11 August 2022 . Retrieved 14 February 2023 . ^ Klimešová, Magdaléna; Šatava, Jiří; Ondruška, Michal (13 July 2022). "The situation of refugees from Ukraine" . Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Czech Republic) . Retrieved 28 February 2024 . ^ "İçişleri Bakanı Soylu: 58 bin Ukraynalı savaş sonrası Türkiye'ye geldi" [Interior Minister Soylu: 58 thousand Ukrainians came to Turkey after the war]. BBC (in Turkish). 22 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 March 2022 . ^ "How many refugees have fled Ukraine and where are they going?" . BBC News . 30 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 April 2022 . ^ "Statistics on Ukrainians in the UK" . gov.uk . Retrieved 21 December 2022 . ^ Herb, Jeremy; Kaufman, Ellie; Atwood, Kylie (14 July 2022). "Experts document alleged crimes against humanity committed by Russian forces in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . Subramaniam, Tara (19 October 2022). "Russia's war in Ukraine" . CNN . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ a b Mackintosh, Eliza; Ochman, Oleksandra; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Polglase, Katie; Rebane, Teele; Graham-Yooll, Anastasia (8 April 2022). "Russia or die: After weeks under Putin's bombs, these Ukrainians were given only one way out" . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . Peter, Laurence (27 March 2022). "Russia transfers thousands of Mariupol civilians to its territory" . BBC News . Retrieved 1 April 2022 . ^ "Ukraine war: Russians start leaving Ukraine's Kherson city" . BBC News . 19 October 2022 . Retrieved 19 October 2022 . ^ Butchenko, Maksym (15 April 2022). "V dukhe Stalina. Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya, doprosy i vyvoz v glush' — kak Moskva nasil'no deportiruyet ukraintsev Donbassa" В духе Сталина. Фильтрационные лагеря, допросы и вывоз в глушь — как Москва насильно депортирует украинцев Донбасса [In the spirit of Stalin. Filtration camps, interrogations and removal into the wilderness – how Moscow forcibly deports Ukrainians from Donbass]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Shapoval, Valentyna (18 April 2022). "Denisova: okkupanty derzhat v fil'tratsionnykh lageryakh RF boleye 20 000 mariupol'tsev" Денисова: оккупанты держат в фильтрационных лагерях РФ более 20 000 мариупольцев [Denisov: occupiers keep more than 20,000 Mariupol residents in filtration camps of the Russian Federation]. Segodnya (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Goricheva, Yuliya; Tokhmakhchi, Аnnа (11 April 2022). " "Razdevali, tatushki moi smotreli". Artem uyekhal iz Mariupolya v "DNR", a potom i iz Rossii. On rasskazyvayet o tom, chto proiskhodilo na granitsakh" "Раздевали, татушки мои смотрели". Артем уехал из Мариуполя в "ДНР", а потом и из России. Он рассказывает о том, что происходило на границах ["They undressed, they looked at my tattoos." Artem left Mariupol for the "DPR", and then from Russia. He talks about what happened at the borders]. Current Time TV (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Hanyukova, Ol'ga (10 April 2022). "Okkupanty sozdali v Rossii lager' dlya deportirovannykh iz Ukrainy: tam soderzhat boleye 400 chelovek" Оккупанты создали в России лагерь для депортированных из Украины: там содержат более 400 человек [The occupiers created a camp in Russia for deportees from Ukraine: more than 400 people are kept there]. Obozrevatel (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Kurpita, Tat'yana (17 April 2022). " "Ne imeli odezhdy, yedy i predmetov gigiyeny": v Rossii obnaruzhili tri lagerya dlya deportirovannykh mariupol'tsev" "Не имели одежды, еды и предметов гигиены": в России обнаружили три лагеря для депортированных мариупольцев ["They didn't have clothes, food and hygiene items": three camps for deported Mariupol residents were found in Russia]. TSN (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Pylypenko, Yevgeniy (24 March 2022). "Rossiya sozdala bliz Donetska fil'tratsionnyy lager' dlya ukraintsev – razvedka" Россия создала близ Донецка фильтрационный лагерь для украинцев – разведка [Russia has created a filtration camp for Ukrainians near Donetsk – intelligence]. LIGA.net (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Klimov, Aleksandr (5 April 2022). "V Khar'kovskoy oblasti okkupanty sozdayut fil'tratsionnyye lagerya — Denisova" В Харьковской области оккупанты создают фильтрационные лагеря — Денисова [Invaders create filtration camps in Kharkiv region – Denisova]. NV.ua (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . Ball, Tom (20 March 2022). "Ukraine accuses Russia of killing 56 care home residents in Luhansk" . The Times . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . "Foto. Okkupanty stroyat fil'tratsionnyye lagerya dlya ukraintsev" Фото. Оккупанты строят фильтрационные лагеря для украинцев [A Photo. Occupiers build filtration camps for Ukrainians]. sport.ua (in Russian). 28 March 2022 . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ Kupriyanova, Olga (24 March 2022). "Fil'tratsionnyye lagerya i trudoustroystvo na Sakhaline: ukraintsev iz okkupirovannykh gorodov prinuditel'no otpravlyayut v rossiyu" Фильтрационные лагеря и трудоустройство на Сахалине: украинцев из оккупированных городов принудительно отправляют в россию [Filtration camps and employment on Sakhalin: Ukrainians from occupied cities are forcibly sent to Russia]. 1+1 (in Russian) . Retrieved 20 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri, – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири, – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. Цензор.НЕТ (in Russian). 21 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Putin i Shoygu planirovali sozdat' kontslagerya dlya ukraintsev v Zapadnoy Sibiri – Danilov" Путин и Шойгу планировали создать концлагеря для украинцев в Западной Сибири – Данилов [Putin and Shoigu planned to create concentration camps for Ukrainians in Western Siberia – Danilov]. LIGA (in Russian). 22 April 2022 . Retrieved 25 April 2022 . ^ "Shoygu nazval mesta dlya stroitel'stva novykh gorodov v Sibiri" Шойгу назвал места для строительства новых городов в Сибири [Shoigu named places for the construction of new cities in Siberia]. РБК (in Russian). 6 September 2021. ^ Margolina, Sonja (9 October 2023). "Nur wer fällt, hat richtig gelebt – Russlands Krieg gegen die Ukraine läuft immer mehr auf eine Säuberung der eigenen Gesellschaft hinaus" . Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 14 October 2023 . Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von über 40 Jahren Krieg gegeneinander geführt. [...] Noch nie haben zwei Nationen mit einem Kriegsindex von 0,7 miteinander die Waffen gekreuzt. ^ Stone, Lyman (22 March 2023). "The Demography of War: Ukraine vs. Russia" . IFStudies . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Kulu, Hill; Christison, Sarah; Liu, Chia; Mikolai, Júlia (30 March 2023). "The war, refugees, and the future of Ukraine's population". Population, Space and Place . 29 (4) e2656. doi : 10.1002/psp.2656 . hdl : 10023/27301 . S2CID 257876682 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . Libanova, Ella (27 June 2023). "Ukraine's Demography in the Second Year of the Full-Fledged War" . Focus Ukraine . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ a b Knapp, Andreas (13 July 2023). "Ukraine: Population loss endangers reconstruction" . WIIW . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Russia stares into population abyss as Putin sends its young men to die" . The Telegraph . 26 February 2023. ^ "World Population Prospects 2022, Standard Projections, Compact File, Variant tab, Total Population, as of 1 January column" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division . 2022. ^ "Russia's population nightmare is going to get even worse" . The Economist . 4 March 2023. ^ Jenkins, Brian Michael (28 February 2023). "Consequences of the War in Ukraine: A Bleak Outlook for Russia" . The RAND Blog . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ Smith, Stacey Vanek (31 May 2023). "She had a dream job. Now, she's part of a massive brain drain hammering Russia" . NPR . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "Russlands Braindrain: Ein Land verliert sein Potenzial" . ORF (in German). 9 July 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . "The Putin Exodus: The New Russian Brain Drain" . oei.fu-berlin.de (in German). 21 March 2019 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ "Why are people leaving Russia, who are they, and where are they going?" . BBC News . 3 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 July 2023 . ^ Wachs, Johannes (15 May 2023). "Digital traces of brain drain: developers during the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . EPJ Data Science . 12 (1) 14. doi : 10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00389-3 . PMC 10184088 . PMID 37215283 . ^ "The Russians returning home from self-imposed exile" . Financial Times. 26 October 2023 . Retrieved 27 October 2023 . ^ Sharma, Shweta (30 November 2023). "Putin asks Russian women to have 'eight or more' children amid deaths in his war" . The Independent . Retrieved 30 November 2023 . ^ Loh, Matthew (25 July 2024). "Russia would lose up to 1.8 million troops and take 5 years to capture the 4 Ukrainian regions it wants: UK army chief" . Business Insider . Retrieved 29 July 2024 . ^ "One Year In, Russia's War on Ukraine Has Inflicted $51 Billion in Environmental Damage" e360.yale.edu. 22 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ " 'Environmental Destruction Is a Form of Warfare': Thunberg Joins Ecocide Investigation in Ukraine" . commondreams.org . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ "Ten-Step plan to address environmental impact of war in Ukraine" PAX for Peace. 24 February 2023. Accessed 25 September 2023. ^ Finlay, Madeleine; Cox, Joel; Bury, Ellie (13 June 2023). "Kakhovka dam destruction: why is Ukraine calling it 'ecocide'? – podcast" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Talmazan, Yuliya; Arkin, Daniel; Kaufman, Sarah; and Mayer, Daryna (6 June 2023). "Ukraine accuses Russia of blowing up major dam" . NBC News . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; and Shelley, Jo (6 June 2023). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know" . CNN . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ "The Environmental Cost of the War in Ukraine" . International Relations Review . 2 June 2023 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Observer . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Ukrainians hope to rebuild greener country after Russia's war ravages environment" . The Independent . 19 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 June 2023 . Gutman-Argemí, Clara; Ahn, Ashley; and Benson, Brawley (9 June 2023). "Ukrainians Are Accusing Russia of Ecocide. What Does That Mean?" . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . "Ukraine launches "ecocide" and war crimes probe into Nova Kakhovka dam incident" . CNN . 7 June 2023 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Yermak, Andriy ; Wallström, Margot (16 August 2023). "Russia is committing grave acts of ecocide in Ukraine – and the results will harm the whole world" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Graham-Harrison, Emma (27 August 2022). "Toxins in soil, blasted forests – Ukraine counts cost of Putin's 'ecocide' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0029-7712 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . Santora, Marc (17 August 2023). "As Dead Dolphins Wash Ashore, Ukraine Builds a Case of Ecocide Against Russia" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 9 October 2023 . ^ Gigova, Radina (2 July 2023). "Russia is accused of 'ecocide' in Ukraine. But what does that mean?" . CNN . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . "Zelenskyy meets Greta Thunberg, Mary Robinson to address war's effect on Ukraine's ecology" . TheJournal.ie . Press Association. 29 June 2023 . Retrieved 25 September 2023 . ^ Fornusek, Martin (8 April 2024). "Media: Russia destroys over 60,000 hectares of Ukrainian forests" . Yahoo News . Retrieved 12 April 2024 . ^ Singha, Sutandra (17 December 2024). "Ripples of War: The Russia-Ukraine Conflict's Impact on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Climate Change" . Chintan India foundation blog . India Foundation . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . ^ "Russia owes 'whole world' for environment damage: Ukraine" . Euroactive . Retrieved 21 January 2025 . ^ de Guzman, Chad (19 May 2023). "Russia's War in Ukraine Is Worsening Asia's Heat Wave" . Time . Retrieved 21 May 2023 . ^ Tan, Huileng (22 May 2023). "Asia is in the middle of a record heatwave, and Russia is reaping the financial rewards of it" . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ Chin, Yongchang (21 May 2023). "Crippling Heat Deepens Asia's Reliance on Russian Energy" . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 23 May 2023 . ^ "Climate bomb' warning over $200bn wave of new gas projects" . The Guardian . The Guardian. 5 December 2024 . Retrieved 25 December 2024 . ^ Lakhani, Nina; Milman, Oliver (11 May 2022). "US fracking boom could tip world to edge of climate disaster" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 December 2023 . ^ Harvey, Fiona (26 September 2023). " 'Staggering' green growth gives hope for 1.5C, says global energy chief" . The Guardian . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 September 2023 . ^ Dickinson, Peter (11 August 2024). "Ukraine's invasion of Russia is erasing Vladimir Putin's last red lines" . Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 14 August 2024 . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . ^ "Putin Orders Russian Nuclear Weapons on Higher Alert" . Arms Control Association . Retrieved 11 September 2023 . ^ O'Neil, Tyler (27 April 2022). "Zelenskyy demands 'global control' over Russia's nuclear capabilities after 'completely irresponsible actions' " . Fox News . ^ Chen, Heather; Humayun, Hira; Knight, Mariya; Carey, Andrew; Gigova, Radina; Kostenko, Maria (26 March 2023). "Russia plans to station tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus, Putin says" . CNN . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ Gill, Victoria (25 February 2022). "Chernobyl: Radiation spike at nuclear plant seized by Russian forces" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 25 February 2022 . Retrieved 25 February 2022 . ^ " 'Russian nuclear terror': Ukraine atomic plant attacked again" . aljazeera.com . 7 August 2022 . Retrieved 10 September 2022 . ^ "U.N. nuclear watchdog calls for a 'security protection zone' around the Russian-held Zaporizhzhia power plant" . NBC News . 7 September 2022 . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ Horowitz, Julia (5 January 2022). "Ukraine's economy shrank by more than 30% in 2022" . CNN (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Shalal, Andrea; Zinets, Natalia; Lawder, David (14 March 2022). "Ukraine economy to contract sharply in 2022 due to war, IMF report says" . Reuters . ^ Porter, Richard (31 March 2022). "EBRD sees war on Ukraine causing major growth slowdown" . European Bank for Reconstruction and Development . ^ "Ukraine's economy grew 5.3% in 2023, statistics service says" . Reuters (Digital). 28 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Tan, Weizhen; Wang, Christine (2 March 2022). "Ukraine raises $270 million from sale of war bonds to fund army as Russia's invasion continues" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ "How much grain is Ukraine exporting and how is it leaving the country?" . BBC (Digital). 2 April 2024 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ "UN: 90 Percent Of Ukrainians Could Slip Into Poverty If War Drags On" . RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty . 16 March 2022. ^ "Russian economy shrank 2.1% in 2022, much less than expected" . Al Jazeera . 21 February 2023 . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Garver, Rob (8 February 2024). "Russia's Economy Grew in 2023, Despite War and Sanctions" . Voice of America (Digital) . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Sonne, Paul (27 April 2024). "Putin's War Will Soon Reach Russians' Tax Bills" . New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2024 . ^ a b c Financing the Russian War Economy (PDF) (Report). Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). April 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "SITE's Torbjörn Becker briefs EU on Russia's economy and effects of sanctions" . Stockholm School of Economics . Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics (SITE). 16 May 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ "Китай принял первый груз санкционного российского СПГ перед визитом Путина к Си Цзиньпину" . Русская служба The Moscow Times (in Russian). 30 August 2025 . Retrieved 30 August 2025 . ^ a b Meredith, Sam (3 February 2023). "Europe is set to ramp up its oil war against Russia — and markets are bracing for more disruption" . CNBC (Digital) . Retrieved 10 May 2024 . ^ Bussewitz, Cathy; Daly, Matthew (8 March 2022). "EXPLAINER: What does a US ban on Russian oil accomplish?" . Associated Press (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Goldman, David (24 March 2022). "Gas rationing, food vouchers and hunger: Economic pain from Russia's war is getting real" . CTV News . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2024 . ^ Gavin, Gabriel (6 October 2023). "Politico" (Digital) . Retrieved 11 May 2024 . ^ Hopkins, Valerie (28 February 2022). "Initial talks between Russia and Ukraine yield no resolution" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] Reevell, Patrick; Hutchinson, Bill (2 March 2022). "2nd round of talks between Russia and Ukraine end with no cease-fire" . ABC News . Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . "Ukraine and Russia hold third round of talks" . Deutsche Welle . Reuters , Agence France-Presse , Deutsche Presse-Agentur . 7 March 2022. Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . Roshchina, Olena (28 February 2022). Переговори делегацій України та Росії почалися [Negotiations between the delegations of Ukraine and Russia began]. Українська правда [ Ukrainska Pravda ] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 14 March 2022 . Retrieved 7 March 2022 . Деталі: Переговори відбуваються на Гомельщині на березі річки Прип'ять. Із міркувань безпеки точне місце організатори переговорів не називають. [Details: Negotiations are taking place in the Gomel region on the banks of the Pripyat River. For security reasons, the organisers of the talks did not name the exact location.] ^ "Putin Signals Readiness for Peace Talks if Kyiv Cedes Occupied Regions" . The Moscow Times . 5 January 2023. ^ Astier, Henri (14 June 2024). "Putin lays out his terms for ceasefire in Ukraine" . BBC News . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Vladimir Putin issues fresh demands to Ukraine to end war" . The Guardian . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . "Putin states Ukrainian Armed Forces must withdraw from 4 Ukrainian oblasts to begin peace talks" . Ukrainska Pravda . 14 June 2024 . Retrieved 14 June 2024 . ^ a b "How to end Russia's war on Ukraine" . Chatham House . 3 October 2023. ^ "Global Perspectives on Ending the Russia-Ukraine War" . Council of Councils . Council on Foreign Relations . 21 February 2024. ^ Karatnycky, Adrian (19 December 2023). "What a Russian Victory Would Mean for Ukraine" . Foreign Policy . ^ Danylyuk, Oleksandr (24 January 2024). "What Ukraine's Defeat Would Mean for the US, Europe and the World" . Royal United Services Institute . ^ Landale, James (25 February 2025). "US sides with Russia in UN resolutions on invasion of Ukraine" . BBC Home . Retrieved 9 July 2025 . ^ Brennan, David (16 December 2025). "Trump-Putin Alaska summit looms large in Kremlin's Ukraine negotiating strategy" . ABC News . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Menon, Rajan (24 November 2025). "Trump's 'peace plan' was a pro-Kremlin abomination whose failure is a glimmer of hope for Ukraine" . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Grozev, Christo; Weiss, Michael (26 November 2025). "Made in Moscow: The "U.S. peace plan" for Ukraine was substantially formulated months ago by Kremlin operative Kirill Dmitriev" . The Insider (in Russian) . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Bellinger, John B. III (28 February 2022). "How Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Violates International Law" . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 26 January 2023 . ^ "Ukraine war: UN condemns Russian invasion ahead of anniversary" . BBC News . 23 February 2023 . Retrieved 24 February 2023 . ^ Chernova, Anna; Cotovio, Vasco; Thompson, Mark (28 February 2022). "Sanctions slams Russian economy" . CNN . Archived from the original on 28 February 2022 . Retrieved 28 May 2022 . ^ "Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine: EU adopts 18th package of economic and individual measures" . Council of the EU . 18 July 2025 . Retrieved 18 July 2025 . ^ Overland, Indra; Loginova, Julia (1 August 2023). "The Russian coal industry in an uncertain world: Finally pivoting to Asia?" . Energy Research & Social Science . 102 103150. Bibcode : 2023ERSS..10203150O . doi : 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103150 . ^ Szulecki, Kacper; Overland, Indra (April 2023). "Russian nuclear energy diplomacy and its implications for energy security in the context of the war in Ukraine" . Nature Energy . 8 (4): 413– 421. Bibcode : 2023NatEn...8..413S . doi : 10.1038/s41560-023-01228-5 . hdl : 11250/3106595 . ^ "Ukraine war aid: Austin asks U.S. allies to 'dig deep' " . Reuters . 15 June 2023. ^ "EU adopts new set of measures to respond to Russia's military aggression against Ukraine" . Europa (web portal). ^ "EU imposes sanctions on state-owned outlets RT/Russia Today and Sputnik's broadcasting in the EU" . Europa (web portal). ^ Tambur, Silver (26 February 2022). "Pictures: 30,000 people protest in Tallinn against the Russian invasion of Ukraine" . Estonian world. ^ Brooks, Hannah (2 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . ^ Srivastava, Mehul (6 May 2022). "Russia pummelled by pro-Ukrainian hackers following invasion" . Financial Times . ^ Beardsworth, James (4 March 2022). "Russians Abroad: Blamed for a Regime They Sought to Escape" . The Moscow Times . Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Brooks, Hannah (3 May 2022). "Putin invaded Ukraine. But Russian immigrants are paying the price" . NBC News . Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. ^ "Even Russia's Kremlin-backed media is going off message and beginning to question Putin's war on Ukraine" . Fortune . 11 March 2022. ^ Weir, Fred (5 December 2022). "In Russia, critiquing the Ukraine war could land you in prison" . Christian Science Monitor . ^ Eligon, John (17 March 2022). "In Some Parts of the World, the War in Ukraine Seems Justified" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 March 2022 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . Holder, Josh; Leatherby, Lauren; Troianovski, Anton; Cai, Weiyi (23 February 2023). "The West Tried to Isolate Russia. It Didn't Work" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 30 July 2023 . ^ Garcia, Lucia (7 March 2023). "Russia's pockets of support are growing in the developing world" . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 7 July 2023 . ^ "European Parliament declares Russia a state sponsor of terrorism" . Reuters . 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022 . Retrieved 13 December 2024 . ^ Fiedler, Tristan (18 October 2022). "Estonian parliament declares Russia a terrorist state" . Politico . Retrieved 8 June 2023 . ^ "Iceland is the first European country to close its embassy in Moscow" . Agenzia Nova . 1 August 2023 . Retrieved 3 August 2023 . ^ Harding, Luke; Koshiw, Isobel (30 September 2022). "Ukraine applies for Nato membership after Russia annexes territory" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. ^ Emmott, Robin; Straus, Marine (18 May 2022). "Finland, Sweden apply to join NATO amid Turkish objections" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Finland and Sweden formally applied to join the NATO alliance on Wednesday, a decision spurred by Russia's invasion of Ukraine ^ Kirby, Paul; Beale, Jonathan (4 April 2023). "Nato's border with Russia doubles as Finland joins" . BBC News . BBC News . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. ^ Erlanger, Steven (7 March 2024). "Sweden Officially Enters NATO Alliance, a Strategic Blow to Moscow" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2024 . ^ Pulver, Andrew; Shoard, Catherine (11 March 2024). "Ukraine war film 20 Days in Mariupol wins Oscar for best documentary" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 March 2024 . Bibliography D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books . Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution . Los Angeles: SAGE . ISBN 9781529613209 . OCLC 1370602224 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Discussions from Meta-Wiki The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine" . CSIS . Retrieved 18 June 2025 . v t e Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian war Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Overview General Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Outline Timeline Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Prelude Feb–Apr 2022 Apr–Aug 2022 Aug–Nov 2022 Nov 2022 – Jun 2023 Jun–Aug 2023 Sep–Nov 2023 Dec 2023 – Mar 2024 Apr–Jul 2024 Aug–Dec 2024 Jan–May 2025 Jun-Aug 2025 Sep 2025 – present Aerial warfare Defense lines Foreign fighters Information war Naval warfare Legality Map Order of battle Peace negotiations Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Ukraine's Peace Formula China peace proposal June 2024 peace summit Multinational Force Proposed no-fly zone Red lines Reparations Territorial control Prelude Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Reactions Disinformation Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction 2021 Russia–United States summit 2021 Black Sea incident Belarus–European Union border crisis " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Crimea Platform Zapad 2021 December 2021 ultimatum 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks Zametil 2022 Union Resolve 2022 Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR " Address concerning the events in Ukraine " " On conducting a special military operation " Background 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine Annexation of Crimea reactions reactions War in Donbas 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR 2022 timeline Minsk agreements humanitarian situation international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Novorossiya Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foreign relations Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Russia–Ukraine Belarus–Ukraine Belarus–Russia Russia–United States Ukraine–United States Russia–NATO Ukraine–NATO enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy enlargement of NATO eastward expansion controversy open door policy Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Military engagements Southern Ukraine Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Snake Island campaign Siege of Mariupol Battle of Kherson Capture of Melitopol Battle of Mykolaiv Battle of Enerhodar Battle of Voznesensk Kherson counteroffensive Liberation of Kherson Liberation of Kherson Dnieper campaign Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Huliaipole offensive Eastern Ukraine Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Battle of Volnovakha Battle of Kharkiv Battle of Izium Battle of Rubizhne Battle of Popasna Battle of Marinka Battle of Donbas Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of the Siverskyi Donets Battle of Sievierodonetsk Battle of Lysychansk Battle of Pisky Battle of Bakhmut Battle of Soledar Battle of Vuhledar Kharkiv counteroffensive Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022) Luhansk Oblast campaign Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Kupiansk Northeast Donetsk Oblast Battle of Avdiivka Battle of Chasiv Yar Battle of Krasnohorivka Battle of Ocheretyne Battle of Toretsk Pokrovsk offensive Battle of Kurakhove Novopavlivka offensive Dobropillia offensive Northern Ukraine Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive Capture of Chernobyl Russian Kyiv convoy Battle of Kyiv Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Antonov Airport Battle of Hostomel Battle of Bucha Battle of Irpin Battle of Makariv Battle of Moshchun Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam Battle of Brovary Battle of Slavutych Battle of Sumy Siege of Chernihiv Northeastern border skirmishes 2025 Sumy offensive 2025 Sumy offensive Russia Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation Toropets depot explosions Bryansk Oblast raid Kremlin drone attack Moscow drone strikes 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling February 2024 Belgorod missile strike May 2024 Belgorod missile strike March 2024 western Russia incursion Kursk campaign occupation occupation Toropets depot explosions Airstrikes by city Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Chernihiv strikes Dnipro strikes Huliaipole strikes Ivano-Frankivsk strikes Kharkiv strikes Kherson strikes Khmelnytskyi strikes Kryvyi Rih strikes Kyiv strikes Lviv strikes Mykolaiv strikes Odesa strikes Rivne strikes Vinnytsia strikes Zaporizhzhia strikes Zhytomyr strikes Airstrikes on military targets Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Chuhuiv air base attack Millerovo air base attack Chornobaivka attacks 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack Yavoriv military base attack 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack Berdiansk port attack Sinking of the Moskva Desna barracks airstrike Attack on Nova Kakhovka Crimea attacks Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Saky air base attack Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks Makiivka military quarters shelling Machulishchy air base attack Zarichne barracks airstrike Operation Spiderweb Resistance Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian-occupied Ukraine Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Popular Resistance of Ukraine Berdiansk Partisan Army Yellow Ribbon Atesh Belarusian and Russian partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky Civic Council Irpin Declaration Killing of Darya Dugina National Republican Army National Republican Army Military commissariats arsons Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting Black Bridge Rail war in Russia Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Stop the Wagons Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists Rail war in Belarus Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Busly liaciać BYPOL Community of Railway Workers Cyber Partisans Russian occupations Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine Ongoing Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Annexation referendums Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol Donetsk Oblast Kharkiv Oblast Kherson Oblast Luhansk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry) Previous Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Chernihiv Oblast Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast (2022) Zhytomyr Oblast Potentially related Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Black Sea drone incident Bridge collapses in Russia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike Mystery fires in Russia Transnistria attacks Zagreb Tu-141 crash Other Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion Crimean Bridge explosions 2022 2023 2025 2022 2023 2025 Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War Dragon drone Violations of non-combatant airspaces 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry 2022 missile explosion in Poland 2025 drone incursion into Poland Operation Eastern Sentry Operation Synytsia Ukraine and electronic warfare Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Wagner Group rebellion War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik War crimes General Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Accusations of genocide in Donbas Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians child abductions child abductions Attacks on hospitals Cluster munitions Incendiary weapons Landmines Russian filtration camps Russian mobile crematoriums Russian theft of Ukrainian grain Russian torture chambers Looting Sexual violence Mistreatment of prisoners of war Attacks on civilians February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Kharkiv government building airstrike 3 March Chernihiv bombing Irpin refugee column shelling Mariupol hospital airstrike Stara Krasnianka care house attack Mykolaiv cluster bombing March 2022 Donetsk attack 2022 Borodianka airstrikes Chernihiv breadline attack Mariupol theatre airstrike Kyiv shopping centre bombing Sumykhimprom ammonia leak March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Mykolaiv government building missile strike Bucha massacre Kramatorsk railway station attack April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing Bilohorivka school bombing Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz Maisky Market attack Kremenchuk shopping mall attack Serhiivka missile strike Chasiv Yar missile strike Olenivka prison massacre Kharkiv dormitories missile strike Chaplyne railway station attack Izium mass graves September 2022 Donetsk attack Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike Sloviansk airstrike Uman missile strike Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike Lyman cluster bombing 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike Chernihiv missile strike Kostiantynivka missile strike Hroza missile attack Volnovakha massacre December 2023 strikes 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike 2024 Donetsk attack Lysychansk missile strike 6 March 2024 Odesa strike March 2024 strikes Human safari (terror campaign) May 2024 Kharkiv strikes 8 July 2024 strikes 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack 26 August 2024 strikes September 2024 Poltava strike November 2024 strikes February 2025 Poltava strike 2025 Sumy airstrike 2025 Yarova attack 2025 Ternopil attack 2025 Khorly strike Crimes against soldiers Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin Makiivka surrender incident Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading Legal cases ICC investigation Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik ICC investigation Arrest warrants Arrest warrants ICJ court case Task Force on Accountability Universal jurisdiction Crime of aggression tribunal Criminal proceedings Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Vadim Shishimarin Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov Anton Cherednik Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Reactions States and official entities General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill General Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Sanctions people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast people and organizations restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast Military aid European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine People's Bayraktar Signmyrocket.com Humanitarian aid Sanctioned yachts Relations with Russia Ukraine Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Application to NATO Be Brave Like Ukraine Brave1 Bring Kids Back UA Ban on Russia-associated religious groups Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War Decolonization and derussification law Delta Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine) Grain From Ukraine Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief Hero City I Want to Live International Legion and other foreign units Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion Belarusian Volunteer Corps Terror Battalion Terror Battalion Black Maple Company Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade Freedom of Russia Legion German Volunteer Corps Karelian National Battalion Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment Norman Brigade Pahonia Regiment Polish Volunteer Corps Romanian Battlegroup Getica Russian Volunteer Corps Separate Special Purpose Battalion Sibir Battalion Turan Battalion International Sponsors of War Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ ru ; uk ] Look for Your Own Lukoil sanctions Martial law Mobilization Media Center Ukraine National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [ uk ] National Multi-Subject Test [ uk ] North Korea–Ukraine relations Points of Invincibility Recognition of Ichkeria Rescuer City Save Ukrainian Culture [ uk ] Syria–Ukraine relations Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra United24 United News Russia highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " highways in the annexed territories A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" A290 A291 "Tavrida" R260 R280 "Novorossiya" 2022 Moscow rally 2023 Moscow rally 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly Blockade of Ukraine [ ru ] Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion Censorship in Russia [ ru ] Chechnya Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ ru ] Conversations about Important Things Krasovsky case Legalization of parallel imports [ ru ] Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council Martial law Masha Moskalyova case Metropolis of Crimea Mikhail Simonov case Mobilization Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Recruitment of irregular forces [ ru ] Operation Doppelgänger Opinion polling [ ru ] Orthodox Christmas truce proposal Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war Salvation Committee for Peace and Order Special Coordinating Council Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory Unfriendly countries list War censorship laws We Are Together. Sports " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " United States 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw 2022 State of the Union Address Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 Disinformation Governance Board Executive Order 14071 Pentagon document leaks Task Force KleptoCapture Ukraine Defense Contact Group Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative Other countries and regions Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Belarus Canada Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel China Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Closer ties with Russia Chinese peace plan Coalition of the willing Croatia Denmark Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum France Mission Aigle Mission Aigle Georgia Germany German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech German Taurus controversy Taurus leak Taurus leak Zeitenwende speech Hong Kong Hungary India Operation Ganga Operation Ganga Iran Closer ties with Russia Closer ties with Russia Israel Operation Israel Guarantees Operation Israel Guarantees Lithuania Moldova New Zealand Russia Sanctions Act Russia Sanctions Act North Korea Poland border crisis with Ukraine border crisis with Ukraine Syria [ ru ] Taiwan United Kingdom Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine Economic Crime Act Homes for Ukraine Operation Interflex 2025 London Summit on Ukraine United Nations Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce Emergency special session Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Resolution ES-11/1 Resolution ES-11/2 Resolution ES-11/3 Resolution ES-11/4 Resolution ES-11/5 Resolution ES-11/6 Resolution ES-11/7 Security Council Resolution 2623 Resolution A/RES/77/229 Easter truce International organizations Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Accession of Moldova to the EU Accession of Ukraine to the EU Brussels summit European Political Community 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit 1st summit 2nd summit 3rd summit Madrid summit NATO virtual summit Operation Oscar Ramstein Air Base meeting EU–Ukraine Summit REPowerEU Steadfast Defender 2024 SWIFT ban against Russian banks Ukraine Recovery Conference Versailles declaration 2023 Vilnius summit 15th BRICS summit 2024 Washington summit Declaration JATEC Declaration JATEC Weimar+ Other Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Consecration of Russia F-16 training coalition Finland–NATO relations Finland–Russia border barrier Iron diplomacy Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia Removal of monuments and memorials Streets renamed Ukraine Square, Oslo Ukraine Square, Oslo Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion Sweden–NATO relations Swedish anti-terrorism bill Swedish anti-terrorism bill Public Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Protests In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! In Ukraine in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front in Russian-occupied Ukraine demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin ArmWomenNow Ukrainian Artistic Front In Russia Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag Angry patriots Club of Angry Patriots Club of Angry Patriots Anti-War Committee Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople Congress of People's Deputies Council of Mothers and Wives Feminist Anti-War Resistance Flower protests Marina Ovsyannikova Russian Action Committee North Caucasian protests 2022 Russian Far East protests State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason White-blue-white flag In Belarus In China Great Translation Movement Great Translation Movement In Czech Republic Czech Republic First! Czech Republic First! Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Address of the Russian Union of Rectors Boycott of Russia and Belarus " Do not buy Russian goods! " " Do not buy Russian goods! " E.N.O.T. Corp. Igor Mangushev Igor Mangushev McDonald's in Russia Vkusno i tochka Vkusno i tochka NashStore [ ru ] People's Satellite Starlink satellites Stop Bloody Energy Wagner Group Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev Death of Nemes Tarimo Yale CELI List of Companies Technology Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Anonymous and the invasion alerts.in.ua DDoS attacks on Romania DeepStateMap.Live Denys Davydov IT Army of Ukraine Killnet Liveuamap Open-source intelligence peacenotwar Russian Asset Tracker Squad303 [ pl ] Ukraine Siren Alerts Wikipedia threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein threat to block in Russia detention of Mark Bernstein Spies Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War Other Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families Black Sea Grain Initiative Collaboration with Russia We Are Together with Russia We Are Together with Russia Concert for Ukraine Free Buryatia Foundation Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum Game4Ukraine Get Lost Global Tour for Peace Go by the Forest Guide to the Free World Mozart Group Olena Zelenska Foundation Open letter from Nobel laureates Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion Rubikus.HelpUA Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation Russia's War Crimes House Save Ukraine Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation Spain letter bomb attacks Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions Pavel Filatyev True Russia Volos Declaration Vyvozhuk Wimbledon ban Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Impact Effects Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Aircraft losses Casualties journalists killed Russian generals killed journalists killed Russian generals killed Economic impact Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Inflation surge 2022 Moldovan energy crisis 2022–2023 protests 2022–2023 protests 2025 Moldovan energy crisis Russia–EU gas dispute 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage 2022 Nord Stream pipelines sabotage Russian debt default 2022 Russian oil price cap 2022-2024 German economic crisis 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap EU natural gas price cap Education End of the Whisky War Environmental impact European re-armament Eurovision Song Contest 2022 Russia Ukraine Russia Ukraine Eurovision Song Contest 2023 Food crises Impact on theatre [ uk ] List of notable deaths Lukoil oil transit dispute Nuclear power plants Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis Nuclear risk Religion Russian emigration The Ark The Ark Ship losses Ukrainian cultural heritage art theft and looting damaged cultural sites art theft and looting damaged cultural sites Trauma Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion Ukrainian energy crisis Violations of non-combatant airspaces Women Human rights Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Humanitarian impact Ukrainian refugee crisis 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack Sobieskiego 100 UN Commission of Inquiry UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission Terms, phrases " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " " And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from " " Anglo-Saxons " " Bavovna " " Busification " " Grandpa in his bunker " " Good evening, we are from Ukraine " " Orc " " Putin khuylo! " " Khuy Voyne! " " Russia is here forever [ uk ] " " Russian warship, go fuck yourself " " Slava Ukraini! " " Special military operation " " To bomb Voronezh " " Strength is in truth " " Westsplaining " " Where have you been for eight years? " " Without you " Popular culture Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Songs " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " " 12 " " Bakhmut Fortress " " Bayraktar " " Bilia topoli " " City of Mary " " Flowers of Minefields " " Generation Cancellation " " Generation Z " " I'm Russian " " Oyda " " Hey, Hey, Rise Up! " " Mama ŠČ! " " Oi u luzi chervona kalyna " " Slava Ukraini! " " Stefania " " Ukraine " " Crushed " Films 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] 20 Days in Mariupol A Rising Fury Follow Me Intercepted Russians at War Turn in the Wound Ukraine on Fire 2 [ uk ] Other Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Babylon'13 Back to the Cold War Borodianka cat [ uk ] Ghost of Kyiv Kherson watermelon Královec Region Madonna of Kyiv North Atlantic Fella Organization Newspeak in Russia Patron " Putler " " Putinversteher " Raccoon of Kherson Saint Javelin Saint Mariuburg [ ru ; uk ] Vasylkiv maiolica rooster Vladimir Putin's meeting table Walk of the Brave "Z" military symbol Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Key people Ukrainians Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Volodymyr Zelenskyy speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe speeches during the invasion visit to the United States visit to the United Kingdom visits to Europe Anatolii Kryvonozhko Anatoliy Barhylevych Andrii Hnatov Andriy Biletsky Andriy Yermak Denys Shmyhal Denys Kireyev X Denys Monastyrsky † Denys Prokopenko Ihor Klymenko Iryna Venediktova Kyrylo Budanov Mykhailo Drapatyi Mykola Oleschuk Oleksandr Pavlyuk Oleksandr Syrskyi Oleksii Reznikov Oleksiy Danilov Oleksiy Neizhpapa Ruslan Khomchak Rustem Umerov Sergiy Kyslytsya Serhiy Shaptala Serhii Sternenko Valerii Zaluzhnyi Vasyl Malyuk Vitali Klitschko Yevhen Moisiuk Yulia Svyrydenko Russians Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Vladimir Putin Aleksandr Dvornikov Aleksandr Lapin Aleksey Dyumin Aleksey Nagin † Alexander Bortnikov Andrei Kolesnikov Andrei Sychevoi Andrey Belousov Andrey Vorobyov Dmitry Medvedev Gennady Zhidko # Igor Kastyukevich Ivan Popov Mikhail Mishustin Maria Lvova-Belova Nikolai Patrushev Oleg Salyukov Oleg Tsokov † Ramzan Kadyrov Roman Berdnikov Rustam Muradov Sergey Kobylash Sergey Lavrov Sergey Naryshkin Sergei Shoigu Sergey Surovikin Timur Ivanov Valery Gerasimov Viktor Sokolov Viktor Zolotov Vitaly Gerasimov Vyacheslav Gladkov Vyacheslav Volodin Yevgeny Prigozhin X Other Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Alexander Lukashenko Denis Pushilin Leonid Pasechnik Sergey Aksyonov Vitaly Ganchev Vladimir Saldo Yevgeny Balitsky Yuriy Barbashov Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Related Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Summits and visits 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit 2023 North Korea–Russia summit 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine 2025 Putin–Trump call 2025 Alaska Summit August 2025 White House Multilateral Meeting on Ukraine 2025 Budapest Summit Anti-drone mesh Anti-Russian sentiment Anti-Ukrainian sentiment Antonov An-225 Mriya Axis of Upheaval Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243 Azovstal Iron and Steel Works Brovary helicopter crash Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death Decolonization in Ukraine Decommunization in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion Institute for the Study of War Irkutsk Su-30 crash Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash Kyivstar cyberattack Lady R incident Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations Nord Stream 2 Operational Group of Russian Forces Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria Punisher Russian nuclear weapons Sarmat Sarmat Rico Krieger Ryazan Il-76 crash Siberian wildfires Sinhury mid-air collision [ uk ; zh ] Soloti military training ground shooting Soviet imagery Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support Turtle tank U-24 association Ukrainian-African Renaissance Ukrainian conscription crisis Western long-range weapons in Russia Ural Airlines Flight 1383 " The Vladimir Putin Interview " Voronezh An-26 crash Wagner Group plane crash Yeysk Su-34 crash Yaroslav Hunka scandal Time of Heroes Category Category v t e Russo-Ukrainian war v t e Background Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Dissolution of the Soviet Union Black Sea Fleet dispute Budapest Memorandum 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity Putinism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Foundations of Geopolitics Ruscism Russian irredentism Russian imperialism Main events 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea timeline timeline 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine timeline timeline 2014 Odesa clashes War in Donbas timeline timeline List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine Wagnergate Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine reactions reactions Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam timeline 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2022 Russian annexation referendums destruction of the Kakhovka Dam Impact and reactions General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion General Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships Arctic geopolitics Atrocity crimes allegations of genocide child abductions allegations of genocide child abductions Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war flag officers journalists killed flag officers journalists killed Countries China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States China Croatia Iran Moldova North Korea United States Diplomatic expulsions Economic impact Foreign aid to Ukraine humanitarian military list humanitarian military list list International reactions to the war in Donbas Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian war LGBTQ people Political status of Crimea Reparations from Russia Russian spies Sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions countries companies sanctioned Slovak opposition to sanctions Soviet imagery Vehicular losses aircraft Ukrainian ships aircraft Ukrainian Ukrainian ships Incidents Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Act of 2014 ATO Black Sea incident Coalition of the willing Conscription crisis Crimean status referendum Demolition of Lenin monuments Desertion crisis Embargo of Russian oil Energy crisis Eurointegration of Ukraine European Union gas dispute Global supply chain crisis ICC arrest warrants ICJ case Lend-Lease Lukoil oil transit dispute Moscow–Constantinople schism ORDLO OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Russian protests Slovak gas dispute Wagner Group rebellion Cyberwarfare 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia 2015 Ukraine power grid hack 2016 Kyiv cyberattack 2016 Surkov leaks 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks IT Army of Ukraine 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia Media Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Propaganda Disinformation Little green men Social media Media portrayal Films Films Propaganda Related Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Bridges Electronic warfare Northern Kharkiv front order of battle order of battle Russia–Ukraine relations Russian language in Ukraine Territorial control Donetsk Oblast Donetsk Oblast Use of incendiary weapons Category Category v t e Russia–Ukraine relations v t e Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Embassy of Russia, Kyiv Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia Diplomacy Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Belovezh Accords Massandra Accords Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait 5+2 format Kharkiv Pact 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan Russo-Ukrainian War Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Outline Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation Political status of Crimea Occupied territories of Ukraine Russian-occupied territories Russian-occupied territories War in Donbas Putin. War Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Normandy Format Minsk agreements Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019) Zapad 2017 exercise 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation prelude reactions annexation referendums peace negotiations disinformation Russian sanctions against Ukraine Russian book ban in Ukraine Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods Russian information war against Ukraine Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022) Black Sea Grain Initiative " What Russia Should Do with Ukraine " Decommunization in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine Derussification in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine Incidents Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 2003 Tuzla Island conflict Orange Revolution Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods! 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute Related Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Russia–Ukraine border Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System ITUR Orthodox Church of Ukraine Russian language in Ukraine On the Independence of Ukraine " On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians " Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations Wars between Russia and Ukraine Category:Russia–Ukraine relations Related articles v t e Irredentism Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category v t e Irredentism v t e Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Mauritania Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Eastern China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia China unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet unification with Taiwan annexation of Tibet Japan Korea Mongolia Central Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Afghanistan ( Pashtunistan ) Southern Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Balochistan India Nepal Pakistan East Pakistan Kashmir East Pakistan Kashmir Tamil Nadu Southeastern Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Cambodia Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Thailand Timor Vietnam Western Armenia Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Armenia Miatsum Miatsum Assyria Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Western Azerbaijan Cyprus Kurdistan Iran Iraq Israel Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Gathering of Israel Golan Heights Syria Turkey Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Aegean dispute Cyprus Pan-Turkism Yemen Europe Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Eastern Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Belarus Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Moldova Poland Kresy Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Kresy Kresy myth Kresy myth Intermarium Piast Concept Romania unification with Moldova unification with Moldova Russia annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine annexation and occupation of Crimea proposed annexation of South Ossetia invasion and occupation of Ukraine Ukraine Northern Finland Karelia Finland Karelia Karelia Southern Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Albania unification with Kosovo unification with Kosovo Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Greece Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Aegean dispute Cyprus Enosis Megali Idea Italy Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino Corfu Corsica Dalmatia Istria Italian Grisons Malta Nice Savoy Ticino North Macedonia Portugal Serbia Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Kosovo Myth partition of Kosovo Spain Gibraltar Gibraltar Slovenia Yugoslavia Western Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Celtics France Wallonia Wallonia Germany Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Austria annexation of Austria annexation of Austria Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Greater Germanic Reich Lebensraum Ireland Netherlands Switzerland North America Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Canada Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Mexico Saint Martin United States 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic 51st state Canada Golden Circle Greenland Mexico Cuba Dominican Republic Oceania Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa Australia Papua New Guinea Samoa South America Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Argentina Chile Colombia Venezuela Related concepts: Border changes since 1914 · Partitionism · Reunification · Revanchism · Revisionism · Rump state v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Europe v t e Eastern Europe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) First War 2016 conflict Second War First War 2016 conflict Second War Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) Transnistria conflict (1990–present) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Transnistria War (1990–1992) Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) South Ossetia War (1991–92) War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) East Prigorodny conflict (1992) Russian constitutional crisis (1993) First Chechen War (1994–1996) War in Abkhazia (1998) Second Chechen War (1999–2009) Tuzla Island conflict (2003) Russo-Georgian War (2008) Maidan Uprising (2013) Revolution of Dignity (2014) Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) War in Donbas 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Wagner Group rebellion (2023) Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) Southern Europe Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Slovenian War of Independence (1991) Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) Bosnian War (1992–1995) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) Albanian Civil War (1997) Kosovo War (1998–1999) Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) Related topics European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror European re-armament in the 2020s List of Post-Soviet conflicts List of ongoing armed conflicts List of proxy wars List of frozen conflicts War on terror v t e Ongoing armed conflicts v t e Africa Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Central Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency Allied Democratic Forces insurgency Anglophone Crisis Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Cabinda War Central African Republic Civil War Insurgency in Chad Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Ituri conflict Western DR Congo clashes Kivu conflict M23 campaign M23 campaign Lord's Resistance Army insurgency East ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta ADF insurgency Ethiopian civil conflict Oromo conflict OLA insurgency War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency OLA insurgency War in Amhara Ethnic violence in South Sudan Insurgency in Mozambique Somali Civil War Operation Atalanta Operation Atalanta North Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger War in the Sahel Islamist insurgency in Burkina Faso Jihadist insurgency in Niger Libyan crisis Sudanese civil war Sudanese nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence in South Sudan Ethnic violence in South Sudan Western Sahara conflict Western Saharan clashes Western Saharan clashes West Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Communal conflicts in Nigeria Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Boko Haram insurgency Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria Nigerian bandit conflict Religious violence in Nigeria Conflict in the Niger Delta Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria Bakassi conflict Bakassi conflict Mali War Western Togoland Rebellion Americas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas North Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict Jamaican political conflict Mexican drug war Salvadoran gang crackdown Honduran gang crackdown Haitian conflict South Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Colombian conflict Ecuadorian security crisis Insurgency in Paraguay Internal conflict in Peru Mapuche conflict Armed conflict for control of the favelas Asia East Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict East Korean conflict Korean conflict Central Xinjiang conflict Xinjiang conflict South Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Afghan conflict Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Islamic State–Taliban conflict Republican insurgency Internal conflict in Bangladesh Insurgency in Northeast India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir Naxalite–Maoist insurgency Insurgency in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan Insurgency in Balochistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts Insurgency in Sindh Sectarian violence in Pakistan South- east Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency Myanmar conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Myanmar civil war Rakhine conflict Kachin conflict Kalay clashes Karen conflict Karen–Mon conflict Rohingya conflict Conflicts in the Philippines Communist Drug war Communist Drug war Thai-Cambodian conflict Southern Thailand insurgency West Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Iraq conflict Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Islamic State insurgency in Iraq Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Yemeni crisis Saudi–led intervention Saudi–led intervention Yemeni civil war Iran–Israel proxy conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Gaza–Israel conflict Gaza War Gaza War Hezbollah–Israel conflict Insurgencies in Iran Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran–PJAK conflict Iran–PJAK conflict Western Iran clashes Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgencies in Turkey Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Maoist insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey Kurdish–Turkish conflict Syrian civil war Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Turkish intervention Rojava conflict Europe East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict East Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present Abkhazia conflict Georgian–Ossetian conflict Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–present 2022–present West Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Dissident Irish republican campaign Loyalist feud Corsican conflict Oceania Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Melanesia Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea Papua conflict Ethnic violence in Papua New Guinea v t e War in Donbas (2014–2022) v t e Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War Followed by the Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) General topics Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Aircraft losses Humanitarian situation International reactions Sanctions Sanctioned people Sanctioned people OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine Civil volunteer movement Little green men Joint Forces Operation Civil–military administrations Timeline 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Battles Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Donetsk Artemivsk Sloviansk Kramatorsk 1st Mariupol Sievierodonetsk Karlivka 1st Donetsk Airport Luhansk border base Krasnyi Lyman Shakhtarsk Raion 95th Brigade raid Horlivka Yasynuvata Ilovaisk Novoazovsk 2nd Mariupol 2nd Donetsk Airport Debaltseve Shyrokyne Marinka Svitlodarsk Avdiivka Airstrikes Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Military Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown 2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine Zelenopillia strike Civilian Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Shelling of Donetsk, Rostov Oblast MH17 shoot-down reactions reactions Novosvitlivka convoy strike Volnovakha bus attack Mariupol rocket attack Kramatorsk rocket attack Kharkiv bombing Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing Reactions Ukrainian No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Ukrainian No to capitulation! No to capitulation! (Pro-) Russian Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections Pro-Russian unrest Donbas referendums 2014 Donbas elections 2018 Donbas elections International UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement UNSC Resolution 2166 NATO summit in Wales Minsk Protocol 2014 G20 Brisbane summit Minsk II agreement Self-proclaimed states Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic Donetsk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Luhansk People's Republic (April 2014 – September 2022) Novorossiya (May 2014 – May 2015) International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic (Pro-) Russian Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Organizations Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Russian Armed Forces Wagner Group Separatist forces List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers List of equipment Army of the South-East DPR Republican Guard Russian Orthodox Army Vostok Battalion Kalmius Brigade Odessa Brigade Sparta Battalion Somalia Battalion Prizrak Brigade Pyatnashka Brigade Tsar's Wolves Interbrigades Rusich Group Redut Union of Donbass Volunteers Union of Donbass Volunteers Political parties and movements Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Donetsk Republic New Russia Party Communist Party of DPR Peace to Luhanshchina Borotba Antifascist Committee of Ukraine Ukrainian Choice The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Eurasian Youth Union Night Wolves Don Cossacks Internet Research Agency Russian Imperial Movement Lead figures Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Russian Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Vladimir Putin Dmitry Medvedev Vladislav Surkov Sergei Shoigu Crimean Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Sergey Aksyonov Vladimir Konstantinov Natalia Poklonskaya Donetsk Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Vladimir Antyufeyev Eduard Basurin Fyodor Berezin Igor Bezler Alexander Borodai Mikhail Chumachenko Igor Girkin Pavel Gubarev Ekaterina Gubareva Igor Khakimzyanov Alexander Khodakovsky Vladimir Kononov Arsen Pavlov † Vyacheslav Ponomarev Andrei Purgin Denis Pushilin Mikhail Tolstykh † Alexander Zakharchenko † Sergei Zhurikov Luhansk Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Alexander Bednov † Valery Bolotov † Aleksey Karyakin Aleksandr Kharitonov Arsen Klinchaev Sergey Kozlov Aleksey Mozgovoy † Leonid Pasechnik Igor Plotnitsky Gennadiy Tsypkalov † Kharkiv Yevhen Zhylin † Yevhen Zhylin † Others Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Aleksandr Dugin Nelya Shtepa Oleg Tsaryov Ukrainian Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Organizations Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Government of Ukraine 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman 1st Yatsenyuk 2nd Yatsenyuk Groysman Ministry of Internal Affairs National Guard Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 National Guard Azov Donbas Azov Donbas Patrol Police Dnipro-1 Dnipro-1 Armed Forces of Ukraine Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Ukrainian Ground Forces Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Territorial defense battalions Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Aidar Dnipro-2 Kryvbas Rukh Oporu Ukrainian Air Force Ukrainian Air Assault Forces Security Service of Ukraine Alpha Group Alpha Group Euromaidan Press State Border Guard Service of Ukraine Volunteer battalions Right Sector Right Sector Lead figures Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi Petro Poroshenko Oleksandr Turchynov Arseniy Yatsenyuk Volodymyr Groysman Andriy Parubiy Arsen Avakov Vitali Klitschko Oleh Tyahnybok Yuriy Lutsenko Valentyn Nalyvaichenko Valeriy Heletey Stepan Poltorak Mykhailo Koval Mykhailo Kutsyn Oleh Makhnitskyi Viktor Muzhenko Vitaly Yarema Oleh Liashko Dmytro Yarosh Rinat Akhmetov Ihor Kolomoyskyi Serhiy Taruta Ihor Baluta Semen Semenchenko Hennadiy Moskal Nadiya Savchenko George Tuka Pavlo Zhebrivskyi v t e Vladimir Putin v t e 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) 2nd and 4th President of Russia (2000–2008; 2012–present) 33rd Prime Minister of Russia (1999–2000; 2008–2012) Presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Inaugurations first second third fourth fifth first second third fourth fifth Legislation and programs National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan National champions priority projects stabilization fund Putin's Plan Foreign policy International trips United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 United States summits Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 Slovenia 2001 Slovakia 2005 Helsinki 2018 Geneva 2021 Alaska 2025 Budapest 2025 North Korea summits 2019 2023 2024 2019 2023 2024 NTV affair Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty European energy sector Russia–Ukraine gas disputes Russia–Ukraine gas disputes 2014–2016 financial crisis Syrian civil war military intervention military intervention Russo-Ukrainian War 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2014 annexation of Crimea Crimean consensus War in Donbas Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine December 2021 ultimatum Donetsk and Luhansk 2022 Ukraine 2022 2022 invasion 2022 mobilization 2022 annexations in Ukraine 2023 Xi Jinping visit to Russia 2024 Vladimir Putin visit to China Arrest warrant Wagner Group rebellion 2024 Ankara prisoner exchange Speeches Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Munich 2007 Crimea 2014 Valdai 2014 Federal Assembly 2020 Moscow 2022 Moscow 2023 Opposition 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler 2011–2013 protests 2014 anti-war protests 2017–2018 protests 2019 Moscow election protests 2020–2021 Khabarovsk Krai protests 2021 protests 2021 election protests 2022 anti-war protests Grandpa in his bunker Putin khuylo! Putin. Corruption Putin. War Putinversteher Putler Political groups under Vladimir Putin's presidency Premiership Cabinets first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Cabinets first second first second International visits Great Recession in Russia Russo-Georgian War Medvedev–Putin tandemocracy Putin Must Go Electoral history Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign Presidential elections 2000 campaign 2004 campaign 2012 campaign 2018 campaign 2024 campaign 2000 campaign campaign 2004 campaign campaign 2012 campaign campaign 2018 campaign campaign 2024 campaign campaign Family Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Lyudmila Putina (former wife) Maria Vorontsova (daughter) Katerina Tikhonova (daughter) Pets Konni (family dog) Konni (family dog) Spiridon Putin (paternal grandfather) Igor Putin (first cousin) Roman Putin (son of first cousin) Jorrit Faassen (former son-in-law) Kirill Shamalov (former son-in-law) Svetlana Krivonogikh (alleged mother of another daughter) Alina Kabaeva (alleged mother of more Putin children) Vera Putina (alleged mother) Public image Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Direct Line with Vladimir Putin Chapel of Russia's Resurrection Nashi PutinTeam Walking Together Songs about Vladimir Putin " A man like Putin " " A man like Putin " Happy Birthday, Mr. Putin! Interviews Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Oliver Stone Tucker Carlson Putin: The New Tsar (2018 documentary) Spitting Image (2020 series) Putin's Palace (film) (2021 documentary) Related Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak Putinism Putinland Sovereign democracy Managed nationalism Russian world United Russia All-Russia People's Front KGB Career Claims of body doubles Claims of incapacity and death Meeting table Language Putin's Palace Vladimir Putin Peak ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category ← Dmitry Medvedev ← Boris Yeltsin Dmitry Medvedev → Category v t e Volodymyr Zelenskyy v t e 6th President of Ukraine (2019–present) Presidency Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Governments Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko Groysman Honcharuk Shmyhal Svyrydenko International trips 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2022 United States visit 2023 United Kingdom visit May 2023 Europe visits 2025 Trump Oval Office meeting August 2025 White House multilateral meeting 2025 Budapest Summit 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election 2019 Trump–Zelenskyy phone call 2019 Trump–Ukraine scandal conspiracy theories conspiracy theories COVID-19 pandemic Great Construction 2020–2022 Ukrainian constitutional crisis Sanctions against Ukrainian citizens Russo-Ukrainian War Normandy Format Normandy Format Association Trio Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary 2022 invasion prelude assassination attempts speeches Black Sea Grain Initiative U-24 Be Brave Like Ukraine United24 Ukraine Recovery Conference Accession of Ukraine to the European Union 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations Ukraine–United States Mineral Resources Agreement 2025 anti-corruption protests in Ukraine Operation Midas 2025 Russia–United States summit in Hungary Elections 2019 presidential election 2019 presidential election Entertainment career ( Kvartal 95 Studio ) Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Film Directed Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Directed Me. You. He. She Me. You. He. She Written Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Office Romance. Our Time 8 First Dates Me. You. He. She Gulliver Returns (story) Produced Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon 8 First Dates Love in Vegas Servant of the People 2 Me. You. He. She Television Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Three Musketeers Servant of the People Svaty Family Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Olena Zelenska (wife) Oleksandr Zelenskyy (father) Related Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Servant of the People (political party) Ausichicrinites zelenskyyi Zelensky: A President in War (2022 film) Superpower (2023 film) The Zelensky Effect (2022 book) Category Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Poland Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) Russo-Ukrainian war 2020s conflicts 2020s controversies 2020s in Europe 2020s in international relations 2020s in military history 2020s in Russia 2020s in Ukraine 21st-century military history of Russia 21st-century military history of Ukraine Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union Invasions by Russia Invasions of Ukraine Russian irredentism Opposition to NATO Wars involving North Korea Belarus–NATO relations Belarus–Russia relations Belarus–Ukraine relations North Korea–Russia relations North Korea–Ukraine relations Russia–NATO relations Ukraine–NATO relations Vladimir Putin Volodymyr Zelenskyy Alexander Lukashenko CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Swiss High German-language sources (de-ch) CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu) CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1: long volume value CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use British English from February 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from January 2026 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2025 All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2025 Portal templates with default image Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Interlanguage link template existing link Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_war_(2022%E2%80%93present)#cite_ref-Mackintosh-2022-04-08_708-1
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in User contributions for ~2026-32920-8 Atom User contributions User logs Upload file Printable version Get shortened URL Download QR code 16 January 2026 03:28 03:28, 16 January 2026 diff hist +392 Wikipedia talk:25th anniversary/Birthday wishes → happy birthday :) : new section Tags : Mobile edit Mobile web edit New topic 16 January 2026 03:28 03:28, 16 January 2026 diff hist +392 Wikipedia talk:25th anniversary/Birthday wishes → happy birthday :) : new section Tags : Mobile edit Mobile web edit New topic ~2026-32920-8 : Subpages Edit statistics Edit summary search Articles created (redirects) Global: contributions log accounts ( meta ) Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/~2026-32920-8
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." [ 363 ] Citations ^ a b Shirer 1960 , pp. 226–227. ^ a b Overy 2005 , p. 63. ^ a b Kershaw 2000b , p. xvii. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 24. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 4. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 5, 14. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 15. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 5. ^ Jetzinger 1976 , p. 32. ^ Rosenbaum 1999 , p. 21. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 50. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 246–247. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 8–9. ^ a b Oltermann 2025 . ^ House of Responsibility . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 23. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 4. ^ Toland 1976 , p. 6. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 33. ^ Keller 2010 , p. 15. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 37. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 35. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 92. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 6. ^ Fromm 1977 , pp. 493–498. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Diver 2005 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 10–11. ^ Payne 1990 , p. 22. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 9. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 8. ^ Keller 2010 , pp. 33–34. ^ Fest 1977 , p. 32. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 8. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 10. ^ Evans 2003 , pp. 163–164. ^ Bendersky 2000 , p. 26. ^ Ryschka 2008 , p. 35. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 10. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 19. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 20. ^ a b Hitler 1999 , p. 20. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 30–31. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 31. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 30–33. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 157. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 41, 42. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 26. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 243–246. ^ Nicholls 2000 , pp. 236, 237, 274. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 250. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 341–345. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 233. ^ Britannica: Nazism . ^ Pinkus 2005 , p. 27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 60–67. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 25. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 58. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 52. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 45. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 55, 63. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 174. ^ Evans 2011 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 27. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 86. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 49. ^ a b c Kershaw 1999 , p. 90. ^ Weber 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 53. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 54. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 100. ^ a b c d Shirer 1960 , p. 30. ^ Pearson & Allen 1941 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 57. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 58. ^ Steiner 1976 , p. 392. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 59. ^ Weber 2010a . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 59, 60. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 97, 102. ^ Keegan 1987 , pp. 238–240. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61, 62. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61–63. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 96. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 80, 90, 92. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 61. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 82. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 170. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 75, 76. ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 67. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 125–126. ^ Fest 1970 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 94, 95, 100. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 87. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 88. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 93. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 81. ^ Reck-Malleczewen 2013 , p. 17. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 89. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 89–92. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 100, 101. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 102. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 103. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 83, 103. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. xv. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 376. ^ Frauenfeld 1937 . ^ Goebbels 1936 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 105–106. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 377. ^ Kressel 2002 , p. 121. ^ Heck 2001 , p. 23. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 275. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 203. ^ Bracher 1970 , pp. 115–116. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 126. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 128. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 73–74. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 132. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 131. ^ Munich Court, 1924 . ^ Evans 2003 , p. 196. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 239. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 121. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 147. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 148–150. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 80–81. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 237. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 238. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 158, 161, 162. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 162, 166. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 166, 167. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 136–137. ^ Kolb 2005 , pp. 224–225. ^ Kolb 1988 , p. 105. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 403 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–446 et. seq . ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 218. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 216. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , pp. 218–219. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 222. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 449 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–436, 471. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 130. ^ Hinrichs 2007 . ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 476. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 468–471. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 201. ^ Hoffman 1989 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 227. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 477–479. ^ Letter to Hindenburg, 1932 . ^ Fox News, 2003 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 184. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 307. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 262. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 192. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 262. ^ Hett 2014 , pp. 255–259. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 194, 274. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 194. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 265. ^ City of Potsdam . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 196–197. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 198. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 335. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 196. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 199. ^ Time , 1934 . ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 201. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 202. ^ a b Evans 2003 , pp. 350–374. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 309–314. ^ Tames 2008 , pp. 4–5. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 313–315. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 229. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 309. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 110. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 392, 393. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 312. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 393–397. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 308. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 318. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 318–319. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 397–398. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 274. ^ Read 2004 , p. 344. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 109–111. ^ McNab 2009 , p. 54. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 259–260. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 258. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 262. ^ McNab 2009 , pp. 54–57. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 118–119. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 570–572. ^ Weinberg 1970 , pp. 26–27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 490–491. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. ^ Carr 1972 , p. 23. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 297. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 283. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 601–602. ^ Martin 2008 . ^ Hildebrand 1973 , p. 39. ^ Roberts 1975 . ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 630–631. ^ a b Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999 . ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 56–57. ^ Goeschel 2018 , pp. 69–70. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 642. ^ Aigner 1985 , p. 264. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 636–637. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 73–78. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 638. ^ a b Bloch 1992 , pp. 178–179. ^ Plating 2011 , p. 21. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , p. 159. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 434. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 425. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 334–335. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 338–340. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 366. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 418–419. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 149–150. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 419. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 256–260. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 469. ^ Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999 , p. 207. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 202–203. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 462–463. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 672. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 671, 682–683. ^ Rothwell 2001 , pp. 90–91. ^ Time , January 1939 . ^ a b Murray 1984 , p. 268. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 682. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 268–269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 448. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 562. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 579–581. ^ a b Maiolo 1998 , p. 178. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 688–690. ^ a b Weinberg 1980 , pp. 537–539, 557–560. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 558. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 76–77. ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 36–37, 92. ^ Weinberg 2010 , p. 792. ^ Robertson 1985 , p. 212. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 228. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1989 , p. 56. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 497. ^ Robertson 1963 , pp. 181–187. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 693. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 252–253. ^ Weinberg 1995 , pp. 85–94. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 255–257. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 561–562, 583–584. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 260. ^ Hakim 1995 . ^ a b c Rees 1997 , pp. 141–145. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 527. ^ Welch 2001 , pp. 88–89. ^ Rees 1997 , pp. 148–149. ^ Winkler 2007 , p. 74. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 696–730. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 562. ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7–9. ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 731–737. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 774–782. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 563, 569, 570. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 580. ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 58–60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 604–605. ^ Kurowski 2005 , pp. 141–142. ^ Apter 2008 . ^ Porat 2015 . ^ Mineau 2004 , p. 1. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Koch 1988 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 162–163. ^ a b Stolfi 1982 . ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 202. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 210. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 900–901. ^ a b Bauer 2000 , p. 5. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 921. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 417. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 419–420. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1006. ^ a b BBC News, 1999 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 996–1000. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1036. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 513–514. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 816–818. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1048–1072. ^ Plesch 2017 , p. 158. ^ Weinberg 1964 . ^ a b Crandell 1987 . ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 778. ^ Rees & Kershaw 2012 . ^ Speer 1971 , p. 557. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , pp. 774–775. ^ Sereny 1996 , pp. 497–498. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 753, 763, 780–781. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256. ^ Le Tissier 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Dollinger 1995 , p. 231. ^ a b Jones 1989 . ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 92. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 787. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 787, 795. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , pp. 227–228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 791. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 792, 795. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 798. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799–800. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 217–220, 224–225. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1136. ^ Vinogradov 2005 , pp. 111, 333. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 163–164. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 1110. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Marrus 2000 , p. 37. ^ Gellately 1996 . ^ a b c Snyder 2010 , p. 416. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 683. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 965. ^ Naimark 2002 , p. 81. ^ Longerich 2005 , p. 116. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 146. ^ a b Longerich, Chapter 15 2003 . ^ Longerich, Chapter 17 2003 . ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 459–462. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 670–675. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 687. ^ Evans 2008 , map, p. 366. ^ a b c Rummel 1994 , p. 112. ^ a b Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 318. ^ Hancock 2004 , pp. 383–396. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 946. ^ a b Evans 2008 , p. 15. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 162–163, 416. ^ Dorland 2009 , p. 6. ^ Rummel 1994 , table, p. 112 . ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 184. ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45. ^ Goldhagen 1996 , p. 290. ^ Downing 2005 , p. 33. ^ Gellately 2001 , p. 216. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 567–568. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 252. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 170, 172, 181. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 281. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 377. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 333. ^ a b Overy 2005a , pp. 421–425. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 169–170. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 396–397. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 171–395. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 563. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 378. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 947–948. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 393–394. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 5. ^ Rißmann 2001 , pp. 94–96. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Speer 1971 , pp. 141–142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 143. ^ a b Conway 1968 , p. 3. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 385, 389. ^ Rißmann 2001 , p. 96. ^ Weir & Greenberg 2022 , p. 694. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 141. ^ Steigmann-Gall 2003 , pp. 27, 108. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 59. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 342. ^ Sharkey 2002 . ^ Bonney 2001 , pp. 2–3. ^ Phayer 2000 . ^ Bonney 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 219, 389. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 141, 171, 174. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 729. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 508. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 717. ^ Redlich 1993 . ^ Redlich 2000 , pp. 129–190. ^ The Guardian , 2015 . ^ Langer 1972 , p. 126. ^ Waite 1993 , p. 356. ^ Gunkel 2010 . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 388. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 256. ^ Wilson 1998 . ^ McGovern 1968 , pp. 32–33. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 38. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. 176, 22 January 1942. ^ Proctor 1999 , p. 219. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 741. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 125–142. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 11–20. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 782. ^ Ghaemi 2011 , pp. 190–191. ^ Porter 2013 . ^ Doyle 2005 , p. 8. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 156. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , p. 37. ^ Zialcita 2019 . ^ Fest 1974 , p. 753. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 617. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 348–350. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 892. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 841. ^ Fischer 1995 , p. 569. ^ Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003 , p. 83. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 554. ^ Welch 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bazyler 2006 , p. 1. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 6. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. xxxv. ^ Roberts 1996 , p. 501. ^ Lichtheim 1974 , p. 366. ^ Haffner 1979 , pp. 100–101. ^ Haffner 1979 , p. 100. ^ The Daily Telegraph , 2003 . Bibliography Printed .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?" . In Koch, H. W. (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 75– 82. doi : 10.1177/1478271520053501020 . PMID 15825245 . Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5 . Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop . New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3 . Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (PDF) . Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship . Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books. LCCN 63005065 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles . ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7 . Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3 . Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4 . Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 (3): 487– 501. JSTOR 27550441 . Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1 . Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2 . Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II . New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7 . Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France . Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-784-2 . Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps . World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8 . Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4 . Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History . London: Constable and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8 . Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0 . Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler ; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History . 29 (2): 270– 274. doi : 10.1017/S0008938900013170 . ISSN 0008-9389 . Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . Ghaemi, Nassir (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness . New York: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51759-8 . Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17883-8 . Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 . Haffner, Sebastian (1979). The Meaning of Hitler . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-55775-8 . Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz . A History of US . Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2 . Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5 . Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man . Trans. Thomas Thornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8 . Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of the Holocaust . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1 . Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore A Swastika . Phoenix, AZ: Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6 . Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs . New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7 . Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich . London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3 . Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf . Trans. Ralph Manheim . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2 . Hitler, Adolf (2000) [1941–1944]. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944 . London: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-05-6 . Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth . Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3 . Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1 . Keller, Gustav (2010). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [ The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage ] (in German). Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4 . Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2025. Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris . New York: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7 . Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 . Koch, H. W. (June 1988). "Operation Barbarossa – The Current State of the Debate". The Historical Journal . 31 (2): 377– 390. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 . S2CID 159848116 . Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8 . Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3 . Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide And Terror . Boulder: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1 . Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew . St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9 . Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5 . Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century . London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet . Intro. Roger Moorhouse . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Longerich, Peter (2005). The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution . History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3328-8 . Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War . London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3 . Manvell, Roger ; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo . London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9 . Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4 . Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History . Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1 . McGovern, James (1968). Martin Bormann . New York: William Morrow. OCLC 441132 . McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich . London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8 . Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6 . Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm (ed.). Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7 . Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1633-0 . Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1 . Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001) [2000]. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3 . Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Overy, Richard ; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" . In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II . London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler" . In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8 . Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . Overy, Richard (2005). "Hitler As War Leader". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3 . Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7 . Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (16 October 1941). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round: Ribbentrop Kept From Hitler Warning That U.S. Would Fight". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 15. Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler . McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4 . Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II . Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1 . Plesch, Daniel (2017). Human Rights After Hitler: The Lost History of Prosecuting Axis War Crimes . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62616-431-4 . Proctor, Robert (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-07051-3 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6416-5 . Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich (2013) [1947]. Diary of a Man in Despair . Translated by Rubens, Paul. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-586-6 . Redlich, Fritz R. (2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9 . Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning from History . New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6 . Rißmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators (in German). Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 . Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe . Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3 . Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6 . Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 . London: Longmans. OCLC 300011871 . Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers" . In H. W., Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3 . Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home . Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1 . Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5 . Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4 . Ryschka, Birgit (2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube . Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7 . Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth . New York; Toronto: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 . Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 . OCLC 83655937 . Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction . The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2 . Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)" (PDF) . The Journal of Modern History . 54 (1): 27– 46. doi : 10.1086/244076 . hdl : 10945/44218 . S2CID 143690841 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2020. Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship . Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6 . Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag . Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4 . Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler . New York; Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25899-1 . Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 . Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5 . Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1964). "Hitler's Image of the United States". The American Historical Review . 69 (4): 1006– 1021. doi : 10.2307/1842933 . JSTOR 1842933 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8 . Weinberg, Gerhard (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II . New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9 . Weir, Todd H.; Greenberg, Udi (2022). "Religious Cultures and Confessional Politics". In Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884577-5 . Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7 . Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3 . Wilt, Alan (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 . Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich . Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Vol. Battle Book No. 6. London: Ballantine Books . OCLC 23899 . Online Apter, Simon Maxwell (20 July 2008). " 'Hitler's Mufti,' Haj Amin al-Husseini" . SFGATE . Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "1933 – Day of Potsdam" . Landeshauptstadt Potsdam . December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Bazyler, Michael J. (25 December 2006). "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" (PDF) . Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . "Nazism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [ The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich ] (in German). 1924. Diver, Krysia (4 August 2005). "Journal reveals Hitler's dysfunctional family" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" . Fox News. Associated Press. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932" [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932]. Glasnost–Archiv (in German) . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber" . The Globe and Mail . Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" . German Propaganda Archive . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Germany: Second Revolution?" . Time . 2 July 1934. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Glantz, David (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay . Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Goebbels, Joseph (1936). The Führer as a Speaker . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health" . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung" [The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Hitler's Last Days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 Security Service . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Introduction to the Holocaust" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Jones, Bill (creator, director) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). England: BBC . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Kotanko, Florian. "House of Responsibility" . House of Responsibility – Braunau am Inn . HRB News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Leni Riefenstahl" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . "Man of the Year" . Time . 2 January 1939. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2019 . Martin, Jonathan (creator, writer) (2008). World War II in HD Colour (television documentary). US: World Media Rights. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . McMillan, Dan (October 2012). "Review of Fritz, Stephen G., Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East " . H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" . BBC News. 29 July 1999 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF) . The Churches and Nazi Persecution . Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Porat, Dina (21 October 2015). "Setting the Record Straight" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 11 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" . ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Porter, Tom (24 August 2013). "Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New Documents" . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis". Arch Intern Med . 153 (6): 693– 697. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410060005001 . PMID 8447705 . Rees, Laurence (writer, director) Kershaw, Ian (writer, consultant) (2012). The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). UK: BBC . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Staff (19 December 2015). "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . Weber, Thomas (2010a). "New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War Story" . BBC History Magazine . UK: Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" . New Statesman . UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Zialcita, Paolo (2019). "Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police Station" . NPR . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Spoken articles Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Articles with excerpts Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1999388-429
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: The Impact of Generative AI on Architectural Conceptual Design: Performance, Creative Self-Efficacy and Cognitive Load Abstract: Our study examines how generative AI (GenAI) influences performance, creative self-efficacy, and cognitive load in architectural conceptual design tasks. Thirty-six student participants from Architectural Engineering and other disciplines completed a two-phase architectural design task, first independently and then with external tools (GenAI-assisted condition and control condition using an online repository of existing architectural projects). Design outcomes were evaluated by expert raters, while self-efficacy and cognitive load were self-reported after each phase. Difference-in-differences analyses revealed no overall performance advantage of GenAI across participants; however, subgroup analyses showed that GenAI significantly improved design performance for novice designers. In contrast, general creative self-efficacy declined for students using GenAI. Cognitive load did not differ significantly between conditions, though prompt usage patterns showed that iterative idea generation and visual feedback prompts were linked to greater reductions in cognitive load. These findings suggest that GenAI effectiveness depends on users' prior expertise and interaction strategies through prompting. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10696 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10696v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10696v1
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Purpose 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Background 2.2 Establishment 2.1 Background 2.2 Establishment 3 Ratification status 4 Jurisdiction, structure and amendment 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Rome Statute العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikisource Wikidata item Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Parties and signatories of the Statute .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} State party Signatory that has not ratified State party that subsequently withdrew its membership Signatory that subsequently withdrew its signature Non-party, non-signatory Drafted 17 July 1998 Signed 17 July 1998 [ 1 ] Location Rome, Italy [ 1 ] Effective 1 July 2002 [ 2 ] Condition 60 ratifications [ 3 ] Signatories 137 [ 2 ] Parties 125 [ 2 ] Depositary UN Secretary-General [ 1 ] Languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish [ 4 ] Full text Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court at Wikisource The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). [ 5 ] It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome, Italy on 17 July 1998 [ 6 ] [ 7 ] and it entered into force on 1 July 2002. [ 2 ] As of January 2025, 125 states are party to the statute. [ 8 ] Among other things, it establishes court function, jurisdiction and structure . The Rome Statute established four core international crimes: genocide , crimes against humanity , war crimes , and the crime of aggression . Those crimes "shall not be subject to any statute of limitations ." [ 9 ] Under the Rome Statute, the ICC can only investigate and prosecute the four core international crimes in situations where states are "unable" or "unwilling" to do so themselves. [ 10 ] The provisions on the crime of aggression did not take effect until after it was defined at the 2010 Kampala Conference . The jurisdiction of the ICC is complementary to jurisdictions of domestic courts. The Court has jurisdiction over crimes only if they are committed in the territory of, by a national of, or on a vessel registered under a state party or a non-party that has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court; or if the United Nations Security Council makes a referral. [ 11 ] Purpose The Rome Statute established four core international crimes: (I) Genocide , (II) Crimes against humanity , (III) War crimes , and the (IV) Crime of aggression . Following years of negotiation, aimed at establishing a permanent international tribunal to prosecute individuals accused of genocide and other serious international crimes , such as crimes against humanity, war crimes and crimes of aggression, the United Nations General Assembly convened a five-week diplomatic conference in Rome in June 1998 "to finalize and adopt a convention on the establishment of an international criminal court". [ 12 ] [ 13 ] History This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Background The Rome Statute is the result of multiple attempts for the creation of a supranational and international tribunal. At the end of the 19th century, the international community took the first steps toward the institution of permanent courts with supranational jurisdiction. With the Hague International Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907, representatives of the most powerful nations made an attempt to harmonize laws of war and to limit the use of technologically advanced weapons. After the Nuremberg trials of Nazi leaders, international institutions began prosecuting individuals responsible for crimes against humanity which are inhumane actions that may be legal in a given nation, but represent gross human rights violations. In order to re-affirm basic principles of democratic civilisation, the accused received a regular trial, the right to defense and the presumption of innocence . The Nuremberg trials marked a crucial moment in legal history , and after that, some treaties that led to the drafting of the Rome Statute were signed. [ citation needed ] UN General Assembly Resolution n. 260 9 December 1948, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide , was the first step toward the establishment of an international permanent criminal tribunal with jurisdiction on crimes yet to be defined in international treaties. In the resolution there was a hope for an effort from the Legal UN commission in that direction. The UN General Assembly, after the considerations expressed from the commission, established a committee to draft a statute and study the related legal issues. In 1951 a first draft was presented; a second draft followed in 1955 but there were a number of delays, officially due to the difficulties in the definition of the crime of aggression , that were only solved with diplomatic assemblies in the years following the statute's coming into force. The geopolitical tensions of the Cold War also contributed to the delays. In December 1989, Trinidad and Tobago asked the UN General Assembly to re-open the talks for the establishment of an international criminal court and in 1994 presented a draft statute. The General Assembly created an ad hoc committee for the International Criminal Court and, after hearing the conclusions, a Preparatory Committee that worked on the draft for two years from 1996 to 1998. Meanwhile, the United Nations created the ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) and for Rwanda ( ICTR ) using statutes—and amendments due to issues raised during pre-trial or trial stages of the proceedings—that are quite similar to the Rome Statute. The UN’s International Law Commission considered the inclusion of the crime of ecocide to be included within the Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind, the document which later became the Rome Statute. Article 26 (crime against the environment) was publicly supported by 19 countries in the Legal Committee but was removed due to opposition from the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and the United States of America . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Establishment During its 52nd session, the UN General Assembly decided to convene a diplomatic conference "to finalize and adopt a convention on the establishment of an international criminal court." [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The conference was convened in Rome from 15 June 1998 to 17 July 1998. It was attended by representatives from 161 member states, along with observers from various other organizations, intergovernmental organizations and agencies, and non-governmental organizations (including many human rights groups) and was held at the headquarters of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , located about 4 km away from the Vatican (one of the states represented). [ 17 ] [ 18 ] On 17 July 1998, the Rome Statute was adopted by a vote of 120 to 7, with 21 countries abstaining. [ 6 ] By agreement, there was no official record of each delegation's vote regarding the adoption of the Rome Statute. Therefore, there is some dispute over the identity of the seven countries that voted against the treaty. [ 19 ] It is certain that the People's Republic of China, Israel, and the United States were three of the seven because they have publicly confirmed their negative votes. India, Indonesia, Iraq, Libya, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Yemen have been identified by various observers and commentators as possible sources for the other four negative votes, with Iraq, Libya, Qatar, and Yemen being the four most commonly identified. [ 19 ] Explanations of Vote was publicly declared by India, Uruguay, Mauritius, Philippines, Norway, Belgium, United States, Brazil, Israel, Sri Lanka, China, Turkey, Singapore, and the United Kingdom. [ 20 ] On 11 April 2002, 10 countries ratified the Rome Statute at the same time at a special ceremony held at the United Nations headquarters in New York City, [ 21 ] bringing the total number of signatories to 60, which was the minimum number required to bring the statute into force, as defined in Article 126. [ 3 ] The treaty entered into force on 1 July 2002; [ 21 ] the ICC can only prosecute crimes committed on or after that date. [ 22 ] The states parties held a Review Conference in Kampala , Uganda from 31 May 2010 to 11 June 2010. [ 23 ] The Review Conference adopted a definition of the crime of aggression, thereby allowing the ICC to exercise jurisdiction over the crime for the first time. It also adopted an expansion of the list of war crimes. [ 24 ] Amendments to the statute were proposed to implement these changes. Ratification status As of January 2025 [update] , 125 states [ a ] are parties to the Statute of the Court , including all the countries of South America, nearly all of Europe, most of Oceania and roughly half of Africa. [ 2 ] [ 25 ] Burundi and the Philippines were member states, but later withdrew effective 27 October 2017 [ 26 ] and 17 March 2019, [ 27 ] respectively. [ 2 ] [ 25 ] A further 29 countries [ a ] have signed but not ratified the Rome Statute. [ 2 ] [ 25 ] The law of treaties obliges these states to refrain from "acts which would defeat the object and purpose" of the treaty until they declare they do not intend to become a party to the treaty. [ 28 ] Four signatory states have informed the UN Secretary General that they no longer intend to become states parties and, as such, have no legal obligations arising from their signature of the Statute; [ 2 ] [ 25 ] they are Israel in 2002, [ 29 ] the United States on 6 May 2002, [ 30 ] [ 31 ] Sudan on 26 August 2008, [ 32 ] and Russia on 30 November 2016. [ 33 ] Forty-one other states [ a ] have neither signed nor acceded to the Rome Statute. Some of them, including China and India , are critical of the Court. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Jurisdiction, structure and amendment The Rome Statute outlines the structure and areas of jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. The Court can prosecute individuals (but not states or organizations) for four kinds of crimes: genocide , crimes against humanity , war crimes , and the crime of aggression. These crimes are detailed in Articles 6, 7, 8, and 8 bis of the Rome Statute, respectively. They must have been committed after 1 July 2002, when the Rome Statute came into effect. The International Criminal Court has jurisdiction over these crimes in three cases: first, if they took place on the territory of a state party; second, if they were committed by a national of a state party; or third, if the crimes were referred to the Prosecutor by the UN Security Council. The Court may begin an investigation before issuing a warrant if the crimes were referred by the UN Security Council or if a state party requests an investigation. Otherwise, the Prosecutor must seek authorization from a Pre-Trial Chamber of three judges to begin an investigation proprio motu (on its own initiative). The only type of immunity the ICC recognizes is that it cannot prosecute those under 18 when the crime was committed. In particular, no officials (not even a head of state) are immune from prosecution. The issue of immunities from the jurisdiction of the ICC has become recently relevant, when the Court issued arrest warrants for Russian and Israeli national leaders, since their immunities are granted from states which are not parties to the Rome Statute. States which have ratified the statute have waived the immunities of their officials with respect to the jurisdiction of the court by accepting the provisions of Article 2: Article 27 Irrelevance of official capacity 1. This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground for reduction of sentence. 2. Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction over such a person. Article 27 Irrelevance of official capacity 1. This Statute shall apply equally to all persons without any distinction based on official capacity. In particular, official capacity as a Head of State or Government, a member of a Government or parliament, an elected representative or a government official shall in no case exempt a person from criminal responsibility under this Statute, nor shall it, in and of itself, constitute a ground for reduction of sentence. 2. Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction over such a person. However, according to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties , states which have not ratified a treaty cannot be bound by its provisions, meaning that states such as Russia and Israel have not agreed to waive the immunities of their officials for that purpose. On the other hand, states which are bound to cooperate with the Court under part 9 of the Rome Statute, shall comply with any and all cooperation requests of the Court, including arrest warrants for officials of non-state parties. However, Article 98 of the Court, which has been used as an argument by state parties defending their non-compliance with arrest warrants as such reads as follows: Article 98 Cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity and consent to surrender 1.The Court may not proceed with a request for surrender or assistance which would require the requested State to act inconsistently with its obligations under international law with respect to the State or diplomatic immunity of a person or property of a third State, unless the Court can first obtain the cooperation of that third State for the waiver of the immunity. Article 98 Cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity and consent to surrender 1.The Court may not proceed with a request for surrender or assistance which would require the requested State to act inconsistently with its obligations under international law with respect to the State or diplomatic immunity of a person or property of a third State, unless the Court can first obtain the cooperation of that third State for the waiver of the immunity. The Al-Bashir arrest warrant decisions have shed some light into the apparent conflict between these two articles by establishing two strong arguments in favor of the universality of Article 27 and the nonexistence of a conflict with Article 98. The first argument, commonly known as "The Security Council route," claims that when a situation is referred to the Court in accordance with Article 13(b) of the Rome Statute, the Security Council is placing the state in question in the position of a state party to the Rome Statute, including the waiver of Article 27. [ 36 ] In the absence of a Security Council referral, the Court has included a plethora of other justifications for its decision. The argument, one of the justifications of the Court which was reaffirmed in the decision against Mongolia in 2024, is highlighting the grammatical interpretation of Article 98(1). The lack of reference on heads of state in the article, and the clear grammatical meaning that the article applies only to the state or diplomatic immunity of a person or property of a third state, is a strong indicator that the article is not an exception to Article 27 for heads of state of states not party. [ 37 ] The Rome Statute established three bodies: the International Criminal Court itself, the Assembly of States Parties (ASP), and the Trust Fund for Victims. The ASP has two subsidiary bodies. These are the Permanent Secretariat, established in 2003, and an elected Bureau which includes a president and vice-president. The ICC itself has four organs: the Presidency (with mostly administrative responsibilities); the Divisions (the Pre-Trial, Trial, and Appeals judges); the Office of the Prosecutor; and the Registry (whose role is to support the other three organs). The functions of these organs are detailed in Part 4 of the Rome Statute. Any amendment to the Rome Statute requires the support of a two-thirds majority of the states parties, and an amendment (except those amending the list of crimes) will not enter into force until it has been ratified by seven-eighths of the states parties. A state party which has not ratified such an amendment may withdraw with immediate effect. [ 38 ] Any amendment to the list of crimes within the jurisdiction of the court will only apply to those states parties that have ratified it. It does not need a seven-eighths majority of ratifications. [ 38 ] See also Review Conference of the Rome Statute Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court International Criminal Court Act 2001 Völkerstrafgesetzbuch World Day for International Justice Outline of genocide studies International Criminal Court War crimes Geneva Conventions Law of armed conflict , also known as law of war or international humanitarian law Jus in bello , a legal doctrine of armed conflict Notes ^ a b c The sum of (a) states parties, (b) signatories and (c) non-signatory United Nations member states is 195. This number is two more than the number of United Nations member states (193) due to Palestine and Cook Islands being states parties but not United Nations member states. References ^ a b c Article 125 of the Rome Statute Archived 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 18 October 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "United Nations Treaty Database entry regarding the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court" . United Nations Treaty Collection . Archived from the original on 18 January 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . ^ a b Article 126 of the Rome Statute Archived 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 18 October 2013. ^ Article 128 of the Rome Statute Archived 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 18 October 2013. ^ "The Rome Statute" (PDF) . International Criminal Court. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2023 . Retrieved 27 November 2023 . ^ a b Michael P. Scharf (August 1998). Results of the Rome Conference for an International Criminal Court Archived 15 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . The American Society of International Law. Retrieved on 31 January 2008. ^ Each year, to commemorate the adoption of the Rome Statute, human rights activists around the world celebrate 17 July as World Day for International Justice . See Amnesty International USA (2005). International Justice Day 2005 Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 31 January 2008. ^ "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court" . United Nations Treaty Collection . 11 January 2025 . Retrieved 11 January 2025 . ^ Article 29, Non-applicability of statute of limitations ^ "International Criminal Court prosecutor calls for end to violence in Gaza" . Reuters . Amsterdam. 8 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 November 2023 . ^ How the Court works ^ a b United Nations (1999). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court – Overview Archived 13 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 31 January 2008. ^ a b Coalition for the International Criminal Court. Rome Conference – 1998 . Retrieved on 31 January 2008. ^ UN. General Assembly (41st sess.) (20 January 1987). "Draft Code of Offences against the Peace and Security of Mankind :: resolution /: adopted by the General Assembly" . United Nations Digital Library System . Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2023. ^ Godin, Mélissa (19 February 2021). "Lawyers Are Working to Put 'Ecocide' on Par with War Crimes. Could an International Law Hold Major Polluters to Account?" . Time . Retrieved 5 July 2023 . ^ Gauger, Anja; Pouye Rabatel-Fernel, Mai; Kulbicki, Louise; Short, Damien; Higgins, Polly (2012). "The Ecocide Project - Ecocide is the missing 5th Crime Against Peace" (PDF) . School of Advanced Study, University of London . Human Rights Consortium. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2023. ^ "Final Act of the International Criminal Court" . United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs . 17 July 1998. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ "United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court - Rome, 15 June - 17 July 1998 Official Records - Summary records of the plenary meetings and of the meetings of the Committee of the Whole" (PDF) . United Nations - Office of Legal Affairs . Volume II. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ a b Stephen Eliot Smith, "Definitely Maybe: The Outlook for U.S. Relations with the International Criminal Court During the Obama Administration", Florida Journal of International Law , 22 :155 at 160, n. 38. ^ "UN Diplomatic Conference Concludes in Rome with Decision to Establish Permanent International Criminal Court (UN Press Release L/2889)" . Archived from the original on 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) ^ a b Amnesty International (11 April 2002). The International Criminal Court – a historic development in the fight for justice Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 31 January 2008. ^ Article 11 of the Rome Statute Archived 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 18 October 2013. ^ Assembly of States Parties (14 December 2007). "Resolution: Strengthening the International Criminal Court and the Assembly of States Parties" . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . (310 KiB ) . Retrieved on 31 January 2008. ^ Official records of the Review Conference Archived 4 July 2011 at Wikiwix. Retrieved 3 March 2011. ^ a b c d "United Nations Treaty Database entry regarding the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court" . United Nations Treaty Collection . Archived from the original on 23 July 2021 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ "Reference: C.N.805.2016.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)" (PDF) . United Nations . 28 October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2016 . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . ^ "Reference: C.N.138.2018.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)" (PDF) . United Nations . 19 March 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 November 2018 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ "Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969: Article 18" . International Law Commission. Archived from the original on 8 February 2005 . Retrieved 23 November 2006 . ^ Schindler, Dietrich; Toman, Jirí, eds. (2004). "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court" . The Laws of Armed Conflicts: A Collection of Conventions, Resolutions and Other Documents (Fourth Revised and Completed ed.). Brill . p. 1383. ISBN 90-04-13818-8 . ^ Bolton, John R. (6 May 2002). "International Criminal Court: Letter to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan" . United States Department of State . Archived from the original on 31 May 2002 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ "Annan regrets US decision not to ratify International Criminal Court statute" . United Nations . 8 May 2002. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ "Reference: C.N.612.2008.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification)" (PDF) . United Nations . 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ "Reference: C.N.886.2016.TREATIES-XVIII.10 (Depositary Notification)" (PDF) . United Nations . 30 November 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2021 . ^ Jianping, Lu; Zhixiang, Wang (6 July 2005). "China's Attitude Towards the ICC". Journal of International Criminal Justice . 3 (3): 608– 620. doi : 10.1093/jicj/mqi056 . ISSN 1478-1387 . SSRN 915740 . ^ Ramanathan, Usha (6 July 2005). "India and the ICC" (PDF) . Journal of International Criminal Justice . 3 (3): 627– 634. doi : 10.1093/jicj/mqi055 . ISSN 1478-1387 . SSRN 915739 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2006. ^ de souza dias, Talita. [< > "The 'Security Council Route' to the Derogation from Personal Head of State Immunity in the Al-Bashir Case: How Explicit must Security Council Resolutions be?"]. Blog of the European Journal of International Law . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . {{ cite web }} : Check |url= value ( help ) ^ Situation in Ukraine (Finding) (ICC-01/22 ed.). International Criminal Court. 24 October 2024. p. paras 35-36 . Retrieved 27 January 2025 . ^ a b Article 121 of the Rome Statute Archived 19 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 18 October 2013. Further reading Roy S. Lee (ed.), The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute. The Hague: Kluwer Law International (1999). ISBN 90-411-1212-X . Roy S. Lee, Hakan Friman (eds.), The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers (2001). ISBN 1-57105-209-7 . William A. Schabas, Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Volume I. Fagnano Alto: il Sirente (1999). ISBN 88-87847-00-2 . Claus Kress & Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), The Rome Statute and Domestic Legal Orders Volume I. Fagnano Alto: il Sirente (2000). ISBN 88-87847-01-0 . Antonio Cassese , Paola Gaeta & John R.W.D. Jones (eds.), The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2002). ISBN 978-0-19-829862-5 . William A. Schabas, Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), Essays on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Volume II. Fagnano Alto: il Sirente (2004). ISBN 88-87847-02-9 . William A Schabas, An Introduction to the International Criminal Court (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2004). ISBN 0-521-01149-3 . Claus Kress, Flavia Lattanzi (eds.), The Rome Statute and Domestic Legal Orders Volume II. Fagnano Alto: il Sirente (2005). ISBN 978-88-87847-03-1 . External links Original text of the Rome Statute Text of the Rome Statute as amended in 2010 and 2015 – Human Rights & International Criminal Law Online Forum Draft Statute of an International Criminal Court, 1994 United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 December 2011) International Criminal Court website A list of the State Parties to the Rome Statute at the Wayback Machine (archived 16 June 2011) Parliamentary network mobilized in support of the universality of the Rome Statute .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e International criminal law v t e Sources Customary international law Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions International legal theories Nuremberg Charter Nuremberg principles Peremptory norm United Nations Charter Genocide Convention Convention against Corruption Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime Convention Against Torture Rome Statute Customary international law Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions International legal theories Nuremberg Charter Nuremberg principles Peremptory norm United Nations Charter Genocide Convention Convention against Corruption Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime Convention Against Torture Rome Statute Crimes against international law Crimes against humanity Crime of aggression Crime of apartheid Genocide Genocidal intent Incitement to genocide Piracy Slave trading Starvation War crime Crimes against humanity Crime of aggression Crime of apartheid Genocide Genocidal intent Incitement to genocide Genocidal intent Incitement to genocide Piracy Slave trading Starvation War crime International courts (in order of foundation) International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) International Military Tribunal for the Far East International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Special Court for Sierra Leone International Criminal Court Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia Special Panels of the Dili District Court Special Tribunal for Lebanon International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) International Military Tribunal for the Far East International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Special Court for Sierra Leone International Criminal Court Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia Special Panels of the Dili District Court Special Tribunal for Lebanon International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals International anti-crime bodies Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice UN Office on Drugs and Crime Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice UN Office on Drugs and Crime Related concepts Command responsibility Superior orders Joint criminal enterprise International humanitarian law International speech crimes Universal jurisdiction Command responsibility Superior orders Joint criminal enterprise International humanitarian law International speech crimes Universal jurisdiction v t e International Criminal Court (ICC) v t e Legal texts International Rome Statute ( amendments ) Agreement on Privileges and Immunities Agreements on the Enforcement of Sentences Geneva Conventions Charter of the United Nations UN resolutions General Assembly 3314 Security Council 1422 1487 1593 1970 National American Service-Members' Protection Act (United States) Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act (Canada) International Criminal Court Act 2001 (United Kingdom) Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution (Ireland) Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (Germany) International Rome Statute ( amendments ) Agreement on Privileges and Immunities Agreements on the Enforcement of Sentences Geneva Conventions Charter of the United Nations Rome Statute ( amendments ) Agreement on Privileges and Immunities Agreements on the Enforcement of Sentences Geneva Conventions Charter of the United Nations UN resolutions General Assembly 3314 Security Council 1422 1487 1593 1970 General Assembly 3314 3314 Security Council 1422 1487 1593 1970 1422 1487 1593 1970 National American Service-Members' Protection Act (United States) Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act (Canada) International Criminal Court Act 2001 (United Kingdom) Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution (Ireland) Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (Germany) American Service-Members' Protection Act (United States) Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act (Canada) International Criminal Court Act 2001 (United Kingdom) Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution (Ireland) Völkerstrafgesetzbuch (Germany) Crimes Crimes of genocide Crimes against humanity War crimes Crimes of aggression Crimes of genocide Crimes against humanity War crimes Crimes of aggression Organisation States parties List of states parties Presidents and vice-presidents of the Assembly of States Parties Review Conference Court Presidency Judges (elections: 2003 2006 2007 Jan. 2009 Nov. 2009 2011 2013 2014 2015 2017 2020 2023 ) Prosecutor States parties List of states parties Presidents and vice-presidents of the Assembly of States Parties Review Conference List of states parties Presidents and vice-presidents of the Assembly of States Parties Review Conference Court Presidency Judges (elections: 2003 2006 2007 Jan. 2009 Nov. 2009 2011 2013 2014 2015 2017 2020 2023 ) Prosecutor Presidency Judges (elections: 2003 2006 2007 Jan. 2009 Nov. 2009 2011 2013 2014 2015 2017 2020 2023 ) Prosecutor Investigations Official Afghanistan Bangladesh/Myanmar Democratic Republic of the Congo Darfur, Sudan Georgia Kenya Libya Mali Palestine Philippines Uganda Ukraine Venezuela Complaints Iraq Individuals Detainees Indictees Official Afghanistan Bangladesh/Myanmar Democratic Republic of the Congo Darfur, Sudan Georgia Kenya Libya Mali Palestine Philippines Uganda Ukraine Venezuela Afghanistan Bangladesh/Myanmar Democratic Republic of the Congo Darfur, Sudan Georgia Kenya Libya Mali Palestine Philippines Uganda Ukraine Venezuela Complaints Iraq Iraq Individuals Detainees Indictees Detainees Indictees Other Legal Tools Database American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the ICC Coalition for the ICC European Union and the ICC United States and the ICC Armenia and the ICC World Day for International Justice Legal Tools Database American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the ICC Coalition for the ICC European Union and the ICC United States and the ICC Armenia and the ICC World Day for International Justice v t e International human rights instruments v t e Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions Brazilian Resolution Declaration of the Basic Duties of ASEAN Peoples and Governments Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam Declaration of Montreal Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (DEDAW) Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (DEVAW) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (VDPA) Yogyakarta Principles Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions Brazilian Resolution Declaration of the Basic Duties of ASEAN Peoples and Governments Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam Declaration of Montreal Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (DEDAW) Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (DEVAW) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (VDPA) Yogyakarta Principles Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) Brazilian Resolution Declaration of the Basic Duties of ASEAN Peoples and Governments Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam Declaration of Montreal Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (DEDAW) Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women (DEVAW) Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Paris Principles Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (VDPA) Yogyakarta Principles Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) International law United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Convention against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights International law United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Convention against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples Convention against Torture Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Convention on the Political Rights of Women Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Convention on the Rights of the Child Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Convention for the Prevention of Torture Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention) Regional law African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Convention for the Prevention of Torture Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention) African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Convention for the Prevention of Torture Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Convention for the Prevention of Torture Convention on Nationality Convention for the Protection of National Minorities Social Charter Convention on the Participation of Foreigners in Public Life at Local Level Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention) American Convention on Human Rights Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention) to Prevent and Punish Torture on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention) International humanitarian law Genocide Convention Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court International humanitarian law Genocide Convention Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Genocide Convention Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness Geneva Conventions Hague Conventions Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Authority control databases : National France BnF data Czech Republic France BnF data Czech Republic Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court International Criminal Court Human rights instruments Genocide Crimes against humanity War crimes Crime of aggression 1998 in Italy 1990s in Rome Italy and the United Nations Treaties concluded in 1998 Treaties entered into force in 2002 Treaties of the Afghan Transitional Administration Treaties of Albania Treaties of Andorra Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda Treaties of Argentina Treaties of Armenia Treaties of Australia Treaties of Austria Treaties of Bangladesh Treaties of Barbados Treaties of Belgium Treaties of Belize Treaties of Benin Treaties of Bolivia Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina Treaties of Botswana Treaties of Brazil Treaties of Bulgaria Treaties of Burkina Faso Treaties of Burundi Treaties of Cape Verde Treaties of Cambodia Treaties of Canada Treaties of the Central African Republic Treaties of Chad Treaties of Chile Treaties of Colombia Treaties of the Comoros Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Treaties of the Republic of the Congo Treaties of the Cook Islands Treaties of Costa Rica Treaties of Croatia Treaties of Cyprus Treaties of the Czech Republic Treaties of Denmark Treaties of Djibouti Treaties of Dominica Treaties of the Dominican Republic Treaties of Timor-Leste Treaties of Ecuador Treaties of El Salvador Treaties of Estonia Treaties of Fiji Treaties of Finland Treaties of France Treaties of Gabon Treaties of the Gambia Treaties of Georgia (country) Treaties of Germany Treaties of Ghana Treaties of Grenada Treaties of Greece Treaties of Guatemala Treaties of Guinea Treaties of Honduras Treaties of Hungary Treaties of Iceland Treaties of Ireland Treaties of Italy Treaties of Ivory Coast Treaties of Japan Treaties of Jordan Treaties of Kenya Treaties of South Korea Treaties of Kuwait Treaties of Kyrgyzstan Treaties of Latvia Treaties of Lesotho Treaties of Liberia Treaties of Liechtenstein Treaties of Lithuania Treaties of Luxembourg Treaties of North Macedonia Treaties of Madagascar Treaties of Malawi Treaties of the Maldives Treaties of Mali Treaties of Malta Treaties of the Marshall Islands Treaties of Mauritius Treaties of Mexico Treaties of Moldova Treaties of Mongolia Treaties of Montenegro Treaties of Namibia Treaties of Nauru Treaties of the Netherlands Treaties of New Zealand Treaties of Niger Treaties of Nigeria Treaties of Norway Treaties of Palestine Treaties of Panama Treaties of Paraguay Treaties of Peru Treaties of the Philippines Treaties of Poland Treaties of Portugal Treaties of Romania Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis Treaties of Saint Lucia Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Treaties of Samoa Treaties of San Marino Treaties of Senegal Treaties of Serbia Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro Treaties of Seychelles Treaties of Sierra Leone Treaties of Slovakia Treaties of Slovenia Treaties of South Africa Treaties of Spain Treaties of Suriname Treaties of Sweden Treaties of Switzerland Treaties of Tajikistan Treaties of Tanzania Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago Treaties of Tunisia Treaties of Uganda Treaties of Ukraine Treaties of the United Kingdom Treaties of Uruguay Treaties of Vanuatu Treaties of Venezuela Treaties of Yemen Treaties of Zambia Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations Treaties extended to Greenland Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles Treaties extended to Aruba Treaties extended to Anguilla Treaties extended to Bermuda Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands Treaties extended to Montserrat Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands Treaties extended to Akrotiri and Dhekelia Treaties extended to the Isle of Man Treaties extended to Gibraltar June 1998 in Europe Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown Webarchive template other archives CS1 errors: URL Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2022 Articles needing additional references from June 2020 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2025 All articles containing potentially dated statements This page was last edited on 20 December 2025, at 23:09 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Statute
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Classification 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Proto-Germanic to Old English 2.2 Influence of Old Norse 2.3 Middle English 2.4 Early Modern English 2.5 Spread of Modern English 2.1 Proto-Germanic to Old English 2.2 Influence of Old Norse 2.3 Middle English 2.4 Early Modern English 2.5 Spread of Modern English 3 Geographical distribution Toggle Geographical distribution subsection 3.1 Three circles model 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 3.1 Three circles model 3.2 Pluricentric English 3.3 English as a global language 4 Phonology Toggle Phonology subsection 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress, rhythm, and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 4.1 Consonants 4.2 Vowels 4.3 Phonotactics 4.4 Stress, rhythm, and intonation 4.5 Regional variation 5 Grammar Toggle Grammar subsection 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 5.1 Nouns and noun phrases 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.1.1 Adjectives 5.1.2 Determiners 5.1.3 Pronouns, case, and person 5.1.4 Prepositions 5.2 Verbs and verb phrases 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 5.2.2 Phrasal verbs 5.2.3 Adverbs 5.3 Syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 5.3.1 Basic constituent order 5.3.2 Clause syntax 5.3.3 Auxiliary verb constructions 5.3.4 Questions 5.3.5 Discourse level syntax 6 Vocabulary Toggle Vocabulary subsection 6.1 Word-formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loans in other languages 6.1 Word-formation processes 6.2 Word origins 6.3 English loans in other languages 7 Orthography 8 Dialects, accents, and varieties Toggle Dialects, accents, and varieties subsection 8.1 Britain and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Southeast Asia 8.5 Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 8.6 Non-native varieties 8.1 Britain and Ireland 8.2 North America 8.3 Australia and New Zealand 8.4 Southeast Asia 8.5 Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia 8.6 Non-native varieties 9 See also 10 References Toggle References subsection 10.1 Bibliography 10.1 Bibliography 11 External links English language Acèh Адыгэбзэ Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Авар Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski डोटेली ཇོང་ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Iñupiatun Ирон IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Ladin Ladino Лакку ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Li Niha Ligure Limburgs Lingála Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى ဘာသာမန် مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Naijá Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oromoo Oshiwambo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ पालि Pälzisch Pangasinan Pangcah پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Patois Перем коми ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Tok Pisin Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Reo tahiti Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Gagana Samoa संस्कृतम् Sängö ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seediq Seeltersk Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Setswana Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي SiSwati Slovenčina Slovenščina Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taclḥit Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese Tshivenda ತುಳು Türkçe Türkmençe Twi Tyap Тыва дыл Удмурт Basa Ugi Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon Wayuunaiki 文言 West-Vlams Winaray Wolof 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Toba Betawi Batak Mandailing Kadazandusun Jaku Iban Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Moore IsiNdebele seSewula Nupe ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikifunctions Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikidata item English Pronunciation / ˈ ɪ ŋ ɡ l ɪ ʃ / ING-lish [ 1 ] Native to The English-speaking world , including the United Kingdom , United States , Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , Commonwealth Caribbean , South Africa and others Speakers L1 : 380 million (2021) [ 2 ] .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} L2 : 1.077 billion (2021) [ 3 ] Total : 1.457 billion L2 : 1.077 billion (2021) [ 3 ] Total : 1.457 billion Language family Indo-European Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English Germanic West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English West Germanic North Sea Germanic Anglic English North Sea Germanic Anglic English Anglic English English Early forms Proto-English Old English Middle English Early Modern English Old English Middle English Early Modern English Middle English Early Modern English Early Modern English Dialects .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} British English North American Caribbean Australian New Zealand South African Hiberno-English ( full list ) British English North American Caribbean Australian New Zealand South African Hiberno-English Writing system Latin ( English alphabet ) Anglo-Saxon runes (historical) English Braille , Unified English Braille Latin ( English alphabet ) Anglo-Saxon runes (historical) English Braille , Unified English Braille Signed forms Manually coded English (multiple systems) Official status Official language in 57 countries and 30 dependent territories Organisations including the UN , EU , Commonwealth , ICC , IMF , IOC , ISO , NATO , WTO , ASEAN , OAS and OECD 57 countries and 30 dependent territories Organisations including the UN , EU , Commonwealth , ICC , IMF , IOC , ISO , NATO , WTO , ASEAN , OAS and OECD Language codes ISO 639-1 en ISO 639-2 eng ISO 639-3 eng Glottolog stan1293 Linguasphere 52-ABA .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Regions where English is the native language of the majority Regions where English is an official or widely spoken language, but not a majority native language This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . English is a West Germanic language that emerged in early medieval England and has since become a global lingua franca . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The namesake of the language is the Angles , one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Britain after the end of Roman rule . English is the most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations ) and the United States . It is the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. However, English is only the third-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish . [ 3 ] English is either the official language, or one of the official languages, in 57 sovereign states and 30 dependent territories , making it the most geographically widespread language in the world. In the United Kingdom , the United States, Australia , and New Zealand , it is the dominant language for historical reasons without being explicitly defined by law. [ 7 ] It is a co-official language of the United Nations , the European Union , and many other international and regional organisations. It has also become the de facto lingua franca of diplomacy, science , technology, international trade, logistics , tourism, aviation, entertainment, and the Internet . [ 8 ] Ethnologue estimated that there were over 1.4 billion speakers worldwide as of 2021 [update] . [ 3 ] Old English emerged from a group of West Germanic dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons . Early inscriptions were written with runes before a Latin-based alphabet was adopted for longer texts. Late Old English borrowed some grammar and core vocabulary from Old Norse , a North Germanic language . [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] An evolution of the Latin alphabet, the English alphabet , fully supplanted the runic alphabet by the High Middle Ages , coinciding with the emergence of Middle English in England under Norman control . Middle English borrowed vocabulary extensively from French dialects , which are the source of approximately 28 per cent of Modern English words , and from Latin , which is the source of an additional 28 per cent . [ 12 ] While Latin and the Romance languages are thus the source for a majority of its lexicon taken as a whole, English's grammar and phonology remain Germanic, as does most of its basic everyday vocabulary. Finally, Middle English transformed, in part through the Great Vowel Shift , into Modern English , which exists on a dialect continuum with Scots ; it is next-most closely related to Low Saxon and Frisian . Classification English is a member of the Indo-European language family , belonging to the West Germanic branch of Germanic languages . [ 13 ] Owing to their descent from a shared ancestor language known as Proto-Germanic , English and other Germanic languages – which include Dutch , German , and Swedish [ 14 ] – have characteristic features in common, including a division of verbs into strong and weak classes, the use of modal verbs , and sound changes affecting Proto-Indo-European consonants known as Grimm's and Verner's laws . [ 15 ] Old English was one of several Ingvaeonic languages , which emerged from a dialect continuum spoken by West Germanic peoples during the 5th century in Frisia , on the coast of the North Sea . Old English emerged among the Ingvaeonic speakers on the British Isles following their migration there, while the other Ingvaeonic languages ( Frisian and Old Low German ) developed in parallel on the continent. [ 16 ] Old English evolved into Middle English , which in turn evolved into Modern English. [ 17 ] Particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into other Anglic languages , including Scots [ 18 ] and the extinct Fingallian and Yola dialects of Ireland. [ 19 ] English was isolated from other Germanic languages on the continent and diverged considerably in vocabulary , syntax , and phonology as a result. It is not mutually intelligible with any continental Germanic language – though some, such as Dutch and Frisian, show strong affinities with it, especially in its earlier stages. [ 20 ] [ page needed ] English and Frisian were traditionally considered more closely related to one another than they were to other West Germanic languages, but most modern scholarship does not recognise a particular affinity between them. [ 21 ] Though they exhibited similar sound changes not otherwise found around the North Sea at that time, the specific changes appeared in English and Frisian at different times – a pattern uncharacteristic for languages sharing a unique phylogenetic ancestor. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] History Proto-Germanic to Old English Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon ) was the earliest form of the English language, spoken from c. 450 to c. 1150 . Old English developed from a set of West Germanic dialects, sometimes identified as Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic , that were originally spoken along the coasts of Frisia , Lower Saxony and southern Jutland by Germanic peoples known to the historical record as the Angles , Saxons , and Jutes . [ 25 ] From the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain as the Roman economy and administration collapsed . By the 7th century, Old English had become dominant in Britain – replacing the Common Brittonic and British Latin previously spoken during the Roman occupation , [ 26 ] [ 27 ] [ 28 ] which ultimately left little influence on English. England and English (originally Ænglaland and Ænglisc ) are both named after the Angles. [ 29 ] Old English was divided into two Anglian dialects ( Mercian and Northumbrian ) and two Saxon dialects ( Kentish and West Saxon ). [ 30 ] Through the influence exerted by the kingdom of Wessex , and the educational reforms instated by King Alfred during the 9th century, the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety . [ 31 ] The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Cædmon's Hymn , is written in Northumbrian. [ 32 ] Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. During the earliest period of Old English, a few short inscriptions were made using a runic alphabet . [ 33 ] By the 7th century, a Latin alphabet had been adopted. Written with half-uncial letterforms , it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ ƿ ⟩ and thorn ⟨ þ ⟩ , and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ ð ⟩ , and ash ⟨ æ ⟩ . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Old English is markedly different from Modern English, such that 21st-century English speakers are entirely unable to understand Old English without special training. Its grammar was similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs had many more inflectional endings and forms , and word order was much freer than in Modern English. Modern English has case forms in pronouns ( he , him , his ) and has a few verb inflections ( speak , speaks , speaking , spoke , spoken ), but Old English had case endings in nouns as well, and verbs had more person and number endings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Influence of Old Norse Between the 8th and 11th centuries, the English spoken in some regions underwent significant changes due to contact with Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Several waves of Norsemen colonising the northern British Isles in the 8th and 9th centuries put Old English speakers in constant contact with Old Norse. Norse influence was strongest in the north-eastern varieties of Old English spoken in the Danelaw surrounding York; today these features are still particularly present in Scots and Northern English . The centre of Norse influence was Lindsey , located in the Midlands . After Lindsey was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon polity in 920, English spread extensively throughout the region. An element of Norse influence that continues in all English varieties today is the third person pronoun group beginning with th- ( they , them , their ) which replaced the Anglo-Saxon pronouns with h- ( hie, him, hera ). [ 38 ] Other Norse loanwords include give , get , sky , skirt , egg , and cake , typically displacing a native Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Old Norse in this era retained considerable mutual intelligibility with some dialects of Old English, particularly northern ones. [ 39 ] Middle English Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. [Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.] Englischmen þeyz hy hadde fram þe bygynnyng þre manner speche, Souþeron, Northeron, and Myddel speche in þe myddel of þe lond, ... Noþeles by comyxstion and mellyng, furst wiþ Danes, and afterward wiþ Normans, in menye þe contray longage ys asperyed, and som vseþ strange wlaffyng, chyteryng, harryng, and garryng grisbytting. [Although, from the beginning, Englishmen had three manners of speaking, southern, northern and midlands speech in the middle of the country, ... Nevertheless, through intermingling and mixing, first with Danes and then with Normans, amongst many the country language has arisen, and some use strange stammering, chattering, snarling, and grating gnashing.] The Middle English period is often defined as beginning with the Norman Conquest in 1066. During the centuries that followed, English was heavily influenced by the form of Old French spoken by the new Norman ruling class that had migrated to England (known as Old Norman ). Over the following decades of contact, members of the middle and upper classes, whether native English or Norman, became increasingly bilingual. By 1150 at the latest, bilingual speakers represented a majority of the English aristocracy, and monolingual French speakers were nearly non-existent. [ 41 ] The French spoken by the Norman elite in England eventually developed into the Anglo-Norman language . [ 42 ] The division between Old to Middle English can also be placed during the composition of the Ormulum ( c. late 12th century ), a work by the Augustinian canon Orrm which highlights blending of Old English and Anglo-Norman elements in the language for the first time. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] As the lower classes, who represented the vast majority of the population, remained monolingual English speakers, a primary influence of Norman was as a lexical superstratum, introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics, legislation and prestigious social domains. [ 11 ] For instance, the French word trône appears for the first time, from which the English word throne is derived. [ 45 ] Middle English also greatly simplified the inflectional system, probably in order to reconcile Old Norse and Old English, which were inflectionally different but morphologically similar. The distinction between nominative and accusative cases was lost except in personal pronouns, the instrumental case was dropped, and the use of the genitive case was limited to indicating possession . The inflectional system regularised many irregular inflectional forms, [ 46 ] and gradually simplified the system of agreement, making word order less flexible. [ 47 ] Middle English literature includes Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales ( c. 1400 ), and Thomas Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur (1485). In the Middle English period, the use of regional dialects in writing proliferated, and dialect traits were even used for effect by authors such as Chaucer. [ 48 ] In the first translation of the entire Bible into English by John Wycliffe (1382), Matthew 8:20 reads: "Foxis han dennes, and briddis of heuene han nestis." [ 49 ] Here the plural suffix -n on the verb have is still retained, but none of the case endings on the nouns are present. Early Modern English The period of Early Modern English , lasting between 1500 and 1700, was characterised by the Great Vowel Shift (1350–1700), inflectional simplification, and linguistic standardisation. The Great Vowel Shift affected the stressed long vowels of Middle English. It was a chain shift , meaning that each shift triggered a subsequent shift in the vowel system. Mid and open vowels were raised , and close vowels were broken into diphthongs . For example, the word bite was originally pronounced as the word beet is today, and the second vowel in the word about was pronounced as the word boot is today. The Great Vowel Shift explains many irregularities in spelling since English retains many spellings from Middle English, and it also explains why English vowel letters have very different pronunciations from the same letters in other languages. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] English began to rise in prestige, relative to Norman French, during the reign of Henry V . Around 1430, the Court of Chancery in Westminster began using English in its official documents , and a new standard form of Middle English, known as Chancery Standard , developed from the dialects of London and the East Midlands . In 1476, William Caxton introduced the printing press to England and began publishing the first printed books in London, expanding the influence of this form of English. [ 52 ] Literature in Early Modern English includes the works of William Shakespeare and the 1611 King James Version (KJV) of the Bible. Even after the vowel shift the language still sounded different from Modern English: for example, the consonant clusters /kn ɡn sw/ in knight , gnat , and sword were still pronounced. Many of the grammatical features that a modern reader of Shakespeare might find quaint or archaic represent the distinct characteristics of Early Modern English. [ 53 ] Matthew 8:20 in the KJV reads: "The Foxes have holes and the birds of the ayre have nests." [ 54 ] This exemplifies the loss of case and its effects on sentence structure (replacement with subject–verb–object word order, and the use of of instead of the non-possessive genitive), and the introduction of loanwords from French ( ayre ) and word replacements ( bird , originally meaning 'nestling', which had replaced Old English fugol ). [ 54 ] Spread of Modern English By the late 18th century, the British Empire had spread English through its colonies and geopolitical dominance. Commerce, science and technology, diplomacy, art, and formal education all contributed to English becoming the first truly global language. English also facilitated worldwide international communication. [ 55 ] [ 4 ] English was adopted in parts of North America, parts of Africa, Oceania, and many other regions. When they obtained political independence, some of the newly independent states that had multiple indigenous languages opted to continue using English as the official language to avoid the political and other difficulties inherent in promoting any one indigenous language above the others. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In the 20th century the growing economic and cultural influence of the United States and its status as a superpower following the Second World War has, along with worldwide broadcasting in English by the BBC [ 59 ] and other broadcasters, caused the language to spread across the planet much faster. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] In the 21st century, English is more widely spoken and written than any language has ever been. [ 62 ] As Modern English developed, explicit norms for standard usage were published, and spread through official media such as public education and state-sponsored publications. In 1755, Samuel Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language , which introduced standard spellings of words and usage norms. In 1828, Noah Webster published the American Dictionary of the English language to try to establish a norm for speaking and writing American English that was independent of the British standard. Within Britain, non-standard or lower class dialect features were increasingly stigmatised, leading to the quick spread of the prestige varieties among the middle classes. [ 63 ] In modern English, the loss of grammatical case is almost complete (it is now found only in pronouns, such as he and him , she and her , who and whom ), and subject–verb–object word order is mostly fixed. [ 63 ] Some changes, such as the use of do -support , have become universalised. (Earlier English did not use the word do as a general auxiliary as Modern English does; at first it was only used in question constructions, and even then was not obligatory. [ 64 ] Now, do -support with the verb have is becoming increasingly standardised.) The use of progressive forms in -ing , appears to be spreading to new constructions, and forms such as "had been being built" are becoming more common. Regularisation of irregular forms also slowly continues (e.g. dreamed instead of dreamt ), and analytical alternatives to inflectional forms are becoming more common (e.g. more polite instead of politer ). British English is also undergoing change under the influence of American English, fuelled by the strong presence of American English in the media. [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Geographical distribution As of 2016 [update] , 400 million people spoke English as their first language , and 1.1 billion spoke it as a second language. [ 69 ] English is the largest language by number of speakers , spoken by communities on every continent. [ 70 ] Estimates of second language and foreign-language speakers vary greatly depending on how proficiency is defined, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. [ 7 ] In 2003, David Crystal estimated that non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of three-to-one. [ 71 ] Three circles model Braj Kachru has categorised countries into the Three Circles of English model, according to how the language historically spread in each country, how it is acquired by the populace, and the range of uses it has there – with a country's classification able to change over time. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] "Inner-circle" countries have large communities of native English speakers; these include the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand, where the majority speaks English – and South Africa, where a significant minority speaks English. The countries with the most native English speakers are, in descending order, the United States (at least 231 million), [ 74 ] the United Kingdom (60 million), [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] Canada (19 million), [ 78 ] Australia (at least 17 million), [ 79 ] South Africa (4.8 million), [ 80 ] Ireland (4.2 million), and New Zealand (3.7 million). [ 81 ] In these countries, children of native speakers learn English from their parents, and local people who speak other languages and new immigrants learn English to communicate in their neighbourhoods and workplaces. [ 82 ] Inner-circle countries are the base from which English spreads to other regions of the world. [ 72 ] "Outer-circle" countries – such as the Philippines, [ 83 ] Jamaica, [ 84 ] India, Pakistan, Singapore, [ 85 ] Malaysia, and Nigeria [ 86 ] [ 87 ] – have much smaller proportions of native English speakers, but use of English as a second language in education, government, or domestic business is significant, and its use for instruction in schools and official government operations is routine. [ 88 ] These countries have millions of native speakers on dialect continua, which range from English-based creole languages to standard varieties of English used in inner-circle countries. They have many more speakers who acquire English as they grow up through day-to-day use and exposure to English-language broadcasting, especially if they attend schools where English is the language of instruction. Varieties of English learned by non-native speakers born to English-speaking parents may be influenced, especially in their grammar, by the other languages spoken by those learners – with most including words rarely used by native speakers in inner-circle countries, as well as grammatical and phonological differences from inner-circle varieties. [ 82 ] "Expanding-circle" countries are where English is taught as a foreign language [ 89 ] – though the character of English as a first, second, or foreign language in a given country is often debatable, and may change over time. [ 88 ] For example, in countries like the Netherlands, an overwhelming majority of the population can speak English, [ 90 ] and it is often used in higher education and to communicate with foreigners. [ 91 ] Pluricentric English English is a pluricentric language , which means that no one national authority sets the standard for use of the language. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Spoken English, including English used in broadcasting, generally follows national pronunciation standards that are established by custom rather than by regulation. International broadcasters are usually identifiable as coming from one country rather than another through their accents , [ 96 ] but newsreader scripts are also composed largely in international standard written English . The norms of standard written English are maintained purely by the consensus of educated English speakers around the world, without any oversight by any government or international organisation. [ 97 ] American listeners readily understand most British broadcasting, and British listeners readily understand most American broadcasting. Most English speakers around the world can understand radio programmes, television programmes, and films from many parts of the English-speaking world . [ 98 ] Both standard and non-standard varieties of English can include both formal or informal styles, distinguished by word choice and syntax and use both technical and non-technical registers. [ 99 ] The settlement history of the English-speaking inner circle countries outside Britain helped level dialect distinctions and produce koiné forms of English in South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. [ 100 ] The majority of immigrants to the United States without British ancestry rapidly adopted English after arrival. Now the majority of the United States population are monolingual English speakers. [ 74 ] [ 101 ] Australia has no official languages at the federal or state level. [ 102 ] In Canada, English and French share an official status at the federal level. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] English has official or co-official status in six provinces and three territories, while three provinces have none and Quebec's only official language is French. [ 105 ] English is the official second language of Ireland, while Irish is the first. [ 106 ] While New Zealand is majority English-speaking, its two official languages are Māori [ 107 ] and New Zealand Sign Language . [ 108 ] The United Kingdom does not have an official language. In Wales and Northern Ireland, English is co-official alongside Welsh [ 109 ] and Irish [ 110 ] respectively. Neither Scotland nor England have an official language. In the United States, English was designated the official language of the country by Executive Order 14224 in 2025. [ 111 ] English has additional official or co-official status at the state level in 32 states, and all 5 territories; [ 112 ] 18 states and the District of Columbia have no official language. English as a global language Modern English is sometimes described as the first global lingua franca , [ 60 ] [ 115 ] or as the first world language . [ 116 ] [ 117 ] English is the world's most widely used language in newspaper publishing, book publishing, international telecommunications, scientific publishing, international trade, mass entertainment, and diplomacy. [ 117 ] Parity with French as a language of diplomacy had been achieved by Treaty of Versailles negotiations in 1919. [ 118 ] By the time the United Nations was founded at the end of World War II , English had become pre-eminent; [ 119 ] it is one of six official languages of the United Nations. [ 120 ] and is now the main worldwide language of diplomacy and international relations. [ 121 ] Many other worldwide international organisations, including the International Olympic Committee , specify English as a working language or official language of the organisation. Many regional international organisations, such as the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), [ 61 ] and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) use English as their sole working language, despite most members not being countries with a majority of native English speakers. While the EU allows member states to designate any of the national languages as an official language of the Union, in practice English is the main working language of EU organisations. [ 122 ] English serves as the basis for the required controlled natural languages [ 123 ] Seaspeak and Airspeak, used as international languages of seafaring [ 124 ] and aviation. [ 125 ] English is the most frequently taught foreign language in the world. [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Most people learning English do so for practical reasons, as opposed to ideological reasons. [ 126 ] In EU countries, English is the most widely spoken foreign language in 19 of the 25 member states where it is not an official language (that is, the countries other than Ireland and Malta ). In a 2012 official Eurobarometer poll (conducted when the UK was still a member of the EU), 38 per cent of the EU respondents outside the countries where English is an official language said they could speak English well enough to have a conversation in that language. The next most commonly mentioned foreign language, French (which is the most widely known foreign language in the UK and Ireland), could be used in conversation by 12 per cent of respondents. [ 127 ] The global influence of English has led to concerns about language death , [ 128 ] and to claims of linguistic imperialism , [ 129 ] and has provoked resistance to the spread of English; however, the number of speakers continues to increase because many people around the world think English provides them with better employment opportunities and increased quality of life. [ 130 ] Working knowledge of English has become a requirement in a number of occupations and professions such as medicine [ 131 ] and computing. Though it formerly had parity with French and German in scientific research, English now dominates the field. [ 132 ] Its importance in scientific publishing is such that over 80 per cent of scientific journal articles indexed by Chemical Abstracts in 1998 were written in English, as were 90 per cent of all articles in natural science publications by 1996, and 82 per cent of articles in humanities publications by 1995. [ 133 ] As decolonisation proceeded throughout the British Empire in the 1950s and 1960s, former colonies often did not reject English but rather continued to use it as independent countries setting their own language policies. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] [ 134 ] For example, English is one of the official languages of India. Many Indians have shifted from associating the language with colonialism to associating it with economic progress. [ 135 ] English is widely used in media and literature, with India being the third-largest publisher of English-language books in the world, after the US and UK. [ 136 ] However, less than 5 per cent of the population speak English fluently, with the country's native English speakers numbering in the low hundreds of thousands. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In 2004, David Crystal claimed India had the largest population of people able to speak or understand English in the world, [ 139 ] though most scholars estimate the US remains home to a larger English-speaking population. [ 140 ] Many English speakers in Africa have become part of an "Afro-Saxon" language community that unites Africans from different countries. [ 141 ] Regarding its future development, it is considered most likely that English will continue to function as a koiné language, with a standard form that unifies speakers around the world. [ 142 ] Phonology English phonology and phonetics differ from one dialect to another, usually without interfering with mutual communication. Phonological variation affects the inventory of phonemes (speech sounds that distinguish meaning), and phonetic variation consists in differences in pronunciation of the phonemes. [ 143 ] This overview mainly describes Received Pronunciation (RP) and General American (GA), the standard varieties of the United Kingdom and the United States respectively. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Consonants Most English dialects share the same 24 consonant phonemes (or 26, if marginal /x/ and glottal stop /ʔ/ are included). The consonant inventory shown below is valid for California English , [ 147 ] and for RP. [ 148 ] Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Post- alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ŋ Plosive p b t d k ɡ ( ʔ ) Affricate tʃ dʒ Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ( x ) h Approximant Median ɹ j w Lateral l For pairs of obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives) such as /p b/ , /tʃ dʒ/ , and /s z/ , the first is fortis (strong) and the second is lenis (weak). Fortis obstruents, such as /p tʃ s/ are pronounced with more muscular tension and breath force than lenis consonants, such as /b dʒ z/ , and are always voiceless . Lenis consonants are partly voiced at the beginning and end of utterances, and fully voiced between vowels. Fortis stops such as /p/ have additional articulatory or acoustic features in most dialects: they are aspirated [pʰ] when they occur alone at the beginning of a stressed syllable, often unaspirated in other cases, and often unreleased [p̚] or pre-glottalised [ʔp] at the end of a syllable. In a single-syllable word, a vowel before a fortis stop is shortened: e.g. nip has a noticeably shorter vowel (phonetically, not phonemically) than nib [nɪˑb̥] ( see below ). [ 149 ] Lenis stops: bin [b̥ɪˑn] , about [əˈbaʊt] , nib [nɪˑb̥] Fortis stops: pin [pʰɪn] ; spin [spɪn] ; happy [ˈhæpi] ; nip [nɪp̚] or [nɪʔp] In RP, the lateral approximant /l/ has two main allophones (pronunciation variants): the clear or plain [l] , as in light , and the dark or velarised [ɫ] , as in full . [ 150 ] GA has dark l in most cases. [ 151 ] Clear l : RP light [laɪt] Dark l : RP and GA full [fʊɫ] , GA light [ɫaɪt] All sonorants (liquids /l, r/ and nasals /m, n, ŋ/ ) devoice when following a voiceless obstruent, and they are syllabic when following a consonant at the end of a word. [ 152 ] Voiceless sonorants: clay [kl̥eɪ̯] ; snow RP [sn̥əʊ̯] , GA [sn̥oʊ̯] Syllabic sonorants: paddle [ˈpad.l̩] , button [ˈbʌt.n̩] Vowels RP GA Word eɪ b ay əʊ oʊ r oa d aɪ cr y aʊ c ow ɔɪ b oy RP GA Word ɪə ɪɹ p eer eə ɛɹ p air ʊə ʊɹ p oor RP GA Word iː i n ee d ɪ b i d e ɛ b e d æ b a ck ɑː ɑ br a ɒ b o x ɔ , ɑ cl o th ɔː p aw uː u f oo d ʊ g oo d ʌ b u t ɜː ɜɹ b ir d ə comm a The pronunciation of vowels varies a great deal between dialects and is one of the most detectable aspects of a speaker's accent. The accompanying table below lists the vowel phonemes in RP and GA, with example words from lexical sets . The vowels are represented with symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet ; those given for RP are standard in British dictionaries and other publications. [ 153 ] In RP, vowel length is phonemic; long vowels are marked with a triangular colon ⟨ ː ⟩ in the table above, such as the vowel of need [niːd] as opposed to bid [bɪd] . [ 154 ] In GA, vowel length is non-distinctive. [ 155 ] In both RP and GA, vowels are phonetically shortened before fortis consonants in the same syllable , like /t tʃ f/ , but not before lenis consonants like /d dʒ v/ or in open syllables: thus, the vowels of rich [rɪtʃ] , neat [nit] , and safe [seɪ̯f] are noticeably shorter than the vowels of ridge [rɪˑdʒ] , need [niˑd] , and save [seˑɪ̯v] , and the vowel of light [laɪ̯t] is shorter than that of lie [laˑɪ̯] . Because lenis consonants are frequently voiceless at the end of a syllable, vowel length is an important cue as to whether the following consonant is lenis or fortis. [ 156 ] The vowel /ə/ only occurs in unstressed syllables and is more open in quality in stem-final positions. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Some dialects do not contrast /ɪ/ and /ə/ in unstressed positions, such that rabbit and abbot rhyme and Lenin and Lennon are homophonous, a dialectal feature called the weak vowel merger . [ 159 ] GA /ɜr/ and /ər/ are realised as an r -coloured vowel [ɚ] , as in further [ˈfɚðɚ] (phonemically /ˈfɜrðər/ ), which in RP is realised as [ˈfəːðə] (phonemically /ˈfɜːðə/ ). [ 160 ] Phonotactics An English syllable includes a syllable nucleus consisting of a vowel sound. Syllable onset and coda (start and end) are optional. A syllable can start with up to three consonant sounds, as in sprint /sprɪnt/ , and end with up to five, as in (for some dialects) angsts /aŋksts/ . This gives an English syllable a structure of (CCC)V(CCCCC) – where C represents a consonant and V a vowel. The word strengths /strɛŋθs/ is thus close to the most complex syllable possible in English. The consonants that may appear together in onsets or codas are restricted, as is the order in which they may appear. Onsets can only have four types of consonant clusters: a stop and approximant, as in play ; a voiceless fricative and approximant, as in fly or sly ; s and a voiceless stop, as in stay ; and s , a voiceless stop, and an approximant, as in string . [ 161 ] Clusters of nasal and stop are only allowed in codas. Clusters of obstruents always agree in voicing, and clusters of sibilants and of plosives with the same point of articulation are prohibited. Several consonants have limited distributions: /h/ can only occur in syllable-initial position, and /ŋ/ only in syllable-final position. [ 162 ] Stress, rhythm, and intonation Stress plays an important role in English. Certain syllables are stressed, while others are unstressed. Stress is a combination of duration, intensity, vowel quality, and sometimes changes in pitch. Stressed syllables are pronounced longer and louder than unstressed syllables, and vowels in unstressed syllables are frequently reduced while vowels in stressed syllables are not. [ 163 ] Stress in English is phonemic . For instance, the word contract is stressed on the first syllable ( / ˈ k ɒ n t r æ k t / KON -trakt ) when used as a noun, but on the last syllable ( / k ə n ˈ t r æ k t / kən- TRAKT ) for most meanings (for example, "reduce in size") when used as a verb. [ 164 ] [ 165 ] [ 166 ] Here stress is connected to vowel reduction : in the noun "contract" the first syllable is stressed and has the unreduced vowel /ɒ/ , but in the verb "contract" the first syllable is unstressed and its vowel is reduced to /ə/ . Stress is also used to distinguish between words and phrases, so that a compound word receives a single stress unit, but the corresponding phrase has two: e.g. "a burnout" ( / ˈ b ɜːr n aʊ t / ) versus "to burn out" ( / ˈ b ɜːr n ˈ aʊ t / ), and "a hotdog" ( / ˈ h ɒ t d ɒ ɡ / ) versus "a hot dog" ( / ˈ h ɒ t ˈ d ɒ ɡ / ). [ 167 ] In terms of rhythm , English is generally described as a stress-timed language, meaning that the amount of time between stressed syllables tends to be equal. [ 168 ] Stressed syllables are pronounced longer, but unstressed syllables (syllables between stresses) are shortened. Vowels in unstressed syllables are shortened as well, and vowel shortening causes changes in vowel quality : vowel reduction . [ 169 ] Regional variation United States Canada Republic of Ireland Northern Ireland Scotland England Wales South Africa Australia New Zealand father – bother merger Yes Yes /ɒ/ is unrounded Yes Yes Yes /ɜr/ is pronounced [ɚ] Yes Yes Yes Yes cot – caught merger Possibly Yes Possibly Yes Yes fool – full merger Yes Yes /t, d/ flapping Yes Yes Possibly Often Rarely Rarely Rarely Rarely Yes Often trap – bath split Possibly Possibly Often Yes Yes Often Yes non-rhoticity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes close vowels for /æ, ɛ/ Yes Yes Yes /l/ can always be pronounced [ɫ] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes /ɑː/ is fronted before /r/ Possibly Possibly Yes Yes Lexical set RP GA CanE Sound change .mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%} THOUGHT /ɔː/ /ɔ/ or /ɑ/ /ɑ/ cot – caught merger CLOTH /ɒ/ lot – cloth split LOT /ɑ/ father – bother merger PALM /ɑː/ BATH /æ/ /æ/ trap – bath split TRAP /æ/ Varieties of English vary the most in pronunciation of vowels. The best-known national varieties used as standards for education in non-English-speaking countries are British (BrE) and American (AmE). Countries such as Canada , Australia , Ireland , New Zealand and South Africa have their own standard varieties which are less often used as standards for education internationally. [ 170 ] English has undergone many historical sound changes , some of them affecting all varieties, and others affecting only a few. Most standard varieties are affected by the Great Vowel Shift , which changed the pronunciation of long vowels, but a few dialects have slightly different results. In North America, a number of chain shifts such as the Northern Cities Vowel Shift and Canadian Shift have produced very different vowel landscapes in some regional accents. [ 171 ] Some dialects have fewer or more consonant phonemes and phones than the standard varieties. Some conservative varieties like Scottish English have a voiceless [ ʍ ] sound in whine that contrasts with the voiced [w] in wine , but most other dialects pronounce both words with voiced [w] , a dialect feature called wine – whine merger . The voiceless velar fricative sound /x/ is found in Scottish English, which distinguishes loch /lɔx/ from lock /lɔk/ . Accents like Cockney with " h -dropping " lack the glottal fricative /h/ , and dialects with th -stopping and th -fronting like African-American Vernacular and Estuary English do not have the dental fricatives /θ, ð/ , but replace them with dental or alveolar stops /t, d/ or labiodental fricatives /f, v/ . [ 172 ] [ 173 ] Other changes affecting the phonology of local varieties are processes such as yod -dropping , yod -coalescence , and reduction of consonant clusters. [ 174 ] [ page needed ] GA and RP vary in their pronunciation of historical /r/ after a vowel at the end of a syllable (in the syllable coda ). GA is a rhotic dialect , meaning that it pronounces /r/ at the end of a syllable, but RP is non-rhotic, meaning that it loses /r/ in that position. English dialects are classified as rhotic or non-rhotic depending on whether they elide /r/ like RP or keep it like GA. [ 175 ] There is complex dialectal variation in words with the open front and open back vowels /æ ɑː ɒ ɔː/ . These four vowels are only distinguished in RP, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In GA, these vowels merge to three /æ ɑ ɔ/ , [ 176 ] and in Canadian English, they merge to two /æ ɑ/ . [ 177 ] Grammar Typical for an Indo-European language, English grammar follows accusative morphosyntactic alignment . Unlike other Indo-European languages, English has largely abandoned the inflectional case system in favour of analytic constructions. Only the personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class . English distinguishes at least seven major word classes: verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, determiners (including articles), prepositions, and conjunctions. Some analyses add pronouns as a class separate from nouns, and subdivide conjunctions into subordinators and coordinators , and add the class of interjections. [ 178 ] English also has a rich set of auxiliary verbs , such as have and do , expressing the categories of mood and aspect. Questions are marked by do -support , wh -movement (fronting of question words beginning with wh -) and word order inversion with some verbs. [ 179 ] Some traits typical of Germanic languages persist in English, such as the distinction between irregularly inflected strong stems inflected through ablaut (i.e. changing the vowel of the stem, as in the pairs speak / spoke and foot / feet ) and weak stems inflected through affixation (such as love / loved , hand / hands ). [ 180 ] Vestiges of the case and gender system are found in the pronoun system ( he / him , who / whom ); similarly, traces of more complex verb conjugation are seen in the inflection of the copula verb to be . [ 180 ] The seven word classes are exemplified in this sample sentence: [ 181 ] The chairman of the committee and the loquacious politician clashed violently when the meeting started . Det. Noun Prep. Det. Noun Conj. Det. Adj. Noun Verb Advb. Conj. Det. Noun Verb Nouns and noun phrases English nouns are only inflected for number and possession. New nouns can be formed through derivation or compounding. They are semantically divided into proper nouns (names) and common nouns. Common nouns are in turn divided into concrete and abstract nouns, and grammatically into count nouns and mass nouns . [ 182 ] Most count nouns are inflected for plural number through the use of the plural suffix - s , but a few nouns have irregular plural forms. Mass nouns can only be pluralised through the use of a count noun classifier, e.g. "one loaf of bread", "two loaves of bread". [ 183 ] Regular plural formation: Singular: cat , dog Plural: cats , dogs Irregular plural formation: Singular: man , woman , foot , fish , ox , knife , mouse Plural: men , women , feet , fish , oxen , knives , mice Possession can be expressed either by the possessive enclitic - s (also traditionally called a genitive suffix), or by the preposition of . Historically the - s possessive has been used for animate nouns , whereas the of possessive has been reserved for inanimate nouns. Today this distinction is less clear, and many speakers use - s also with inanimates. Orthographically the possessive - s is separated from a singular noun with an apostrophe. If the noun is plural formed with - s the apostrophe follows the - s . [ 179 ] Possessive constructions: With - s : "The woman's husband's child" With of : "The child of the husband of the woman" Nouns can form noun phrases (NPs) where they are the syntactic head of the words that depend on them such as determiners, quantifiers, conjunctions or adjectives. [ 184 ] Noun phrases can be short, such as the man , composed only of a determiner and a noun. They can also include modifiers such as adjectives (e.g. red , tall , all ) and specifiers such as determiners (e.g. the , that ). But they can also tie together several nouns into a single long NP, using conjunctions such as and , or prepositions such as with , e.g. "the tall man with the long red trousers and his skinny wife with the spectacles" (this NP uses conjunctions, prepositions, specifiers, and modifiers). Regardless of length, an NP functions as a syntactic unit. [ 179 ] For example, the possessive enclitic can, in cases which do not lead to ambiguity, follow the entire noun phrase, as in "The President of India's wife", where the enclitic follows India and not President . The class of determiners is used to specify the noun they precede in terms of definiteness , where the marks a definite noun and a or an an indefinite one. A definite noun is assumed by the speaker to be already known by the interlocutor, whereas an indefinite noun is not specified as being previously known. Quantifiers, which include one , many , some and all , are used to specify the noun in terms of quantity or number. The noun must agree with the number of the determiner, e.g. one man (sg.) but all men (pl.). Determiners are the first constituents in a noun phrase. [ 185 ] Adjectives English adjectives are words such as good , big , interesting , and Canadian that most typically modify nouns, denoting characteristics of their referents (e.g. "a red car"). As modifiers, they come before the nouns they modify and after determiners. [ 186 ] English adjectives also function as predicative complements (e.g. "the child is happy "). [ 187 ] In Modern English, adjectives are not inflected so as to agree in form with the noun they modify, as in most other Indo-European languages. For example, in the phrases "the slender boy", and "many slender girls", the adjective slender does not change form to agree with either the number or gender of the noun. [ 188 ] Some adjectives are inflected for degree of comparison , with the positive degree unmarked, the suffix - er marking the comparative, and - est marking the superlative: "a small boy", "the boy is smaller than the girl", "that boy is the smallest". Some adjectives have irregular suppletive comparative and superlative forms, such as good , better , and best . Other adjectives have comparatives formed by periphrastic constructions , with the adverb more marking the comparative, and most marking the superlative: happier or more happy , the happiest or most happy . [ 189 ] There is some variation among speakers regarding which adjectives use inflected or periphrastic comparison, and some studies have shown a tendency for the periphrastic forms to become more common at the expense of the inflected form. [ 190 ] Determiners English determiners are words such as the , each , many , some , and which , occurring most typically in noun phrases before the head nouns and any modifiers and marking the noun phrase as definite or indefinite. [ 191 ] They often agree with the noun in number . They do not typically inflect for degree of comparison. Pronouns, case, and person English pronouns conserve many traits of case and gender inflection. The personal pronouns retain a difference between subjective and objective case in most persons ( I / me , he / him , she / her , we / us , they / them ) as well as an animateness distinction in the third person singular (distinguishing it from the three sets of animate third person singular pronouns) and an optional gender distinction in the animate third person singular (distinguishing between feminine she / her , epicene they / them , and masculine he / him . [ 192 ] [ 193 ] The subjective case corresponds to the Old English nominative case , and the objective case is used in the sense both of the previous accusative case (for a patient, or direct object of a transitive verb), and of the Old English dative case (for a recipient or indirect object of a transitive verb). [ 194 ] [ 195 ] The subjective is used when the pronoun is the subject of a finite clause, otherwise the objective is used. [ 196 ] While grammarians such as Henry Sweet [ 197 ] and Otto Jespersen [ 198 ] noted that the English cases did not correspond to the traditional Latin-based system, some contemporary grammars, including The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language , retain traditional nominative and accusative labels for the cases. [ 199 ] Possessive pronouns exist in dependent and independent forms; the dependent form functions as a determiner specifying a noun (as in my chair ), while the independent form can stand alone as if it were a noun (e.g. "the chair is mine"). [ 200 ] Grammatical person in English no longer distinguishes between formal and informal pronouns of address, with the second person singular familiar pronoun thou that previously existed in the language having fallen almost entirely out of use by the 18th century. [ 201 ] Both the second and third persons share pronouns between the plural and singular: Plural and singular are always identical ( you , your , yours ) in the second person (except in the reflexive form: yourself / yourselves ) in most dialects. Some dialects have introduced innovative second person plural pronouns, such as y'all (found in Southern American English and African-American Vernacular English ), youse (found in Australian English ), or ye (in Hiberno-English ). In the third person, the they / them series of pronouns ( they , them , their , theirs , themselves ) are used in both plural and singular, and are the only pronouns available for the plural. In the singular, the they / them series (sometimes with the addition of the singular-specific reflexive form themself ) serve as a gender-neutral set of pronouns. These pronouns are becoming more accepted, especially as part of the LGBTQ culture . [ 192 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] Person Subjective case Objective case Dependent possessive Independent possessive Reflexive 1st, singular I me my mine myself 2nd, singular you you your yours yourself 3rd, singular he/she/it/ they him/her/it/them his/her/its/their his/hers/its/theirs himself/herself/itself/themself/themselves 1st, plural we us our ours ourselves 2nd, plural you you your yours yourselves 3rd, plural they them their theirs themselves Pronouns are used to refer to entities deictically or anaphorically . A deictic pronoun points to some person or object by identifying it relative to the speech situation – for example, the pronoun I identifies the speaker, and the pronoun you , the addressee. Anaphoric pronouns such as that refer back to an entity already mentioned or assumed by the speaker to be known by the audience, for example in the sentence "I already told you that". The reflexive pronouns are used when the oblique argument is identical to the subject of a phrase (e.g. "he sent it to himself" or "she braced herself for impact"). [ 204 ] Prepositions Prepositional phrases (PP) are phrases composed of a preposition and one or more nouns, e.g. "with the dog", "for my friend", "to school", "in England". [ 205 ] English prepositions have a wide range of uses – including describing movement, place, and other relations between entities, as well as functions that are syntactic in nature, like introducing complement clauses and oblique arguments of verbs. [ 205 ] For example, in the phrase "I gave it to him", the preposition to marks the indirect object of the verb to give . Traditionally words were only considered prepositions if they governed the case of the noun they preceded, for example causing the pronouns to use the objective rather than subjective form, "with her", "to me", "for us". But some contemporary grammars no longer consider government of case to be the defining feature of the class of prepositions, rather defining prepositions as words that can function as the heads of prepositional phrases. [ 206 ] Verbs and verb phrases English verbs are inflected for tense and aspect and marked for agreement with a third person present singular subject. Only the copula verb to be is still inflected for agreement with the plural and first and second person subjects. [ 189 ] Auxiliary verbs such as have and be are paired with verbs in the infinitive , past, or progressive forms. They form complex tenses, aspects, and moods. Auxiliary verbs differ from other verbs in that they can be followed by the negation, and in that they can occur as the first constituent in a question sentence. [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Most verbs have six inflectional forms. The primary forms are a plain present, a third person singular present, and a preterite (past) form. The secondary forms are a plain form used for the infinitive, a gerund-participle and a past participle. [ 209 ] The verb to be – which among other uses in English functions as the primary auxiliary verb indicating the imperfective aspect (e.g. "I am going"), as well as the copula [ 210 ] – is the only verb to retain some of its original conjugation, and takes different inflectional forms depending on the subject. The first person present form is am , the third person singular form is is , and the form are is used in the second person singular and all three plurals. The only verb past participle is been and its gerund-participle is being . [ 211 ] Inflection Strong Regular Plain present take love 3rd person sg. present takes loves Preterite took loved Plain (infinitive) take love Gerund–participle taking loving Past participle taken loved Tense, aspect, and mood English has two primary tenses, past (preterite) and non-past. The preterite is inflected by using the preterite form of the verb, which for the regular verbs includes the suffix -ed , and for the strong verbs either the suffix -t or a change in the stem vowel. The non-past form is unmarked except in the third person singular, which takes the suffix -s . [ 207 ] Present Preterite First person I run I ran Second person You run You ran Third person John runs John ran English does not have future verb forms. [ 212 ] The future tense is expressed periphrastically with one of the auxiliary verbs will or shall . [ 213 ] Many varieties also use a near future constructed with the phrasal verb "be going to" ( going-to future ). [ 214 ] Future First person "I will run" Second person "You will run" Third person "John will run" Further aspectual distinctions are shown by auxiliary verbs, primarily have and be , which show the contrast between a perfect and non-perfect past tense ("I have run" vs. "I was running"), and compound tenses such as preterite perfect ("I had been running") and present perfect ("I have been running"). [ 215 ] For the expression of mood, English uses a number of modal auxiliaries, such as can , may , will , shall and the past tense forms could , might , would , should . There are also subjunctive and imperative moods , both based on the plain form of the verb (i.e. without the third person singular -s ), for use in subordinate clauses (e.g. subjunctive: "It is important that he run every day"; imperative Run! ). [ 213 ] An infinitive form, that uses the plain form of the verb and the preposition to , is used for verbal clauses that are syntactically subordinate to a finite verbal clause. Finite verbal clauses are those that are formed around a verb in the present or preterite form. In clauses with auxiliary verbs, they are the finite verbs and the main verb is treated as a subordinate clause. [ 216 ] For example, "he has to go" where only the auxiliary verb have is inflected for time and the main verb to go is in the infinitive, or in a complement clause such as "I saw him leave", where the main verb is see , which is in a preterite form, and leave is in the infinitive. Phrasal verbs English also makes frequent use of constructions traditionally called phrasal verbs , verb phrases that are made up of a verb root and a preposition or particle that follows the verb. The phrase then functions as a single predicate. In terms of intonation the preposition is fused to the verb, but in writing it is written as a separate word. Examples of phrasal verbs are "to get up", "to ask out", "to get together", and "to put up with". The phrasal verb frequently has a highly idiomatic meaning that is more specialised and restricted than what can be simply extrapolated from the combination of verb and preposition complement (e.g. lay off meaning terminate someone's employment ). [ 217 ] Some grammarians do not consider this type of construction to form a syntactic constituent and hence refrain from using the term "phrasal verb". Instead, they consider the construction simply to be a verb with a prepositional phrase as its syntactic complement, e.g. "he woke up in the morning" and "he ran up in the mountains" are syntactically equivalent. [ 218 ] Adverbs The function of adverbs is to modify the action or event described by the verb by providing additional information about the manner in which it occurs. [ 179 ] Many English adverbs are derived from adjectives by appending the suffix -ly . For example, in the phrase "the woman walked quickly", the adverb quickly is derived from the adjective quick . Some commonly used adjectives have irregular adverbial forms, such as good , which has the adverbial form well . [ 219 ] Syntax Modern English syntax is moderately analytic . [ 220 ] It has developed features such as modal verbs and word order as resources for conveying meaning. Auxiliary verbs mark constructions such as questions, negative polarity, the passive voice and progressive aspect . [ 221 ] Basic constituent order English has moved from the Germanic verb-second (V2) word order to being almost exclusively subject–verb–object (SVO). [ 222 ] The combination of SVO order and use of auxiliary verbs often creates clusters of two or more verbs at the centre of the sentence, such as "he had been hoping to try opening it". [ 223 ] In most sentences, English only marks grammatical relations through word order. [ 224 ] The subject constituent precedes the verb and the object constituent follows it. The grammatical roles of each constituent are marked only by the position relative to the verb: The dog bites the man S V O The man bites the dog S V O An exception is found in sentences where one of the constituents is a pronoun, in which case it is doubly marked, both by word order and by case inflection, where the subject pronoun precedes the verb and takes the subjective case form, and the object pronoun follows the verb and takes the objective case form. [ 225 ] The example below demonstrates this double marking in a sentence where both object and subject are represented with a third person singular masculine pronoun: He hit him S V O Indirect objects (IO) of ditransitive verbs can be placed either as the first object in a double object construction (S V IO O), such as "I gave Jane the book" or in a prepositional phrase, such as "I gave the book to Jane ". [ 226 ] Clause syntax English sentences may be composed of one or more clauses, that may in turn be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any noun or prepositional phrases. Within a sentence, there is always at least one main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to a main clause. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase "I think (that) you are lying", the main clause is headed by the verb think , the subject is I , but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause "(that) you are lying". The subordinating conjunction that shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted. [ 227 ] Relative clauses are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence "I saw the letter that you received today", the relative clause "that you received today" specifies the meaning of the word letter , the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns who , whose , whom , and which as well as by that (which can also be omitted). [ 228 ] In contrast to many other Germanic languages there are no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses. [ 229 ] Auxiliary verb constructions English auxiliary verbs are relied upon for many functions, including the expression of tense, aspect, and mood. Auxiliary verbs form main clauses, and the main verbs function as heads of a subordinate clause of the auxiliary verb. For example, in the sentence "the dog did not find its bone", the clause "find its bone" is the complement of the negated verb did not . Subject–auxiliary inversion is used in many constructions, including focus, negation, and interrogative constructions. [ 230 ] The verb do can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I did shut the fridge." However, in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present. Modern English does not allow the addition of the negating adverb not to an ordinary finite lexical verb, as in *"I know not" – it can only be added to an auxiliary (or copular ) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary do is used, to produce a form like "I do not (don't) know." The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions – inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say *"Know you him?"; grammatical rules require "Do you know him?" [ 231 ] Negation is done with the adverb not , which precedes the main verb and follows an auxiliary verb. A contracted form of not - n't can be used as an enclitic attaching to auxiliary verbs and to the copula verb to be . Just as with questions, many negative constructions require the negation to occur with do -support, thus in Modern English "I don't know him" is the correct answer to the question "Do you know him?", but not *"I know him not", although this construction may be found in older English. [ 232 ] Passive constructions also use auxiliary verbs. A passive construction rephrases an active construction in such a way that the object of the active phrase becomes the subject of the passive phrase, and the subject of the active phrase is either omitted or demoted to a role as an oblique argument introduced in a prepositional phrase. They are formed by using the past participle either with the auxiliary verb to be or to get , although not all varieties of English allow the use of passives with get . For example, putting the sentence "she sees him" into the passive becomes "he is seen (by her)", or "he gets seen (by her)". [ 233 ] Questions Both yes/no questions and wh -questions in English are mostly formed using subject–auxiliary inversion ("Am I going tomorrow?", "Where can we eat?"), which may require do -support ("Do you like her?", "Where did he go?"). In most cases, interrogative words (or wh -words ) – which include who , what , when , where , why , and how – appear in a fronted position . For example, in the question "What did you see?", the word what appears as the first constituent despite being the grammatical object of the sentence. When the wh -word is the subject or forms part of the subject, no inversion occurs (e.g. "Who saw the cat?"). Prepositional phrases can also be fronted when they are the questions theme (e.g. "To whose house did you go last night?"). The personal interrogative pronoun who is the only interrogative pronoun to still show inflection for case, with the variant whom serving as the objective case form, although this form may be going out of use in many contexts. [ 234 ] Discourse level syntax While English is a subject-prominent language, at the discourse level it tends to use a topic–comment structure, where the known information (topic) precedes the new information (comment). Because of the strict SVO syntax, the topic of a sentence generally has to be the grammatical subject of the sentence. In cases where the topic is not the grammatical subject of the sentence, it is often promoted to subject position through syntactic means. One way of doing this is through a passive construction, "the girl was stung by the bee". Another way is through a cleft sentence where the main clause is demoted to be a complement clause of a copula sentence with a dummy subject such as it or there , e.g. "it was the girl that the bee stung", "there was a girl who was stung by a bee". [ 235 ] Dummy subjects are also used in constructions where there is no grammatical subject such as with impersonal verbs (e.g. "it is raining") or in existential clauses ("there are many cars on the street"). Through the use of these complex sentence constructions with informationally vacuous subjects, English is able to maintain both a topic–comment sentence structure and a SVO syntax. [ 236 ] Focus constructions emphasise a particular piece of new or salient information within a sentence, generally through allocating the main sentence level stress on the focal constituent. For example, "the girl was stung by a bee " (emphasising it was a bee and not, for example, a wasp that stung her), or " the girl was stung by a bee" (contrasting with another possibility, for example that it was the boy). [ 237 ] Topic and focus can also be established through syntactic dislocation, either preposing or postposing the item to be focused on relative to the main clause. For example, "That girl over there, she was stung by a bee", emphasises the girl by preposition, but a similar effect could be achieved by postposition, "she was stung by a bee, that girl over there", where reference to the girl is established as an afterthought. [ 238 ] Cohesion between sentences is achieved through the use of deictic pronouns as anaphora (e.g. "that is exactly what I mean" where that refers to some fact known to both interlocutors, or then used to locate the time of a narrated event relative to the time of a previously narrated event). [ 239 ] Discourse markers such as oh , so , or well , also signal the progression of ideas between sentences and help to create cohesion. Discourse markers are often the first constituents in sentences. Discourse markers are also used for stance taking in which speakers position themselves in a specific attitude towards what is being said, for example, "no way is that true!" (the idiomatic marker "no way!" expressing disbelief), or "boy! I'm hungry" (the marker boy expressing emphasis). While discourse markers are particularly characteristic of informal and spoken registers of English, they are also used in written and formal registers. [ 240 ] Vocabulary The English lexicon consists of around 170,000 words (or 220,000, if counting obsolete words ), according to an estimate based on the 1989 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary . [ 241 ] Over one-half are nouns, one-quarter are adjectives, and one-seventh are verbs. Another estimate – which includes scientific jargon , prefixed and suffixed words, loanwords of extremely limited use, technical acronyms , etc. – counts around 1 million total English words. [ 242 ] English borrows vocabulary quickly from many languages and other sources. Early studies of English vocabulary by lexicographers (scholars who study vocabulary and compile dictionaries) were impeded by a lack of comprehensive data on actual vocabulary in use from high-quality linguistic corpora [ 243 ] (collections of actual written texts and spoken passages). Many statements published before the end of the 20th century about the growth of English vocabulary over time, the dates of first use of various words in English, and the sources of English vocabulary will have to be corrected as new computerised analyses of linguistic corpus data become available. [ 244 ] [ 245 ] Word-formation processes English forms new words from existing words or roots in its vocabulary through a variety of processes. One of the most productive processes in English is conversion, [ 246 ] using a word with a different grammatical role, for example using a noun as a verb or a verb as a noun. Another productive word-formation process is nominal compounding, [ 242 ] [ 245 ] producing compound words such as babysitter or ice cream or homesick . [ 246 ] Formation of new words, called neologisms , based on Greek or Latin roots (for example television or optometry ) is a highly productive process in modern European languages like English, so much so that it is often difficult to determine in which language a neologism originated. For this reason, American lexicographer Philip Gove attributed many such words to the " international scientific vocabulary " (ISV) when compiling Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961). Another active word-formation process in English is that of acronyms , which result from pronouncing abbreviations of longer phrases as single words, e.g. NATO , laser , scuba . [ 247 ] Word origins French, including Anglo-Norman (28.3%) Latin, including scientific and technical loans (28.2%) Germanic (Old English, Old Norse, Dutch) (25.0%) Greek (5.32%) None given (4.03%) Derived from proper names (3.28%) Other (5.83%) Throughout its history, English has been a particularly frequent borrower of loanwords from other languages. [ 249 ] West Germanic words in use since the Anglo-Saxon period still comprise most of the language's core vocabulary, as well as most of its most frequently used words. [ 250 ] [ 251 ] [ 242 ] Many sentences can be constructed without loanwords, but not without core Anglo-Saxon vocabulary. [ 252 ] English has formal and informal speech registers ; informal registers, including child-directed speech, tend to be made up predominantly of Anglo-Saxon vocabulary, while Latinate vocabulary appears more frequently in legal, scientific, and academic writing. [ 253 ] [ 254 ] Prolonged and intense contact with French has resulted in English having a very high proportion of Latinate words – with French loanwords borrowed during different stages of the language's history comprising 28 per cent of the English lexicon. [ 255 ] In all periods of its history, English has also borrowed words from Latin directly, [ 245 ] [ 242 ] representing another 28 per cent of the lexicon. [ 256 ] In turn, many of these words had originally entered Latin from Greek. Greek and Latin stems remain highly productive sources for new literary, technical, and scientific vocabulary in English. [ 257 ] Loanwords from Old Norse primarily entered English between the 8th and 11th centuries, during the Norse colonisation of eastern and northern England, and typically displaced an Anglo-Saxon equivalent. Many represent core vocabulary – including give , get , sky , skirt , egg , and cake . [ 258 ] [ 39 ] English loans in other languages English has had a strong influence on the vocabulary of other languages. [ 255 ] [ 259 ] The influence of English comes from such factors as opinion leaders in other countries knowing the English language, the role of English as a world lingua franca, and the large number of books and films that are translated from English into other languages. [ 260 ] That pervasive use of English leads to a conclusion in many places that English is an especially suitable language for expressing new ideas or describing new technologies. Among varieties of English, it is especially American English that influences other languages. [ 261 ] Some languages, such as Chinese, write words borrowed from English mostly as calques , while others, such as Japanese, readily take in English loanwords written in sound-indicating script. [ 262 ] Dubbed films and television programmes are an especially fruitful source of English influence on languages in Europe. [ 262 ] Orthography Since the 9th century, English has been written using the English alphabet , which uses the Latin script . Anglo-Saxon runes were previously used to write Old English, but only in short inscriptions; the overwhelming majority of attested writings in Old English are in the Old English Latin alphabet . [ 33 ] English orthography is multi-layered and complex, with elements of French, Latin, and Greek spelling on top of the native Germanic system. [ 263 ] Further complications have arisen through sound changes with which the orthography has not kept pace. [ 50 ] Compared to European languages for which official organisations have promoted spelling reforms, English has spelling that is a less consistent indicator of pronunciation, and standard spellings of words that are more difficult to guess from knowing how a word is pronounced. [ 264 ] There are also systematic spelling differences between British and American English . These situations have prompted proposals for spelling reform in English . [ 265 ] Although letters and speech sounds do not have a one-to-one correspondence in standard English spelling, spelling rules that take into account syllable structure, phonetic changes in derived words, and word accent are reliable for most English words. [ 266 ] Moreover, standard English spelling shows etymological relationships between related words that would be obscured by a closer correspondence between pronunciation and spelling – for example, the words photograph , photography , and photographic , [ 266 ] or the words electricity and electrical . While few scholars agree with Chomsky and Halle (1968) that conventional English orthography is "near-optimal", [ 263 ] there is a rationale for current English spelling patterns. [ 267 ] The standard orthography of English is the most widely used writing system in the world. [ 268 ] Standard English spelling is based on a graphomorphemic segmentation of words into written clues of what meaningful units make up each word. [ 269 ] Readers of English can generally rely on the correspondence between spelling and pronunciation to be fairly regular for letters or digraphs used to spell consonant sounds. The letters b , d , f , h , j , k , l , m , n , p , r , s , t , v , w , y , z represent, respectively, the phonemes /b, d, f, h, dʒ, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, w, j, z/ . The letters c and g normally represent /k/ and /ɡ/ , but there is also a soft c pronounced /s/ , and a soft g pronounced /dʒ/ . The differences in the pronunciations of the letters c and g are often signalled by the following letters in standard English spelling. Digraphs used to represent phonemes and phoneme sequences include ch for /tʃ/ , sh for /ʃ/ , th for /θ/ or /ð/ , ng for /ŋ/ , qu for /kw/ , and ph for /f/ in Greek-derived words. The single letter x is generally pronounced as /z/ in word-initial position and as /ks/ otherwise. There are exceptions to these generalisations, often the result of loanwords being spelled according to the spelling patterns of their languages of origin [ 266 ] or residues of proposals by scholars in the early period of Modern English to follow the spelling patterns of Latin for English words of Germanic origin. [ 270 ] For the vowel sounds of the English language, however, correspondences between spelling and pronunciation are more irregular. There are many more vowel phonemes in English than there are single vowel letters ( a , e , i , o , u , y , and very rarely w ). As a result, some " long vowels " are often indicated by combinations of letters (like the oa in boat , the ow in how , and the ay in stay ), or the historically based silent e (as in note and cake ). [ 267 ] The consequence of this complex orthographic history is that learning to read and write can be challenging in English. It can take longer for school pupils to become independently fluent readers of English than of many other languages, including Italian, Spanish, and German. [ 271 ] Nonetheless, there is an advantage for learners of English reading in learning the specific sound-symbol regularities that occur in the standard English spellings of commonly used words. [ 266 ] Such instruction greatly reduces the risk of children experiencing reading difficulties in English. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] Making primary school teachers more aware of the primacy of morpheme representation in English may help learners learn more efficiently to read and write English. [ 274 ] English writing also includes a system of punctuation marks that is similar to those used in most alphabetic languages around the world. The purpose of punctuation is to mark meaningful grammatical relationships in sentences to aid readers in understanding a text and to indicate features important for reading a text aloud. [ 275 ] Dialects, accents, and varieties Dialectologists identify many English dialects , which usually refer to regional varieties that differ from each other in terms of patterns of grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The pronunciation of particular areas distinguishes dialects as separate regional accents . The major native dialects of English are often divided by linguists into the two extremely general categories of British English (BrE) and North American English (NAE). [ 276 ] Britain and Ireland .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Speech example An example of a man with a contemporary Received Pronunciation accent ( Alain de Botton ). Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a man with a Cockney accent ( Danny Baker ). Speech example An example of an Essex man with a working-class Estuary English accent ( Russell Brand ). Speech example An example of a man with a ( West ) Yorkshire accent ( Damien Hirst ). Speech example An example of a man with a contemporary Liverpool accent ( John Bishop ). Speech example An example of a man with a ( South ) Wales accent ( Rob Brydon ). Speech example An example of a man with one of the many accents of Scotland ( Alex Salmond ). Speech example An example of a man with a Northern Irish accent ( George Best ). Speech example An example of a woman with one of the many accents of the Republic of Ireland ( Mary Robinson ). The fact that English has been spoken in England for 1,500 years explains why England has a great wealth of regional dialects. [ 277 ] Within the United Kingdom, Received Pronunciation (RP), an educated accent associated originally with South East England , has been traditionally used as a broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of British accents. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the 1950–61 Survey of English Dialects , grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear. [ 278 ] Nonetheless, this attrition has mostly affected dialectal variation in grammar and vocabulary. Only 3% of the English population actually speak RP, the remainder speaking in regional accents and dialects with varying degrees of RP influence. [ 279 ] There is also variability within RP, particularly along class lines between Upper and Middle-class RP speakers and between native RP speakers and speakers who adopt RP later in life. [ 280 ] Within Britain, there is also considerable variation along lines of social class; some traits, though exceedingly common, are nonetheless considered "non-standard" and associated with lower-class speakers and identities. An example of this is h -dropping , which was historically a feature of lower-class London English, particularly Cockney, and can now be heard in the local accents of most parts of England. However, it remains largely absent in broadcasting and among the upper crust of British society. [ 281 ] English in England can be divided into four major dialect regions: South East English, South West English (also known as West Country English ), Midlands English and Northern English . Within each of these regions, several local dialects exist: within the Northern region, there is a division between the Yorkshire dialects , the Geordie dialect (spoken around Newcastle , in Northumbria ) and the Lancashire dialects, which include the urban subdialects of Manchester ( Mancunian ) and Liverpool ( Scouse ). Having been the centre of Danish occupation during the Viking invasions of England, Northern English dialects, particularly the Yorkshire dialect, retain Norse features not found in other English varieties. [ 282 ] In the West Midlands , dialects such as Black Country ( Yam Yam ), and by less extent Birmingham ( Brummie ), preserve archaic features from Early Modern and Middle English, retaining Germanic elements such as specific grammatical structures and vocabulary. [ 283 ] Since the 15th century, South East England varieties have centred on London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the Cockney dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the South East led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had been influencing neighbouring regions throughout history. [ 284 ] [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of intrusive R ( drawing is pronounced "drawring" /ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/ ), t -glottalisation ( Potter is pronounced with a glottal stop as Po'er /ˈpɒʔə/ ) and th -fronting , or the pronunciation of th- as /f/ ( thanks pronounced "fanks") or /v/ ( bother pronounced "bover"). [ 287 ] Scots is today considered a separate language from English, but it has its origins in early Northern Middle English [ 288 ] and developed and changed during its history with influence from other sources, particularly Scottish Gaelic and Old Norse. Scots itself has a number of regional dialects. In addition to Scots, Scottish English comprises the varieties of Standard English spoken in Scotland; most varieties are Northern English accents, with some influence from Scots. [ 289 ] In Ireland , various forms of English have been spoken following the Norman invasion of the island during the 11th century. In County Wexford and in the area surrounding Dublin , two extinct dialects known as Forth and Bargy and Fingallian developed as offshoots from Early Middle English and were spoken until the 19th century. Modern Irish English , however, has its roots in English colonisation in the 17th century. Today Irish English is divided into Ulster English , the Northern Ireland dialect with strong influence from Scots, and various dialects of the Republic of Ireland. Like Scottish and most North American accents, almost all Irish accents preserve the rhoticity which has been lost in the dialects influenced by RP. [ 19 ] [ 290 ] North America Speech example An example of a Midwestern American man with a General American accent ( Emery Emery ). Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An Alabama woman with a contemporary Southern American accent ( Martha Roby ). Speech example A man with a New York City accent ( Chuck Zito ). Speech example A man with a Boston accent ( Marty Walsh ). Speech example An example of two men with AAVE accents , the interviewer from Georgia ( D. J. Shockley ) and the interviewee from Louisiana ( Russell Gage ). Speech example An Ontario woman with a Standard Canadian accent ( Margaret Atwood ). Due to the relatively strong degree of mixing, mutual accommodation, and koinéisation that occurred during the colonial period, North American English has traditionally been perceived as relatively homogeneous, at least in comparison with British dialects. However, modern scholars have strongly opposed this notion, arguing that North American English shows a great deal of phonetic, lexical, and geographic variability. This becomes all the more apparent considering social, ethnolinguistic, and regional varieties such as African-American English , Chicano English , Cajun English , or Newfoundland English . [ 291 ] American accent variation is increasing at the regional level and decreasing at the very local level, [ 292 ] though most Americans still speak within a phonological continuum of similar accents, [ 293 ] known collectively as General American English (GA), with differences hardly noticed even among Americans themselves, including Midland and Western American English . [ 294 ] [ 295 ] [ 296 ] Canadian English varieties, excepting those from Atlantic Canada and possibly Quebec , are generally considered to belong to the GA continuum, although they often show raising of the vowels / aɪ / and / aʊ / before voiceless consonants and have distinct norms for writing and pronunciation as well. [ 297 ] Atlantic Canadian English , notably distinct from Standard Canadian English , [ 298 ] comprises Maritime English and Newfoundland English . It was influenced mostly by British and Irish English, as well as Irish , Scottish Gaelic , and Acadian French . [ 299 ] In most American and Canadian English dialects, rhoticity (or r -fullness) is dominant, with non-rhoticity (or r -dropping) being associated with lower prestige and social class, especially since the end of World War II . This contrasts with the situation in England, where non-rhoticity has become the standard. [ 300 ] Varieties beyond GA which have developed distinct sound systems include the Southern American English , New York City English , Eastern New England English , and African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) groups – all of which are historically non-rhotic, save a few varieties of Southern American. In Southern American English, the most populous grouping outside GA, [ 301 ] rhoticity now strongly prevails, replacing the region's historical non-rhotic prestige . [ 302 ] [ 303 ] [ 304 ] Southern accents are colloquially described as a "drawl" or "twang", [ 305 ] being recognised most readily by the Southern Vowel Shift initiated by glide-deleting in the /aɪ/ vowel (e.g. pronouncing spy almost like spa ), the "Southern breaking" of several front pure vowels into a gliding vowel or even two syllables (e.g. pronouncing the word press almost like "pray-us"), [ 306 ] the pin–pen merger , and other distinctive phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, many of which are actually recent developments of the 19th century or later. [ 307 ] Spoken primarily by working- and middle-class African Americans, African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) is largely non-rhotic, and likely originated among enslaved Africans and African Americans influenced primarily by the non-standard older Southern dialects . A minority of linguists, [ 308 ] contrarily, propose that AAVE mostly traces back to African languages spoken by the slaves who had to develop a pidgin or English-based creole to communicate with slaves of other ethnic and linguistic origins. [ 309 ] AAVE's important commonalities with Southern accents suggest it developed into a highly coherent and homogeneous variety in the 19th or early 20th century. AAVE is commonly stigmatised in North America as a form of "broken" or "uneducated" English, as are white Southern accents, but linguists today recognise both as fully developed varieties of English with their own norms shared by large speech communities. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] Australia and New Zealand Speech example An example of a man with a general Australian accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a South Australian woman with a broad Australian accent ( Julia Gillard ). Speech example An example of a Queensland man with a cultivated Australian accent ( Geoffrey Rush ). Speech example An example of a woman with a New Zealand accent ( Eleanor Catton ). Speech example An example of a man with a New Zealand accent ( John Key ). Since 1788, English has been spoken in Oceania , and Australian English has developed as the first language of the vast majority of the inhabitants of the Australian continent, its standard accent being General Australian . The English of neighbouring New Zealand has to a lesser degree become an influential standard variety of the language. [ 312 ] Australian and New Zealand English are each other's closest relatives with few differentiating characteristics, followed by South African English and the English of South East England, all of which have similarly non-rhotic accents, aside from some accents in the South Island of New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand English stand out for their innovative vowels: many short vowels are fronted or raised, whereas many long vowels have diphthongised. Australian English also has a contrast between long and short vowels, not found in most other varieties. Australian English grammar aligns closely with British and American English; like American English, collective plural subjects take on a singular verb, e.g. "the government is" (rather than are ). [ 313 ] [ 314 ] New Zealand English uses front vowels that are often even higher than in Australian English. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] [ 317 ] Southeast Asia Speech example An example of a male teenager with a Singaporean accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech examples Examples of a man and woman with Filipino accents . English is an official language of the Philippines . Its use is ubiquitous in the country, and appears in areas including on street signs , marquees, and government documents, and in courtrooms, public media, the entertainment industry, and the business sector. It became an important and widely spoken language in the country during the period of American rule between 1898 and 1946. [ 318 ] Taglish is a prominent form of code-switching between Tagalog and English. [ 319 ] Africa, the Caribbean, and South Asia Speech example An example of a man with a South African accent . Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a woman with an educated Nigerian accent ( Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie ). Speech example An example of a woman and man with Jamaican accents . Speech example An example of a woman with an Indian accent ( Arundhati Roy ). English is spoken widely in southern Africa and is an official or co-official language in several of the region's countries. In South Africa , English has been spoken since 1820, co-existing with Afrikaans and various African languages such as the Khoe and Bantu languages . Today, about nine per cent of the South African population speaks South African English (SAE) as a first language. SAE is a non-rhotic variety that tends to follow RP as a norm. It is one of the few non-rhotic English varieties that lack intrusive R . The second-language varieties of South Africa differ based on the native languages of their speakers. [ 320 ] Most phonological differences from RP are in the vowels. [ 321 ] Consonant differences include the tendency to pronounce /p, t, t͡ʃ, k/ without aspiration (e.g. pin pronounced [pɪn] rather than as [pʰɪn] as in most other varieties), while r is often pronounced as a flap [ɾ] instead of as the more common fricative. [ 322 ] Nigerian English is a variety of English spoken in Nigeria ; over 150 million Nigerians speak some form of the language. [ 323 ] Though traditionally based on British English, increasing United States influence during the latter 20th century has resulted in American English vocabulary entering Nigerian English. Additionally, some new words and collocations have emerged from the variety out of a need to express concepts specific to the culture of the nation (e.g. senior wife ). [ 324 ] Varieties of English are spoken throughout the former British colonial possessions in the Caribbean, including Jamaica, the Leeward and Windward Islands , Trinidad and Tobago , Barbados , the Cayman Islands , and Belize . Each of these areas is home both to a local variety of English and a local English-based creole, combining English and African languages. The most prominent varieties are Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole . In Central America, English-based creoles are spoken on the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua and Panama. [ 325 ] Residents are often fluent in both the local English variety and the local creole languages, and frequently code-switch between them. The relationship between different varieties can be conceptualised as a continuum, in which more creole-like or RP-like forms function as more formal and informal registers of the language respectively. [ 326 ] Most Caribbean varieties are based on British English and consequently, most are non-rhotic, except for formal styles of Jamaican English which are often rhotic. Jamaican English differs from RP in its vowel inventory, which has a distinction between long and short vowels rather than tense and lax vowels as in Standard English. The diphthongs /ei/ and /ou/ are monophthongs [eː] and [oː] or even the reverse diphthongs [ie] and [uo] (e.g. bay and boat pronounced [bʲeː] and [bʷoːt] ). Often word-final consonant clusters are simplified so that "child" is pronounced [t͡ʃail] and "wind" [win] . [ 327 ] [ 328 ] [ 329 ] Indian English historically tends towards RP as an ideal, with the proximity of speakers to RP generally reflective of class distinctions. Indian English accents are marked by the pronunciation of phonemes such as /t/ and /d/ (often pronounced with retroflex articulation as [ʈ] and [ɖ] ) and the replacement of /θ/ and /ð/ with dentals [t̪] and [d̪] . Sometimes Indian English speakers may also use spelling-based pronunciations where the silent ⟨h⟩ found in words such as ghost is pronounced as an Indian voiced aspirated stop [ɡʱ] . [ 330 ] Non-native varieties Speech example An example of a Hispanophone man speaking English. Problems playing this file? See media help . Speech example An example of a Japanese man speaking English ( Shinzo Abe ). Speech example An example of a German man speaking English ( Werner Herzog ). Non-native English speakers may pronounce words differently due to having not fully mastered English pronunciation. This can happen either because they apply the speech rules of their mother tongue to English ("interference") or through implementing strategies similar to those used in first language acquisition . They may create novel pronunciations for English sounds not found in their first language. [ 331 ] See also English in the Commonwealth of Nations English-only movement – Political movement in the U.S. References ^ Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 , Entry: English – Pronunciation . ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?" . Ethnologue . 2023. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023 . Retrieved 3 October 2023 . ^ a b c d English at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) ^ a b The Routes of English . ^ Crystal 2003a , p. 6. ^ Wardhaugh 2010 , p. 55. ^ a b Crystal 2003b , pp. 108–109. ^ Chua, Amy (18 January 2022). "How the English Language Conquered the World" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. ^ a b Finkenstaedt, Thomas; Dieter Wolff (1973). Ordered profusion; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon . C. Winter. ISBN 978-3-533-02253-4 . ^ Bammesberger 1992 , p. 30. ^ a b Svartvik & Leech 2006 , p. 39. ^ Burnley, David (1992). "Lexis and Semantics". In Blake, Norman (ed.). The Cambridge History of the English Language . pp. 409– 499. doi : 10.1017/chol9780521264754.006 . ISBN 978-1-139-05553-6 . Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973) ^ Bammesberger 1992 , pp. 29–30. ^ Durrell 2006 . ^ König & van der Auwera 1994 . ^ Bazelmans 2009 , pp. 325–326. ^ Robinson 1992 . ^ Romaine 1982 , pp. 56–65. ^ a b Barry 1982 , pp. 86–87. ^ Harbert 2006 . ^ Bazelmans 2009 , p. 326, "According to most researchers, this means that there cannot have been an 'original' Anglo-Frisian entity ..." Stiles 2018 , p. 31, "... It is not possible to construct the exclusive common relative chronology that is necessary in order to be able to establish a node on a family tree. The term and concept of 'Anglo-Frisian' should be banished to the historiography of the subject." Bazelmans 2009 , p. 326, "According to most researchers, this means that there cannot have been an 'original' Anglo-Frisian entity ..." Stiles 2018 , p. 31, "... It is not possible to construct the exclusive common relative chronology that is necessary in order to be able to establish a node on a family tree. The term and concept of 'Anglo-Frisian' should be banished to the historiography of the subject." ^ Versloot 2017 , pp. 341–342. ^ Stiles 2018 , pp. 5–6. ^ Beowulf . Translated by Liuzza, Roy M. (2nd ed.). Broadview. 2012 [1999]. ISBN 978-1-554811137 . ^ Baugh, Albert (1951). A History of the English Language. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 60–83, 110–130 ^ Collingwood & Myres 1936 . ^ Graddol, Leith & Swann et al. 2007 . ^ Blench & Spriggs 1999 . ^ Bosworth & Toller 1921 . ^ Campbell 1959 , p. 4. ^ Toon 1992 , Chapter: Old English Dialects. ^ Donoghue 2008 . ^ a b c Gneuss 2013 , p. 23. ^ Hogg & Denison 2006a , pp. 30–31. ^ Hogg 1992a . ^ Smith 2009 . ^ Trask 2010 . ^ Thomason & Kaufman 1988 , pp. 284–290. ^ a b Kastovsky 1992 , pp. 320, 332. ^ Hogg 2006 , pp. 360–361. ^ Townend 2012 , pp. 81–82. ^ Short, Ian (2002). "Language and Literature". A Companion to the Anglo-Norman World . Boydell and Brewer. pp. 191– 214. doi : 10.1017/9781846150463.011 . ISBN 978-1-84615-046-3 . ^ Townend 2012 , pp. 99–100. ^ Johannesson, Nils-Lennart; Cooper, Andrew (2023). Ormulum . Early English text society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-289043-6 . ^ Baker, Curt (Spring 2016). "Effects of the Norman Conquest on the English Language" . Tenor Times . 5 . Retrieved 17 July 2025 . ^ Lass 1992 , pp. 103–123. ^ Fischer & van der Wurff 2006 , pp. 111–113. ^ Horobin, Simon. "Chaucer's Middle English" . The Open Access Companion to the Canterbury Tales . Louisiana State University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2019 . The only appearances of their and them in Chaucer's works are in the Reeve's Tale, where they form part of the Northern dialect spoken by the two Cambridge students, Aleyn and John, demonstrating that at this time they were still perceived to be Northernisms ^ Wycliffe, John. "Bible" (PDF) . Wesley NNU. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . ^ a b Lass 2000a . ^ Görlach 1991 , pp. 66–70. ^ Nevalainen & Tieken-Boon van Ostade 2006 , pp. 274–279. ^ Cercignani 1981 . ^ a b Lass 2006 , pp. 46–47. ^ How English evolved into a global language 2010 . ^ Romaine 2006 , p. 586. ^ a b Mufwene 2006 , p. 614. ^ a b Northrup 2013 , pp. 81–86. ^ Baker, Colin (1998). Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education . Multilingual Matters. p. 311. ISBN 978-1-85359-362-8 . ^ a b c Graddol 2006 . ^ a b c Crystal 2003a . ^ McCrum, MacNeil & Cran 2003 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Romaine 1999a . ^ Romaine 1999a , p. 2, "Other changes such as the spread and regularisation of do support began in the thirteenth century and were more or less complete in the nineteenth. Although do coexisted with the simple verb forms in negative statements from the early ninth century, obligatoriness was not complete until the nineteenth. The increasing use of do periphrasis coincides with the fixing of SVO word order. Not surprisingly, do is first widely used in interrogatives, where the word order is disrupted, and then later spread to negatives.". ^ Leech et al. 2009 , pp. 18–19. ^ Mair & Leech 2006 . ^ Mair 2006 . ^ "EF English Proficiency Index 2019" (PDF) . Retrieved 15 August 2024 . (pp. 6–7). ^ Breene, Keith (15 November 2019). "Which countries are best at English as a second language?" . World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . ^ Crystal 2003b , p. 106. ^ Crystal 2003a , p. 69. ^ a b Kachru 2006 , p. 196. ^ Svartvik & Leech 2006 , p. 2. ^ a b Ryan 2013 , Table 1. ^ Office for National Statistics 2013 , Key Points. ^ National Records of Scotland 2013 . ^ Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 2012 , Table KS207NI: Main Language. ^ Statistics Canada 2014 . ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013 . ^ Statistics South Africa 2012 , Table 2.5 Population by first language spoken and province (number). ^ Statistics New Zealand 2014 . ^ a b Bao 2006 , p. 377. ^ Rubino 2006 . ^ Patrick 2006a . ^ Lim & Ansaldo 2006 . ^ Connell 2006 . ^ Schneider 2007 . ^ a b Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 5. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 4. ^ European Commission 2012 . ^ Kachru 2006 , p. 197. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 2. ^ Romaine 1999 . ^ Baugh & Cable 2002 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , pp. 8–9. ^ Trudgill 2006 . ^ Ammon 2008 , pp. 1537–1539. ^ Svartvik & Leech 2006 , p. 122. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , pp. 5–6. ^ Deumert 2006 , p. 130. ^ Deumert 2006 , p. 131. ^ Ward, Rowena (2019). " 'National' and 'Official' Languages Across the Independent Asia-Pacific" . Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies . 16 (1/2): 83– 84. doi : 10.5130/pjmis.v16i1-2.6510 . The use of English in Australia is one example of both a de facto national and official language: it is widely used and is the language of government and the courts, but has never been legally designated as the country's official language. ^ "40 Years of the Official Languages Act" . Department of Justice Canada. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . ^ "Official Languages Act – 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)" . Act current to July 11th, 2010 . Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 5 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ "Charter of the French language" . Légis Québec . Québec Official Publisher. 26 March 2024 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . French is the official language of Québec. Only French has that status. ^ "Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland" . Irish Statute Book . January 2020 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . 1 The Irish language as the national language is the first official language. 2 The English language is recognised as a second official language. ^ "Maori Language Act 1987" . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . ^ "Recognition for sign language" . Television New Zealand . 6 April 2006 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . ^ Huws, Catrin Fflur (June 2006). "The Welsh Language Act 1993: A Measure of Success?". Language Policy . 5 (2): 141– 160. doi : 10.1007/s10993-006-9000-0 . ^ "Irish language and Ulster Scots bill clears final hurdle in Parliament" . BBC News . 26 October 2022 . Retrieved 27 October 2022 . ^ Ho, Vivian; Pannett, Rachel (1 March 2025). "A Trump order made English the official language of the U.S. What does that mean?" . The Washington Post . ^ "United States" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. 29 May 2024 . Retrieved 5 June 2024 . Note: data represent the language spoken at home; the US has no official national language, but English has acquired official status in 32 of the 50 states; Hawaiian is an official language in the state of Hawaii, and 20 indigenous languages are official in Alaska. ^ "Countries in which English Language is a Mandatory or an Optional Subject" . The University of Winnipeg. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 . Retrieved 30 October 2022 . ^ "CIA World Factbook" . Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. ^ Meierkord 2006 , p. 165. ^ Brutt-Griffler 2006 , pp. 690–691. ^ a b Northrup 2013 . ^ Phillipson 2004 , p. 47. ^ Conrad & Rubal-Lopez 1996 , p. 261. ^ United Nations 2010 . ^ Richter 2012 , p. 29. ^ Ammon 2006 , p. 321. ^ Wojcik 2006 , p. 139. ^ International Maritime Organization 2011 . ^ International Civil Aviation Organization 2011 . ^ Kachru 2006 , p. 195. ^ European Commission 2012 , pp. 21, 19. ^ Crystal 2000 . ^ Jambor 2007 . ^ Svartvik & Leech 2006 , Chapter 12: English into the Future. ^ Alcaraz Ariza & Navarro 2006 . ^ Gordin 2015 . ^ Brutt-Griffler 2006 , pp. 694–695. ^ Mesthrie 2010 , p. 594. ^ Annamalai 2006 . ^ Sailaja 2009 , pp. 2–9. ^ "Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language" . The Times of India . 14 March 2010. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Desai, Sonalde B.; Dubey, Amaresh; Joshi, Brij Lal; Sen, Mitali; Shariff, Abusaleh; Vanneman, Reeve (2005). Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition (PDF) . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-806512-8 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Crystal 2004 . ^ Graddol 2010 . ^ Mazrui & Mazrui 1998 . ^ Crystal 2006 . ^ Wolfram 2006 , pp. 334–335. ^ Carr & Honeybone 2007 . ^ Bermúdez-Otero & McMahon 2006 . ^ MacMahon 2006 . ^ International Phonetic Association 1999 , pp. 41–42. ^ König 1994 , p. 534. ^ Collins & Mees 2003 , pp. 47–53. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 13. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2008 , p. 41. ^ Brinton & Brinton 2010 , pp. 56–59. ^ Wells, John C. (8 February 2001). "IPA transcription systems for English" . University College London. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018 . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . ^ Giegerich 1992 , pp. 56–57. ^ Cohen 2012 , p. 80. ^ Collins & Mees 2003 , pp. 46–50. ^ Cruttenden 2014 , p. 138. ^ Flemming & Johnson 2007 . ^ Wells 1982 , p. 167. ^ Wells 1982 , p. 121. ^ Brinton & Brinton 2010 , p. 60. ^ König 1994 , pp. 537–538. ^ International Phonetic Association 1999 , p. 42. ^ Oxford Learner's Dictionary 2015 , Entry "contract". ^ Merriam Webster 2015 , Entry "contract". ^ Macquarie Dictionary 2015 , Entry "contract". ^ Brinton & Brinton 2010 , p. 66. ^ "Sentence stress" . ESOL Nexus . British Council. Archived from the original on 3 December 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2019 . ^ Lunden, Anya (2017). "Duration, vowel quality, and the rhythmic pattern of English" . Laboratory Phonology . 8 : 27. doi : 10.5334/labphon.37 . ^ a b Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 4–6. ^ Lass 1992 , pp. 90, 118, 610; Lass 2000 , pp. 80, 656. ^ Roach 2009 , p. 53. ^ Giegerich 1992 , p. 36. ^ Wells 1982 . ^ Lass 2000 , p. 114. ^ Wells 1982 , pp. xviii–xix. ^ Wells 1982 , p. 493. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 22. ^ a b c d Carter, Ronald; McCarthey, Michael; Mark, Geraldine; O'Keeffe, Anne (2016). English Grammar Today . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-61739-7 . ^ a b Baugh, Albert; Cable, Thomas (2012). A history of the English language (6th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-65596-5 . ^ Aarts & Haegeman (2006) , p. 118. ^ Payne & Huddleston 2002 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 56–57. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 55. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 54–55. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 57. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 530. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 528. ^ a b König 1994 , p. 540. ^ Mair 2006 , pp. 148–149. ^ Huddleston, Rodney D.; Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Reynolds, Brett (2022). A student's introduction to English grammar (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 124– 126. ISBN 978-1-316-51464-1 . ^ a b "they" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Singular "They" " . APA Style . Archived from the original on 21 October 2020 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 . ^ Leech 2006 , p. 69, "Nominative is a traditional name for the subjective case". ^ O'Dwyer 2006 , "English has subjective, objective and possessive cases.". ^ Greenbaum & Nelson 2002 . ^ Sweet 2014 , p. 52, "But in that special class of nouns called personal pronouns we find a totally different system of case-inflection, namely, a nominative case (he) and an objective case (him)". ^ Jespersen 2007 , pp. 173–185. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 425–426. ^ McMahon 2012 , p. 182. ^ Lee, Chelsea (31 October 2019). "Welcome, singular "they" " . American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 . ^ Kamm, Oliver (12 December 2015). "The Pedant: The sheer usefulness of singular 'they' is obvious" . The Times . Archived from the original on 19 June 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 426. ^ a b Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 58. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 598–600. ^ a b Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 51. ^ König 1994 , p. 541. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 50. ^ Peters 2004 , "be" p. 66. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 75, 91, 113–114. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 208–210. ^ a b Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 51–52. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 210–211. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 50–51. ^ "Finite and Nonfinite Clauses" . MyEnglishGrammar.com . Archived from the original on 7 December 2019 . Retrieved 7 December 2019 . ^ Dixon 1982 . ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 274. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 565–566. ^ McArthur 1992 , pp. 64, 610–611. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 1209–1219. ^ König 1994 , p. 553. ^ Müller 2020 , p. 666. ^ König 1994 , p. 550. ^ "Cases of Nouns and Pronouns" . Guide to Grammar and Writing . Archived from the original on 16 November 2019 . Retrieved 24 November 2019 . ^ König 1994 , p. 551. ^ Miller 2002 , pp. 60–69. ^ König 1994 , p. 545. ^ König 1994 , p. 557. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 94–98. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 114. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 786–790. ^ Miller 2002 , pp. 26–27. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 7–8. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , pp. 1365–1370. ^ Peters 2004 , "dummy subject" p. 167, "there" p. 537. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 1370. ^ Huddleston & Pullum 2002 , p. 1366. ^ Halliday & Hasan 1976 . ^ Schiffrin 1988 . ^ "How many words are there in the English language?" . Oxford Dictionaries . Archived from the original on 9 September 2017 . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . ^ a b c d Algeo 1999 . ^ Leech et al. 2009 , pp. 24–50. ^ Algeo 1999 , pp. 584–585. ^ a b c Kastovsky 2006 . ^ a b Crystal 2003b , p. 129. ^ Crystal 2003b , pp. 120–121. ^ "What is the proportion of English words of French, Latin, or Germanic origin?" . Ask the experts . Oxford University Press. 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. ^ Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 , p. 7. ^ Nation 2001 , p. 265. ^ Denning, Keith (2007). English Vocabulary Elements . Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-516802-0 . ^ Solodow, Joseph (2010). Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages . Cambridge University Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-521-51575-7 . ^ Crystal 2003b , pp. 124–127. ^ Algeo 1999 , pp. 80–81. ^ a b Gottlieb 2006 , p. 196. ^ Burnley 1992 , pp. 409–499, "Latin and French each account for a little more than 28 per cent of the lexis recorded in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (Finkenstaedt & Wolff 1973)". ^ Romaine 1999 , p. 4. ^ Denning, Kessler & Leben 2007 . ^ Brutt-Griffler 2006 , p. 692. ^ Gottlieb 2006 , p. 197. ^ Gottlieb 2006 , p. 198. ^ a b Gottlieb 2006 , p. 202. ^ a b Swan 2006 , p. 149. ^ Mountford 2006 . ^ Neijt 2006 . ^ a b c d Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 653. ^ a b Abercrombie & Daniels 2006 . ^ Mountford 2006 , p. 156. ^ Mountford 2006 , pp. 157–158. ^ Daniels & Bright 1996 , p. 654. ^ Dehaene 2009 . ^ McGuinness 1997 . ^ Shaywitz 2003 . ^ Mountford 2006 , p. 159. ^ Lawler 2006 , p. 290. ^ Crystal 2003b , p. 107. ^ Trudgill 1999 , p. 10. ^ Trudgill 1999 , p. 125. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 3. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 37. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 40. ^ Hughes & Trudgill 1996 , p. 31. ^ Clark & Asprey 2013 . ^ "Estuary English Q and A – JCW" . Phon.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010 . ^ Roach 2009 , p. 4. ^ Trudgill 1999 , p. 80. ^ Trudgill 1999 , pp. 80–81. ^ Aitken & McArthur 1979 , p. 81. ^ Romaine 1982 . ^ Hickey 2007 . ^ The Handbook of World Englishes . Wiley. 2020. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-119-16421-0 . ^ Labov 2012 . ^ Wells 1982 , p. 34. ^ Rowicka 2006 . ^ Toon 1982 . ^ Cassidy 1982 . ^ Boberg 2010 . ^ Labov, William ; Sharon Ash; Charles Boberg (2006). The Atlas of North American English . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 141, 148. ^ Chambers, Jack K. (2010). "English in Canada" (PDF). Kingston, Ontario. p. 14. Retrieved 20 July 2012. ^ Labov 1972 . ^ "Do You Speak American: What Lies Ahead" . PBS . Archived from the original on 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . ^ Thomas, Erik R. (2003). "Rural White Southern Accents" (PDF) . Atlas of North American English . Mouton de Gruyter . p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . [Later published as a chapter in: Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (eds) (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324.] ^ Levine & Crockett 1966 . ^ Schönweitz 2001 . ^ Montgomery 1993 . ^ Thomas 2008 , pp. 95–96. ^ Bailey 1997 . ^ McWhorter, John H. (2001). Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English . Basic Books. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-7382-0446-8 . ^ Bailey 2001 . ^ Green 2002 . ^ Patrick 2006b . ^ Eagleson 1982 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 16–21. ^ Burridge 2010 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 24–26. ^ Maclagan 2010 . ^ Gordon, Campbell & Hay et al. 2004 . ^ Dayag, Danilo (2008). "English-language media in the Philippines: Description and research". In Bautista, Ma. Lourdes; Bolton, Kingsley (eds.). Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives . Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. pp. 49– 66. doi : 10.5790/hongkong/9789622099470.003.0004 . ISBN 978-962-209-947-0 . ^ Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. (2004). "Tagalog-English Code-switching as a Mode of Discourse" (PDF) . Asia Pacific Education Review . 5 (2): 226– 233. doi : 10.1007/BF03024960 . S2CID 145684166 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2022. ^ Lanham 1982 . ^ Lass 2002 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 30–31. ^ "Nigerian English" . Encarta . Microsoft. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . ^ Adegbija, Efurosibina (1989). "Lexico-semantic variation in Nigerian English". World Englishes . 8 (2): 165– 177. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00652.x . ^ Lawton 1982 . ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , p. 115. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 117–118. ^ Lawton 1982 , pp. 256–260. ^ Trudgill & Hannah 2002 , pp. 115–116. ^ Sailaja 2009 , pp. 19–24. ^ Bjarkman, Peter C.; Hammond, Robert Matthew (1989). American Spanish Pronunciation . Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0-87840-099-7 . Bibliography Aarts, Bas; Haegeman, Liliane (2006). "6. English Word classes and Phrases". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics . Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . Abercrombie, D.; Daniels, P. T. (2006). "Spelling Reform Proposals: English". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 72– 75. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04878-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Aitken, A. J.; McArthur, Tom, eds. (1979). Languages of Scotland . Occasional paper – Association for Scottish Literary Studies. Vol. 4. Edinburgh: Chambers. ISBN 978-0-550-20261-1 . Alcaraz Ariza, M. Á.; Navarro, F. (2006). "Medicine: Use of English". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 752– 759. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02351-8 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Ammon, Ulrich (2006). "Language Conflicts in the European Union: On finding a politically acceptable and practicable solution for EU institutions that satisfies diverging interests" (PDF) . International Journal of Applied Linguistics . 16 (3): 319– 338. doi : 10.1111/j.1473-4192.2006.00121.x . S2CID 142692741 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2011 – via DYLAN project. Ammon, Ulrich (2008). "Pluricentric and Divided Languages". In Ammon, Ulrich N.; Dittmar, Norbert; Mattheier, Klaus J.; et al. (eds.). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society / Soziolinguistik Ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft vov Sprache and Gesellschaft . Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 3/2. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-019425-8 . Annamalai, E. (2006). "India: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 610– 613. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04611-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 March 2013). "2011 Census QuickStats: Australia" . Archived from the original on 6 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Bailey, Guy (2001). "Chapter 3: The relationship between African American and White Vernaculars". In Lanehart, Sonja L. (ed.). Sociocultural and historical contexts of African American English . Varieties of English around the World. John Benjamins. pp. 53 –84. ISBN 978-1-58811-046-6 . Bailey, G. (1997). "When did southern American English begin" . In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). Englishes around the world . John Benjamins. pp. 255– 275. ISBN 9789027248763 . Bao, Z. (2006). "Variation in Nonnative Varieties of English". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 377– 380. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04257-7 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Barry, Michael V. (1982). "English in Ireland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 84– 134. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Baugh, Albert C.; Cable, Thomas (2002). A History of the English Language (5th ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-0-13-015166-7 . Bazelmans, Jos (2009). "The Early-Medieval Use of Ethnic Names from Classical Antiquity: the Case of the Frisians". In Derks, Ton; Roymans, Nico (eds.). Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity: The Role of Power and Tradition . Amsterdam Archaeological Studies. Vol. 13. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 321– 338. ISBN 978-90-485-0791-7 . JSTOR j.ctt46n1n2.1 . Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo; McMahon, April (2006). "English phonology and morphology". In Aarts, Bas; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics . Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell. pp. 382– 410. doi : 10.1002/9780470753002.ch17 . ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . Blench, R.; Spriggs, Matthew (1999). Archaeology and Language: Correlating Archaeological and Linguistic Hypotheses . Routledge. pp. 285– 286. ISBN 978-0-415-11761-6 . Blake, Norman, ed. (1992). Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. II: 1066–1476. Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521264754.003 . ISBN 978-1-139-05553-6 . Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Blake (1992) , pp. 23–154. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Blake (1992) , pp. 23–154. Boberg, Charles (2010). The English language in Canada: Status, history and comparative analysis . Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-49144-0 . Bosworth, Joseph ; Toller, T. Northcote (1921). "Engla land" . An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (Online) . Charles University . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Brinton, Laurel J.; Brinton, Donna M. (2010). The linguistic structure of modern English . John Benjamins. ISBN 978-90-272-8824-0 . Brutt-Griffler, J. (2006). "Languages of Wider Communication". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 690– 697. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00644-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Burridge, Kate (2010). "Chapter 7: English in Australia". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.). Routledge Handbook of World Englishes . Routledge. pp. 132 –151. ISBN 978-0-415-62264-6 . Campbell, Alistair (1983) [First published 1959]. Old English Grammar . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-811943-2 . Carr, Philip; Honeybone, Patrick (2007). "English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology' ". Language Sciences . 29 (2): 117– 153. doi : 10.1016/j.langsci.2006.12.018 . Cassidy, Frederic G. (1982). "Geographical Variation of English in the United States". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 177– 210. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Cercignani, Fausto (1981). Shakespeare's works and Elizabethan pronunciation . Clarendon. ISBN 978-0-19-811937-1 . JSTOR 3728688 . Clark, Urszula; Asprey, Esther (2013). West Midlands English: Birmingham and the Black Country . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4169-7 . Collingwood, Robin George ; Myres, J. N. L. (1936). "The Sources for the period: Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on the Continent". Roman Britain and the English Settlements . Vol. Book V: The English Settlements. Oxford: Clarendon. JSTOR 2143838 . LCCN 37002621 . Cohen, Antonie (2012) [1952]. The Phonemes of English: A Phonemic Study of the Vowels and Consonants of Standard English . Springer. ISBN 978-94-010-2969-8 . Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [1981]. The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.). Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10340-5 . Connell, B. A. (2006). "Nigeria: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 635– 637. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01655-2 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Conrad, Andrew W.; Rubal-Lopez, Alma (1996). Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies, 1940–1990 . De Gruyter. p. 261. ISBN 978-3-11-087218-7 . Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4441-8309-2 . Crystal, David (2000). Language Death . doi : 10.1017/CBO9781139106856 . ISBN 978-0-521-65321-3 . Crystal, David (2003a). English as a Global Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-53032-3 . Crystal, David (2003b). Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53033-0 . Crystal, David (2004). "Subcontinent Raises Its Voice" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 April 2008. Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William, eds. (1996). The World's Writing Systems . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7 . Dehaene, Stanislas (2009). Reading in the Brain: The Science and Evolution of a Human Invention . Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02110-9 . Denning, Keith; Kessler, Brett; Leben, William Ronald (17 February 2007). English Vocabulary Elements . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516803-7 . Deumert, A. (2006). "Migration and Language". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 129– 133. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01294-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Dixon, R. M. W. (1982). "The grammar of English phrasal verbs". Australian Journal of Linguistics . 2 (1): 1– 42. doi : 10.1080/07268608208599280 . Donoghue, D. (2008). Donoghue, Daniel (ed.). Old English Literature: A Short Introduction . Wiley. doi : 10.1002/9780470776025 . ISBN 978-0-631-23486-9 . Durrell, M. (2006). "Germanic Languages". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 53– 55. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Eagleson, Robert D. (1982). "English in Australia and New Zealand". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 415– 438. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . "Summary by language size" . Ethnologue: Languages of the World . Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and Their Languages (PDF) (Report). Eurobarometer Special Surveys. European Commission. June 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeffrey, eds. (2014). An Introduction to Language and Linguistics (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-06185-5 . Flemming, Edward; Johnson, Stephanie (2007). " Rosa's roses : reduced vowels in American English" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 37 (1): 83– 96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.536.1989 . doi : 10.1017/S0025100306002817 . S2CID 145535175 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2018 . Retrieved 2 September 2018 . Giegerich, Heinz J. (1992). English Phonology: An Introduction . Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33603-1 . Gneuss, Helmut (2013). "Chapter 2: The Old English Language". In Godden, Malcolm; Lapidge, Michael (eds.). Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 19– 49. ISBN 978-0-521-15402-4 . Görlach, Manfred (1991). Introduction to Early Modern English . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32529-5 . Gordin, Michael D. (4 February 2015). "Absolute English" . Aeon . Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Angela; Trudgill, Peter (2004). New Zealand English: its origins and evolution . Studies in English Language. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-10895-9 . Gottlieb, H. (2006). "Linguistic Influence". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 196– 206. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04455-2 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Graddol, David (2006). English Next: Why global English may mean the end of 'English as a Foreign Language' (PDF) . The British Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Graddol, David (2010). English Next India: The future of English in India (PDF) . The British Council. ISBN 978-0-86355-627-2 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Graddol, David; Leith, Dick; Swann, Joan; Rhys, Martin; Gillen, Julia, eds. (2007). Changing English . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-37679-2 . Green, Lisa J. (2002). African American English: a linguistic introduction . Cambridge University Press. Greenbaum, S.; Nelson, G. (2002). An introduction to English grammar (2nd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-43741-8 . Halliday, M. A. K.; Hasan, Ruqaiya (1976). Cohesion in English . Pearson. ISBN 978-0-582-55041-4 . Harbert, Wayne (2006). The Germanic Languages . doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511755071 . ISBN 978-0-521-80825-5 . Hickey, R. (2007). Irish English: History and present-day forms . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85299-9 . Hogg, Richard M., ed. (1992). "The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European". Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. I: The Beginnings to 1066. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-26474-7 . Bammesberger, Alfred. " The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European ". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 26–66. Hogg, Richard M. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 67–168. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 290–408. Toon, Thomas E. "Old English Dialects". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 409–451. Bammesberger, Alfred. " The Place of English in Germanic and Indo-European ". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 26–66. Hogg, Richard M. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 67–168. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Semantics and Morphology". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 290–408. Toon, Thomas E. "Old English Dialects". In Hogg (1992) , pp. 409–451. Hogg, Richard M.; Denison, David, eds. (2006). A History of the English language . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-71799-1 . Crystal, David. "English worldwide". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 420–439. Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim. "Syntax". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 109–198. Hogg, Richard M.; Denison, David. "Overview". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 1–30. Hogg, Richard M. "English in Britain". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 352–383. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Vocabulary". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 199–270. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 43–108. Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. "Standardization". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 271–311. Crystal, David. "English worldwide". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 420–439. Fischer, Olga; van der Wurff, Wim. "Syntax". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 109–198. Hogg, Richard M.; Denison, David. "Overview". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 1–30. Hogg, Richard M. "English in Britain". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 352–383. Kastovsky, Dieter. "Vocabulary". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 199–270. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 43–108. Nevalainen, Terttu; Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid. "Standardization". In Hogg & Denison (2006) , pp. 271–311. "How English evolved into a global language" . BBC News . 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). Cambridge Grammar of the English Language . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0 . Hughes, Arthur; Trudgill, Peter (1996). English Accents and Dialects (3rd ed.). Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-61445-7 . "Personnel Licensing FAQ" . International Civil Aviation Organization – Air Navigation Bureau. 2011. In which languages does a licence holder need to demonstrate proficiency?. Archived from the original on 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Controllers working on stations serving designated airports and routes used by international air services shall demonstrate language proficiency in English as well as in any other language(s) used by the station on the ground. "IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases" . International Maritime Organization. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet . International Phonetic Association , Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0 . Jambor, Paul Z. (2007). "English Language Imperialism: Points of View" (PDF) . Journal of English as an International Language . 2 : 103– 123. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2023 . Retrieved 11 December 2023 . Jespersen, Otto (2007) [1924]. "Case: The number of English cases". The Philosophy of Grammar . Routledge. Kachru, B. (2006). "English: World Englishes". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 195– 202. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00645-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994). The Germanic Languages . Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28079-2 . JSTOR 4176538 . König, Ekkehard (1994). "English" . In König, Ekkehard; van der Auwera, Johan (eds.). The Germanic Languages . Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge. pp. 532– 562. ISBN 978-0-415-28079-2 . Labov, W. (1972). "The Social Stratification of (r) in New York City Department Stores". Sociolinguistic patterns . University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 168– 178. doi : 10.1007/978-1-349-25582-5_14 . ISBN 978-0-333-61180-7 . S2CID 107967883 . Labov, W. (2012). "1. About Language and Language Change". Dialect Diversity in America: The Politics of Language Change . University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-3327-6 . Lanham, L. W. (1982). "English in South Africa". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 324– 352. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Lass, Roger, ed. (2000). Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. III: 1476–1776. Cambridge University Press. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Lass (2000) , pp. 56–186. Lass, Roger. "Phonology and Morphology". In Lass (2000) , pp. 56–186. Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79105-2 . Lawler, J. (2006). "Punctuation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 290– 291. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04573-9 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Lawton, David L. (1982). "English in the Caribbean". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 251– 280. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Leech, G. N. (2006). A glossary of English grammar . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2406-6 . Leech, Geoffrey; Hundt, Marianne; Mair, Christian; Smith, Nicholas (2009). Change in contemporary English: a grammatical study (PDF) . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86722-1 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Levine, L.; Crockett, H. J. (1966). "Speech Variation in a Piedmont Community: Postvocalic r*". Sociological Inquiry . 36 (2): 204– 226. doi : 10.1111/j.1475-682x.1966.tb00625.x . Li, David C. S. (2003). "Between English and Esperanto: what does it take to be a world language?". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (164): 33– 63. doi : 10.1515/ijsl.2003.055 . ISSN 0165-2516 . Lim, L.; Ansaldo, U. (2006). "Singapore: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 387– 389. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01701-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Maclagan, Margaret (2010). "Chapter 8: The English(es) of New Zealand". In Kirkpatrick, Andy (ed.). Routledge Handbook of World Englishes . Routledge. pp. 151 –164. ISBN 978-0-203-84932-3 . MacMahon, M. K. (2006). "16. English Phonetics". In Bas Aarts; McMahon, April (eds.). The Handbook of English Linguistics . Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 359– 382. ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . "Macquarie Dictionary" . Australia's National Dictionary & Thesaurus Online | Macquarie Dictionary . Macmillan Publishers Group Australia. 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Mair, C.; Leech, G. (2006). "14 Current Changes in English Syntax". The Handbook of English Linguistics . Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6425-2 . Mair, Christian (2006). Twentieth-century English: History, variation and standardization . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/S1360674307002420 . S2CID 120824612 . Mazrui, Ali A.; Mazrui, Alamin (1998). The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51429-1 . McArthur, Tom, ed. (1992). Oxford Companion to the English Language . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acref/9780192800619.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-19-214183-5 . McCrum, Robert; MacNeil, Robert; Cran, William (2003). The Story of English (3rd ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-200231-5 . McGuinness, Diane (1997). Why Our Children Can't Read, and what We Can Do about it: A Scientific Revolution in Reading . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-83161-9 . Meierkord, C. (2006). "Lingua Francas as Second Languages". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 163– 171. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00641-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . "English". English - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary . Merriam Webster . 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Mesthrie, Rajend (November 2010). "New Englishes and the native speaker debate". Language Sciences . 32 (6): 594– 601. doi : 10.1016/j.langsci.2010.08.002 . Miller, Jim (2002). An Introduction to English Syntax . Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-1254-8 . Montgomery, M. (1993). "The Southern Accent—Alive and Well". Southern Cultures . 1 (1): 47– 64. doi : 10.1353/scu.1993.0006 . S2CID 143984864 . Mountford, J. (2006). "English Spelling: Rationale". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 156– 159. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05018-5 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Mufwene, S. S. (2006). "Language Spread". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 613– 616. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01291-8 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Mugglestone, Lynda, ed. (2012) [2006]. Oxford History of English (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966016-2 . McMahon, April. "Restructuring Renaissance English". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 180–218. Townend, Matthew. "Contacts and Conflicts: Latin, Norse, and French". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 75–105. McMahon, April. "Restructuring Renaissance English". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 180–218. Townend, Matthew. "Contacts and Conflicts: Latin, Norse, and French". In Mugglestone (2012) , pp. 75–105. Müller, Stefan (2020). Grammatical theory . Language Science Press. ISBN 978-3-96110-273-0 . Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in Another Language . Cambridge University Press. p. 477. ISBN 978-0-521-80498-1 . "Census 2011: Release 2A" . Scotland's Census 2011. National Records of Scotland. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Neijt, A. (2006). "Spelling Reform". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 68– 71. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04574-0 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . "Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland December 2012" (PDF) . Statistics Bulletin . Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2012. Table KS207NI: Main Language. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Northrup, David (2013). How English Became the Global Language . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-30306-6 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . O'Dwyer, Bernard (2006). Modern English Structures: Form, Function, and Position (2nd ed.). Canada: Broadview. ISBN 978-1-55111-763-8 . "Language in England and Wales, 2011" . 2011 Census Analysis . Office for National Statistics. 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . "Oxford Learner's Dictionaries" . Oxford. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Patrick, P. L. (2006a). "Jamaica: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 88– 90. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01760-0 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Patrick, P. L. (2006b). "English, African-American Vernacular". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 159– 163. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05092-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Payne, John; Huddleston, Rodney (2002). Huddleston, R.; Pullum, G. K. (eds.). Cambridge Grammar of English . Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/9781316423530.006 . ISBN 978-0-521-43146-0 . Peters, Pam (2004). The Cambridge Guide to English Usage . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62181-6 . Phillipson, Robert (28 April 2004). English-Only Europe?: Challenging Language Policy . Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-44349-9 . Richter, Ingo (2012). "Introduction" . In Richter, Dagmar; Richter, Ingo; Toivanen, Reeta; et al. (eds.). Language Rights Revisited: The challenge of global migration and communication . BWV Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8305-2809-8 . Roach, Peter (2009). English Phonetics and Phonology (4th ed.). Cambridge. Robinson, Orrin (1992). Old English and Its Closest Relatives: A Survey of the Earliest Germanic Languages . Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2221-6 . Romaine, Suzanne (1982). "English in Scotland". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 56– 83. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Romaine, Suzanne, ed. (1999). Cambridge History of the English Language . Vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CHOL9780521264778.002 . ISBN 978-0-521-26477-8 . Algeo, John. " Vocabulary ". In Romaine (1999) , pp. 57–91. Romaine, Suzanne. Introduction. In Romaine (1999) , pp. 1–56. Algeo, John. " Vocabulary ". In Romaine (1999) , pp. 57–91. Romaine, Suzanne. Introduction. In Romaine (1999) , pp. 1–56. Romaine, Suzanne (2006). "Language Policy in Multilingual Educational Contexts". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 584– 596. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00646-5 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . "The Routes of English" . BBC . 1 August 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Rowicka, G. J. (2006). "Canada: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 194– 195. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01848-4 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Rubino, C. (2006). "Philippines: Language Situation". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 323– 326. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01736-3 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Ryan, Camille (August 2013). "Language Use in the United States: 2011" (PDF) . American Community Survey Reports . p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English . Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-2595-6 . Schiffrin, Deborah (1988). Discourse Markers . Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35718-0 . Schneider, Edgar (2007). Postcolonial English: Varieties Around the World . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53901-2 . Schönweitz, Thomas (2001). "Gender and Postvocalic /r/ in the American South: A Detailed Socioregional Analysis". American Speech . 76 (3): 259– 285. doi : 10.1215/00031283-76-3-259 . S2CID 144403823 . Shaywitz, Sally E. (2003). Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level . A. A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40012-4 . Smith, Jeremy J. (2009). Old English: A Linguistic Introduction . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-86677-4 . "Population by mother tongue and age groups (total), 2011 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories" . Statistics Canada. 22 August 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . "2013 QuickStats About Culture and Identity" (PDF) . Statistics New Zealand. April 2014. p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Lehohla, Pali, ed. (2012). "Population by first language spoken and province" (PDF) . Census 2011: Census in Brief (PDF) . Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-621-41388-5 . Report No. 03‑01‑41. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2015. Stiles, Patrick (2018). "Remarks on the 'Anglo-Frisian' Thesis". Friesische Studien II: Beiträge des Föhrer Symposiums zur Friesischen Philologie vom 7.–8. April 1994 [ Frisian Studies II: Articles from the Föhr Symposium on Frisian Philology on 7th–8th April 1994 ]. NOWELE Supplement Series (in German). Vol. 12. doi : 10.1075/nss.12 . ISBN 9789027272843 . Svartvik, Jan; Leech, Geoffrey (2006). English: One Tongue, Many Voices . Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1830-7 . Swan, M. (2006). "English in the Present Day (Since ca. 1900)". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 149– 156. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05058-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Sweet, Henry (2014) [1892]. A new English grammar . Cambridge University Press. Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural Southern white accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.). Varieties of English . Vol. 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. de Gruyter. pp. 87– 114. doi : 10.1515/9783110208405.1.87 . ISBN 978-3-11-020840-5 . Thomason, Sarah G. ; Kaufman, Terrence (1988). Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-91279-3 . Toon, Thomas E. (1982). "Variation in Contemporary American English". In Bailey, Richard W.; Görlach, Manfred (eds.). English as a World Language . University of Michigan Press. pp. 210– 250. ISBN 978-3-12-533872-2 . Trask, Robert Lawrence (2010). Why Do Languages Change? . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83802-3 . Trudgill, Peter (1999). The Dialects of England (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-21815-9 . Trudgill, P. (2006). "Accent". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . p. 14. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01506-6 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English (4th ed.). London: Hodder. ISBN 978-0-340-80834-4 . Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2008). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English (5th ed.). London: Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-97161-1 . "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About the United Nations" (PDF) . United Nations. 2010 . Retrieved 10 December 2022 . The working languages at the UN Secretariat are English and French. Versloot, Arjen P. [in Western Frisian] (2017). "13. Traces of a North Sea Germanic Idiom in the Fifth–Seventh Centuries AD". In Hines, John; IJssennagger, Nelleke (eds.). Frisians and their North Sea Neighbours: From the Fifth Century to the Viking Age . Woodbridge : Boydell & Brewer. pp. 339– 373. doi : 10.1017/9781787440630 . ISBN 978-1-78744-063-0 . Wardhaugh, Ronald (2010). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics . Blackwell textbooks in Linguistics. Vol. 4 (6th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8668-1 . Watts, Richard J. (2011). Language Myths and the History of English . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327601.001.0001 . ISBN 978-0-19-532760-1 . .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)} Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English . Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511611759 , doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511611766 . ISBN 0-52129719-2 , 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 . Wojcik, R. H. (2006). "Controlled Languages". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 139– 142. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/05081-1 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . Wolfram, W. (2006). "Variation and Language: Overview". Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics . pp. 333– 341. doi : 10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/04256-5 . ISBN 978-0-08-044854-1 . External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Accents of English from Around the World (University of Edinburgh) . Sound files comparing how 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world. International Dialects of English Archive – recordings of English dialects and international L2 accents .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Description of the English language v t e Grammar Phonology Stress and reduced vowels Orthography Spelling reform Alphabet Braille Dialects Language history Phonological history Grammar Phonology Stress and reduced vowels Orthography Spelling reform Alphabet Braille Dialects Language history Phonological history Links to related articles v t e History of English Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh v t e Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent Europe Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Americas North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands Oceania Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Africa Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Asia East Asia Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Antarctica Antarctica Related English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard v t e Germanic languages According to contemporary philology West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. v t e Dictionaries of English Old and Middle English An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary Historic Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English British English Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin American English American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International Canadian English Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Australian English Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Online Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners / ESL Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's v t e English-speaking world English speaking countries Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . v t e History of English v t e Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Proto-Indo-European Proto-Germanic Proto-West-Germanic Anglo-Frisian languages Old English Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Kentish Mercian Northumbrian West Saxon Anglo-Norman language Middle English Early Modern English Modern English Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Phonological history Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Vowels A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing A Changes before historic /l/ Changes before historic /r/ Close back vowels Close front vowels Diphthongs Great Vowel Shift Open back vowels Trisyllabic laxing Consonants Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping Wh Clusters Flapping H -dropping L -vocalization Ng Rhoticity T -glottalization Th fronting stopping fronting stopping Wh v t e Dialects and accents of Modern English by continent v t e Europe Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Great Britain England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot England North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset North Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Cheshire Cumbria Barrow Barrow Lancashire Liverpool/Scouse Manchester Northumbria Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Pitmatic Sunderland Tyneside/Geordie Teesside Yorkshire Midlands East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent East Midlands West Midlands Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent Birmingham Black Country Stoke-on-Trent South East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset East Anglia London & Thames Estuary Cockney Multicultural Cockney Multicultural Received Pronunciation West Country Cornwall Dorset Cornwall Dorset Scotland Glasgow Highlands Glasgow Highlands Wales Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Abercraf Cardiff Gower Port Talbot Ireland Dublin South-West Ulster Dublin South-West Ulster Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Channel Islands Gibraltar Isle of Man Malta Americas North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands North America Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Canada Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian Aboriginal Atlantic Lunenburg Newfoundland Lunenburg Newfoundland Multicultural Toronto Ottawa Valley Quebec Standard Canadian United States Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Midland New England Boston East Maine West New York City accent North Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Midland New England Boston East Maine West Boston East Maine West New York City accent accent North Inland North North-Central Inland North North-Central Philadelphia Baltimore Baltimore South accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas accent Appalachia Chesapeake/Outer Banks New Orleans Older South Texas West California Pacific Northwest California Pacific Northwest Western Pennsylvania Social and ethno-cultural African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch African-American Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue Vernacular Affrilachian Black Brogue American Indian Cajun Chicano General American Good American Speech Miami Latino New York Latino Northeastern elite Pennsylvania Dutch Caribbean Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Bequia Cayman Islands Bay Islands Bay Islands Guyanese English Jamaica Saba Samaná Trinidad and Tobago Central America Belizean English Mexican English Belizean English Mexican English South America San Andrés–Providencia Creole San Andrés–Providencia Creole Bermuda Falkland Islands Bermuda Falkland Islands Oceania Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Australia variation accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West variation accent accent Aboriginal South Torres Strait West Fiji New Zealand accent Palau Solomon Islands Fiji New Zealand accent accent Palau Solomon Islands Africa Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Cameroon The Gambia Ghana Kenya Liberia Malawi Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone South Africa accent Cape Flats accent Cape Flats South Atlantic Uganda Zimbabwe Asia East Asia Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand East Asia Hong Kong Hong Kong South Asia Bangladesh India regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Bangladesh India regional and occupational regional and occupational Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Brunei Cambodia Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica Related English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard English language Basic Broad and general accents Commonwealth Comparison of American and British English E-Prime Engrish English as a lingua franca English-based creole languages Englishisation Globish Gogate Nerrière Gogate Nerrière International Jewish English ( Yeshiva English ) Learning Linguistic purism in English List of English-based pidgins Non-native pronunciations of English Plain Standard v t e Germanic languages v t e According to contemporary philology West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic West Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Anglo-Frisian Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Anglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Early Scots Middle Scots Frisian Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Historical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Saterland Frisian Upgant Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian Harlingerland Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde Bökingharde Mooring Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Westereendersk Terschelling Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Historical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Schleswigsch East Frisian Low Saxon Gronings Hamburg Holsteinisch Oldenburgisch Bremian Bremian Schleswigsch Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low Franconian Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish Historical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) Dutch Afrikaans ( Kaaps ) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands Central Dutch Hollandic Hollandic West Flemish French Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Kleverlandish Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries / Bildts / Amelands / Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Limburgish Cover groups Bergish Meuse-Rhenish Bergish Meuse-Rhenish High German ( German ) Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Historical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non- standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central German West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian West Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Ripuarian Colognian Southeast Limburgish Colognian Southeast Limburgish Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? North and East North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? North Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Historical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Bornholmsk Scanian (historically) Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Gothic Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Crimean Gothic Ostrogoth Visigoth Gepid ? Burgundian Vandalic Herulian ? Skirian ? Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Philology Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Language subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. v t e Dictionaries of English v t e Old and Middle English An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary Dictionary of Old English Middle English Dictionary Historic Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English Catholicon Anglicum (1483) The English Schoole-Master (1596) The New World of English Words (1658) A New English Dictionary (1702) An Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755) Webster's Dictionary (1828) Worcester's Dictionary Richardson's New Dictionary Imperial Dictionary (1847–1850) Century Dictionary (1889–1891) World Book Dictionary Dictionary of American English British English Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin Chambers Collins Oxford OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter OED ODE Compact Concise Shorter Penguin American English American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International American Heritage American Regional Encarta New Oxford American Random House Webster's Webster's New World Webster's Third New International Canadian English Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Canadian Oxford Dictionary of Canadianisms Dictionary of Newfoundland English Gage Canadian Australian English Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Australian National Australian Oxford Macquarie Online Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Collaborative International Dictionary of English Urban Dictionary Wiktionary Wordnik Learners / ESL Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's Cambridge Advanced Learner's Collins COBUILD Advanced Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's Oxford Advanced Learner's v t e English-speaking world v t e English speaking countries Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Further links Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Articles English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere English-speaking world History of the English language British Empire English in the Commonwealth of Nations Anglosphere Lists List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language List of countries by English-speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority Africa Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Americas Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda The Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Dominica Falkland Islands Grenada Guyana Jamaica Montserrat Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States United States Virgin Islands Europe Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Guernsey Ireland Isle of Man Jersey United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Australia New Zealand Norfolk Island Pitcairn Islands Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language Africa Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Botswana Cameroon Eswatini The Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Liberia Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Sierra Leone Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Asia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong India Pakistan Philippines Singapore Europe Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Gibraltar Akrotiri and Dhekelia Malta Oceania American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu American Samoa Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tuvalu Vanuatu Dependencies shown in italics . Language Linguistics Writing Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Functions from Wikifunctions Authority control databases International GND FAST GND FAST National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Latvia Sweden Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Latvia Sweden Israel Other IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine IdRef Historical Dictionary of Switzerland Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine English language Analytic languages Anglic languages Fusional languages Germanic languages Lingua francas Stress-timed languages Subject–verb–object languages Cultural globalization Language articles citing Ethnologue 26 Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Good articles Use dmy dates from February 2024 Use British English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Language articles with Linguasphere code Languages with ISO 639-2 code Languages with ISO 639-1 code ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2021 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2024 Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text Articles containing Middle English (1100-1500)-language text Articles containing French-language text Pages with plain IPA Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2023 Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles with hAudio microformats CS1: long volume value CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 interwiki-linked names Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata Articles containing video clips This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 01:09 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language#English_loans_in_other_languages
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 1.1 Pre-1600 1.2 1601–1900 1.3 1901–present 2 Births Toggle Births subsection 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 2.1 Pre-1600 2.2 1601–1900 2.3 1901–present 3 Deaths Toggle Deaths subsection 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 3.1 Pre-1600 3.2 1601–1900 3.3 1901–present 4 Holidays and observances 5 References 6 External links January 17 Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Hulontalo Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай-малкъар ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Papiamentu پښتو Перем коми Plattdüütsch Polski Ποντιακά Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Batak Mandailing Руски Tolışi ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#d8e0ff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .calendar-purple{background-color:#2a2a5c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .calendar-lightpurple{background-color:#202040}} << January >> Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2026 January 17 in recent years 2025 (Friday) 2024 (Wednesday) 2023 (Tuesday) 2022 (Monday) 2021 (Sunday) 2020 (Friday) 2019 (Thursday) 2018 (Wednesday) 2017 (Tuesday) 2016 (Sunday) January 17 is the 17th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar ; 348 days remain until the end of the year (349 in leap years ). Events Pre-1600 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla , ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey . [ 1 ] 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on the shores of the North Sea. [ 2 ] 1377 – Pope Gregory XI reaches Rome, after deciding to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon . [ 3 ] 1524 – Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean. [ 4 ] 1562 – France grants religious toleration to the Huguenots in the Edict of Saint-Germain . [ 5 ] 1595 – During the French Wars of Religion , Henry IV of France declares war on Spain. [ 6 ] 1601–1900 1608 – Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia surprises an Oromo army at Ebenat; his army reportedly kills 12,000 Oromo at the cost of 400 of his men. [ 7 ] 1648 – England's Long Parliament passes the " Vote of No Addresses ", breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War . [ 8 ] 1649 – The Second Ormonde Peace creates an alliance between the Irish Royalists and Confederates during the War of the Three Kingdoms . The coalition was then decisively defeated during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland . [ 9 ] 1773 – Captain James Cook leads the first expedition to sail south of the Antarctic Circle . [ 10 ] 1781 – American Revolutionary War : Battle of Cowpens : Continental troops under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan defeat British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton at the battle in South Carolina . [ 11 ] 1799 – Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri , along with a number of other patriots, is executed. [ 12 ] 1811 – Mexican War of Independence : In the Battle of Calderón Bridge , a heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats nearly 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries. [ 13 ] 1852 – The United Kingdom signs the Sand River Convention with the South African Republic . [ 14 ] 1873 – A group of Modoc warriors defeats the United States Army in the First Battle of the Stronghold , part of the Modoc War . [ 15 ] 1885 – A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan . [ 16 ] 1893 – Lorrin A. Thurston , along with the Citizens' Committee of Public Safety , led the Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the government of Queen Liliʻuokalani . [ 17 ] 1899 – The United States takes possession of Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean. [ 18 ] 1901–present 1903 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. 1904 – Anton Chekhov 's The Cherry Orchard receives its premiere performance at the Moscow Art Theatre . [ 19 ] 1912 – British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole , one month after Roald Amundsen . 1915 – Russia defeats Ottoman Turkey in the Battle of Sarikamish during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I . 1917 – The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands . [ 20 ] 1918 – Finnish Civil War : The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and the White Guard . 1920 – Alcohol Prohibition begins in the United States as the Volstead Act goes into effect. [ 21 ] 1941 – Franco-Thai War : Vichy French forces inflict a decisive defeat over the Royal Thai Navy . 1943 – World War II : Greek submarine Papanikolis captures the 200-ton sailing vessel Agios Stefanos and mans her with part of her crew. 1944 – World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino with the intention of breaking through the Winter Line and seizing Rome, an effort that would ultimately take four months and cost 105,000 Allied casualties. 1945 – World War II: The Vistula–Oder Offensive forces German troops out of Warsaw . 1945 – The SS-Totenkopfverbände begin the evacuation of the Auschwitz concentration camp as the Red Army closes in. 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg is taken into Soviet custody while in Hungary; he is never publicly seen again. [ 22 ] 1946 – The UN Security Council holds its first session. 1948 – The Renville Agreement between the Netherlands and Indonesia is ratified. 1950 – The Great Brink's Robbery : Eleven thieves steal more than $2 million from an armored car company's offices in Boston . [ 23 ] 1950 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 79 relating to arms control is adopted. 1961 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers a televised farewell address to the nation three days before leaving office, in which he warns against the accumulation of power by the " military–industrial complex " as well as the dangers of massive spending, especially deficit spending. 1961 – Former Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba is murdered together with former Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of the Congo Maurice Mpolo and former Senator from Kasai Province Joseph Okito in circumstances suggesting the support and complicity of the governments of Belgium and the United States. 1966 – Palomares incident : A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, killing seven airmen, and dropping three 70-kiloton nuclear bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea. 1969 – Black Panther Party members Bunchy Carter and John Huggins are killed during a meeting in Campbell Hall on the campus of UCLA . 1977 – Capital punishment in the United States resumes after a ten-year hiatus, as convicted murderer Gary Gilmore is executed by firing squad in Utah. 1981 – President of the Philippines Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law eight years and five months after declaring it. 1991 – Gulf War : Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning as aircraft strike positions across Iraq, it is also the first major combat sortie for the F-117 . LCDR Scott Speicher's F/A-18C Hornet from VFA-81 is shot down by a Mig-25 and is the first American casualty of the War. Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel in an unsuccessful bid to provoke Israeli retaliation. 1991 – Crown Prince Harald of Norway becomes King Harald V , following the death of his father, King Olav V . 1992 – During a visit to South Korea, Japanese Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II. 1994 – The 6.7 M w Northridge earthquake shakes the Greater Los Angeles Area with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX ( Violent ), leaving 57 people dead and more than 8,700 injured. 1995 – The 6.9 M w Great Hanshin earthquake shakes the southern Hyōgo Prefecture with a maximum Shindo of 7, leaving 5,502–6,434 people dead, and 251,301–310,000 displaced. 1996 – The Czech Republic applies for membership in the European Union . 1997 – Cape Canaveral Air Force Station : A Delta II carrying the GPS IIR-1 satellite explodes 13 seconds after launch, dropping 250 tons of burning rocket remains around the launch pad. 1998 – Clinton–Lewinsky scandal : Matt Drudge breaks the story of the Bill Clinton – Monica Lewinsky affair on his Drudge Report website. 2002 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , displacing an estimated 400,000 people. 2007 – The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes to midnight in response to North Korea 's nuclear testing. 2008 – British Airways Flight 38 crashes short of the runway at Heathrow Airport , injuring 47. [ 24 ] 2010 – Rioting begins between Muslim and Christian groups in Jos, Nigeria , results in at least 200 deaths. 2013 – Former cyclist Lance Armstrong confesses to his doping in an airing of Oprah's Next Chapter . [ 25 ] 2013 – Shahzad Luqman is murdered by members of Golden Dawn in Petralona , Athens , leading the creation of new measures to combat race-based attacks in Greece . [ 26 ] 2016 – President Barack Obama announces the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement intended to limit Iran's nuclear program. [ 27 ] 2017 – The search for Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 is announced to be suspended. [ 28 ] 2023 – An avalanche strikes Nyingchi, Tibet , killing 28 people. [ 29 ] Births Pre-1600 1342 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (died 1404) 1429 – Antonio del Pollaiuolo , Italian artist (diedc. 1498 ) 1463 – Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (died 1525) 1463 – Antoine Duprat , French cardinal (died 1535) 1472 – Guidobaldo da Montefeltro , Italian captain (died 1508) 1484 – George Spalatin , German priest and reformer (died 1545) 1501 – Leonhart Fuchs , German physician and botanist (died 1566) 1504 – Pope Pius V (died 1572) [ 30 ] 1517 – Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk , English Duke (died 1554) 1560 – Gaspard Bauhin , Swiss botanist, physician, and academic (died 1624) 1574 – Robert Fludd , English physician, astrologer, and mathematician (died 1637) 1593 – William Backhouse , English alchemist and astrologer (died 1662) 1600 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca , Spanish playwright and poet (died 1681) 1601–1900 1612 – Thomas Fairfax , English general and politician (died 1671) 1640 – Jonathan Singletary Dunham , American settler (died 1724) 1659 – Antonio Veracini , Italian violinist and composer (died 1745) 1666 – Antonio Maria Valsalva , Italian anatomist and physician (died 1723) 1686 – Archibald Bower , Scottish historian and author (died 1766) 1693 – Melchor de Navarrete , Spanish colonial governor of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia, 1739 – 1742); of Spanish Florida (1749 – 1752); and of Yucatán (Mexico, 1754 – 1758) (died 1761) [ 31 ] 1706 – Benjamin Franklin , American publisher, inventor, and politician, 6th President of Pennsylvania (died 1790) 1712 – John Stanley , English organist and composer (died 1786) 1719 – William Vernon , American businessman (died 1806) 1728 – Johann Gottfried Müthel , German pianist and composer (died 1788) 1732 – Stanisław August Poniatowski , Polish-Lithuanian king (died 1798) 1734 – François-Joseph Gossec , French composer and conductor (died 1829) 1761 – Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet , Scottish geologist and geophysicist (died 1832) 1789 – August Neander , German historian and theologian (died 1850) 1793 – Antonio José Martínez , Spanish-American priest, rancher and politician (died 1867) 1814 – Ellen Wood , English author (died 1887) 1820 – Anne Brontë , English author and poet (died 1849) 1828 – Lewis A. Grant , American lawyer and general, Medal of Honor recipient (died 1918) 1828 – Ede Reményi , Hungarian violinist and composer (died 1898) 1832 – Henry Martyn Baird , American historian and academic (died 1906) 1834 – August Weismann , German biologist, zoologist, and geneticist (died 1914) 1850 – Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti , Brazilian cardinal (died 1930) 1850 – Alexander Taneyev , Russian pianist and composer (died 1918) 1851 – A. B. Frost , American author and illustrator (died 1928) 1853 – Alva Belmont , American suffragist (died 1933) [ 32 ] 1853 – T. Alexander Harrison , American painter and academic (died 1930) 1857 – Wilhelm Kienzl , Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (died 1941) 1857 – Eugene Augustin Lauste , French-American engineer (died 1935) 1858 – Tomás Carrasquilla , Colombian author (died 1940) 1860 – Douglas Hyde , Irish academic and politician, 1st President of Ireland (died 1949) 1863 – David Lloyd George , Welsh lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (died 1945) 1863 – Konstantin Stanislavski , Russian actor and director (died 1938) 1865 – Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet , English general and politician, 3rd Governor-General of New Zealand (died 1951) 1867 – Carl Laemmle , German-born American film producer, co-founded Universal Studios (died 1939) 1867 – Sir Alfred Rawlinson, 3rd Baronet , English colonel, pilot, and polo player (died 1934) 1871 – David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty , English admiral (died 1936) 1871 – Nicolae Iorga , Romanian historian and politician, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (died 1940) 1875 – Florencio Sánchez , Uruguayan journalist and playwright (died 1910) 1876 – Frank Hague , American lawyer and politician, 30th Mayor of Jersey City (died 1956) 1877 – Marie Zdeňka Baborová-Čiháková , Czech botanist and zoologist (died 1937) [ 33 ] 1877 – May Gibbs , English-Australian author and illustrator (died 1969) 1880 – Mack Sennett , Canadian-American actor, director, and producer (died 1960) 1881 – Antoni Łomnicki , Polish mathematician and academic (died 1941) 1881 – Harry Price , English psychologist and author (died 1948) 1882 – Noah Beery, Sr. , American actor (died 1946) 1883 – Compton Mackenzie , English-Scottish author, poet, and playwright (died 1972) 1886 – Glenn L. Martin , American pilot and businessman, founded the Glenn L. Martin Company (died 1955) 1887 – Ola Raknes , Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist (died 1975) 1888 – Babu Gulabrai , Indian philosopher and author (died 1963) 1897 – Marcel Petiot , French physician and serial killer (died 1946) 1898 – Lela Mevorah , Serbian librarian (died 1972) [ 34 ] 1899 – Al Capone , American mob boss (died 1947) 1899 – Robert Maynard Hutchins , American philosopher and academic (died 1977) 1899 – Nevil Shute , English engineer and author (died 1960) 1901–present 1901 – Aron Gurwitsch , Lithuanian-American philosopher and author (died 1973) 1904 – Hem Vejakorn , Thai painter and illustrator (died 1969) 1905 – Ray Cunningham , American baseball player (died 2005) 1905 – Peggy Gilbert , American saxophonist and bandleader (died 2007) 1905 – Eduard Oja , Estonian composer, conductor, educator, and critic (died 1950) 1905 – Guillermo Stábile , Argentinian footballer and manager (died 1966) 1905 – Jan Zahradníček , Czech poet and translator (died 1960) 1907 – Henk Badings , Indonesian-Dutch composer and engineer (died 1987) 1907 – Alfred Wainwright , British fellwalker, guidebook author and illustrator (died 1991) 1908 – Cus D'Amato , American boxing manager and trainer (died 1985) 1911 – Busher Jackson , Canadian ice hockey player (died 1966) 1911 – John S. McCain Jr. , American admiral (died 1981) 1911 – George Stigler , American economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1991) 1914 – Anacleto Angelini , Italian-Chilean businessman (died 2007) 1914 – Irving Brecher , American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 2008) 1914 – Howard Marion-Crawford , English actor (died 1969) [ 35 ] 1914 – Paul Royle , Australian lieutenant and pilot (died 2015) 1914 – William Stafford , American poet and author (died 1993) 1916 – Peter Frelinghuysen Jr. , American lieutenant and politician (died 2011) 1917 – M. G. Ramachandran , Indian actor, director, and politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (died 1987) 1918 – Keith Joseph , English lawyer and politician, Secretary of State for Education (died 1994) 1918 – George M. Leader , American soldier and politician, 36th Governor of Pennsylvania (died 2013) 1920 – Georges Pichard , French author and illustrator (died 2003) 1921 – Jackie Henderson , Scottish footballer (died 2005) [ 36 ] 1921 – Asghar Khan , Pakistani general and politician (died 2018) 1921 – Charlie Mitten , English footballer and manager (died 2002) [ 37 ] 1921 – Antonio Prohías , Cuban cartoonist (died 1998) 1922 – Luis Echeverría , Mexican academic and politician, 50th President of Mexico (died 2022) [ 38 ] 1922 – Nicholas Katzenbach , American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 65th United States Attorney General (died 2012) 1922 – Betty White , American actress, game show panelist, television personality, and animal rights activist (died 2021) [ 39 ] 1923 – Rangeya Raghav , Indian author and playwright (died 1962) 1924 – Rik De Saedeleer , Belgian footballer and journalist (died 2013) 1924 – Jewel Plummer Cobb , American biologist, cancer researcher, and academic (died 2017) 1925 – Gunnar Birkerts , Latvian-American architect (died 2017) 1925 – Robert Cormier , American author and journalist (died 2000) 1925 – Abdul Hafeez Kardar , Pakistani cricketer and author (died 1996) 1926 – Newton N. Minow , American lawyer and politician (died 2023) [ 40 ] 1926 – Moira Shearer , Scottish-English ballerina and actress (died 2006) 1926 – Clyde Walcott , Barbadian cricketer (died 2006) 1927 – Thomas Anthony Dooley III , American physician and humanitarian (died 1961) 1927 – Eartha Kitt , American actress and singer (died 2008) [ 41 ] 1927 – Harlan Mathews , American lawyer and politician (died 2014) 1927 – E. W. Swackhamer , American director and producer (died 1994) 1928 – Jean Barraqué , French composer (died 1973) 1928 – Vidal Sassoon , English-American hairdresser and businessman (died 2012) [ 42 ] 1929 – Philip Latham , British actor (died 2020) [ 43 ] 1929 – Jacques Plante , Canadian-Swiss ice hockey player, coach, and sportscaster (died 1986) 1929 – Tan Boon Teik , Malaysian-Singaporean lawyer and politician, Attorney-General of Singapore (died 2012) 1931 – James Earl Jones , American actor (died 2024) [ 44 ] 1931 – Douglas Wilder , American sergeant and politician, 66th Governor of Virginia [ 42 ] 1931 – Don Zimmer , American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 2014) 1932 – John Cater , English actor (died 2009) [ 45 ] 1932 – Sheree North , American actress and dancer (died 2005) [ 46 ] 1933 – Dalida , Egyptian-French singer and actress (died 1987) 1933 – Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan , French-Pakistani diplomat, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (died 2003) 1933 – Shari Lewis , American actress, puppeteer/ventriloquist, and television host (died 1998) [ 42 ] 1934 – Donald Cammell , Scottish-American director and screenwriter (died 1996) [ 47 ] 1935 – Ruth Ann Minner , American businesswoman and politician, 72nd Governor of Delaware (died 2021) 1936 – John Boyd , English academic and diplomat, British ambassador to Japan (died 2019) 1936 – A. Thangathurai , Sri Lankan lawyer and politician (died 1997) 1937 – Alain Badiou , French philosopher and academic 1938 – John Bellairs , American author and academic (died 1991) 1938 – Toini Gustafsson , Swedish cross country skier 1939 – Christodoulos of Athens , Greek archbishop (died 2008) 1939 – Maury Povich , American talk show host and producer [ 48 ] 1940 – Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni , Egyptian-Armenian patriarch (died 2015) 1940 – Kipchoge Keino , Kenyan athlete [ 42 ] 1940 – Tabaré Vázquez , Uruguayan physician and politician, 39th President of Uruguay (died 2020) 1941 – István Horthy, Jr. , Hungarian physicist and architect 1942 – Muhammad Ali , American boxer and activist (died 2016) [ 49 ] 1942 – Ita Buttrose , Australian journalist and author 1942 – Ulf Hoelscher , German violinist and educator 1942 – Nigel McCulloch , English bishop 1943 – Chris Montez , American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1943 – René Préval , Haitian agronomist and politician, 52nd President of Haiti (died 2017) 1944 – Ann Oakley , English sociologist, author, and academic 1945 – Javed Akhtar , Indian poet, playwright, and composer 1945 – Anne Cutler , Australian psychologist and academic (died 2022) 1947 – Joanna David , English actress [ 48 ] 1947 – Jane Elliot , American actress [ 48 ] 1948 – Davíð Oddsson , Icelandic politician, 21st Prime Minister of Iceland 1949 – Anita Borg , American computer scientist and academic (died 2003) 1949 – Gyude Bryant , Liberian businessman and politician (died 2014) 1949 – Augustin Dumay , French violinist and conductor 1949 – Andy Kaufman , American actor and comedian (died 1984) [ 42 ] 1949 – Mick Taylor , English singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 42 ] 1950 – Luis López Nieves , Puerto Rican-American author and academic 1952 – Tom Deitz , American author (died 2009) [ 50 ] 1952 – Darrell Porter , American baseball player and sportscaster (died 2002) 1952 – Ryuichi Sakamoto , Japanese pianist, composer, and producer (died 2023) [ 51 ] 1953 – Jeff Berlin , American bass player and educator 1953 – Carlos Johnson , American singer and guitarist 1954 – Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. , American environmental lawyer, writer, and conspiracy theorist 1955 – Steve Earle , American singer-songwriter, musician, record producer, author and actor [ 48 ] 1955 – Pietro Parolin , Italian cardinal 1955 – Steve Javie , American basketball player and referee 1956 – Damian Green , English journalist and politician 1956 – Paul Young , English singer-songwriter and guitarist [ 48 ] 1957 – Steve Harvey , American actor, comedian, television personality and game show host [ 52 ] 1957 – Ann Nocenti , American journalist and author 1958 – Tony Kouzarides , English biologist, cancer researcher 1959 – Susanna Hoffs , American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actress [ 48 ] 1960 – John Crawford , American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1960 – Chili Davis , Jamaican-American baseball player and coach 1961 – Brian Helgeland , American director, producer, and screenwriter [ 48 ] 1962 – Jun Azumi , Japanese broadcaster and politician, 46th Japanese Minister of Finance 1962 – Jim Carrey , Canadian-American actor, comedian, and producer [ 48 ] 1962 – Sebastian Junger , American journalist and author [ 42 ] 1962 – Denis O'Hare , American actor and singer [ 48 ] 1963 – Colin Gordon , English footballer, agent, manager and chief executive [ 53 ] 1963 – Kai Hansen , German singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1964 – Michelle Obama , American lawyer and activist, 44th First Lady of the United States [ 48 ] 1964 – John Schuster , Samoan-New Zealand rugby player 1965 – Sylvain Turgeon , Canadian ice hockey player 1966 – Trish Johnson , English golfer 1966 – Joshua Malina , American actor [ 48 ] 1966 – Shabba Ranks , Jamaican rapper, musician, and songwriter [ 48 ] 1967 – Richard Hawley , English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1968 – Rowan Pelling , English journalist and author 1968 – Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer , Dutch author, poet, and scholar 1969 – Naveen Andrews , English actor [ 48 ] 1969 – Lukas Moodysson , Swedish director, screenwriter, and author 1969 – Tiësto , Dutch DJ and producer [ 48 ] 1970 – Cássio Alves de Barros , Brazilian footballer 1970 – Jeremy Roenick , American ice hockey player and actor 1970 – Genndy Tartakovsky , Russian-American animator, director, and producer [ 54 ] 1971 – Giorgos Balogiannis , Greek basketball player 1971 – Richard Burns , English race car driver (died 2005) 1971 – Kid Rock , American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor [ 48 ] 1971 – Sylvie Testud , French actress, director, and screenwriter 1973 – Cuauhtémoc Blanco , Mexican footballer and actor 1973 – Chris Bowen , Australian politician, 37th Treasurer of Australia 1973 – Liz Ellis , Australian netball player and sportscaster 1973 – Aaron Ward , Canadian ice hockey player and sportscaster 1974 – Yang Chen , Chinese footballer and manager 1974 – Vesko Kountchev , Bulgarian viola player, composer, and producer 1974 – Derrick Mason , American football player 1975 – Freddy Rodriguez , American actor [ 48 ] 1977 – Leigh Whannell , Australian actor, director, screenwriter, and producer [ 48 ] 1978 – Lisa Llorens , Australian Paralympian [ 55 ] 1978 – Ricky Wilson , English singer-songwriter 1980 – Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Ukrainian-American dancer and choreographer [ 42 ] 1980 – Zooey Deschanel , American singer-songwriter and actress [ 48 ] 1980 – Modestas Stonys , Lithuanian footballer 1981 – Warren Feeney , Northern Irish footballer and manager 1981 – Ray J , American singer, actor, and television personality [ 56 ] 1981 – Michael Zigomanis , Canadian ice hockey player [ 57 ] 1982 – Dwyane Wade , American basketball player [ 42 ] 1982 – Andrew Webster , Australian rugby league player and coach [ 58 ] 1982 – Amanda Wilkinson , Canadian singer [ 48 ] 1983 – Álvaro Arbeloa , Spanish footballer 1983 – Ryan Gage , English actor [ 48 ] 1983 – Johannes Herber , German basketball player 1983 – Rick Kelly , Australian race car driver 1983 – Marcelo Garcia , Brazilian martial artist 1984 – Calvin Harris , Scottish singer-songwriter, DJ, and producer [ 48 ] 1984 – Dexter Lumis , American wrestler [ 59 ] 1985 – Pablo Barrientos , Argentinian footballer 1985 – Simone Simons , Dutch singer-songwriter 1986 – Viktor Stålberg , Swedish ice hockey player [ 60 ] 1987 – Cody Decker , American baseball player 1987 – Oleksandr Usyk , Ukrainian boxer [ 61 ] 1988 – Andrea Antonelli , Italian motorcycle racer (died 2013) 1988 – Earl Clark , American basketball player [ 62 ] 1988 – Will Genia , Australian rugby player 1988 – Jonathan Keltz , American actor [ 48 ] 1988 – Héctor Moreno , Mexican footballer 1989 – Taylor Jordan , American baseball player 1989 – Kelly Marie Tran , American actress [ 48 ] 1990 – Santiago Tréllez , Colombian footballer 1990 – Tyler Zeller , American basketball player [ 63 ] 1991 – Trevor Bauer , American baseball player 1991 – Willa Fitzgerald , American actress [ 42 ] 1991 – Esapekka Lappi , Finnish rally driver 1991 – Alise Post , American BMX rider 1992 – Stanislav Galiev , Russian ice hockey player [ 64 ] 1994 – Lucy Boynton , American-English actress [ 42 ] 1994 – Mark Steketee , Australian cricketer 1995 – Indya Moore , American actor and model [ 65 ] 1996 – Allonzo Trier , American basketball player [ 66 ] 1997 – Jake Paul , American boxer, actor, rapper, and social media personality [ 67 ] 1997 – Kyle Tucker , American baseball player [ 68 ] 1998 – Sophie Molineux , Australian cricketer 1998 – Jeff Reine-Adélaïde , French footballer 1999 – Isa Briones , American actor and singer [ 69 ] 2000 – Kang Chan-hee , South Korean singer and actor [ 70 ] 2000 – Devlin DeFrancesco , Canadian race car driver [ 71 ] 2000 – Ayo Dosunmu , American basketball player [ 72 ] 2001 – Enzo Fernández , Argentinian footballer [ 73 ] 2002 – Samuel , American singer based in South Korea. [ 74 ] 2003 – Robin Roefs , Dutch footballer [ 75 ] 2005 – Peio Canales , Spanish footballer [ 76 ] Deaths Pre-1600 395 – Theodosius I , Roman emperor (born 347) 644 – Sulpitius the Pious , French bishop and saint 764 – Joseph of Freising , German bishop 1040 – Mas'ud I of Ghazni , Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire (born 998) 1156 – André de Montbard , fifth Grand Master of the Knights Templar 1168 – Thierry, Count of Flanders (born 1099) 1229 – Albert of Riga , German bishop (born 1165) 1329 – Roseline of Villeneuve , Carthusian nun (born 1263) 1334 – John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond (born 1266) 1345 – Henry of Asti , Greek patriarch 1345 – Martino Zaccaria , Genoese Lord of Chios 1369 – Peter I of Cyprus (born 1328) 1456 – Elisabeth of Lorraine-Vaudémont , French translator (born 1395) 1468 – Skanderbeg , Albanian soldier and politician (born 1405) 1523 – Elisabeth of Hesse-Marburg , German landgravine (born 1466) [ 77 ] [ 78 ] 1588 – Qi Jiguang , Chinese general (born 1528) 1598 – Feodor I of Russia (born 1557) 1601–1900 1617 – Fausto Veranzio , Croatian bishop and lexicographer (born 1551) 1705 – John Ray , English botanist and historian (born 1627) 1718 – Benjamin Church , American colonel (born 1639) 1737 – Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann , German architect (born 1662) 1738 – Jean-François Dandrieu , French organist and composer (born 1682) 1751 – Tomaso Albinoni , Italian violinist and composer (born 1671) 1826 – Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga , Spanish-French composer (born 1806) 1834 – Giovanni Aldini , Italian physicist and academic (born 1762) 1850 – Elizabeth Simcoe , English-Canadian painter and author (born 1762) [ 79 ] 1861 – Lola Montez , Irish actress and dancer (born 1821) 1863 – Horace Vernet , French painter (born 1789) 1869 – Alexander Dargomyzhsky , Russian composer (born 1813) 1878 – Edward Shepherd Creasy , English historian and jurist (born 1812) 1884 – Hermann Schlegel , German ornithologist and herpetologist (born 1804) 1887 – William Giblin , Australian lawyer and politician, 13th Premier of Tasmania (born 1840) 1888 – Big Bear , Canadian tribal chief (born 1825) 1891 – George Bancroft , American historian and politician, 17th United States Secretary of the Navy (born 1800) 1893 – Rutherford B. Hayes , American general, lawyer, and politician, 19th President of the United States (born 1822) 1896 – Augusta Hall, Baroness Llanover , Welsh writer and patron of the arts (born 1802) [ 80 ] 1901–present 1903 – Ignaz Wechselmann , Hungarian architect and philanthropist (born 1828) 1908 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany (born 1835) 1909 – Agathon Meurman , Finnish politician and journalist (born 1826) [ 81 ] 1909 – Francis Smith , Australian lawyer, judge, and politician, 4th Premier of Tasmania (born 1819) 1911 – Francis Galton , English polymath, anthropologist, and geographer (born 1822) 1927 – Juliette Gordon Low , American founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA (born 1860) 1930 – Gauhar Jaan , One of the first performers to record music on 78 rpm records in India. (born 1873) 1931 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (born 1864) 1932 – Ahmet Derviş , Turkish general (born 1881) 1932 – Albert Jacka , Australian captain, Victoria Cross recipient (born 1893) 1933 – Louis Comfort Tiffany , American stained glass artist (born 1848) 1936 – Mateiu Caragiale , Romanian journalist, author, and poet (born 1885) 1942 – Walther von Reichenau , German field marshal (born 1884) 1947 – Pyotr Krasnov , Russian historian and general (born 1869) 1947 – Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve , Canadian cardinal (born 1883) 1951 – Jyoti Prasad Agarwala , Indian poet, playwright, and director (born 1903) 1952 – Walter Briggs Sr. , American businessman (born 1877) 1961 – Patrice Lumumba , Congolese politician, 1st Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (born 1925) 1970 – Simon Kovar , Russian-American bassoon player and educator (born 1890) 1970 – Billy Stewart , American rhythm and blues singer and pianist (born 1937) 1972 – Betty Smith , American author and playwright (born 1896) 1977 – Dougal Haston , Scottish mountaineer (born 1940) 1977 – Gary Gilmore , American murderer (born 1940) 1981 – Loukas Panourgias , Greek footballer and lawyer (born 1899) 1984 – Kostas Giannidis , Greek pianist, composer, and conductor (born 1903) 1987 – Hugo Fregonese , Argentinian director and screenwriter (born 1908) 1987 – Lawrence Kohlberg , American psychologist and author (born 1927) [ 82 ] 1988 – Percy Qoboza , South African journalist and author (born 1938) 1990 – Panka Pelishek , Bulgarian pianist and music teacher (born 1899) [ 83 ] 1991 – Olav V of Norway (born 1903) 1992 – Frank Pullen , English soldier and businessman (born 1915) 1993 – Albert Hourani , English-Lebanese historian and academic (born 1915) 1994 – Yevgeni Ivanov , Russian spy (born 1926) 1994 – Helen Stephens , American runner, shot putter, and discus thrower (born 1918) 1996 – Barbara Jordan , American lawyer and politician (born 1936) 1996 – Sylvia Lawler , English geneticist (born 1922) 1997 – Bert Kelly , Australian farmer and politician, 20th Australian Minister for the Navy (born 1912) 1997 – Clyde Tombaugh , American astronomer and academic, discovered Pluto (born 1906) 2000 – Philip Jones , English trumpet player and educator (born 1928) 2000 – Ion Rațiu , Romanian journalist and politician (born 1917) 2002 – Camilo José Cela , Spanish author and politician, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1916) 2002 – Roman Personov , Russian physicist and academic (born 1932) 2003 – Richard Crenna , American actor and director (born 1926) 2004 – Raymond Bonham Carter , English banker (born 1929) 2004 – Harry Brecheen , American baseball player and coach (born 1914) 2004 – Ray Stark , American film producer (born 1915) 2004 – Noble Willingham , American actor (born 1931) 2005 – Charlie Bell , Australian businessman (born 1960) 2005 – Virginia Mayo , American actress, singer, and dancer (born 1920) 2005 – Albert Schatz , American microbiologist and academic (born 1920) 2005 – Zhao Ziyang , Chinese politician, 3rd Premier of the People's Republic of China (born 1919) 2006 – Pierre Grondin , Canadian surgeon (born 1925) 2007 – Art Buchwald , American journalist and author (born 1925) 2007 – Yevhen Kushnaryov , Ukrainian engineer and politician (born 1951) 2007 – Uwe Nettelbeck , German record producer, journalist and film critic (born 1940) [ 84 ] 2008 – Bobby Fischer , American chess player and author (born 1943) [ 85 ] 2008 – Ernie Holmes , American football player, wrestler, and actor (born 1948) 2009 – Anders Isaksson , Swedish journalist and historian (born 1943) 2010 – Gaines Adams , American football player (born 1983) 2010 – Jyoti Basu , Indian politician and 9th Chief Minister of West Bengal (born 1914) 2010 – Michalis Papakonstantinou , Greek journalist and politician, Foreign Minister of Greece (born 1919) 2010 – Erich Segal , American author and screenwriter (born 1937) 2011 – Don Kirshner , American songwriter and producer (born 1934) 2012 – Julius Meimberg , German soldier and pilot (born 1917) 2012 – Johnny Otis , American singer-songwriter and producer (born 1921) 2012 – Marty Springstead , American baseball player and umpire (born 1937) 2013 – Mehmet Ali Birand , Turkish journalist and author (born 1941) 2013 – Jakob Arjouni , German author (born 1964) 2013 – Yves Debay , Belgian journalist (born 1954) 2013 – John Nkomo , Zimbabwean politician, Vice President of Zimbabwe (born 1934) 2013 – Lizbeth Webb , English soprano and actress (born 1926) 2014 – Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin , Indian spiritual leader, 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq (born 1915) 2014 – Francine Lalonde , Canadian educator and politician (born 1940) 2014 – Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green , English businessman and politician (born 1942) 2014 – John J. McGinty III , American captain, Medal of Honor recipient (born 1940) 2014 – Sunanda Pushkar , Indian-Canadian businesswoman (born 1962) 2014 – Suchitra Sen , Indian film actress (born 1931) [ 86 ] 2015 – Ken Furphy , English footballer and manager (born 1931) 2015 – Faten Hamama , Egyptian actress and producer (born 1931) 2015 – Don Harron , Canadian actor and screenwriter (born 1924) 2016 – Blowfly , American singer-songwriter and producer (born 1939) 2016 – Melvin Day , New Zealand painter and historian (born 1923) 2016 – V. Rama Rao , Indian lawyer and politician, 12th Governor of Sikkim (born 1935) 2016 – Sudhindra Thirtha , Indian religious leader (born 1926) 2017 – Tirrel Burton , American football player and coach (born 1929) 2017 – Colo , American western lowland gorilla , first gorilla born in captivity and oldest recorded (born 1956) [ 87 ] [ 88 ] 2019 – S. Balakrishnan , Malayalam movie composer (born 1948) [ 89 ] 2020 – Derek Fowlds , British actor (born1937) [ 90 ] 2021 – Rasheed Naz , Pakistani film and television actor (born 1948) [ 91 ] 2022 – Birju Maharaj , Indian dancer (born 1937) [ 92 ] 2023 – Lucile Randon , French supercentenarian (born 1904) [ 93 ] 2025 – Didier Guillaume , French politician, 25th Minister of State of Monaco (born 1959) [ 94 ] 2025 – Jules Feiffer , American cartoonist, playwright, screenwriter, and educator (born 1929) [ 95 ] 2025 – Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat , Mongolian politician, 1st President of Mongolia (born 1942) [ 96 ] 2025 – Denis Law , Scottish footballer (born 1940) [ 97 ] [ 98 ] Holidays and observances Christian feast day : Anthony the Great Blessed Angelo Paoli Blessed Gamelbert of Michaelsbuch Charles Gore ( Church of England ) Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo (one of Saints of the Cristero War ) Mildgyth Our Lady of Pontmain Sulpitius the Pious January 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) Anthony the Great Blessed Angelo Paoli Blessed Gamelbert of Michaelsbuch Charles Gore ( Church of England ) Jenaro Sánchez Delgadillo (one of Saints of the Cristero War ) Mildgyth Our Lady of Pontmain Sulpitius the Pious January 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) National Day ( Menorca , Spain ) The opening ceremony of Patras Carnival , celebrated until Clean Monday . ( Patras , Greece ) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Anthony A. Barrett (4 January 2002). Agrippina: Mother of Nero . Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-134-61863-7 . ^ Stephen Moss (2011-01-20). "Weatherwatch: The Grote Mandrenke" . The Guardian . Retrieved 2014-01-23 . ^ Philippe Levillain (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies . Psychology Press. p. 660. ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2 . ^ Shaw, Edward Richard (1900). Discoverers and Explorers . American Book Company. p. 103 . ISBN 1-4353-8990-5 . Verrazzano january 17. {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization. Volume 2 . Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 239– 240. ISBN 9780313337338 . ^ Lesaffer, Randall (2017). "Between Faith and Empire: The Justification of the Spanish Intervention in the French Wars of Religion in the 1590s". In Koskenniemi, Martti; Rech, Walter; Fonseca, Manuel Jiménez (eds.). International Law and Empire: Historical Explorations . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780198795575 . ^ Bruce, James (1790). Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, In the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772 and 1773. Volume II . London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. 277– 278. ^ Ashton, Robert (1994). Counter-Revolution: The Second Civil War and Its Origins, 1646-8 . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780300061147 . ^ Nolan, Cathal J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2 . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p.651 ^ Bastmeijer, Kees (2003). The Antarctic Environmental Protocol and Its Domestic Legal Implementation . The Hague: Kluwer Law International. p. 4. ISBN 9789041120649 . ^ Buchanan, John (1997). The Road to Guilford Courthouse: The American Revolution in the Carolinas . New York: Wiley. pp. 320– 322. ISBN 9780471164029 . ^ Vassallo, Mario (1979). From Lordship to Stewardship: Religion and Social Change in Malta . The Hague: Mouton. p. 29. ISBN 9789027979674 . ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2018). The Roots and Consequences of Independence Wars: Conflicts That Changed World History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC=CLIO. p. 130. ISBN 9781440855986 . ^ Raugh, Harold E. (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 326. ISBN 9781576079256 . ^ Thompson, Erwin N. (1967). The Modoc War, 1872-73, Lava Beds National Monument . Washington, D.C.: Division of History, Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service. p. 51. OCLC 4989984 . ^ Archer, Thomas (1886). The War in Egypt and the Soudan: An Episode in the History of the British Empire . London: Blackie. pp. 17– 19. OCLC 5628196 . ^ Juvik, Sonia P.; Juvik, James O.; Paradise, Thomas R. (1998). Atlas of Hawai'i . Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824817459 . ^ Moran, Jim (2011). Wake Island 1941: A Battle to Make the Gods Weep . New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 9781849086035 . ^ Kirk, Irina (1981). Anton Chekov . Boston: Twayne Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 9780805764109 . ^ Evans, Waldo A. (1928). The Virgin Islands of the United States: A General Report by the Governor . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 29 . ^ "History of Alcohol Prohibition" . National Commission on Marijuana and Drug Abuse . Retrieved November 7, 2013 . ^ Felix, Christopher (2001). A Short Course in the Secret War . Lanham, Md.: Madison Books. p. 267. ISBN 9781568331799 . ^ Stickle, Benjamin F. (2016). "Great Brink's Robbery (1950)". In Chermak, Steven M.; Bailey, Frankie Y. (eds.). Crimes of the Centuries: Notorious Crimes, Criminals, and Criminal Trials in American History . Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 9781610695930 . ^ "Report on the accident to Boeing 777-236ER, G-YMMM, at London Heathrow Airport on 17 January 2008" (PDF) . Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 9 February 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . ^ Goldman, Russell (January 17, 2013). "Lance Armstrong Admits to Doping" . United States: ABC News . Retrieved 2013-01-18 . ^ "Δικάζονται στο Εφετείο οι δολοφόνοι του Σαχζάτ Λουκμάν" . efsyn.gr. 2018-04-16 . Retrieved 2018-09-16 . ^ "Barack Obama – Key Events | Miller Center" . millercenter.org . 2016-10-07 . Retrieved 2022-01-11 . ^ CARVALHO, NEVILLE SPYKERMAN and MARTIN (17 January 2017). "MH370 underwater search suspended" . The Star . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ "Tibet avalanche kills 28 as search called off" . BBC News. 21 January 2023. ^ "Saint Pius V | pope | Britannica" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 23 April 2022 . ^ Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent (1979). Caballeros de la Orden de Santiago, siglo XVIII . Ediciones Hidalguia. p. 95. ISBN 978-84-00-04412-1 . ^ Viens, Katheryn P. (2000). "Belmont, Alva Erskine Smith Vanderbilt (1853-1933), social leader and suffragist" . American National Biography . doi : 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500052 . ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7 . Retrieved 2019-12-02 . ^ Brabencová, Jana. "BABOROVÁ-ČIHÁKOVÁ, Marie Zdenka" . Biographical Dictionary of the Czech Lands (in Czech) . Retrieved 2019-08-11 . ^ Kovačević-Ristanović, Ružica (2014-07-10). "Lela Mevorah: A Professional Jewish Woman's Contribution to the Practice of Medicine in Serbia in the Aftermath of the Holocaust" . Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies . 25 (2): 199– 211. doi : 10.1353/ser.2011.0042 . ISSN 1941-9511 . S2CID 144369420 . ^ McMullen, Kieran E. (2012). The Many Watsons . London: MX Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 9781780923031 . ^ "Jackie Henderson: the Arsenal man who moved to my village" . woolwicharsenal.co.uk . 2 January 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ "Charlie Mitten" . The Independent . London. 8 January 2002 . Retrieved 14 January 2020 . ^ Kandell, Jonathan (9 July 2022). "Luis Echeverría Alvarez, Former President of Mexico, Dies at 100" . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . ^ Blistein, Jon (31 December 2021). "Beloved TV Icon Betty White Dead on Cusp of 100th Birthday" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 31, 2021 . ^ Bernstein, Adam (May 6, 2023). "Newton Minow, FCC chairman who assailed 'vast wasteland' of TV, dies at 97" . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 6, 2023 . ^ Jack, Adrian (26 December 2008). "Obituary: Eartha Kitt" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 December 2020 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Famous birthdays for Jan. 17: Dwyane Wade, Jim Carrey" . UPI . 17 January 2023 . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Stage, television and film actor dies" (PDF) . The Old Felstedian . December 2020. p. 25 . Retrieved 19 January 2024 . ^ "James Earl Jones, renowned actor and voice of Darth Vader, dies at 93" . Reuters . Retrieved 9 September 2024 . ^ Coveney, Michael (13 May 2009). "Obituary: John Cater" . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 January 2024 . ^ Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons . Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. p. 553. ISBN 9780786479924 . ^ Shail, Robert (2007). British Film Directors: A Critical Guide . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780748622313 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Rose, Mike (17 January 2023). "Today's famous birthdays list for January 17, 2023 includes celebrities James Earl Jones, Jim Carrey" . The Plain Dealer . Associated Press . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Muhammad Ali" . Biography . 22 October 2021 . Retrieved 2022-01-17 . ^ "Thomas Deitz, 1952-2009" . Locus Magazine . April 28, 2009 . Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ^ Sweeting, Adam (3 April 2023). "Ryuichi Sakamoto obituary" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 April 2023 . Retrieved 4 April 2023 . ^ Smith, Jessie Carney (17 December 2010). Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture [4 volumes] . ABC-CLIO. p. 650. ISBN 978-0-313-35797-8 . ^ "Colin Gordon" . neilbrown.newcastlefans.com . Retrieved 12 April 2025 . ^ Lenberg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film and TV Award-Winning and Legendary Animators . New York: Applause. p. 331. ISBN 9781557836717 . ^ Australian Media Guide : 2000 Paralympic Games Sydney . Sydney: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2000. p. 30. ^ Heching, Dan (17 January 2022). "Brandy Wishes 'Genius' Brother Ray J a Happy Birthday: He 'Can Do It All' " . People . Retrieved 17 January 2023 . ^ "Mike Zigomanis" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Andrew Webster" . 22 October 2023. ^ "Dexter Lumis" . ESPN . 1 November 2022 . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Viktor Stalberg" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ Donald McRae (6 February 2023). "Oleksandr Usyk: 'There had been laughter in that gym. When I got there, only darkness and death' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 2023-02-06 . ^ "Earl Clark" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Tyler Zeller" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Stanislav Galiev" . National Hockey League . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ Moore, Indya [@IndyaMoore] (January 17, 2020). "Thank you all so much for the birthday love!!" ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 30, 2020 – via Twitter . ^ "Allonzo Trier" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Jake Paul – Rotten Tomatoes" . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2021-06-14 . ^ "Kyle Tucker" . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 13 January 2023 . ^ Nepales, Ruben V. (January 30, 2020). "Fil-Am Isa Briones went from Hamilton to a female lead role in Picard —and she's just 21" . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. 1 . Retrieved April 6, 2020 . ^ "찬희 프로필" (in Korean). Naver. ^ "Devlin DeFrancesco" . Retrieved 2 October 2018 . ^ "Ayo Dosunmu" . National Basketball Association . Retrieved 16 January 2024 . ^ "Enzo Fernández" . Premier League . Retrieved 18 January 2024 . ^ "사무엘, '0117 생일' 특별 이벤트 진행" . 더팩트 (in Korean). 8 December 2023 . Retrieved 17 March 2025 . ^ "The official website for European football" . ^ "FIFA U-20 World Cup Chile 2025™ Squad List: Spain (ESP)" (PDF) . FIFA . 27 September 2025. p. 22 . Retrieved 16 December 2025 . ^ Dek, A.W.E. (1970). Genealogie van het Vorstenhuis Nassau (in Dutch). Zaltbommel : Europese Bibliotheek. p. 70. ^ Vorsterman van Oyen, A.A. (1882). Het vorstenhuis Oranje-Nassau. Van de vroegste tijden tot heden (in Dutch). Leiden & Utrecht : A.W. Sijthoff & J.L. Beijers. p. 95. ^ Beacock Fryer, Mary (1989). Elizabeth Postuma Simcoe, 1762-1850: A Biography . Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-55002-064-9 . ^ Laurence, Anya (1978). Women of Notes: 1,000 Women Composers Born Before 1900 . New York: Richards Rosen Press. p. 91. OCLC 252454075 . ^ Agathon Meurman – Agathon Meurmanin sukuseura (in Finnish) ^ Rest, James; Power, Clark; Brabeck, Mary (May 1988). "Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987)". American Psychologist . 43 (5): 399– 400. doi : 10.1037/h0091958 . ^ Bozhikova, Milena (2001). "Pelishek, Panka" . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online. doi : 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.2274258 . Retrieved 19 August 2025 . ^ Boyd, J (13 February 2007). "Obituary: Uwe Nettelbeck" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 June 2021 . ^ "Bobby Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) – The U.S. Chess Trust" . uschesstrust.org . Retrieved 31 January 2020 . ^ "Suchitra Sen, India's Greta Garbo, dies aged 82" . The National . January 18, 2014. ^ Lyttle, Jeff (1997). Gorillas in Our Midst: The Story of the Columbus Zoo Gorillas . Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 9780814207666 . ^ "Colo, the oldest gorilla in captivity, dies aged 60" . BBC News. January 18, 2017 . Retrieved June 20, 2023 . ^ "Noted music composer S Balakrishnan passes away" . Mathrubhumi . Archived from the original on 2019-01-19 . Retrieved 2019-01-17 . ^ Louise Randell. "Yes Minister and Heartbeat star Derek Fowlds dead at 82" . MSN . Retrieved 2020-01-18 . ^ "Veteran actor Rashid Naz passes away at 73" . Images . 2022-01-17 . Retrieved 2025-08-07 . ^ "Leading Indian dancer Birju Maharaj dies" . Reuters . 2022-01-17 . Retrieved 2022-01-18 . ^ "The world's oldest known person, French nun Lucile Randon, dead at 118" . France 24 . 2023-01-17 . Retrieved 2023-03-05 . ^ Beaudet, Florence (January 17, 2025). "Drôme : Didier Guillaume, ancien président du département et ancien ministre de l'Agriculture, est mort" . France Bleu (in French) . Retrieved January 18, 2025 . ^ Webster, Andy (January 21, 2025). "Jules Feiffer, Acerbic Cartoonist, Writer and Much Else, Dies at 95" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 21, 2025 . ^ "Mongolian ex-president passes away" . XinhauNet . January 18, 2025 . Retrieved January 18, 2025 . ^ "Denis Law obituary" . The Guardian, UK . January 19, 2025 . Retrieved January 19, 2025 . ^ "Man Utd and Scotland legend Law dies aged 84" . BBC Sport . January 17, 2025 . Retrieved January 24, 2025 . External links BBC: On This Day The New York Times : On This Day Historical Events on January 17 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Months and days of the year v t e Today: January 16 , 2026 [refresh] January 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 February 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 March 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 May 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 June 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 August 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 November 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Related: List of non-standard dates Related: List of non-standard dates Days of January CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles using Mw magnitude scale Commons link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 03:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_17#cite_note-6
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST 1.2 CiteSeer X 1.1 CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST 1.2 CiteSeer X 2 Current features Toggle Current features subsection 2.1 Automated information extraction 2.2 Focused crawling 2.3 Usage 2.4 Data 2.1 Automated information extraction 2.2 Focused crawling 2.3 Usage 2.4 Data 3 Other SeerSuite-based search engines 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links CiteSeer X Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Bosanski Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Македонски Bahasa Melayu Português Română Русский Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Ghanaian Pidgin Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "CiteSeerX" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Type of site Bibliographic database Available in Español Owner Pennsylvania State University College of Information Sciences and Technology Revenue Active URL citeseerx .ist .psu .edu Registration Optional Launched 2008 ; 18 years ago ( 2008 ) /1997 ; 29 years ago ( 1997 ) Current status Active Content license Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license [ 1 ] CiteSeer X (formerly called CiteSeer ) is a public search engine and digital library for scientific and academic papers, primarily in the fields of computer and information science . CiteSeer's goal is to improve the dissemination and access of academic and scientific literature. As a non-profit service that can be freely used by anyone, it has been considered part of the open access movement that is attempting to change academic and scientific publishing to allow greater access to scientific literature. CiteSeer freely provided Open Archives Initiative metadata of all indexed documents and links indexed documents when possible to other sources of metadata such as DBLP and the ACM Portal . To promote open data , CiteSeer X shares its data for non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons license . [ 1 ] CiteSeer is considered a predecessor of academic search tools such as Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search . [ 2 ] CiteSeer-like engines and archives usually only harvest documents from publicly available websites and do not crawl publisher websites. For this reason, authors whose documents are freely available are more likely to be represented in the index. CiteSeer changed its name to ResearchIndex at one point and then changed it back. [ 3 ] History CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST CiteSeer was created by researchers Lee Giles , Kurt Bollacker and Steve Lawrence in 1997 while they were at the NEC Research Institute (now NEC Labs ), Princeton, New Jersey , US. CiteSeer's goal was to actively crawl and harvest academic and scientific documents on the web and use autonomous citation indexing to permit querying by citation or by document, ranking them by citation impact . At one point, it was called ResearchIndex. CiteSeer became public in 1998 and had many new features unavailable in academic search engines at that time. These included: Autonomous Citation Indexing automatically created a citation index that can be used for literature search and evaluation. Citation statistics and related documents were computed for all articles cited in the database, not just the indexed articles. Reference linking, allowing browsing of the database using citation links. Citation context showed the context of citations to a given paper, allowing a researcher to quickly and easily see what other researchers have to say about an article of interest. Related documents were shown using citation and word based measures, and an active and continuously updated bibliography is shown for each document. CiteSeer was granted a United States patent # 6289342, titled " Autonomous citation indexing and literature browsing using citation context ", on September 11, 2001. The patent was filed on May 20, 1998, and has priority to January 5, 1998. A continuation patent (US Patent # 6738780) was filed on May 16, 2001, and granted on May 18, 2004. [ citation needed ] After NEC, in 2004 it was hosted as CiteSeer.IST on the World Wide Web at the College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University , and had over 700,000 documents. For enhanced access, performance and research, similar versions of CiteSeer were supported at universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , University of Zürich and the National University of Singapore . However, these versions of CiteSeer proved difficult to maintain and are no longer available. Because CiteSeer only indexes freely available papers on the web and does not have access to publisher metadata, it returns fewer citation counts than sites, such as Google Scholar , that have publisher metadata. CiteSeer had not been comprehensively updated since 2005 due to limitations in its architecture design. It had a representative sampling of research documents in computer and information science but was limited in coverage because it was limited to papers that are publicly available, usually at an author's homepage, or those submitted by an author. To overcome some of these limitations, a modular and open source architecture for CiteSeer was designed – CiteSeer X . CiteSeer X CiteSeer X replaced CiteSeer and all queries to CiteSeer were redirected. CiteSeer X [ 4 ] is a public search engine and digital library and repository for scientific and academic papers, primarily with a focus on computer and information science . [ 4 ] However, recently CiteSeer X has been expanding into other scholarly domains such as economics, physics and others. Released in 2008, it was loosely based on the previous CiteSeer search engine and digital library and is built with a new open source infrastructure, SeerSuite, and new algorithms and their implementations. It was developed by researchers Isaac Councill and C. Lee Giles at the College of Information Sciences and Technology , Pennsylvania State University . It continues to support the goals outlined by CiteSeer to actively crawl and harvest academic and scientific documents on the public web and to use a citation inquiry by citations and ranking of documents by the impact of citations. Currently, Lee Giles, Prasenjit Mitra, Susan Gauch, Min-Yen Kan, Pradeep Teregowda, Juan Pablo Fernández Ramírez, Pucktada Treeratpituk, Jian Wu, Douglas Jordan, Steve Carman, Jack Carroll, Jim Jansen, and Shuyi Zheng are or have been actively involved in its development. Recently, a table search feature was introduced. [ 5 ] It has been funded by the National Science Foundation , NASA , and Microsoft Research . CiteSeer X continues to be rated as one of the world's top repositories, and was rated number 1 in July 2010. [ 6 ] It currently has over 6 million documents with nearly 6 million unique authors and 120 million citations. [ timeframe? ] CiteSeer X also shares its software, data, databases and metadata with other researchers, currently by Amazon S3 and by rsync . [ 7 ] Its new modular open source architecture and software (available previously on SourceForge but now on GitHub ) is built on Apache Solr and other Apache and open source tools, which allows it to be a testbed for new algorithms in document harvesting, ranking, indexing, and information extraction. CiteSeer X caches some PDF files that it has scanned. As such, each page includes a DMCA link which can be used to report copyright violations. [ 8 ] Current features Automated information extraction CiteSeer X uses automated information extraction tools, usually built on machine learning methods such ParsCit, to extract scholarly document metadata such as title, authors, abstract, citations, etc. As such, there are sometime errors in authors and titles. Other academic search engines have similar errors. Focused crawling CiteSeer X crawls publicly available scholarly documents primarily from author webpages and other open resources, and does not have access to publisher metadata. As such, citation counts in CiteSeer X are usually less than those in Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search who have access to publisher metadata. Usage CiteSeer X has nearly one million users worldwide based on unique IP addresses and has millions of hits daily. Annual downloads of document PDFs were nearly 200 million for 2015. Data CiteSeer X data is regularly shared under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license with researchers worldwide and has been and is used in many experiments and competitions. Thanks to its OAI-PMH endpoint, [ 9 ] CiteSeerX is an open archive and its content is indexed like an institutional repository in academic search engines , for instance BASE and Unpaywall consumers. Other SeerSuite-based search engines The CiteSeer model had been extended to cover academic documents in business with SmealSearch and in e-business with eBizSearch . However, these were not maintained by their sponsors. An older version of both of these could be once found at BizSeer.IST but is no longer in service. Other Seer-like search and repository systems have been built for chemistry, Chem X Seer and for archaeology, ArchSeer. Another had been built for robots.txt file search, BotSeer . All of these are built on the open source tool SeerSuite , which uses the open source indexer Lucene . See also Arnetminer arXiv Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies DBLP (Digital Bibliography & Library Project) Disciplinary repository Google Scholar List of academic databases and search engines Microsoft Academic Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) Semantic Scholar References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "CiteSeerX Data Policy" . Archived from the original on 2012-01-05 . Retrieved 2015-11-10 . ^ Kodakateri Pudhiyaveetil, Ajith; Gauch, Susan; Luong, Hiep; Eno, Josh (2009). "Conceptual recommender system for CiteSeerX". Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Recommender systems . New York: ACM Press. p. 241. doi : 10.1145/1639714.1639758 . ISBN 978-1-60558-435-5 . S2CID 13900679 . ^ Lawrence, Steve (2001). "ResearchIndex: Inside the world's largest free full-text index of scientific literature". Proceedings of the international conference on Knowledge capture - K-CAP 2001 . p. 3. doi : 10.1145/500737.500740 . ISBN 1-58113-380-4 . S2CID 19592721 . ^ a b "About CiteSeerX" . Archived from the original on 2010-07-22 . Retrieved 2010-05-07 . ^ "The CiteSeerX Team" . Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 2018-07-26 . Retrieved 2018-05-01 . ^ "Ranking Web of World Repositories: Top 800 Repositories" . Cybermetrics Lab. July 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-07-24 . Retrieved 2010-07-24 . ^ "About CiteSeerX Data" . Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on 2012-01-05 . Retrieved 2012-01-25 . ^ For example, "CiteSeerx – DMCA Notice" . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.604.4916 . Archived from the original on 2022-03-18. The document with the identifier "10.1.1.604.4916" has been removed due to a DMCA takedown notice. If you believe the removal has been in error, please contact us through the feedback page, along with the identifier mentioned in this page. ^ Hirst, Tony (2011-12-08). "Using OAI-PMH as a Single Record Level Query Interface to Citeseer" . Archived from the original on 2020-11-24 . Retrieved 2020-04-25 . Further reading Giles, C. Lee; Bollacker, Kurt D.; Lawrence, Steve (1998). "CiteSeer: an automatic citation indexing system". Proceedings of the Third ACM Conference on Digital Libraries . pp. 89– 98. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.30.6847 . doi : 10.1145/276675.276685 . ISBN 978-0-89791-965-4 . S2CID 514080 . External links CiteSeerX article ID (former scheme) (P3784) (see uses ) Official website American digital libraries Bibliographic databases in computer science Eprint archives Internet search engines Library 2.0 Online databases Open-access archives Pennsylvania State University Scholarly search services Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2023 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2023 This page was last edited on 16 September 2025, at 14:23 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description 2 Taxonomy Toggle Taxonomy subsection 2.1 Phylogeny 2.2 Subdivision 2.3 Etymology 2.1 Phylogeny 2.2 Subdivision 2.3 Etymology 3 Life cycle 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Pteridophyte العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lombard Magyar Malagasy مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oromoo Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Sardu Sicilianu Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Wikidata item Pteridophyte Marsh Clubmoss Lycopodiella inundata Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Tracheophytes Division: Pteridophyta Groups included Lycopodiophyta Polypodiophyta Lycopodiophyta Polypodiophyta Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa Spermatophyta Spermatophyta A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that reproduces by means of spores . Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds , they are sometimes referred to as " cryptogams ", meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. They are also the ancestors of the plants we see today. Ferns , horsetails (often treated as ferns), and lycophytes ( clubmosses , spikemosses , and quillworts ) are all pteridophytes. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns (and horsetails) are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes. "Pteridophyta" is thus no longer a widely accepted taxon, but the term pteridophyte remains in common parlance, as do pteridology and pteridologist as a science and its practitioner, for example by the International Association of Pteridologists and the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group . Description Pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes) are free-sporing vascular plants that have a life cycle with alternating , free-living gametophyte and sporophyte phases that are independent at maturity. The body of the sporophyte is well differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. The root system is always adventitious . The stem is either underground or aerial. The leaves may be microphylls or megaphylls . Their other common characteristics include vascular plant apomorphies (e.g., vascular tissue ) and land plant plesiomorphies (e.g., spore dispersal and the absence of seeds ). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Taxonomy Phylogeny Of the pteridophytes, ferns account for nearly 90% of the extant diversity. [ 2 ] Smith et al. (2006), the first higher-level pteridophyte classification published in the molecular phylogenetic era, considered the ferns as monilophytes, as follows: [ 3 ] Division Tracheophyta (tracheophytes) - vascular plants Subdivision Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes) - less than 1% of extant vascular plants Sub division Euphyllophytina (euphyllophytes) Infradivision Moniliformopses ( monilophytes ) Infradivision Spermatophyta - seed plants, ~260,000 species Subdivision Lycopodiophyta (lycophytes) - less than 1% of extant vascular plants Sub division Euphyllophytina (euphyllophytes) Infradivision Moniliformopses ( monilophytes ) Infradivision Spermatophyta - seed plants, ~260,000 species Infradivision Moniliformopses ( monilophytes ) Infradivision Spermatophyta - seed plants, ~260,000 species where the monilophytes comprise about 9,000 species, including horsetails ( Equisetaceae ), whisk ferns (Psilotaceae), and all eusporangiate and all leptosporangiate ferns. Historically both lycophytes and monilophytes were grouped together as pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies) on the basis of being spore-bearing ("seed-free"). In Smith's molecular phylogenetic study the ferns are characterised by lateral root origin in the endodermis , usually mesarch protoxylem in shoots, a pseudoendospore, plasmodial tapetum , and sperm cells with 30-1000 flagella . [ 3 ] The term "moniliform" as in Moniliformopses and monilophytes means "bead-shaped" and was introduced by Kenrick and Crane (1997) [ 4 ] as a scientific replacement for "fern" (including Equisetaceae) and became established by Pryer et al. (2004). [ 5 ] Christenhusz and Chase (2014) in their review of classification schemes provide a critique of this usage, which they discouraged as irrational. In fact the alternative name Filicopsida was already in use. [ 6 ] By comparison "lycopod" or lycophyte (club moss) means wolf-plant. The term " fern ally " included under Pteridophyta generally refers to vascular spore-bearing plants that are not ferns, including lycopods, horsetails, whisk ferns and water ferns ( Marsileaceae , Salviniaceae and Ceratopteris ). This is not a natural grouping but rather a convenient term for non-fern, and is also discouraged, as is eusporangiate for non-leptosporangiate ferns. [ 7 ] However both Infradivision and Moniliformopses are also invalid names under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature . Ferns, despite forming a monophyletic clade , are formally only considered as four classes ( Psilotopsida ; Equisetopsida ; Marattiopsida ; Polypodiopsida ), 11 orders and 37 families , without assigning a higher taxonomic rank . [ 3 ] Furthermore, within the Polypodiopsida, the largest grouping, a number of informal clades were recognised, including leptosporangiates, core leptosporangiates, polypods (Polypodiales), and eupolypods (including Eupolypods I and Eupolypods II ). [ 3 ] In 2014 Christenhusz and Chase , summarising the known knowledge at that time, treated this group as two separate unrelated taxa in a consensus classification; [ 7 ] Lycopodiophyta (lycopods) 1 subclass, 3 orders, each with one family, 5 genera, approx. 1,300 species Polypodiophyta (ferns) 4 subclasses, 11 orders, 21 families, approx. 212 genera, approx. 10,535 species Subclass Equisetidae Warm. Subclass Ophioglossidae Klinge Subclass Marattiidae Klinge Subclass Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. Subclass Equisetidae Warm. Subclass Ophioglossidae Klinge Subclass Marattiidae Klinge Subclass Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & Zimmerm. These subclasses correspond to Smith's four classes, with Ophioglossidae corresponding to Psilotopsida. The two major groups previously included in Pteridophyta are phylogenetically related as follows: [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green} Tracheophyta – vascular plants Lycopodiophyta Euphyllophyta Polypodiophyta – ferns Spermatophyta – seed plants † Pteridospermatophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae – flowering plants Tracheophyta – vascular plants Lycopodiophyta Euphyllophyta Polypodiophyta – ferns Spermatophyta – seed plants † Pteridospermatophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae – flowering plants Lycopodiophyta Lycopodiophyta Euphyllophyta Polypodiophyta – ferns Spermatophyta – seed plants † Pteridospermatophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae – flowering plants Polypodiophyta – ferns Polypodiophyta – ferns Spermatophyta – seed plants † Pteridospermatophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae – flowering plants † Pteridospermatophyta † Pteridospermatophyta Gymnospermae Gymnospermae Angiospermae – flowering plants Angiospermae – flowering plants Pteridophyta Subdivision Pteridophytes consist of two separate but related classes, whose nomenclature has varied. [ 3 ] [ 10 ] The system put forward by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group in 2016, PPG I , is: [ 2 ] Class Lycopodiopsida Bartl. – lycophytes: clubmosses, quillworts and spikemosses; 3 extant orders Order Lycopodiales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl – clubmosses; 1 extant family Order Isoetales Prantl – quillworts; 1 extant family Order Selaginellales Prantl – spikemosses; 1 extant family Class Polypodiopsida Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. – ferns; 11 extant orders Subclass Equisetidae Warm. – horsetails; 1 extant order, family and genus ( Equisetum ) Order Equisetales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl – 1 extant family Subclass Ophioglossidae Klinge – 2 extant orders Order Psilotales Prant – whisk ferns; 1 extant family Order Ophioglossales Link – grape ferns; 1 extant family Subclass Marattiidae Klinge – marattioid ferns; 1 extant order Order Marattiales Link – 1 extant family Subclass Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. – leptosporangiate ferns; 7 extant orders Order Osmundales Link – 1 extant family Order Hymenophyllales A.B.Frank – 1 extant family Order Gleicheniales Schimp – 3 extant families Order Schizaeales Schimp. – 3 extant families Order Salviniales Link – 2 extant families Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank – 8 extant families Order Polypodiales Link – 26 extant families Subclass Equisetidae Warm. – horsetails; 1 extant order, family and genus ( Equisetum ) Order Equisetales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl – 1 extant family Order Equisetales DC. ex Bercht. & J.Presl – 1 extant family Subclass Ophioglossidae Klinge – 2 extant orders Order Psilotales Prant – whisk ferns; 1 extant family Order Ophioglossales Link – grape ferns; 1 extant family Order Psilotales Prant – whisk ferns; 1 extant family Order Ophioglossales Link – grape ferns; 1 extant family Subclass Marattiidae Klinge – marattioid ferns; 1 extant order Order Marattiales Link – 1 extant family Order Marattiales Link – 1 extant family Subclass Polypodiidae Cronquist, Takht. & W.Zimm. – leptosporangiate ferns; 7 extant orders Order Osmundales Link – 1 extant family Order Hymenophyllales A.B.Frank – 1 extant family Order Gleicheniales Schimp – 3 extant families Order Schizaeales Schimp. – 3 extant families Order Salviniales Link – 2 extant families Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank – 8 extant families Order Polypodiales Link – 26 extant families Order Osmundales Link – 1 extant family Order Hymenophyllales A.B.Frank – 1 extant family Order Gleicheniales Schimp – 3 extant families Order Schizaeales Schimp. – 3 extant families Order Salviniales Link – 2 extant families Order Cyatheales A.B.Frank – 8 extant families Order Polypodiales Link – 26 extant families In addition to these living groups, several groups of pteridophytes are now extinct and known only from fossils . These groups include the Rhyniopsida , Zosterophyllopsida , Trimerophytopsida , the Lepidodendrales and the Progymnospermopsida . Modern studies of the land plants agree that seed plants emerged from pteridophytes more closer to ferns than lycophytes . Therefore, pteridophytes do not form a clade but constitute a paraphyletic grade. Etymology The name Pteridophyte is a Neo-Latin compound word created by English speakers around 1880. [ 11 ] It is formed from the prefix pterido- meaning fern, a Latin borrowing of the Greek word pterís which derives from pterón meaning feather. [ 12 ] The suffix, -phyte , is a suffix meaning plant from the ancient Greek word phyton (φυτόν). [ 13 ] Life cycle Just as with bryophytes and spermatophytes (seed plants), the life cycle of pteridophytes involves alternation of generations . This means that a diploid generation (the sporophyte, which produces spores) is followed by a haploid generation (the gametophyte or prothallus , which produces gametes ). Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in that the sporophyte is branched and generally much larger and more conspicuous, and from seed plants in that both generations are independent and free-living. The sexuality of pteridophyte gametophytes can be classified as follows: Dioicous : each individual gametophyte is either male (producing antheridia and hence sperm ) or female (producing archegonia and hence egg cells ). Monoicous : each individual gametophyte produces both antheridia and archegonia and can function both as a male and as a female. Protandrous : the antheridia mature before the archegonia (male first, then female). Protogynous : the archegonia mature before the antheridia (female first, then male). These terms are not the same as monoecious and dioecious , which refer to whether a seed plant's sporophyte bears both male and female gametophytes, i.e., produces both pollen and seeds, or just one. See also Embryophyte Fern ally Plant sexuality References ^ Schneider & Schuettpelz 2016 . ^ a b c Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016 . ^ a b c d e Smith et al.2006 . ^ Kenrick & Crane 1997 . ^ Pryer et al. 2004 . ^ Kenrick & Crane 1997a . ^ a b c Christenhusz & Chase 2014 . ^ Cantino et al. 2007 . ^ Chase & Reveal 2009 . ^ Kenrick & Crane 1996 . ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Pteridophyte, N." . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/OED/5595131711 . (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) ^ "Definition of 'pterido-' " . Collins English Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 21 February 2025 . ^ "-phyte, combining form" . Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/OED/4514282258 . (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) Bibliography Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S. ; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E. ; Soltis, Pamela S. ; Donoghue, Michael J. (1 August 2007). "Towards a Phylogenetic Nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon . 56 (3): 822. doi : 10.2307/25065865 . JSTOR 25065865 . Christenhusz, M. J. M. ; Zhang, X. C.; Schneider, H. (18 February 2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF) . Phytotaxa . 19 (1): 7. Bibcode : 2011Phytx..19....7C . doi : 10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 . Christenhusz, Maarten J.M. & Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification" . Annals of Botany . 113 (9): 571– 594. doi : 10.1093/aob/mct299 . PMC 3936591 . PMID 24532607 . Clark, James; Hidalgo, Oriane; Pellicer, Jaume; Liu, Hongmei; Marquardt, Jeannine; Robert, Yannis; Christenhusz, Maarten; Zhang, Shouzhou; Gibby, Mary ; Leitch, Ilia J.; Schneider, Harald (May 2016). "Genome evolution of ferns: evidence for relative stasis of genome size across the fern phylogeny" . New Phytologist . 210 (3): 1072– 1082. Bibcode : 2016NewPh.210.1072C . doi : 10.1111/nph.13833 . hdl : 10261/345876 . PMID 26756823 . Chase, Mark W. & Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III" . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 161 (2): 122– 127. doi : 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x . Gifford, Ernest M.; Foster, Adriance S. (1996). Morphology and evolution of vascular plants (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-1946-0 . Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter (1996). "Embryophytes: Land plants" . Tree of Life Web Project . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter R. (4 September 1997). "The origin and early evolution of plants on land" (PDF) . Nature . 389 (6646): 33– 39. Bibcode : 1997Natur.389...33K . doi : 10.1038/37918 . S2CID 3866183 . Kenrick, Paul; Crane, Peter (1997). The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 9781560987291 . Pryer, K. M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Wolf, P. G.; Schneider, H.; Smith, A. R.; Cranfill, R. (1 October 2004). "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences". American Journal of Botany . 91 (10): 1582– 1598. Bibcode : 2004AmJB...91.1582P . doi : 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1582 . PMID 21652310 . Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group (November 2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns" . Journal of Systematics and Evolution . 54 (6): 563– 603. Bibcode : 2016JSyEv..54..563. . doi : 10.1111/jse.12229 . S2CID 39980610 . Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H. (2008). Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978-0-521-87411-3 . Raven, Peter H. ; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). Biology of plants (7th ed.). New York, NY: Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1007-2 . Schneider, Harald; Schuettpelz, Eric (November 2016). "Systematics and evolution of lycophytes and ferns" . Journal of Systematics and Evolution . 54 (6): 561– 562. Bibcode : 2016JSyEv..54..561S . doi : 10.1111/jse.12231 . S2CID 90542414 . Smith, Alan R.; Kathleen M. Pryer; Eric Schuettpelz; Petra Korall; Harald Schneider; Paul G. Wolf (2006). "A classification for extant ferns" (PDF) . Taxon . 55 (3): 705– 731. Bibcode : 2006Taxon..55..705S . doi : 10.2307/25065646 . JSTOR 25065646 . Walkowiak, Radoslaw Janusz (2017). "Classification of Pteridophytes - Short classification of the ferns" (PDF) . IEA Paper . doi : 10.13140/RG.2.2.29934.20809 . External links British Pteridological Society Annual Review of Pteridological Research "Pteridophyta" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. Pteridophytes Test Questions for Papers And Quizzes [Important] Archived 2019-09-23 at the Wayback Machine .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Botany v t e History Outline History Outline Subdisciplines Archaeobotany Astrobotany Bryology Dendrology Ethnobotany Paleobotany Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Geobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant intelligence Plant pathology Plant physiology Archaeobotany Astrobotany Bryology Dendrology Ethnobotany Paleobotany Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Geobotany Geobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant intelligence Plant pathology Plant physiology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Fern Lycophyte Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Fern Lycophyte Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant anatomy Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Cork Ground tissue Mesophyll Meristem Storage organs Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Wood Vegetative Bulb Root Rhizoid Rhizome Shoot Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem Reproductive (incl. Flower) Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte Surface structures Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Cork Ground tissue Mesophyll Meristem Storage organs Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Wood Cork Ground tissue Mesophyll Mesophyll Meristem Storage organs Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Vascular bundle Wood Vegetative Bulb Root Rhizoid Rhizome Shoot Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem Bulb Root Rhizoid Rhizome Shoot Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem Reproductive (incl. Flower) Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Ovary Locule Ovule Locule Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte Surface structures Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome Plant physiology Materials Aleurone Apical dominance Bulk flow Cellulose Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Phytomelanin Plant hormones Respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Sap Starch Sugar Transpiration Turgor pressure Aleurone Apical dominance Bulk flow Cellulose Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Phytomelanin Plant hormones Respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Sap Starch Sugar Transpiration Turgor pressure Plant growth and habit Habit Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Herbaceous plants Secondary growth Woody plants Habit Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Lianas Herbaceous plants Secondary growth Woody plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Double fertilization Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Flora Germination Pollination Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Sporangium Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Spore Alternation of generations Double fertilization Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline timeline Flora Germination Pollination Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Sporangium Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Spore Microsporangia Microspore Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Megaspore Spore Plant taxonomy Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy Cultigen Cultivar Group Grex History of plant systematics Herbarium International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Plant taxonomy systems Taxonomic rank Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy Cultigen Cultivar Group Grex Citrus taxonomy Cultigen Cultivar Group Grex Cultivar Group Grex History of plant systematics Herbarium International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Plant taxonomy systems Taxonomic rank Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Phytochemical Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Phytochemical Lists Related Lists Related Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expeditions Individual trees Oldest trees Superlative trees Tallest trees Plants Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation by author abbreviation Botanical expeditions Individual trees Oldest trees Superlative trees Tallest trees Plants Category Category v t e Extant life phyla/divisions by domain v t e Bacteria Abditibacteriota Acidobacteriota Actinomycetota Aquificota Armatimonadota Atribacterota Bacillota Bacteroidota Balneolota Caldisericota Calditrichota Chlamydiota Chlorobiota Chloroflexota Chrysiogenota Coprothermobacterota Cyanobacteriota Deferribacterota Deinococcota Dictyoglomerota Elusimicrobiota Fibrobacterota Fidelibacterota Fusobacteriota Gemmatimonadota Kiritimatiellota Lentisphaerota Minisyncoccota Mycoplasmatota Nitrospinota Nitrospirota Planctomycetota Pseudomonadota Rhodothermota Spirochaetota Synergistota Thermodesulfobacteriota Thermomicrobiota Thermotogota Verrucomicrobiota Vulcanimicrobiota " Acetithermota " " Aerophobota " " Auribacterota " " Babelota " " Binatota " " Bipolaricaulota " " Caldipriscota " " Calescibacteriota " " Canglongiota " " Cloacimonadota " " Cosmopoliota " " Cryosericota " " Deferrimicrobiota " " Dormiibacterota " " Effluvivivacota " " Electryoneota " " Elulimicrobiota " " Fermentibacterota " " Fervidibacterota " " Goldiibacteriota " " Heilongiota " " Hinthialibacterota " " Hydrogenedentota " " Hydrothermota " " Kapaibacteriota " " Krumholzibacteriota " " Kryptoniota " " Latescibacterota " " Lernaellota " " Lithacetigenota " " Macinerneyibacteriota " " Margulisiibacteriota " " Methylomirabilota " " Moduliflexota " " Muiribacteriota " " Nitrosediminicolota " " Omnitrophota " " Parcunitrobacterota " " Peregrinibacteriota " " Qinglongiota " " Rifleibacteriota " " Ryujiniota " " Spongiamicota " " Sumerlaeota " " Sysuimicrobiota " " Tangaroaeota " " Tectimicrobiota " " Tianyaibacteriota " " Wirthibacterota " " Zhuqueibacterota " " Zhurongbacterota " Archaea Methanobacteriota Microcaldota Nanobdellota Promethearchaeota Thermoproteota " Aenigmatarchaeota " " Altarchaeota " " Augarchaeota " " Geoarchaeota " " Hadarchaeota " " Hadesarchaeota " " Huberarchaeota " " Hydrothermarchaeota " " Iainarchaeota " " Micrarchaeota " " Nanohalarchaeota " " Nezhaarchaeota " " Parvarchaeota " " Poseidoniota " " Undinarchaeota " Eukaryote Protist Amoebozoa Anaeramoebae Apicomplexa Bigyra Caelestes Cercozoa Charophyta Chlorophyta Chromerida Ciliophora Cryptista Dinoflagellata Endomyxa Euglenozoa Fornicata Glaucophyta Haptophyta Hemimastigophora Malawimonada Nebulidia Nibbleridia Ochrophyta Preaxostyla Heterolobosea Hyphochytriomycota Oomycota Parabasalia Perkinsozoa Picozoa Retaria Rhodophyta Telonemia Fungi Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Land plant Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Animal Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Incertae sedis Parakaryon Bacteria Abditibacteriota Acidobacteriota Actinomycetota Aquificota Armatimonadota Atribacterota Bacillota Bacteroidota Balneolota Caldisericota Calditrichota Chlamydiota Chlorobiota Chloroflexota Chrysiogenota Coprothermobacterota Cyanobacteriota Deferribacterota Deinococcota Dictyoglomerota Elusimicrobiota Fibrobacterota Fidelibacterota Fusobacteriota Gemmatimonadota Kiritimatiellota Lentisphaerota Minisyncoccota Mycoplasmatota Nitrospinota Nitrospirota Planctomycetota Pseudomonadota Rhodothermota Spirochaetota Synergistota Thermodesulfobacteriota Thermomicrobiota Thermotogota Verrucomicrobiota Vulcanimicrobiota " Acetithermota " " Aerophobota " " Auribacterota " " Babelota " " Binatota " " Bipolaricaulota " " Caldipriscota " " Calescibacteriota " " Canglongiota " " Cloacimonadota " " Cosmopoliota " " Cryosericota " " Deferrimicrobiota " " Dormiibacterota " " Effluvivivacota " " Electryoneota " " Elulimicrobiota " " Fermentibacterota " " Fervidibacterota " " Goldiibacteriota " " Heilongiota " " Hinthialibacterota " " Hydrogenedentota " " Hydrothermota " " Kapaibacteriota " " Krumholzibacteriota " " Kryptoniota " " Latescibacterota " " Lernaellota " " Lithacetigenota " " Macinerneyibacteriota " " Margulisiibacteriota " " Methylomirabilota " " Moduliflexota " " Muiribacteriota " " Nitrosediminicolota " " Omnitrophota " " Parcunitrobacterota " " Peregrinibacteriota " " Qinglongiota " " Rifleibacteriota " " Ryujiniota " " Spongiamicota " " Sumerlaeota " " Sysuimicrobiota " " Tangaroaeota " " Tectimicrobiota " " Tianyaibacteriota " " Wirthibacterota " " Zhuqueibacterota " " Zhurongbacterota " Bacteria Abditibacteriota Acidobacteriota Actinomycetota Aquificota Armatimonadota Atribacterota Bacillota Bacteroidota Balneolota Caldisericota Calditrichota Chlamydiota Chlorobiota Chloroflexota Chrysiogenota Coprothermobacterota Cyanobacteriota Deferribacterota Deinococcota Dictyoglomerota Elusimicrobiota Fibrobacterota Fidelibacterota Fusobacteriota Gemmatimonadota Kiritimatiellota Lentisphaerota Minisyncoccota Mycoplasmatota Nitrospinota Nitrospirota Planctomycetota Pseudomonadota Rhodothermota Spirochaetota Synergistota Thermodesulfobacteriota Thermomicrobiota Thermotogota Verrucomicrobiota Vulcanimicrobiota " Acetithermota " " Aerophobota " " Auribacterota " " Babelota " " Binatota " " Bipolaricaulota " " Caldipriscota " " Calescibacteriota " " Canglongiota " " Cloacimonadota " " Cosmopoliota " " Cryosericota " " Deferrimicrobiota " " Dormiibacterota " " Effluvivivacota " " Electryoneota " " Elulimicrobiota " " Fermentibacterota " " Fervidibacterota " " Goldiibacteriota " " Heilongiota " " Hinthialibacterota " " Hydrogenedentota " " Hydrothermota " " Kapaibacteriota " " Krumholzibacteriota " " Kryptoniota " " Latescibacterota " " Lernaellota " " Lithacetigenota " " Macinerneyibacteriota " " Margulisiibacteriota " " Methylomirabilota " " Moduliflexota " " Muiribacteriota " " Nitrosediminicolota " " Omnitrophota " " Parcunitrobacterota " " Peregrinibacteriota " " Qinglongiota " " Rifleibacteriota " " Ryujiniota " " Spongiamicota " " Sumerlaeota " " Sysuimicrobiota " " Tangaroaeota " " Tectimicrobiota " " Tianyaibacteriota " " Wirthibacterota " " Zhuqueibacterota " " Zhurongbacterota " Abditibacteriota Acidobacteriota Actinomycetota Aquificota Armatimonadota Atribacterota Bacillota Bacteroidota Balneolota Caldisericota Calditrichota Chlamydiota Chlorobiota Chloroflexota Chrysiogenota Coprothermobacterota Cyanobacteriota Deferribacterota Deinococcota Dictyoglomerota Elusimicrobiota Fibrobacterota Fidelibacterota Fusobacteriota Gemmatimonadota Kiritimatiellota Lentisphaerota Minisyncoccota Mycoplasmatota Nitrospinota Nitrospirota Planctomycetota Pseudomonadota Rhodothermota Spirochaetota Synergistota Thermodesulfobacteriota Thermomicrobiota Thermotogota Verrucomicrobiota Vulcanimicrobiota " Acetithermota " " Aerophobota " " Auribacterota " " Babelota " " Binatota " " Bipolaricaulota " " Caldipriscota " " Calescibacteriota " " Canglongiota " " Cloacimonadota " " Cosmopoliota " " Cryosericota " " Deferrimicrobiota " " Dormiibacterota " " Effluvivivacota " " Electryoneota " " Elulimicrobiota " " Fermentibacterota " " Fervidibacterota " " Goldiibacteriota " " Heilongiota " " Hinthialibacterota " " Hydrogenedentota " " Hydrothermota " " Kapaibacteriota " " Krumholzibacteriota " " Kryptoniota " " Latescibacterota " " Lernaellota " " Lithacetigenota " " Macinerneyibacteriota " " Margulisiibacteriota " " Methylomirabilota " " Moduliflexota " " Muiribacteriota " " Nitrosediminicolota " " Omnitrophota " " Parcunitrobacterota " " Peregrinibacteriota " " Qinglongiota " " Rifleibacteriota " " Ryujiniota " " Spongiamicota " " Sumerlaeota " " Sysuimicrobiota " " Tangaroaeota " " Tectimicrobiota " " Tianyaibacteriota " " Wirthibacterota " " Zhuqueibacterota " " Zhurongbacterota " Archaea Methanobacteriota Microcaldota Nanobdellota Promethearchaeota Thermoproteota " Aenigmatarchaeota " " Altarchaeota " " Augarchaeota " " Geoarchaeota " " Hadarchaeota " " Hadesarchaeota " " Huberarchaeota " " Hydrothermarchaeota " " Iainarchaeota " " Micrarchaeota " " Nanohalarchaeota " " Nezhaarchaeota " " Parvarchaeota " " Poseidoniota " " Undinarchaeota " Archaea Methanobacteriota Microcaldota Nanobdellota Promethearchaeota Thermoproteota " Aenigmatarchaeota " " Altarchaeota " " Augarchaeota " " Geoarchaeota " " Hadarchaeota " " Hadesarchaeota " " Huberarchaeota " " Hydrothermarchaeota " " Iainarchaeota " " Micrarchaeota " " Nanohalarchaeota " " Nezhaarchaeota " " Parvarchaeota " " Poseidoniota " " Undinarchaeota " Methanobacteriota Microcaldota Nanobdellota Promethearchaeota Thermoproteota " Aenigmatarchaeota " " Altarchaeota " " Augarchaeota " " Geoarchaeota " " Hadarchaeota " " Hadesarchaeota " " Huberarchaeota " " Hydrothermarchaeota " " Iainarchaeota " " Micrarchaeota " " Nanohalarchaeota " " Nezhaarchaeota " " Parvarchaeota " " Poseidoniota " " Undinarchaeota " Eukaryote Protist Amoebozoa Anaeramoebae Apicomplexa Bigyra Caelestes Cercozoa Charophyta Chlorophyta Chromerida Ciliophora Cryptista Dinoflagellata Endomyxa Euglenozoa Fornicata Glaucophyta Haptophyta Hemimastigophora Malawimonada Nebulidia Nibbleridia Ochrophyta Preaxostyla Heterolobosea Hyphochytriomycota Oomycota Parabasalia Perkinsozoa Picozoa Retaria Rhodophyta Telonemia Fungi Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Land plant Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Animal Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Protist Amoebozoa Anaeramoebae Apicomplexa Bigyra Caelestes Cercozoa Charophyta Chlorophyta Chromerida Ciliophora Cryptista Dinoflagellata Endomyxa Euglenozoa Fornicata Glaucophyta Haptophyta Hemimastigophora Malawimonada Nebulidia Nibbleridia Ochrophyta Preaxostyla Heterolobosea Hyphochytriomycota Oomycota Parabasalia Perkinsozoa Picozoa Retaria Rhodophyta Telonemia Amoebozoa Anaeramoebae Apicomplexa Bigyra Caelestes Cercozoa Charophyta Chlorophyta Chromerida Ciliophora Cryptista Dinoflagellata Endomyxa Euglenozoa Fornicata Glaucophyta Haptophyta Hemimastigophora Malawimonada Nebulidia Nibbleridia Ochrophyta Preaxostyla Heterolobosea Hyphochytriomycota Oomycota Parabasalia Perkinsozoa Picozoa Retaria Rhodophyta Telonemia Fungi Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Chytridiomycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Glomeromycota Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota Land plant Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Bryophyta Marchantiophyta Anthocerotophyta Lycopodiophyta Pteridophyta Cycadophyta Ginkgophyta Pinophyta Gnetophyta Animal Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Porifera Ctenophora Placozoa Cnidaria Xenacoelomorpha Chordata Hemichordata Echinodermata Chaetognatha Kinorhyncha Loricifera Priapulida Nematoda Nematomorpha Onychophora Tardigrada Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Gastrotricha Orthonectida Dicyemida Rotifera Acanthocephala Gnathostomulida Micrognathozoa Cycliophora Nemertea Phoronida Bryozoa Entoprocta Brachiopoda Mollusca Annelida Incertae sedis Parakaryon Relate: Extraterrestrial life Taxon identifiers Pteridophyta Wikidata : Q178249 Wikispecies : Pteridophyta GBIF : 59 iNaturalist : 311266 IRMNG : 227 ITIS : 564826 NBN : NHMSYS0001747256 NZOR: 32492582-1695-4bb8-bff4-182579a49254 Open Tree of Life : 10210 Paleobiology Database : 54828 Wikidata : Q178249 Wikispecies : Pteridophyta GBIF : 59 iNaturalist : 311266 IRMNG : 227 ITIS : 564826 NBN : NHMSYS0001747256 NZOR: 32492582-1695-4bb8-bff4-182579a49254 Open Tree of Life : 10210 Paleobiology Database : 54828 Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Latvia Israel United States France BnF data Japan Latvia Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Cryptogams Plants Paraphyletic groups Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Commons category link is on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links This page was last edited on 7 November 2025, at 10:21 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyta
|
Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Artificial Intelligence Authors and titles for recent submissions Fri, 16 Jan 2026 Thu, 15 Jan 2026 Wed, 14 Jan 2026 Tue, 13 Jan 2026 Mon, 12 Jan 2026 See today's new changes Mon, 12 Jan 2026 (showing first 25 of 120 entries ) About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
|
https://arxiv.org/list/cs.AI/recent?skip=858&show=25
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Notable royal commissions Toggle Notable royal commissions subsection 1.1 Australia 1.1.1 Federal 1.1.2 New South Wales 1.1.3 Queensland 1.1.4 South Australia 1.1.5 Victoria 1.1.6 Western Australia 1.1.7 Northern Territory 1.2 Bahamas 1.3 Bahrain 1.4 Canada 1.5 Ceylon 1.6 Hong Kong 1.7 India 1.8 Malaysia 1.9 Mauritius 1.10 New Zealand 1.11 United Kingdom 1.1 Australia 1.1.1 Federal 1.1.2 New South Wales 1.1.3 Queensland 1.1.4 South Australia 1.1.5 Victoria 1.1.6 Western Australia 1.1.7 Northern Territory 1.1.1 Federal 1.1.2 New South Wales 1.1.3 Queensland 1.1.4 South Australia 1.1.5 Victoria 1.1.6 Western Australia 1.1.7 Northern Territory 1.2 Bahamas 1.3 Bahrain 1.4 Canada 1.5 Ceylon 1.6 Hong Kong 1.7 India 1.8 Malaysia 1.9 Mauritius 1.10 New Zealand 1.11 United Kingdom 2 See also 3 References Royal commission Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Simple English 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item A royal commission is a major ad-hoc formal public inquiry into a defined issue in some monarchies . They have been held in the United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Norway , Malaysia , Mauritius [ 1 ] and Saudi Arabia . In republics an equivalent entity may be termed a commission of inquiry . Such an inquiry has considerable powers, typically equivalent or greater than those of a judge but restricted to the terms of reference for which it was created. These powers may include subpoenaing witnesses, notably video evidences, taking evidence under oath and requesting documents. The commission is created by the head of state (the sovereign, or their representative in the form of a governor-general or governor) on the advice of the government and formally appointed by letters patent . In practice—unlike lesser forms of inquiry—once a commission has started the government cannot stop it. Consequently, governments are usually very careful about framing the terms of reference and generally include in them a date by which the commission must finish. Royal commissions are called to look into matters of great importance and usually controversy. These can be matters such as government structure, the treatment of minorities, events of considerable public concern or economic questions. Many royal commissions last many years and, often, a different government is left to respond to the findings. Notable royal commissions Australia This section needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( September 2024 ) Royal commissions have been held in Australia at a federal level since 1902. Royal commissions appointed by the Governor-General operate under the Royal Commissions Act 1902 passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1902. [ 2 ] A defunct alternative is known as a Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry. [ 3 ] Royal commissions are the highest form of inquiry on matters of public importance. A royal commission is formally established by the Governor-General on behalf of the Crown and on the advice of government Ministers. The government decides the terms of reference, provides the funding and appoints the commissioners, who are selected on the basis of their independence and qualifications. They are never serving politicians. [ 2 ] Royal commissions are usually chaired by one or more notable figures. Because of their quasi-judicial powers the commissioners are often retired or serving judges. They usually involve research into an issue, consultations with experts both within and outside government and public consultations as well. The warrant may grant immense investigatory powers, including summoning witnesses under oath , offering of indemnities, seizing of documents and other evidence (sometimes including those normally protected, such as classified information ), holding hearings in camera if necessary and—in a few cases—compelling all government officials to aid in the execution of the commission. The results of royal commissions are published in reports, often massive, of findings containing policy recommendations. Due to the verbose nature of the titles of these formal documents they are commonly known by the name of the commission's chair. For example, the "Royal Commission into whether there has been corrupt or criminal conduct by any Western Australian Police Officer" is known as the Kennedy Royal Commission . While these reports are often quite influential, with the government enacting some or all recommendations into law, the work of some commissions have been almost completely ignored by the government. In other cases, where the commissioner has departed from the Warranted terms, the commission has been dissolved by a superior court. Federal Royal Commission in the matter of an inquiry into a statement that there was a document missing from the official files in relation to " The Brisbane Line " (1943) Royal Commission on loss of HMAS Voyager (1964) – investigated the collision between HMAS Melbourne and HMAS Voyager Royal Commission on the statement of Lieutenant Commander Cabban and matters incidental thereto (1967–1968) – investigated claims that the captain of HMAS Voyager frequently drank to excess and was unfit for command Royal Commission on Intelligence and Security ("Hope Commission") – investigated the country's intelligence agencies (1974–1977) Royal Commission on Human Relationships (1974–1977) – inquired into and reported on the family, social, educational and sexual aspects of male and female relationships Royal Commission on the activities of the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union ("Costigan Royal Commission") (1980–1984) – investigated organised crime influences and drug trafficking in a large trade union Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking ("Stewart Royal Commission") (1981–1983) Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia ("McClelland Royal Commission") (1984–1985) Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (1987–1991) – investigated the allegedly disproportionate number of deaths of Australian Aboriginals while in custody Royal Commission into HIH Insurance (2001–2003) – investigated the collapse of HIH Insurance , then Australia's second largest insurance company Royal Commission into the Building and Construction Industry ("Cole Royal Commission") (2001–2003) – investigated the conduct of industrial relations within the building industry Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme ("Cole Inquiry") (2005–2006) – investigated the alleged participation of the AWB into the Oil for Food program Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (2013–2017) Royal Commission into the Home Insulation Program (2013–2014) – investigated the death of four male workers, ninety-four house fires related to insulation, and allegations of fraud as a result of the implementation of the Home Insulation Program Royal Commission into Trade Union Governance and Corruption (2014–2015) Royal Commission into the Protection and Detention of Children in the Northern Territory (2016–2017) Royal Commission into Misconduct in the Banking, Superannuation and Financial Services Industry (2017–2019) Royal Commission into Aged Care Quality and Safety (2018–2021) Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability (2019–2023) Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements (2020) Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme (2022–2023) Royal Commission into Defence and Veteran Suicide (2021–2024) [ 4 ] Royal Commission on Antisemitism and Social Cohesion (2025–2026) New South Wales Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service ("Wood Royal Commission") (1994–1997) – investigated police corruption in New South Wales Royal Commission into Drug Trafficking ("Woodward Royal Commission") (1977–1980) – investigated drug trafficking in New South Wales, especially links between the Mafia and New South Wales Police and the disappearance of Donald Mackay Royal Commission into New South Wales Prisons ("Nagle Royal Commission") (1976–1978) Royal Commission of Inquiry in respect of certain matters relating to allegations of organised crime in clubs ("Moffitt Royal Commission") (1973–1974) – investigated organised crime in New South Wales Chelmsford Royal Commission (1989–1990) – investigated patient deaths due to induced comas at the Chelmsford psychiatric hospital in Sydney during the 1960s and 1970s Queensland Commission of Inquiry into Possible Illegal Activities and Associated Police Misconduct ("Fitzgerald Inquiry") (1987–1989) – investigated police corruption in Queensland Grantham Flood Commission of Inquiry [ citation needed ] Barrett Adolescent Centre Commission of Inquiry [ citation needed ] South Australia Commission appointed by the Governor-in-Chief to inquire into the loss of the Admella (1859) Royal Commission in regard to Rupert Max Stuart (1959) Splatt Royal Commission (1983–1984) Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission (1995) – investigated the legal and political controversy that involved the clash of Indigenous Australian religious beliefs and property rights regarding the construction of a bridge to Hindmarsh Island Kapunda Road Royal Commission (2005) – investigated the circumstances of the hit-and-run death of Ian Humphrey and those of the trial and conviction of Eugene McGee Child Protection Systems Royal Commission (2014–2016) – investigated the effectiveness of the child protection systems then in place Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission (2015) – investigated opportunities and risks for South Australia Murray-Darling Basin Royal Commission (2018–2019) – investigated the operations and effectiveness of the Murray-Darling Basin system [ 5 ] Royal Commission into Early Childhood Education & Care (2022–2023) [ 6 ] Royal Commission into Domestic , Family and Sexual Violence (2024–2025) [ 7 ] Victoria Royal Commission into the King Street Bridge failure (1962–1963) Royal Commission into the West Gate Bridge collapse (1970–1971) Royal Commission into the Longford gas plant accident (1998–1999) 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission ("Black Saturday Royal Commission") (2009–2010) – investigated the events and conditions surrounding the 2009 Victorian bushfires Royal Commission into Family Violence (2015–2016) [ 8 ] Royal Commission into Victoria's Mental Health System (22 February 2019 – 2 March 2021) [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Royal Commission into the Management of Police Informants (2018–present) Western Australia Royal Commission into alleged killing and burning of bodies of Aborigines in East Kimberley and into police methods when effecting arrests ("1927 Wood Royal Commission") (1927) – investigated the Forrest River massacre of Indigenous Australians Royal Commission into Commercial Activities of Government and Other Matters ("WA Inc Royal Commission") (1990–1992) – investigated the collapse of Bond Corporation , Rothwells, Bell Group, and other large businesses in Western Australia as well as government commercial enterprises Royal Commission into the use of Executive Power ("Marks Royal Commission") (1995) to determine the circumstances of the tabling of a petition in a family law case and the alleged misleading of the Parliament of Western Australia by Carmen Lawrence Royal commission into whether there has been corrupt or criminal conduct by any Western Australian Police Officer ("WA Police Royal Commission") (2002–2004) – investigated high-level corruption in the Western Australian police force Northern Territory Royal Commission into the Protection and Detention of Children in the Northern Territory (2016–2017). On 25 July 2016 Prime Minister Turnbull announced a Royal Commission would be established after an investigation by Four Corners uncovered serious mistreatment of inmates within the Northern Territory's juvenile detention system. [ 11 ] Bahamas Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking and Government Corruption (November 1983 – December 1984) (formerly The Commission of Inquiry Appointed to Inquire Into the Illegal Use of the Bahamas for the Transshipment of Dangerous Drugs Destined for the United States of America ) – A three-person Commission of Inquiry was appointed after US-television reports alleged the government was taking bribes from drug traffickers to look the other way as drugs flowed through the Bahamas bound for the United States. [ citation needed ] Bahrain Royal Independent Investigation Commission (June 2011), to examine the episodes of civil disobedience and alleged human rights offences committed in the aftermath of the February 2011 protests. Canada Ceylon Colebrooke–Cameron Commission Hong Kong Commission of Inquiry into the Construction Works at and near the Hung Hom Station Extension under the Shatin to Central Link Project (2019–2020) Commission of Inquiry into Excess Lead Found in Drinking Water (2015–2016) Commission of Inquiry into the Collision of Vessels near Lamma Island (2012) Commission of Inquiry on Allegations relating to the Hong Kong Institute of Education (2007) Commission of Inquiry on the New Airport (1998–1999) Commission of Inquiry into the Garley Building Fire (1996–1997) Commission of Inquiry into the Case of Peter Fitzroy Godber (13 June 1973) Commission of Inquiry into the Rainstorm Disasters (22 June 1972) Commission of Inquiry into the Fire on the Jumbo Floating Restaurant (6 November 1971) Commission of Inquiry into Kowloon Disturbances (3 May 1966) India Royal Commission on Opium (1895) Royal Commission on Labour (1929) Royal Commission on Agriculture (1928) Malaysia Royal Commission on Salaries and Conditions of Service of the Public Service (1965) Royal Commission of Inquiry to Investigate the Workings of Local Authorities in West Malaysia (1968) Royal Commission on the Teaching Services (1971) Royal Commission of Inquiry on the collapse of the upper deck of the Pengkalan Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal in Butterworth (1988) Royal Commission of Inquiry to investigate a fire at Sekolah Agama Rakyat Taufikah al-Halimah in Padang Lumat, Yan, Kedah (1989) Royal Commission of Inquiry into the fire at the Bright Sparklers factory in Sungai Buloh New Village (1991) Royal Commission to investigate alleged injuries suffered by Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim while in police custody (1999) Royal Commission for Police Reform (2004) Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Lingam Video Clip (2007–2008) Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Teoh Beng Hock case (2010–present) Royal Commission of Inquiry on illegal immigrants in Sabah (2012–2014) Royal Commission of Inquiry on Wang Kelian mass graves (2015–present) Royal Commission of Inquiry into BNM forex losses (2017–present) Mauritius Royal Commission on Slave Trade: Commissioners of Eastern Inquiry, Mauritius (1826–1828) [ 12 ] Fever Inquiry Commission in Mauritius (1866–1868) [ 13 ] Commission of Enquiry on living conditions of Indentured Coolies in Mauritius (1872–1874) [ 14 ] Commission of Enquiry into Unrest on Sugar Estates (Hooper Commission, 1937) [ 15 ] Commission of Enquiry into Disturbances in the North of Mauritius (Moody Commission, 1943) [ 16 ] Trustram-Eve Electoral Boundaries Commission (1957–1958) [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Commission of Inquiry Sugar Industry by Balogh & Bennett (1962) [ 19 ] Banwell Commission on the Electoral System of Mauritius (1966) [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Commission of Inquiry in corruption with Ministry of Social Security and Ministry of Cooperatives (1978–1979) [ 22 ] [ better source needed ] [ 23 ] Commission of Enquiry on the Sugar Industry (1984) [ 24 ] Commission of Enquiry on Drugs (1986–1987) [ 25 ] Margo Commission of Enquiry on crash of South African Airways Flight 295 (1987) [ 26 ] Truth and Justice Commission on the lasting impact of slavery and indentured labour (2009–2011) [ 27 ] [ 28 ] Commission of Inquiry on Horse Racing in Mauritius (2014–2016) [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Commission of Enquiry on Drug Trafficking (2015–2018) [ 31 ] Commission of Inquiry on the sale of Britam and BAI (2017–ongoing) [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Commission of Inquiry on violation of the Constitution and other laws by former President Ameenah Gurib-Fakim (2018–ongoing) [ 34 ] [ 35 ] New Zealand Royal Commission on Mines (1911) [ 36 ] Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Ballantyne's fire (1947–1948) [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Accident Compensation (1966–1967), which produced the Woodhouse Report and led to the formation of the Accident Compensation Corporation in 1974 [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Contraception, Sterilisation and Abortion (1975–1977) [ 36 ] Royal Commission into the Courts (1976–1978) [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Nuclear Power Generation in New Zealand (1976–1978) [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Maori Courts (1978–1980) [ 36 ] Royal Commission to Inquire into and Report upon the Circumstances of the Convictions of Arthur Allan Thomas for the Murders of David Harvey Crewe and Jeanette Lenore Crewe (1980–1981) [ 37 ] [ better source needed ] [ 36 ] Royal Commission of Inquiry into the crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 ( Erebus inquiry ) (1980–1981) [ 38 ] [ 36 ] The findings were successfully appealed to the Privy Council , setting new legal standards for the conduct of royal commissions. Royal Commission into Certain Matters Related to Drug Trafficking (1982–83) [ 36 ] Royal Commission on the Electoral System (1984–1986) – investigated the electoral system, and led to New Zealand adopting the mixed member proportional voting system in 1993 [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Broadcasting and Related Telecommunications (1985–1986) [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Social Policy (1986–1988) [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Genetic Modification (2000–2001) to look into and report on the issues surrounding genetic modification in New Zealand [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Police Conduct (2004–2007) [ 39 ] [ 36 ] Royal Commission on Auckland Governance (2007–2009) [ 36 ] Royal Commission on the Pike River Mine tragedy (2011–2012) [ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 36 ] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Building Failures Caused by Canterbury Earthquakes (2011–2012) [ 42 ] [ 36 ] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Abuse in Care (2018–2024) [ 43 ] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Christchurch mosque shootings (2019–2020) [ 44 ] [ 45 ] Royal Commission of Inquiry into COVID-19 Lessons Learned [ 46 ] United Kingdom This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( August 2015 ) Royal Commission for inquiring into the nature and extent of the Instruction afforded by the several Institutions in Ireland established for the purpose of Education (1824) [ 47 ] Royal Commission on the Poorer Classes in Ireland (1833) Royal Commission on the Criminal Law (1833–1845) Royal Commission of Inquiry into the condition of the Hand-loom Weavers in England and Wales, Gloucestershie section (W. A. Miles, c. 1938) [ 48 ] Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment (1840–1843) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Defaults of Official Assignees of Court of Bankruptcy (1841–1843) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Improvement of the Metropolis (1842–1851) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Midland Mines (1842–1843) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Health of Towns (1843–1848) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on South Wales Turnpikes (1843–1844) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Framework Knitters (1844–1845) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Collapse of Mill at Oldham and Prisons at Northleach (1844–1855) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law (1845–1849) Royal Commission on Tidal Harbours (1845–1846) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Judicial Circuits (1845) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Railway Gauges (1845–1846) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini (1846) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Millbank Prisons (1846–1847) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on New Bishoprics (1847) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Registration and Conveyancing (1847–1854) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on the British Museum (1847–1850) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Merchant Seamen's Fund (1847–1848) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Marriage Laws (1847–1850) [ 49 ] Royal Commission of Application of Iron to Railway Structures (1847–1849) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Health of the Metropolis (1847–1850) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Episcopal and Capitular Revenues (1849–1851) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Subdivision of Parishes (1849–1856) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Charities (1849–1851) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Smithfield (1849–1850) [ 49 ] Royal Commission on Common Law (Pleading) (1850–1860) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Oxford University (1850–1852) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Cambridge University (1850–1852) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Divorce Law (1850–1853) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Chancery (1850–1856) [ 50 ] Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851 (1850) – planned the Great Exhibition ; it still exists as a charitable body endowed by the proceeds Royal Commission on the Corporation of the City of London (1853–1854) [ 50 ] – led to the establishment of the Metropolitan Board of Works , the first London-wide local government body Royal Commission on County Courts (1853–1855) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Birmingham Borough Prison (1853–1854) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Bankruptcy Law (1853–1854) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Leicester County Gaol (1853–1854) [ 50 ] Royal Commission on Newcastle Cholera (1853–1854) [ 50 ] Royal Commission for Consolidating the Statute Law (1854–1859) Royal Commission on the Health of the Army (1856–1857) based on Florence Nightingale 's reports on medical care during the Crimean War Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom (1859) Royal Commission on the State of Popular Education in England (1858–1861) (the Newcastle Commission ) – looked into the state of public education in England in order to report what measures were required "for the extension of sound and cheap elementary instruction to all classes of the people" Royal Commission on Transportation and Penal Servitude (1863) Royal Commission on the Sanitary State of the Army in India (1863) Royal Commission on the Public Schools (1861–1864) (the Clarendon Commission) – looked into the state of nine old-established public schools Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1864–1866) Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts (1869) Royal Commission on Scientific Instruction and the Advancement of Science (1875) Royal Commission on the Factory Acts [ 51 ] (1876) Royal Commission on the Working of the Penal Servitude Acts &c. (1878) Royal Commission on Ship′s Tonnage Measurement (1880) Royal Commission on Technical Instruction (1881–1884) Royal Commission on Smallpox and Fever Hospitals (1881–1882) Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Condition of Crofters and Cottars in the Highlands and Islands (1883–1884) (the Napier Commission) The Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes (1884–1885) Royal Commission on the Depression in Trade and Industry (1885–1886) Royal Commission on the Blind, the Deaf and Dumb and Others (1889) Royal Commission on Market Rights and Tolls (1889–1891) Royal Commission on the Amalgamation of the City and County of London (1889–1894) Royal Commission on Labour (1891–1892) Royal Commission Appointed to Inquire into the Water Supply of the Metropolis (1891–1893) Royal Commission on Secondary Education (1895) (the Bryce Commission) Royal Commission on Indian Expenditure (1896) Royal Commission on Tuberculosis (1896–1898) (the First Royal Commission on Tuberculosis) Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal (1898–1912) Royal Commission on Water Supply within the Limits of the Metropolitan Water Companies (1899) – led to the creation of the Metropolitan Water Board Royal Commission on the Port of London (1900–1902) Royal Commission on South African Hospitals (1901) Royal Commission on Tuberculosis (1901–1911) (the Second Royal Commission on Tuberculosis) Royal Commission on University Education in Ireland (1901–1903) Royal Commission on the War in South Africa (1902–1903) (the Elgin Commission ) Royal Commission on Superannuation in the Civil Service (1903) Royal Commission on London Traffic (1903–1905) Royal Commission on the Control of the Feeble-Minded (1904) [ 52 ] Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress (1905–1909) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (1908–2015) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (1908–present) Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (1908–1999) Royal Commission on the Registration of Title in Scotland (1910) Royal Commission on Public Records (1910–1918) Royal Commission on Divorce and Matrimonial Causes (1912) Royal Commission on Fuel and Engines (1912) Royal Commission on Vivisection (1912) Royal Commission on the Housing of the Industrial Population of Scotland, Rural and Urban (1917) (the Ballantyne Commission) [ 53 ] Royal Commission on the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (1919) (the Asquith Commission) Royal Commission on London Government (1921–1923) (the Ullswater Commission)) Royal Commission on Cross River Traffic in London (1926) Royal Commission on Agriculture in India (1926–1928) Royal Commission on Land Drainage (1927), chaired by Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe – suggested sweeping changes in the administration of land drainage which were embodied in the Land Drainage Act 1930 Royal Commission on Police Powers and Procedure (September 1928 – March 1929) [ 54 ] Royal Commission on Local Government (1929) Royal Commission on the Civil Service (1929–1931) Royal Commission on Transport (1932) Royal Commission on the University of Durham (1935), chaired by Lord Moyne Royal Commission on Tithe Rentcharge in England and Wales (1936) Palestine Royal Commission (1937) Rhodesia-Nyasaland Royal Commission (1937–1939) (the Bledisloe Commission) – examined the possible closer union of Southern Rhodesia , Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , and recommended a union of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland but ruled out any political amalgamation involving Southern Rhodesia due to its overtly racial policies. The Commission's recommendations were not put in place owing to the Second World War . Royal Commission on the Distribution of the Industrial Population (1940) Royal Commission on the Press (1947–1949) Royal Commission on Betting, Lotteries and Gaming (1949–1951) Royal Commission on Population (1949) Royal Commission on Capital Punishment (1949–1953) (the Gowers Commission) Royal Commission on Scottish Affairs (1952–1954) Royal Commission on the Civil Service (1953–1955) Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce (1956) Royal Commission on Local Government in Greater London (1957–1960) (the Herbert Commission) – made recommendations for the overhaul of the administration of the capital that were implemented in a modified form by the London Government Act 1963 Royal Commission on the Press (1961–1962) Royal Commission on the Police (1962) Royal Commission on Medical Education (1965–1968) Royal Commission on Local Government in England (1966–1969) (the Redcliffe–Maud Commission) Royal Commission on Local Government in Scotland (1966–1969) (the Wheatley Commission) – made recommendations that led to a new system of regional and district councils in Scotland, implemented in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations (1968) Royal Commission on the Constitution (1969–1973) (the Kilbrandon Commission or Crowther Commission) Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (1970–2011) Royal Commission on the Press (1974–1977) Royal Commission on Standards of Conduct in Public Life (1974–1976) Royal Commission on Legal Services (1976) (the Benson Commission) Royal Commission on Civil Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury (1973–78) (the Pearson Commission) Royal Commission on the Distribution of Income and Wealth (1977–1979) Royal Commission on the National Health Service (1975–1979), chaired by Sir Alec Merrison Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure (1981) Royal Commission on Criminal Justice (1991) Royal Commission on Long Term Care for the Elderly (1998) Royal Commission on the Reform of the House of Lords (1999) See also Presidential commission (United States) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "1944 Commissions of Enquiry Act" (PDF) . Government of Mauritius . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ a b "Royal Commissions and Commissions of Inquiry" . Parliament of Australia Library . Canberra . Archived from the original on 6 September 2024 . Retrieved 2 August 2021 . ^ Laing, Rosemary (16 August 2016). "Parliamentary Commission Of Inquiry Into The Financial Sector" (PDF) . Letter to Senator Peter-Whish Wilson . Parliament House Canberra ACT : Clerk of the Senate . Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2022 . Retrieved 2 August 2021 . ^ "About the Royal Commission" . Royal Commission into Defence and Veteran Suicide. Key dates. Archived from the original on 6 September 2024 . Retrieved 6 September 2024 . ^ "Murray-Darling Basin Royal Commission" . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . ^ "Former prime minister Julia Gillard to lead South Australia's early education system overhaul" . ABC News . 16 October 2022. Archived from the original on 6 September 2024 . Retrieved 6 September 2024 . ^ Her Excellency the Honourable Jennifer Frances Anderson AC (4 March 2024). "Letters Patent" (PDF) . www.royalcommissiondfsv.sa.gov.au . Vol. XXIX. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2024 . Retrieved 6 September 2024 . ^ "Summary and recommendations" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 January 2017. ^ "Have Your Say On The Mental Health Royal Commission" . Premier of Victoria . Retrieved 31 January 2019 . ^ "Home" . rcvmhs.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 20 July 2019 . ^ "PM announces Royal Commission into NT juvenile mistreatment" . www.sbs.com.au . ^ "Report on Slave Trade CO 167/138 (1828)" . UK National Archives . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ "Report of the Fever Inquiry Commission (Mauritius), 1866 and 1867. Folio pp. 78, Mauritius, 1868" . The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review . 47 (93). NCBI: 134– 135. 1871. PMC 5163407 . ^ "List of commissions and officials: 1870–1879 (nos. 1–37)" . British History . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Hooper, Charles. "Mauritius. Commission of Enquiry into Unrest on Sugar Estates in Mauritius, 1937" . Government of Mauritius . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Moody, Sydney. "Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the Disturbances Which Occurred in the North of Mauritius in 1943" . Government of Mauritius . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Matthur, Raj. "Party Cooperation & Electoral System in Mauritius" (PDF) . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Trustram-Eve. "Trustram-Eve Commission report" . UK Government . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Balogh, T. (1963). Commission of Inquiry Sugar Industry, 1962 . Sessional paper. Government of Mauritius . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Banwell, Harold (1966). Report of the Banwell Commission on the Electoral System . Colonial reports. Colonial Office . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ "Banwell Commission" . EISA . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Prayag, Touria. "Wrangling over a commission of enquiry" (PDF) . L'Express Weekly . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . ^ "A quoi servent les commissions d'enquête?" . L'Express . 28 February 2020 . Retrieved 28 February 2020 . ^ "Report of the Commission of Inquiry on the Sugar Industry (1984)" . Government of Mauritius. 1984 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ "Findings of the Commission of Enquiry on Drugs (Commission Rault, 1987)" . Government of Mauritius. 1987 . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Young, Mark. "The Helderberg disaster: Was this the cause of the crash?" . PoliticsWeb . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . ^ "Labour and the Truth and Justice Commission" . Le Mauricien. 2 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2015 . ^ "Truth and Justice Commission report" (PDF) . TJC . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ "Government Launches Inquiry Into Racing" . Sporting Post . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . ^ "Communiqué – Commission of Inquiry" . Mauritius Turf Club (MTC) . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . ^ Varma, Yatin (22 August 2018). "The Task Force on drugs: a gimmick" . Le Mauricien . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . ^ Allybocus, Fairyal (5 July 2019). "Justice system: Was the 'commission d'enquête' on the sale of Britam really intent on finding the truth?" . L'Express . Retrieved 5 July 2019 . ^ "BAI: Sattar Hajee Abdoula et Imrith Ramtohul nommés assesseurs de la commission d'enquête sur Britam" . L'Express (in French). 9 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . ^ "Commission of Inquiry on the violation of the Constitution and any other laws" . Government of Mauritius . Retrieved 11 December 2020 . ^ Bhuckory, Kamlesh (16 March 2018). "Mauritian Premier Says Inquiry Ordered by President Is Illegal" . Bloomberg . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Commissions of inquiry, 1909–2011" . Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ "Report of the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Circumstances of the Convictions of Arthur Allan Thomas for the Murders of David Harvey Crewe and Jeanette Lenore Crewe" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2009 . ^ "Report of the Royal Commission to inquire into the Crash on Mount Erebus, Antarctica of a DC10 Aircraft operated by Air New Zealand Limited Introduction and Prologue" (PDF) . 1981 . Retrieved 6 September 2011 . ^ Commission of Inquiry into Police Conduct website ^ "Royal Commission into the Pike River Mine Tragedy" . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ Hartevelt, John (29 November 2010). "Pike River disaster inquiry announced" . Stuff.co.nz . APN . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . ^ "Royal Commission of Inquiry into Building Failure Caused by the Canterbury Earthquakes" . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ "Royal Commission into Historical Abuse in State Care" . New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . ^ "Home" . Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Attack on Christchurch Mosques on 15 March 2019 . 21 December 2020 . Retrieved 21 February 2024 . ^ "Royal commission to investigate terror attacks in NZ" . The Nation . Retrieved 27 March 2019 . ^ "Jacinda Ardern, Ayesha Verrall announce Royal Commission of Inquiry into COVID-19 response" . Radio New Zealand . 5 December 2022. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022 . Retrieved 5 December 2022 . ^ "Education in Ireland" . Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. ^ Royal Commission of Inquiry into the condition of the Hand-Loom Weavers in England and Wales (1837–41) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "List of commissions and officials: 1840–1849 (nos. 29–52)" . Institute of Historical Research / University of London . 2019 . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "List of commissions and officials: 1850–1859 (nos. 53–94)" . Institute of Historical Research / University of London . 2019 . Retrieved 14 June 2021 . ^ "The 1870 Education Act" . UK Parliament . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . ^ The Times , 22 November 1904, Index p. 7 ^ iarchive:reportofroyalcom00scotric ^ Wood, John Carter (2012). "Press, Politics and the 'Police and Public' Debates in Late 1920s Britain" . Crime, Histoire & Sociétés / Crime, History & Societies . 16 (1): 78. ISSN 1422-0857 . JSTOR 42708852 . Retrieved 23 August 2020 . Administrative law Public inquiries Government commissions CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Wikipedia articles in need of updating from September 2024 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2025 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2025 Incomplete lists from August 2015 This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 04:51 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_commission
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January 1.1 January 2 Scheduled events 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 2026 in science Беларуская Français 日本語 Română Русский Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item List of years in science ( table ) … 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 … … 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The following scientific events occurred, or are scheduled to occur in 2026 . Events January 1 January – Researchers operating China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) report the first experimental verification of a theorised density-free plasma operating regime, achieving stable electron densities approximately 1.3–1.65 times the Greenwald limit . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] 2 January – Researchers at the Vienna University of Technology and the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology demonstrate self-sustained superradiant microwave emission, produced by interacting spins in diamond , offering potential applications in quantum communication and sensing. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] 4–8 January – 247th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society [ 5 ] 5 January – NASA announces that it has awarded contracts to seven companies to study technologies for the Habitable Worlds Observatory , a next-generation telescope that could launch in the 2040s. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] 7 January – Astronomers using data from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory report that 2025 MN 45 has the fastest spin of any known asteroid larger than 0.5 km (0.31 mi) in diameter, completing one rotation every 1.88 minutes. [ 8 ] 13 January – The European Copernicus Climate Change Service reports that 2025 was the world's third hottest year on record (2024 was the hottest and 2023 the second hottest). In Antarctica, the average annual temperature was the warmest since measurements began and in the Arctic, it was the second highest. [ 9 ] 14 January Researchers led by the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences report the first direct experimental observation of the Migdal effect, a quantum process in which a recoiling atomic nucleus ejects an electron, confirming a prediction made in 1939 and enabling new approaches to searches for light dark matter . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Researchers from the University of Copenhagen publish a Nature paper explaining little red dots as young and relatively small supermassive black holes enshrouded in a dense cocoon of ionized gas. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The Ice Memory Foundation opens its ice core archive at Concordia Station in Antarctica, storing the first samples from glaciers on Grand Combin , Switzerland and Mont Blanc , France. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The samples travelled from Trieste for more than 50 days aboard the Italian icebreaker Laura Bassi . [ 18 ] Researchers led by the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences report the first direct experimental observation of the Migdal effect, a quantum process in which a recoiling atomic nucleus ejects an electron, confirming a prediction made in 1939 and enabling new approaches to searches for light dark matter . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Researchers from the University of Copenhagen publish a Nature paper explaining little red dots as young and relatively small supermassive black holes enshrouded in a dense cocoon of ionized gas. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] The Ice Memory Foundation opens its ice core archive at Concordia Station in Antarctica, storing the first samples from glaciers on Grand Combin , Switzerland and Mont Blanc , France. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] The samples travelled from Trieste for more than 50 days aboard the Italian icebreaker Laura Bassi . [ 18 ] Scheduled events NASA's first crewed lunar‑orbit mission in decades is slated for early 2026. [ 19 ] See also 2026 in spaceflight 2026 in Antarctica 2026 in climate change References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Liu, Jiaxing; Zhu, Ping; Escande, Dominique Franck; Liu, Wenbin; Xue, Shiwei; Lin, Xin; Tang, Panjun; Wang, Liang; Yan, Ning; Yang, Jinju; Duan, Yanmin; Jia, Kai; Wu, Zhenwei; Cheng, Yunxin; Zhang, Ling (2 January 2026). "Accessing the density-free regime with ECRH-assisted ohmic start-up on EAST" . Science Advances . 12 (1). doi : 10.1126/sciadv.adz3040 . ISSN 2375-2548 . PMC 12757026 . PMID 41477826 . ^ Mishra, Prabhat Ranjan (1 January 2026). "China's EAST Tokamak achieves stable operation at densities beyond limits" . Interesting Engineering . Retrieved 8 January 2026 . ^ Kersten, Wenzel; de Zordo, Nikolaus; Diekmann, Oliver; Redchenko, Elena S.; Kanagin, Andrew N.; Angerer, Andreas; Munro, William J.; Nemoto, Kae; Mazets, Igor E.; Rotter, Stefan; Pohl, Thomas; Schmiedmayer, Jörg (2 January 2026). "Self-induced superradiant masing" . Nature Physics . doi : 10.1038/s41567-025-03123-0 . ISSN 1745-2473 . ^ Paleja, Ameya (2 January 2026). "First self-powered quantum microwave signal achieved in experiment" . Interesting Engineering . Retrieved 4 January 2026 . ^ "Calendar" . Secretary-General’s Scientific Advisory Board . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "NASA Selects Tech Proposals to Advance Search-for-Life Mission" . NASA . 5 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ^ "NASA seeks to accelerate development of Habitable Worlds Observatory" . Space News . 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 7 January 2026 . ^ "NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory Spots Record-Breaking Asteroid in Pre-Survey Observations" . Vera C. Rubin Observatory . 7 January 2026 . Retrieved 11 January 2026 . ^ "Global Climate Highlights 2025" . copernicus.eu. 14 January 2025 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Yi, Difan; Liu, Qian; Chen, Shi; Dong, Chunlai; Feng, Huanbo; Gao, Chaosong; Huang, Wenqian; Jing, Xinmei; Kong, Lingquan; Li, Jin; Li, Peirong; Liang, Enwei; Ma, Ruiting; Su, Chenguang; Su, Liangliang (15 January 2026). "Direct observation of the Migdal effect induced by neutron bombardment" . Nature . 649 (8097): 580– 583. doi : 10.1038/s41586-025-09918-8 . ISSN 0028-0836 . ^ Nuo, Xu (16 January 2026). "New finding to help probe dark matter" . global.chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 16 January 2026 . ^ Communication, N. B. I. (15 January 2026). "Copenhagen researchers make the front page of Nature: Solving the mystery of the universe's 'little red dots' " . nbi.ku.dk . Retrieved 15 January 2026 . ^ Rusakov, V.; Watson, D.; Nikopoulos, G. P.; Brammer, G.; Gottumukkala, R.; Harvey, T.; Heintz, K. E.; Damgaard, R.; Sim, S. A.; Sneppen, A.; Vijayan, A. P.; Adams, N.; Austin, D.; Conselice, C. J.; Goolsby, C. M. (2026). "Little red dots as young supermassive black holes in dense ionized cocoons" . Nature . 649 (8097): 574– 579. doi : 10.1038/s41586-025-09900-4 . ISSN 1476-4687 . ^ "Ice from Swiss glacier is safely stored in Antarctica" . blue News . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Antarctica ice sanctuary launched to preserve the cores of dying glaciers" . Yahoo News . 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Schneehöhle als Klima-Archiv der Erde: Erste Eisbohrkerne in Antarktis-Lagerstätte" . stern.de (in German). 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ Stocker, Thomas (14 January 2026). "La première bibliothèque de carottes glaciaires en Antarctique pour protéger la mémoire climatique de l'humanité" . The Conversation . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Antartide: nasce archivio mondiale ghiaccio con primi campioni da Alpi - Borsa Italiana" . www.borsaitaliana.it . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Artemis II 2026: NASA prepares first crewed mission to circle around the moon in 50 years, scheduled for February" . The Times of India . 25 September 2025. ISSN 0971-8257 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to 2026 in science at Wikimedia Commons v t e 2020s articles v t e History Decade overview Africa Asia Europe Electoral data Military Economic Environmental Science and technology Social Politics Timeline of the 21st century List of nations United States Lists: List of current heads of state and government List of protests in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts Decade overview Africa Asia Europe Electoral data Africa Asia Europe Electoral data Military Economic Environmental Science and technology Social Politics Timeline of the 21st century List of nations United States Lists: List of current heads of state and government List of protests in the 21st century List of ongoing armed conflicts Events COVID-19 Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession 2020 stock market crash 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Treaty descheduling of cannabis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine COVID-19 Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession Pandemic Portal Economic impact Recession 2020 stock market crash 2016 Paris Agreement on Climate Change Treaty descheduling of cannabis 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Govt UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size UN UN Security Council NATO EU African Union Arab League OAS BRICS List of all groups Major groups, by size Years Politics: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Science: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Arts: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Sports: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Politics: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Science: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Arts: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Sports: 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 Categories General: Lists Timelines By year Historical: 2020s By country Economics Politics Women's history Trends Topical: Technology Transport Computing Science Health Arts and culture Art Paintings Sculptures Literature Music Fashion Sports Wrestling General: Lists Timelines By year Historical: 2020s By country Economics Politics Women's history Trends Topical: Technology Transport Computing Transport Computing Science Health Arts and culture Art Paintings Sculptures Literature Music Fashion Art Paintings Sculptures Literature Music Fashion Sports Wrestling Wrestling Portal:Current events v t e Overviews of the 2020s v t e History World Africa Asia Europe North America Sovereign states: United States Political history United Kingdom World Africa Asia Europe North America Sovereign states: United States Political history Political history United Kingdom Culture Film Music Latin Fashion Video games Film Music Latin Latin Fashion Video games Societal Society Economy Society Economy Science Science and technology Computing Sustainable energy Anti-aging Biotechnology Quantum IT Transportation technology Cosmology Psychology Environment Spaceflight Science and technology Computing Sustainable energy Anti-aging Biotechnology Quantum IT Transportation technology Cosmology Psychology Computing Sustainable energy Anti-aging Biotechnology Quantum IT Transportation technology Cosmology Psychology Environment Spaceflight Related Year in topic List of timelines Year in topic List of timelines Science Technology Astronomy Outer space Current events 2026 in science 21st century in science 2020s in technology 2026-related lists Science timelines by year CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2025 Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 02:35 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_in_science#cite_note-13
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Ancestry 2 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 2.1 Childhood and education 2.2 Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich 2.3 World War I 3 Entry into politics Toggle Entry into politics subsection 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 3.1 Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison 3.2 Rebuilding the Nazi Party 4 Rise to power Toggle Rise to power subsection 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 4.1 Brüning administration 4.2 Appointment as chancellor 4.3 Reichstag fire and March elections 4.4 Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act 4.5 Dictatorship 5 Nazi Germany Toggle Nazi Germany subsection 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 5.1 Economy and culture 5.2 Rearmament and new alliances 6 World War II Toggle World War II subsection 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 6.1 Early diplomatic successes 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.1.1 Alliance with Japan 6.1.2 Austria and Czechoslovakia 6.2 Start of World War II 6.3 Path to defeat 6.4 Defeat and death 7 The Holocaust 8 Leadership style 9 Personal life Toggle Personal life subsection 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 9.1 Family 9.2 Views on religion 9.3 Health 10 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 10.1 In propaganda 10.1 In propaganda 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 14.1 Printed 14.2 Online 15 External links Adolf Hitler Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Արեւմտահայերէն Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu अवधी Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali বাংলা Banjar 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi-Chewa ChiShona ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk الدارجة Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Fulfulde Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Gungbe 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladin Ladino ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Лезги Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Livvinkarjala La .lojban. Luganda Lombard Magyar Madhurâ मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Mirandés Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano ߒߞߏ Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Олык марий Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Patois ភាសាខ្មែរ Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Ripoarisch Română Romani čhib Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sakizaya संस्कृतम् ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ سرائیکی Sardu Scots Seeltersk Sesotho Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Thuɔŋjäŋ ትግርኛ Тоҷикӣ Lea faka-Tonga Türkçe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro Walon 文言 West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Jaku Iban Yerwa Kanuri ရခိုင် Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikidata item Adolf Hitler Formal portrait, 1938 Führer of Germany In office 2 August 1934 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg (as President ) Succeeded by Karl Dönitz (as President) Chancellor of Germany In office 30 January 1933 – 30 April 1945 President Paul von Hindenburg (1933–1934) Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen (1933–1934) Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Führer of the Nazi Party In office 29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945 Deputy Rudolf Hess (1933–1941) Preceded by Anton Drexler (Party Chairman) Succeeded by Martin Bormann ( Party Minister ) Member of the Reichstag for Upper Bavaria–Swabia In office 21 March 1933 – 30 April 1945 Preceded by Multi-member district Succeeded by Constituency abolished Personal details Born ( 1889-04-20 ) 20 April 1889 Braunau am Inn , Austria-Hungary Died 30 April 1945 (1945-04-30) (aged 56) Berlin, Germany Cause of death Self-inflicted gunshot wound Citizenship .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Austria ( until 1925 ) Stateless (1925–1932) Germany (from 1932) Party Nazi Party (from 1920) Other political affiliations German Workers' Party (1919–1920) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Eva Braun ( m. .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} 1945 ; died 1945 ) Parents Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Alois Hitler Klara Pölzl Relatives Hitler family Cabinet Hitler cabinet Signature Military service Allegiance German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany Branch .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Imperial German Army Bavarian Army Bavarian Army Reichswehr Years of service 1914–1920 Rank Gefreiter Commands German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) German Army (from 1941) Army Group A (1942) Wars World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II World War I Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele Western Front First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele First Battle of Ypres Battle of the Somme ( WIA ) Battle of Arras Battle of Passchendaele World War II Awards List of awards .mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}} .mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}} Hitler's voice Hitler on the 12th anniversary of the Nazi regime Recorded 30 January 1945 Adolf Hitler [ a ] (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Germany during the Nazi era , which lasted from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. He rose to power as the leader of the Nazi Party , [ b ] becoming the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then taking the title of Führer und Reichskanzler in 1934. [ c ] Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the Second World War . Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations as well as the perpetration of the Holocaust , the genocide of about six million Jews and millions of other victims . Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn in Austria-Hungary and moved to Germany in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in the First World War , receiving the Iron Cross . In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), the precursor of the Nazi Party, and in 1921, was appointed the leader of the Nazi Party. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was sentenced to five years in prison, serving just over a year. While there, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). After his early release in 1924, he gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles as well as promoting pan-Germanism , antisemitism , and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda . He frequently denounced communism as being part of an international Jewish conspiracy . By November 1932, the Nazi Party held the most seats in the Reichstag , but not a majority. Former chancellor Franz von Papen and other conservative politicians convinced President Paul von Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor on 30 January 1933. Shortly thereafter on 23 March, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act of 1933 , which ultimately began the Weimar Republic 's transformation into Nazi Germany. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler replaced him as head of state and thereafter transformed Germany into a totalitarian dictatorship. Domestically, Hitler implemented numerous racist policies and sought to deport or kill German Jews . His first six years in power resulted in rapid economic recovery from the Great Depression , the abrogation of restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, and the annexation of territories inhabited by millions of ethnic Germans, which initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum ( lit. ' living space ' ) for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his aggressive, expansionist foreign policy is considered the primary cause of World War II in Europe . On 1 September 1939, Hitler oversaw the German invasion of Poland, thereby causing Britain and France to declare war on Germany . After ordering an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, he declared war on the United States in December of the same year. By the end of 1941, German forces and the European Axis powers occupied most of Europe and North Africa . These gains were gradually reversed after 1941 until the Allied forces defeated the German military in 1945. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime partner, Eva Braun , in the Führerbunker in Berlin. They committed suicide the next day to avoid capture by the Soviet Red Army . The historian and biographer Ian Kershaw described Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] Under Hitler's leadership and racist ideology , the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of an estimated six million Jews and millions of other victims, whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen ( lit. ' subhumans ' ) or socially undesirable. Hitler and the Nazis were also responsible for the deliberate killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre . The number of civilians killed during World War II was unprecedented in warfare, and the casualties make it the deadliest conflict in history . Ancestry Hitler's father, Alois Hitler , was the illegitimate child of Maria Schicklgruber . [ 4 ] The baptismal register did not show the name of his father, and Alois initially bore his mother's surname, "Schicklgruber". In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler . [ 5 ] Alois worked as a civil servant from 1855 until his retirement in 1895. [ 6 ] In 1876, Alois was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois's father (recorded as "Georg Hitler"). [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Alois then assumed the surname "Hitler", [ 8 ] also spelled "Hiedler", "Hüttler" , or "Huettler" . The name is probably based on the German word Hütte ( lit. ' hut ' ), and has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [ 9 ] The Nazi official Hans Frank suggested that Alois's mother had been employed as a housekeeper by a Jewish family in Graz , and that the family's 19-year-old son Leopold Frankenberger had fathered Alois, a claim that came to be known as the Frankenberger thesis . [ 10 ] No Frankenberger was registered in Graz during that period, and no record has been produced of a Leopold Frankenberger's existence, [ 11 ] so historians dismiss the claim that Alois's father was Jewish. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa in Hitler's study was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a relative. The analysis disproved the Frankenberger thesis. [ 14 ] Early life Childhood and education Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889 in Braunau am Inn, a town in Austria-Hungary (present-day Austria), close to the border with Germany. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] He was the fourth of six children born to Alois Hitler and his third wife, Klara Pölzl . Three of Hitler's siblings—Gustav, Ida, and Otto—died in infancy. [ 17 ] Also living in the household were Alois's children from his second marriage: Alois Jr. (born 1882) and Angela (born 1883). [ 18 ] In 1892, the family moved to Passau , Germany, following Alois's promotion to the customs administration in Passau. Hitler was three at the time. Alois was promoted and transferred to Linz , Austria, on 1 April 1893, but the rest of the family remained in Passau. [ 19 ] There Hitler acquired the distinctive lower Bavarian dialect , rather than Austrian German , which marked his speech throughout his life. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The family returned to Austria and settled in Leonding on 9 May 1894, [ 23 ] and in June 1895, Alois retired to Hafeld, near Lambach , where he farmed and kept bees. Hitler attended Volksschule (a state-funded primary school) in nearby Fischlham . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The move to Hafeld coincided with the onset of intense father–son conflicts caused by Hitler's refusal to conform to the strict discipline of his school. [ 26 ] Alois tried to browbeat his son into obedience, while Adolf did his best to be the opposite of whatever his father wanted. [ 27 ] Alois would also beat his son, although his mother tried to protect him from regular beatings. [ 28 ] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld were unsuccessful, and in 1897, the family moved to Lambach. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. [ 29 ] In 1898, the family returned permanently to Leonding. Hitler was deeply affected by the death of his younger brother Edmund in 1900 from measles . Hitler transformed from a confident, outgoing, and conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who frequently clashed with his father and teachers. [ 30 ] Paula Hitler recalled that Adolf was a teenage bully who would often slap her. [ 28 ] Alois had made a successful career in the customs bureau and wanted his son to follow in his footsteps. [ 31 ] Hitler later dramatised an episode from this period when his father took him to visit a customs office, depicting it as an event that gave rise to an unforgiving antagonism between father and son, who were both strong-willed. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. [ d ] [ 35 ] Hitler rebelled against this decision, and in Mein Kampf states that he intentionally performed poorly in school, hoping that once his father saw "what little progress I was making at the technical school he would let me devote myself to my dream". [ 36 ] Like many Austrian Germans, Hitler began to develop German nationalist ideas from a young age. [ 37 ] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg monarchy and its rule over an ethnically diverse empire. [ 38 ] [ 39 ] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the " Deutschlandlied " instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem . [ 40 ] After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated, and his mother allowed him to leave. [ 41 ] He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved. [ 42 ] In 1905, after passing a repeat of the final exam, Hitler left the school without any ambitions for further education or clear plans for a career. [ 43 ] Early adulthood in Vienna and Munich In 1907, Hitler left Linz to live and study fine art in Vienna , financed by orphan's benefits and support from his mother. He applied for admission to the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna but was rejected twice. [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The director suggested Hitler should apply to the School of Architecture, but he lacked the necessary academic credentials because he had not finished secondary school. [ 46 ] On 21 December 1907, his mother died of breast cancer at the age of 47; Hitler was 18 at the time. In 1909, Hitler ran out of money and was forced to live a bohemian life in homeless shelters and the Meldemannstraße dormitory . [ 47 ] [ 48 ] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [ 44 ] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin , his favourite of Richard Wagner 's operas. [ 49 ] In Vienna, Hitler was first exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 50 ] Populists such as mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, occasionally also espousing German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalism was even more widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 51 ] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler, [ 52 ] and he developed an admiration for Martin Luther . [ 53 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice and used Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews [ 54 ] as well as pamphlets that published the thoughts of philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 55 ] During his life in Vienna, Hitler also developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments . [ 56 ] [ 57 ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 58 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed antisemite" before he left Linz. [ 59 ] However, the historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 60 ] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an antisemite in Vienna, [ 61 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him to sell his paintings, disagrees. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] The historian Richard J. Evans states that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous antisemitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 65 ] Hitler received the final part of his father's estate in May 1913 and moved to Munich . [ 66 ] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army , [ 67 ] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. After he was deemed unfit for service, he returned to Munich. [ 68 ] Hitler later claimed that he did not wish to serve the Habsburg Empire because of the mixture of races in its army and his belief that the collapse of Austria-Hungary was imminent. [ 69 ] World War I In August 1914, at the outbreak of World War I , Hitler was living in Munich and voluntarily enlisted in the Bavarian Army . [ 70 ] According to a 1924 report by the Bavarian authorities, allowing Hitler to serve was most likely an administrative error, because as an Austrian citizen, he should have been returned to Austria. [ 70 ] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment), [ 70 ] [ 71 ] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium, [ 72 ] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes , well behind the front lines. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In 1914, he was present at the First Battle of Ypres [ 75 ] and in that year was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross , Second Class. [ 75 ] During the war, he was saved by his commanding officer, Fritz Wiedemann , who pulled Hitler out of the rubble of a collapsed building while under heavy fire. [ 76 ] During his service at headquarters, Hitler pursued his artistic interests, drawing cartoons and providing instructions for an army newspaper. During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout. [ 75 ] [ 77 ] Hitler spent almost two months recovering in hospital at Beelitz , returning to his regiment on 5 March 1917. [ 78 ] He was present at the Battle of Arras of 1917 and the Battle of Passchendaele . [ 75 ] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. [ 79 ] Three months later, in August 1918, on a recommendation by Lieutenant Hugo Gutmann , his Jewish superior, Hitler received the Iron Cross, First Class, a decoration rarely awarded at Hitler's Gefreiter rank. [ 80 ] [ 81 ] On 15 October 1918, he was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack and was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 82 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and, by his own account, suffered a second bout of blindness after receiving this news. [ 83 ] Hitler described his role in World War I as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [ 84 ] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. [ 85 ] His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. [ 86 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( stab-in-the-back myth ), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists , and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 87 ] The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland . The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Many Germans saw the treaty as an unjust humiliation. They especially objected to Article 231 , which they interpreted as declaring Germany responsible for the war. [ 88 ] The Versailles Treaty and the economic, social, and political conditions in Germany after the war were later exploited by Hitler for political gain. [ 89 ] Entry into politics After the war, Hitler returned to Munich. [ 90 ] Without formal education or career prospects, he remained in the Army. [ 91 ] In July 1919, he was appointed Verbindungsmann (intelligence agent) of an Aufklärungskommando (reconnaissance unit) of the Reichswehr , assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). At a DAP meeting on 12 September 1919, Party chairman Anton Drexler was impressed by Hitler's oratorical skills. He gave him a copy of his pamphlet My Political Awakening , which contained antisemitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist , and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 92 ] On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party, [ 93 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Hitler made his earliest known written statement about the Jewish question in a 16 September 1919 letter to Adolf Gemlich (now known as the Gemlich letter ). In the letter, Hitler argues that the aim of the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 96 ] At the DAP, Hitler met Dietrich Eckart , one of the party's founders and a member of the occult Thule Society . [ 97 ] Eckart became Hitler's mentor, exchanging ideas with him and introducing him to a wide range of Munich society. [ 98 ] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), now known as the " Nazi Party "). [ 99 ] Hitler designed the party's banner of a swastika in a white circle on a red background. [ 100 ] Hitler was discharged from the Army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 101 ] The party headquarters was in Munich, a centre for anti-government German nationalists determined to eliminate Marxism and undermine the Weimar Republic . [ 102 ] Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen commented in his 1947 book Diary of a Man in Despair : He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] He had come to a house where he had never been before, wearing gaiters, a floppy, wide-brimmed hat, and carrying a riding whip.... Eventually, he managed to launch into a speech. He talked on and on, endlessly. He preached. He went on at us like a division chaplain in the Army. We did not in the least contradict him, or venture to differ in any way, but he began to bellow at us. The servants thought we were being attacked, and rushed in to defend us. When he had gone, we sat silently confused and not at all amused. There was a feeling of dismay, as when on a train you suddenly find you are sharing a compartment with a psychotic. [ 103 ] In February 1921, already highly effective at crowd manipulation , Hitler spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [ 104 ] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. Hitler soon gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles, rival politicians, and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 105 ] In June 1921, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the Nuremberg-based German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 106 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 107 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 108 ] The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. Opponents of Hitler in the leadership had Hermann Esser expelled from the party, and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party. [ 108 ] [ e ] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several large audiences and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. His strategy proved successful, and at a special party congress on 29 July, he was granted absolute power as party chairman, succeeding Drexler, by a vote of 533 to 1. [ 109 ] Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. A demagogue , [ 110 ] he became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Historians have noted the hypnotic effect of his rhetoric on large audiences, and of his eyes in small groups. [ 116 ] Alfons Heck , a former member of the Hitler Youth , recalled: We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] We erupted into a frenzy of nationalistic pride that bordered on hysteria. For minutes on end, we shouted at the top of our lungs, with tears streaming down our faces: Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil, Sieg Heil! From that moment on, I belonged to Adolf Hitler body and soul. [ 117 ] Early followers included Rudolf Hess , the former air force ace Hermann Göring , and the army captain Ernst Röhm . Röhm became head of the Nazis' paramilitary organisation, the Sturmabteilung (SA, "Stormtroopers"), which protected meetings and attacked political opponents. A critical influence on Hitler's thinking during this period was the Aufbau Vereinigung , [ 118 ] a conspiratorial group of White Russian exiles and early Nazis. The group, financed with funds channelled from wealthy industrialists, introduced Hitler to the idea of a Jewish conspiracy, linking international finance with Bolshevism . [ 119 ] The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism , opposition to the Treaty of Versailles , distrust of capitalism , as well as some socialist ideas. For Hitler, the most important aspect of it was its strong antisemitic stance. He also perceived the programme as primarily a basis for propaganda and for attracting people to the party. [ 120 ] Beer Hall Putsch and Landsberg Prison In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch . The Nazi Party used Italian Fascism as a model for their appearance and policies. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome in 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr , Bavaria's de facto ruler. However, Kahr, along with Police Chief Hans Ritter von Seisser and Reichswehr General Otto von Lossow , wanted to install a nationalist dictatorship without Hitler. [ 121 ] On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller , a beer hall in Munich. Interrupting Kahr's speech, he announced that the national revolution had begun and declared the formation of a new government with Ludendorff. [ 122 ] Retiring to a back room, Hitler, with his pistol drawn, demanded and subsequently received the support of Kahr, Seisser, and Lossow. [ 122 ] Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters, but Kahr and his cohorts quickly withdrew their support. Neither the Army nor the state police joined forces with Hitler. [ 123 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [ 124 ] In the failed coup, 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed. [ 125 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide. [ 126 ] He was depressed but calm when arrested on 11 November 1923 for high treason . [ 127 ] His trial before the special People's Court in Munich began in February 1924, [ 128 ] and Alfred Rosenberg became temporary leader of the Nazi Party. On 1 April, Hitler was sentenced to five years' Festungshaft ('fortress confinement') at Landsberg Prison . [ 129 ] There, he received friendly treatment from the guards and was allowed mail from supporters and regular visits by party comrades. Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, he was released from jail on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections. [ 130 ] Including time on remand, Hitler served just over one year in prison. [ 131 ] While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ; originally titled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice ) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice , and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess . [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The book, dedicated to Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart, was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. The book laid out Hitler's plans for territorial expansion as well as transforming German society into a dictatorship based on race. Throughout the book, Jews are equated with "germs" and presented as the "international poisoners" of society. According to Hitler's ideology, the only solution was their extermination. While Hitler did not describe exactly how this was to be accomplished, his "inherent genocidal thrust is undeniable", according to Ian Kershaw . [ 133 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. One million copies were sold in 1933, Hitler's first year in office. [ 134 ] Shortly before Hitler was eligible for parole, the Bavarian government attempted to have him deported to Austria. [ 135 ] The Austrian federal chancellor rejected the request on the specious grounds that his service in the German Army made his Austrian citizenship void. [ 136 ] In response, Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925. [ 136 ] Rebuilding the Nazi Party At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative, and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held , on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. [ 137 ] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser , Otto Strasser , and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme. [ 140 ] The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929 . The impact in Germany was dire: millions became unemployed, and several major banks collapsed. Hitler and the Nazi Party prepared to take advantage of the emergency to gain support for their party. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. [ 141 ] Rise to power Election Total votes % votes Reichstag seats Notes May 1924 1,918,300 6.5 32 Hitler in prison December 1924 907,300 3.0 14 Hitler released from prison May 1928 810,100 2.6 12 September 1930 6,409,600 18.3 107 After the financial crisis July 1932 13,745,000 37.3 230 After Hitler was candidate for presidency November 1932 11,737,000 33.1 196 March 1933 17,277,180 43.9 288 Only partially free during Hitler's term as chancellor of Germany Brüning administration The Great Depression provided a political opportunity for Hitler. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic , which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists . The moderate political parties were increasingly unable to stem the tide of extremism, and the German referendum of 1929 helped to elevate Nazi ideology. [ 143 ] The elections of September 1930 resulted in the break-up of a grand coalition and its replacement with a minority cabinet. Its leader, chancellor Heinrich Brüning of the Centre Party , governed through emergency decrees from President Paul von Hindenburg. Governance by decree became the new norm, paving the way for authoritarian forms of government. [ 144 ] The Nazi Party rose from obscurity to win 18.3 per cent of the vote and 107 parliamentary seats in the 1930 election, becoming the second-largest party in parliament. [ 145 ] Hitler made a prominent appearance at the trial of two Reichswehr officers, Lieutenants Richard Scheringer and Hanns Ludin , in late 1930. Both were charged with membership in the Nazi Party, at that time illegal for Reichswehr personnel. [ 146 ] The prosecution argued that the Nazi Party was an extremist party, prompting defence lawyer Hans Frank to call on Hitler to testify. [ 147 ] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections, [ 148 ] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [ 149 ] Brüning's austerity measures brought little economic improvement and were extremely unpopular. [ 150 ] Hitler exploited this by targeting his political messages specifically at people who had been affected by the inflation of the 1920s and the Depression, such as farmers, war veterans, and the middle class. [ 151 ] Although Hitler had terminated his Austrian citizenship in 1925, he did not acquire German citizenship for almost seven years. This meant that he was stateless , legally unable to run for public office, and still faced the risk of deportation. [ 152 ] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick , Dietrich Klagges , who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, [ 153 ] and thus of Germany. [ 154 ] Hitler ran against Hindenburg in the 1932 presidential election . A speech to the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on 27 January 1932 won him support from many of Germany's most powerful industrialists. [ 155 ] Hindenburg had support from various nationalist, monarchist, Catholic, and republican parties, and some Social Democrats . Hitler used the campaign slogan " Hitler über Deutschland " ("Hitler over Germany"), a reference to his political ambitions and his campaigning by aircraft. [ 156 ] He was one of the first politicians to use aircraft travel for campaigning and used it effectively. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics. [ 159 ] Appointment as chancellor The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg , along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg. The signers urged Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as leader of a government "independent from parliamentary parties", which could turn into a movement that would "enrapture millions of people". [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Hindenburg reluctantly agreed to appoint Hitler as chancellor after two further parliamentary elections—in July and November 1932—had not resulted in the formation of a majority government. Hitler headed a short-lived coalition government formed by the Nazi Party (which had the most seats in the Reichstag) and Hugenberg's party, the German National People's Party (DNVP). On 30 January 1933, the new cabinet was sworn in during a brief ceremony in Hindenburg's office. The Nazi Party gained three posts: Hitler was named chancellor, Wilhelm Frick Minister of the Interior, and Hermann Göring Minister of the Interior for Prussia. [ 162 ] Hitler had insisted on the ministerial positions as a way to gain control over the police in much of Germany. [ 163 ] Reichstag fire and March elections As chancellor, Hitler worked against attempts by the Nazi Party's opponents to build a majority government. Because of the political stalemate, he asked Hindenburg to again dissolve the Reichstag, and elections were scheduled for early March. On 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was set on fire . Göring blamed a communist plot, as the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [ 164 ] Until the 1960s, some historians, including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock , thought the Nazi Party was responsible; [ 165 ] [ 166 ] now the view of most historians is van der Lubbe started the fire alone. [ 167 ] At Hitler's urging, Hindenburg responded by signing the Reichstag Fire Decree of 28 February, drafted by the Nazis, which suspended basic rights and allowed detention without trial. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [ 168 ] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and 4,000 KPD members were arrested. [ 169 ] In addition to political campaigning, the Nazi Party engaged in paramilitary violence and the spread of anti-communist propaganda, in the days preceding the election . On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi's share of the vote increased to 44%, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [ 170 ] Day of Potsdam and the Enabling Act On 21 March 1933, the new Reichstag was constituted with an opening ceremony at the Garrison Church in Potsdam . This "Day of Potsdam" was held to demonstrate unity between the Nazi movement and the old Prussian elite and military. Hitler appeared in a morning coat and humbly greeted Hindenburg. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] To achieve full political control despite not having an absolute majority in parliament, Hitler's government brought the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act) to a vote in the newly elected Reichstag . The Act—officially titled the Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of People and Reich")—gave Hitler's cabinet the power to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag for four years. These laws could (with certain exceptions) deviate from the constitution. [ 173 ] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) [ 174 ] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [ 175 ] On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. Ranks of SA men served as guards inside the building, while large groups outside, opposing the proposed legislation, shouted slogans and threats towards the arriving members of parliament. [ 176 ] After Hitler verbally promised Centre party leader Ludwig Kaas that Hindenburg would retain his power of veto, Kaas announced the Centre Party would support the Enabling Act. The Act was passed by a vote of 444–94, with all parties except the Social Democrats voting in favour. The Enabling Act, along with the Reichstag Fire Decree, transformed Hitler's government into a de facto legal dictatorship. [ 177 ] Dictatorship At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. They laugh now, just as foolishly, when I declare that I shall remain in power! [ 178 ] — Adolf Hitler to a British correspondent in Berlin, June 1934 Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. [ 179 ] While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps . [ 180 ] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). [ 181 ] By the end of June, the other parties had been intimidated into disbanding. This included the Nazis' nominal coalition partner, the DNVP; with the SA's help, Hitler forced its leader, Hugenberg, to resign on 29 June. On 14 July 1933, the Nazi Party was declared the only legal political party in Germany. [ 181 ] [ 179 ] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. In response, Hitler purged the entire SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives , which took place from 30 June to 2 July 1934. [ 182 ] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher ), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [ 183 ] While the international community and some Germans were shocked by the killings, many in Germany believed Hitler was restoring order. [ 184 ] Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934. On the previous day, the cabinet had enacted the Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich . [ 2 ] This law stated that upon Hindenburg's death, the office of president would be abolished, and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (Leader and Chancellor of the Reich), [ 1 ] although Reichskanzler was eventually dropped. [ 185 ] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. [ 186 ] As head of state, Hitler became commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Immediately after Hindenburg's death, at the instigation of the leadership of the Reichswehr , the traditional loyalty oath of soldiers was altered to affirm loyalty to Hitler personally, by name , rather than to the office of commander-in-chief (which was later renamed to supreme commander) or to Germany. [ 187 ] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite . [ 188 ] In early 1938, Hitler used blackmail to consolidate his hold over the military by instigating the Blomberg–Fritsch affair . Hitler forced his War Minister, Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg , to resign by using a police dossier that showed that Blomberg's new wife had a record for prostitution. [ 189 ] [ 190 ] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [ 191 ] Both men had fallen into disfavour because they objected to Hitler's demand to make the Wehrmacht ready for war as early as 1938. [ 192 ] Hitler assumed Blomberg's title of Commander-in-Chief, thus taking personal command of the armed forces. [ 193 ] He replaced the Ministry of War with the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), headed by General Wilhelm Keitel . On the same day, 16 generals were stripped of their commands and 44 more were transferred; all were suspected of not being sufficiently pro-Nazi. [ 194 ] By early February 1938, 12 more generals had been removed. [ 195 ] Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. [ 196 ] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which received well over 90 per cent of the vote. [ 197 ] These sham elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or who voted against. [ 198 ] Nazi Germany Economy and culture In August 1934, Hitler appointed Reichsbank President Hjalmar Schacht as Minister of Economics, and in the following year, as Plenipotentiary for War Economy in charge of preparing the economy for war. [ 199 ] Reconstruction and rearmament were financed through Mefo bills , printing money, and seizing the assets of people arrested as enemies of the state , including Jews. [ 200 ] The number of unemployed fell from six million in 1932 to fewer than one million in 1936. [ 201 ] Hitler oversaw one of the largest infrastructure improvement campaigns in German history, leading to the construction of dams, autobahns , railroads, and other civil works. Wages were slightly lower in the mid- to late 1930s compared with wages during the Weimar Republic, while the cost of living increased by 25 per cent. [ 202 ] The average workweek increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [ 203 ] Hitler's government sponsored architecture on an immense scale. Albert Speer , instrumental in implementing Hitler's classicist reinterpretation of German culture, was placed in charge of the proposed architectural renovations of Berlin . [ 204 ] Despite a threatened multi-nation boycott , Germany hosted the 1936 Olympic Games. Hitler officiated at the opening ceremonies and attended events at both the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen and the Summer Games in Berlin. [ 205 ] Rearmament and new alliances In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [ 206 ] In March, Prince Bernhard Wilhelm von Bülow, secretary at the Foreign Office ( Auswärtiges Amt ), issued a statement of major foreign policy aims: Anschluss with Austria, the restoration of Germany's national borders of 1914, rejection of military restrictions under the Treaty of Versailles, the return of the former German colonies in Africa, and a German zone of influence in Eastern Europe. Hitler found Bülow's goals to be too modest. [ 207 ] In speeches during this period, he stressed what he termed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. [ 208 ] At the first meeting of his cabinet in 1933, Hitler prioritised military spending over unemployment relief. [ 209 ] Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference in October 1933. [ 210 ] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland , then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany . [ 211 ] That March, Hitler announced an expansion of the Wehrmacht to 600,000 members—six times the number permitted by the Versailles Treaty—including development of an air force ( Luftwaffe ) and an increase in the size of the navy ( Kriegsmarine ). Britain, France, Italy, and the League of Nations condemned these violations of the Treaty but did nothing to stop it. [ 212 ] [ 213 ] The Anglo-German Naval Agreement (AGNA) of 18 June allowed German tonnage to increase to 35 per cent of that of the Royal Navy . Hitler called the signing of the AGNA "the happiest day of his life", believing that the agreement marked the beginning of the Anglo-German alliance he had predicted in Mein Kampf . [ 214 ] France and Italy were not consulted before the signing, directly undermining the League of Nations and setting the Treaty of Versailles on the path towards irrelevance. [ 215 ] Germany reoccupied the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in March 1936, in violation of the Versailles Treaty. Hitler also sent troops to Spain to support Francisco Franco and his Nationalist faction during the Spanish Civil War after receiving an appeal for help in July 1936. At the same time, Hitler continued his efforts to create an Anglo-German alliance. [ 216 ] In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. [ 217 ] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between " Judaeo-Bolshevism " and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. [ 218 ] In October 1936, Count Galeazzo Ciano , foreign minister of Mussolini's government, visited Germany, where he signed a Nine-Point Protocol as an expression of rapprochement and had a personal meeting with Hitler. On 1 November, Mussolini declared an "axis" between Germany and Italy. [ 219 ] On 25 November, Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan . Britain, China, Italy, and Poland were also invited to join the Anti-Comintern Pact, but only Italy signed in 1937. Hitler abandoned his plan of an Anglo-German alliance, blaming "inadequate" British leadership. [ 220 ] At a meeting in the Reich Chancellery with his foreign ministers and military chiefs that November, Hitler restated his intention of acquiring Lebensraum for the German people. He ordered preparations for war in the East to begin as early as 1938 and no later than 1943. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum , were to be regarded as his "political testament". [ 221 ] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia . [ 222 ] [ 223 ] Hitler urged quick action before Britain and France gained a permanent lead in the arms race . [ 222 ] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch affair , Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [ 217 ] From early 1938 onwards, Hitler was carrying out a foreign policy ultimately aimed at war. [ 224 ] World War II Early diplomatic successes Alliance with Japan In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop , Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan . Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo , the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria , and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [ 225 ] Hitler ordered an end to arms shipments to China and recalled all German officers working with the Chinese Army. [ 225 ] In retaliation, Chinese General Chiang Kai-shek cancelled all Sino-German economic agreements, depriving the Germans of many Chinese raw materials. [ 226 ] Austria and Czechoslovakia On 12 March 1938, Hitler announced the unification of Austria with Germany in the Anschluss . [ 227 ] [ 228 ] Hitler then turned his attention to the ethnic German population of the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. [ 229 ] On 28–29 March 1938, Hitler held a series of secret meetings in Berlin with Konrad Henlein of the Sudeten German Party , the largest of the ethnic German parties of the Sudetenland. The men agreed that Henlein would demand increased autonomy for Sudeten Germans from the Czechoslovak government, thus providing a pretext for German military action against Czechoslovakia. In April 1938, Henlein told the foreign minister of Hungary that "whatever the Czech government might offer, he would always raise still higher demands ... he wanted to sabotage an understanding by any means because this was the only method to blow up Czechoslovakia quickly". [ 230 ] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [ 231 ] In April, Hitler ordered the OKW to prepare for Fall Grün (Case Green), the code name for an invasion of Czechoslovakia. [ 232 ] As a result of intense French and British diplomatic pressure, on 5 September, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš unveiled the "Fourth Plan" for constitutional reorganisation of his country, which agreed to most of Henlein's demands for Sudeten autonomy. [ 233 ] Henlein's party responded to Beneš' offer by instigating a series of violent clashes with the Czechoslovak police that led to the declaration of martial law in certain Sudeten districts. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] Germany was dependent on imported oil; a confrontation with Britain over the Czechoslovak dispute could curtail Germany's oil supplies. This forced Hitler to call off Fall Grün , originally planned for 1 October 1938. [ 236 ] On 29 September, Hitler, Neville Chamberlain , Édouard Daladier , and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement , which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [ 237 ] [ 238 ] Chamberlain was satisfied with the Munich conference, calling the outcome " peace for our time ", while Hitler was angered about the missed opportunity for war in 1938; [ 239 ] [ 240 ] he expressed his disappointment in a speech on 9 October in Saarbrücken . [ 241 ] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [ 242 ] [ 243 ] As a result of the summit, Hitler was selected Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1938. [ 244 ] In late 1938 and early 1939, the continuing economic crisis caused by rearmament forced Hitler to make major defence cuts. [ 245 ] In his "Export or die" speech of 30 January 1939 , he called for an economic offensive to increase German foreign exchange holdings to pay for raw materials such as high-grade iron needed for military weapons. [ 245 ] On 14 March 1939, under threat from Hungary, Slovakia declared independence and received protection from Germany. [ 246 ] The next day, in violation of the Munich Agreement and possibly as a result of the deepening economic crisis requiring additional assets, [ 247 ] Hitler ordered the Wehrmacht to invade the Czech rump state , and from Prague Castle he proclaimed the territory a German protectorate . [ 248 ] Start of World War II In private discussions in 1939, Hitler declared Britain the main enemy to be defeated and that Poland's obliteration was a necessary prelude for that goal. [ 249 ] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum . [ 250 ] Offended by the British "guarantee" on 31 March 1939 of Polish independence, he said, "I shall brew them a devil's drink". [ 251 ] In a speech in Wilhelmshaven for the launch of the battleship Tirpitz on 1 April, he threatened to denounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement if the British continued to guarantee Polish independence, which he perceived as an "encirclement" policy. [ 251 ] Poland was to either become a German satellite state or it would be neutralised to secure the Reich's eastern flank and prevent a possible British blockade. [ 252 ] Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939. [ 253 ] On 3 April, Hitler ordered the military to prepare for Fall Weiss ("Case White"), the plan for invading Poland on 25 August. [ 253 ] In a Reichstag speech on 28 April, he renounced both the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact . [ 254 ] Historians such as William Carr , Gerhard Weinberg , and Ian Kershaw have argued that one reason for Hitler's rush to war was his fear of an early death. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] [ 257 ] Hitler was concerned that a military attack against Poland could result in a premature war with Britain. [ 252 ] [ 258 ] Hitler's foreign minister and former Ambassador to London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, assured him that neither Britain nor France would honour its commitments to Poland. [ 259 ] [ 260 ] Accordingly, on 22 August 1939 Hitler ordered a military mobilisation against Poland. [ 261 ] This plan required tacit Soviet support, [ 262 ] and the non-aggression pact (the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ) between Germany and the Soviet Union , led by Joseph Stalin , included a secret agreement to partition Poland between the two countries. [ 263 ] Contrary to Ribbentrop's prediction that Britain would sever Anglo-Polish ties, Britain and Poland signed the Anglo-Polish alliance on 25 August 1939. This, along with news from Italy that Mussolini would not honour the Pact of Steel , prompted Hitler to postpone the attack on Poland from 25 August to 1 September. [ 264 ] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [ 265 ] [ 266 ] On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor , which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [ 267 ] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what?" [ 268 ] Britain and France did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. [ 269 ] The fall of Poland was followed by what contemporary journalists dubbed the " Phoney War " or Sitzkrieg ("sitting war"). Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland , to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. [ 270 ] In Forster's area, ethnic Poles merely had to sign forms stating that they had German blood. [ 271 ] In contrast, Greiser agreed with Himmler and carried out an ethnic cleansing campaign towards Poles. Greiser soon complained that Forster was allowing thousands of Poles to be accepted as "racial" Germans and thus endangered German "racial purity". [ 270 ] Hitler refrained from getting involved. This inaction has been cited as an example of the theory of "working towards the Führer", in which Hitler issued vague instructions and expected his subordinates to develop policies independently. [ 270 ] [ 272 ] Another dispute pitched one side represented by Heinrich Himmler and Greiser, who championed ethnic cleansing in Poland, against another represented by Göring and Hans Frank ( governor-general of occupied Poland), who called for turning Poland into the "granary" of the Reich. On 12 February 1940, the dispute was initially settled in favour of the Göring–Frank view, which ended the economically disruptive mass expulsions. On 15 May 1940, Himmler issued a memo entitled "Some Thoughts on the Treatment of Alien Population in the East", calling for the expulsion of the entire Jewish population of Europe into Africa and the reduction of the Polish population to a "leaderless class of labourers". Hitler called Himmler's memo "good and correct", and, ignoring Göring and Frank, implemented the Himmler–Greiser policy in Poland. [ 273 ] On 9 April, German forces invaded Denmark and Norway . On the same day Hitler proclaimed the birth of the Greater Germanic Reich , his vision of a united empire of Germanic nations of Europe in which the Dutch, Flemish, and Scandinavians were joined into a "racially pure" polity under German leadership. [ 274 ] In May 1940, Germany attacked France , and conquered Luxembourg , the Netherlands , and Belgium . These victories prompted Mussolini to have Italy join forces with Hitler on 10 June. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [ 275 ] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. [ 276 ] Following the unexpected swift victory, Hitler promoted 12 generals to the rank of field marshal during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . [ 277 ] [ 278 ] Britain, whose troops were forced to evacuate France by sea from Dunkirk , [ 279 ] continued to fight alongside other British dominions in the Battle of the Atlantic . Hitler made peace overtures to the new British prime minister, Winston Churchill , and upon their rejection, he ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force airbases and radar stations in southeast England . On 7 September, the systematic nightly bombing of London began. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the Royal Air Force in what became known as the Battle of Britain . [ 280 ] By the end of September, Hitler realised that air superiority for the invasion of Britain (in Operation Sea Lion ) could not be achieved, and ordered the operation postponed. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth , and Coventry . [ 281 ] On 27 September 1940, the Tripartite Pact was signed in Berlin by Saburō Kurusu of Imperial Japan , Hitler, and Italian foreign minister Ciano, [ 282 ] and later expanded to include Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria , thus yielding the Axis powers . Hitler's attempt to integrate the Soviet Union into the anti-British bloc failed after inconclusive talks between Hitler and Molotov in Berlin in November, and he ordered preparations for the invasion of the Soviet Union. [ 283 ] In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans , and the Middle East. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. In April, Hitler launched the invasion of Yugoslavia , quickly followed by the invasion of Greece . [ 284 ] In May, German forces were sent to support Iraqi forces fighting against the British and to invade Crete . [ 285 ] On 28 November, Hitler met in Berlin with Amin al-Husseini , the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem . [ 286 ] Hitler framed opposition to a Jewish homeland as part of Germany's broader "struggle against the Jews." [ 287 ] Path to defeat On 22 June 1941, contravening the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, over three million Axis troops attacked the Soviet Union. [ 288 ] This offensive (codenamed Operation Barbarossa ) was intended to destroy the Soviet Union and seize its natural resources for subsequent aggression against the Western powers. [ 289 ] [ 290 ] The action was also part of the overall plan to obtain more living space for German people; and Hitler thought a successful invasion would force Britain to negotiate a surrender. [ 291 ] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus , and West Ukraine . By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 miles) and won the Battle of Smolensk . Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to temporarily halt its advance to Moscow and divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kiev . [ 292 ] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 miles) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] The pause provided the Red Army with an opportunity to mobilise fresh reserves; the historian Russel Stolfi considers it to be one of the major factors that caused the failure of the Moscow offensive, which was resumed in October 1941 and ended disastrously in December . [ 292 ] During this crisis, Hitler appointed himself as head of the Oberkommando des Heeres . [ 295 ] On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii. Four days later, Hitler declared war against the United States . [ 296 ] On 18 December 1941, Himmler asked Hitler, "What to do with the Jews of Russia?", to which Hitler replied, "als Partisanen auszurotten" ("exterminate them as partisans"). [ 297 ] The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer has commented that the remark is probably as close as historians will ever get to a definitive order from Hitler for the genocide carried out during the Holocaust. [ 297 ] In late 1942, German forces were defeated in the Second Battle of El Alamein , [ 298 ] thwarting Hitler's plans to seize the Suez Canal and the Middle East. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. [ 299 ] In December 1942 and January 1943, Hitler's repeated refusal to allow their withdrawal at the Battle of Stalingrad led to the almost total destruction of the 6th Army . Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed, and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [ 300 ] Thereafter came a decisive strategic defeat at the Battle of Kursk . [ 301 ] Hitler's military judgement became increasingly erratic, and Germany's military and economic position deteriorated, as did Hitler's health. [ 302 ] Following the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943, Mussolini was removed from power by King Victor Emmanuel III after a vote of no confidence of the Grand Council of Fascism . Marshal Pietro Badoglio , placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies . [ 303 ] Throughout 1943 and 1944, the Soviet Union steadily forced Hitler's armies into retreat along the Eastern Front . On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord . [ 304 ] Many German officers concluded that defeat was inevitable and that continuing under Hitler's leadership would result in the complete destruction of the country . [ 305 ] Between 1939 and 1945, there were numerous plans to assassinate Hitler , some of which proceeded to significant degrees. [ 306 ] The most well-known and significant, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [ 307 ] Part of Operation Valkyrie , the plot involved Claus von Stauffenberg planting a bomb in one of Hitler's headquarters , the Wolf's Lair at Rastenburg . Hitler narrowly survived because the staff officer Heinz Brandt moved the briefcase containing the bomb behind a leg of the heavy conference table, which deflected much of the blast. Later, Hitler ordered reprisals, resulting in the execution of more than 4,900 people. [ 308 ] Hitler was put on the United Nations War Crimes Commission 's first list of war criminals in December 1944, after determining that Hitler could be held criminally responsible for the acts of the Nazis in occupied countries. By March 1945, at least seven indictments had been filed against him. [ 309 ] Defeat and death By late 1944, both the Red Army and the Western Allies were advancing into Germany. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British armies, which he perceived as far weaker. [ 310 ] On 16 December, he launched the Ardennes Offensive to incite disunity among the Western Allies and perhaps convince them to join his fight against the Soviets. [ 311 ] After some temporary successes, the offensive failed. [ 312 ] With much of Germany in ruins in January 1945, Hitler spoke on the radio: "However grave as the crisis may be at this moment, it will, despite everything, be mastered by our unalterable will." [ 313 ] On 19 March, Hitler commented that the needs of the German population could now be disregarded, because they "had proven to be the weaker, and the future belongs solely to the stronger eastern nation. In any case only those who are inferior will remain after this struggle, for the good have already been killed". [ 314 ] The same day, Hitler ordered the destruction of all German industrial infrastructure before it could fall into Allied hands. [ 315 ] Minister for Armaments Albert Speer was entrusted with executing this scorched earth policy, but he secretly disobeyed the order. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] Hitler's hope to negotiate peace with the United States and Britain was encouraged by the death of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 12 April 1945, but contrary to his expectations, this caused no rift among the Allies. [ 311 ] [ 317 ] On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the Führerbunker to the surface. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth , who were now fighting the Red Army at the front near Berlin. [ 318 ] By 21 April, Georgy Zhukov 's 1st Belorussian Front had broken through the defences of General Gotthard Heinrici 's Army Group Vistula during the Battle of the Seelow Heights and advanced to the outskirts of Berlin. [ 319 ] In denial about the dire situation, Hitler placed his hopes on the undermanned and under-equipped Armeeabteilung Steiner ( Army Detachment Steiner ), commanded by Felix Steiner . Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient , while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack . [ 320 ] During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler enquired about Steiner's offensive. He was informed that the attack had not been launched and that the Soviets had entered Berlin. Hitler ordered everyone but Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl , Hans Krebs , and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room, [ 321 ] then launched into a tirade against the perceived treachery and incompetence of his generals, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything is lost". [ 322 ] He announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself. [ 323 ] By 23 April, the Red Army had surrounded Berlin, [ 324 ] and Goebbels made a proclamation urging its citizens to defend the city. [ 321 ] That same day, Göring sent a telegram from Berchtesgaden , arguing that as Hitler was isolated in Berlin, Göring should assume leadership of Germany. Göring set a deadline, after which he would consider Hitler incapacitated. [ 325 ] Hitler responded by having Göring arrested, and in his last will and testament of 29 April, he removed Göring from all government positions. [ 326 ] [ 327 ] On 28 April, Hitler discovered that Himmler, who had left Berlin on 20 April, was attempting to negotiate a surrender to the Western Allies. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] He considered this treason and ordered Himmler's arrest. He also ordered the execution of Hermann Fegelein , Himmler's SS representative at Hitler's headquarters in Berlin, for desertion. [ 330 ] After midnight on the night of 28–29 April, Hitler married Eva Braun in a small civil ceremony in the Führerbunker . [ 331 ] [ f ] Later that afternoon, Hitler was informed that Mussolini had been executed by the Italian resistance movement on the previous day; this is believed to have increased his determination to avoid capture. [ 332 ] On 30 April, Soviet troops were within five hundred metres of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] In accordance with Hitler's wishes, their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [ 335 ] [ 336 ] [ 337 ] Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and Goebbels assumed Hitler's roles as head of state and chancellor respectively. [ 338 ] On the evening of 1 May, Goebbels and his wife, Magda , committed suicide in the Reich Chancellery garden, after having poisoned their six children with cyanide. [ 339 ] Berlin surrendered on 2 May. The remains of the Goebbels family, General Hans Krebs (who had committed suicide that day), and Hitler's dog Blondi were repeatedly buried and exhumed by the Soviets. [ 340 ] Hitler's and Braun's remains were alleged to have been moved as well, but this is most likely Soviet disinformation . There is no evidence that any identifiable remains of Hitler or Braun—with the exception of dental bridges—were ever found by them. [ 341 ] [ 342 ] [ 343 ] While news of Hitler's death spread quickly, a death certificate was not issued until 1956, after a lengthy investigation to collect testimony from 42 witnesses. Hitler's death was entered as an assumption of death based on this testimony. [ 344 ] The Holocaust If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [ 345 ] — Adolf Hitler, 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech The Holocaust and Germany's war in the East were based on Hitler's long-standing view that the Jews were the enemy of the German people, and that Lebensraum was needed for Germany's expansion. He focused on Eastern Europe for this expansion, aiming to defeat Poland and the Soviet Union and then removing or killing the Jews and Slavs . [ 346 ] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered; [ 347 ] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. [ 348 ] The goal was to implement this plan after the conquest of the Soviet Union, but when this failed, Hitler moved the plans forward. [ 347 ] [ 349 ] By January 1942, he had decided that the Jews, Slavs, and other deportees considered undesirable should be killed. [ 350 ] [ g ] The genocide was organised and executed by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich . The records of the Wannsee Conference , held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with 15 senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. On 22 February, Hitler was recorded saying, "we shall regain our health only by eliminating the Jews". [ 351 ] Similarly, at a meeting in July 1941 with leading functionaries of the Eastern territories, Hitler said that the easiest way to quickly pacify the areas would be best achieved by "shooting everyone who even looks odd". [ 352 ] Although no direct order from Hitler authorising the mass killings has surfaced, [ 353 ] his public speeches, orders to his generals, [ contradictory ] and the diaries of Nazi officials demonstrate that he conceived and authorised the extermination of European Jewry. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] During the war, Hitler repeatedly stated his prophecy of 1939 was being fulfilled, namely, that a world war would bring about the annihilation of the Jewish race. [ 356 ] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen —killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union [ 357 ] —and was well informed about their activities. [ 354 ] [ 358 ] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for murder or enslavement . [ 359 ] Scores of other concentration camps and satellite camps were set up throughout Europe, with several camps devoted exclusively to extermination . [ 360 ] Between 1939 and 1945, the Schutzstaffel (SS), assisted by collaborationist governments and recruits from occupied countries, were responsible for the deaths of at least 11 million non-combatants, [ 361 ] [ 347 ] including the murders of about six million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe), [ 362 ] [ h ] and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 Romani people . [ 364 ] [ 362 ] The victims were killed in concentration and extermination camps and in ghettos , and through mass shootings. [ 365 ] [ 366 ] Many victims of the Holocaust were murdered in gas chambers or shot, while others died of starvation or disease or while working as slave labourers . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan . Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. Cities would be razed, and the land allowed to return to forest or resettled by German colonists. [ 367 ] Together, the Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. [ 368 ] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [ 369 ] Hitler's policies resulted in the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish Polish civilians , [ 370 ] over three million Soviet prisoners of war , [ 371 ] communists and other political opponents, homosexuals , the physically and mentally disabled, [ 372 ] [ 373 ] Jehovah's Witnesses , Adventists , and trade unionists. Hitler never spoke publicly about the killings and seems to have never visited the concentration camps. [ 374 ] The Nazis embraced the concept of racial hygiene . On 15 September 1935, Hitler presented two laws—known as the Nuremberg Laws —to the Reichstag. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [ 375 ] The laws stripped all non-Aryans of their German citizenship and forbade the employment of non-Jewish women under the age of 45 in Jewish households. [ 376 ] Hitler's early eugenic policies targeted children with physical and developmental disabilities in a programme dubbed Action Brandt , and he later authorised a euthanasia programme for adults with serious mental and physical disabilities, now referred to as Aktion T4 . [ 377 ] Leadership style Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 378 ] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [ 379 ] In this way, Hitler fostered distrust, competition, and infighting among his subordinates to consolidate and maximise his own power. His cabinet never met after 1938, and he discouraged his ministers from meeting independently. [ 380 ] [ 381 ] Hitler typically did not give written orders; instead, he communicated verbally, or had them conveyed through his close associate Martin Bormann . [ 382 ] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [ 383 ] Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. His decision to mount a risky series of offensives against Norway, France, and the Low Countries in 1940 against the advice of the military proved successful, though the diplomatic and military strategies he employed in attempts to force the United Kingdom out of the war ended in failure. [ 384 ] Hitler deepened his involvement in the war effort by appointing himself commander-in-chief of the Army in December 1941; from this point forward, he personally directed the war against the Soviet Union, while his military commanders facing the Western Allies retained a degree of autonomy. [ 385 ] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision-making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. Nevertheless, he continued to believe that only his leadership could deliver victory. [ 384 ] In the final months of the war, Hitler refused to consider peace negotiations, regarding the destruction of Germany as preferable to surrender. [ 386 ] The military did not challenge Hitler's dominance of the war effort, and senior officers generally supported and enacted his decisions. [ 387 ] Personal life Family Hitler created a public image as a celibate man without a domestic life, dedicated entirely to his political mission and the nation. [ 152 ] [ 388 ] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929, [ 389 ] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. [ 390 ] In September 1931, his half-niece, Geli Raubal , committed suicide with Hitler's gun in his Munich apartment. It was rumoured among contemporaries that Geli was in a romantic relationship with him, and her death was a source of deep, lasting pain. [ 391 ] Paula Hitler , the younger sister of Hitler and the last living member of his immediate family, died in June 1960. [ 17 ] Views on religion Hitler was born to a practising Catholic mother and an anti-clerical father; after leaving home, Hitler never again attended Mass or received the sacraments . [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Albert Speer states that Hitler railed against the church to his political associates, and though he never officially left the church, he had no attachment to it. [ 395 ] He adds that Hitler felt that in the absence of organised religion, people would turn to mysticism, which he considered regressive. [ 395 ] According to Speer, Hitler believed that Japanese religious beliefs or Islam would have been a more suitable religion for Germans than Christianity, with its "meekness and flabbiness". [ 396 ] The historian John S. Conway states that Hitler was fundamentally opposed to the Christian churches. [ 397 ] According to Bullock, Hitler did not believe in God, was anticlerical, and held Christian ethics in contempt because they contravened his preferred view of " survival of the fittest ". [ 398 ] He favoured aspects of Protestantism that suited his own views, and adopted some elements of the Catholic Church's hierarchical organisation, liturgy , and phraseology. [ 399 ] In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian . [ 400 ] In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England." [ 401 ] Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society, [ 402 ] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [ 397 ] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. [ 403 ] Privately, he described Christianity as "absurdity" [ 404 ] and nonsense founded on lies. [ 405 ] According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [ 408 ] This goal informed Hitler's movement early on, but he saw it as inexpedient to publicly express this extreme position. [ 409 ] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. [ 410 ] Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg 's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Hitler was more pragmatic, and his ambitions centred on more practical concerns. [ 411 ] [ 412 ] Health Researchers have variously suggested that Hitler suffered from irritable bowel syndrome , skin lesions , irregular heartbeat , coronary sclerosis , [ 413 ] Parkinson's disease , [ 302 ] [ 414 ] syphilis , [ 414 ] giant-cell arteritis , [ 415 ] tinnitus , [ 416 ] and monorchism . [ 417 ] In a report prepared for the OSS in 1943, Walter Charles Langer of Harvard University described Hitler as a "neurotic psychopath ". [ 418 ] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler , the historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that Hitler suffered from borderline personality disorder . [ 419 ] The historians Henrik Eberle and Hans-Joachim Neumann consider that while he suffered from a number of illnesses including Parkinson's disease, Hitler did not experience pathological delusions and was always fully aware of, and therefore responsible for, his decisions. [ 420 ] [ 322 ] Sometime in the 1930s, Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet , [ 421 ] [ 422 ] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. At social events, he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. [ 423 ] Bormann had a greenhouse constructed near the Berghof (near Berchtesgaden ) to ensure a steady supply of fresh fruit and vegetables for Hitler. [ 424 ] Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] He was a non-smoker for most of his adult life, but smoked heavily in his youth (25 to 40 cigarettes a day); he eventually quit, calling the habit "a waste of money". [ 427 ] He encouraged his close associates to quit by offering a gold watch to anyone able to break the habit. [ 428 ] Hitler began using amphetamine occasionally after 1937 and became addicted to it in late 1942. [ 429 ] Speer linked this use of amphetamine to Hitler's increasingly erratic behaviour and inflexible decision-making (for example, rarely allowing military retreats). [ 430 ] Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell , Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. [ 431 ] He regularly consumed amphetamine , barbiturates , opiates , and cocaine , [ 432 ] [ 433 ] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills ). [ 434 ] He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. [ 435 ] Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. [ 431 ] Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. [ 436 ] In 2025, blood from the sofa where Hitler committed suicide was used by Turi King of the University of Bath for DNA analysis . The blood was confirmed to be Hitler's by comparing it to that of a male relative. Analysis of the genetic material revealed that Hitler had a deletion in the gene PROK2 , known to cause Kallmann syndrome , a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty. [ 14 ] Legacy For peace, freedom and democracy never again fascism millions of dead warn [us] According to the historian Joachim Fest , Hitler's suicide was likened by numerous contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [ 438 ] Similarly, Speer commented in Inside the Third Reich on his emotions the day after Hitler's suicide: "Only now was the spell broken, the magic extinguished." [ 439 ] Public support for Hitler had collapsed by the time of his death, which few Germans mourned; Kershaw argues that most civilians and military personnel were too busy adjusting to the collapse of the country or fleeing from the fighting to take any interest. [ 440 ] According to the historian John Toland , Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. [ 441 ] Kershaw describes Hitler as "the embodiment of modern political evil". [ 3 ] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. [ 442 ] Hitler's political programme brought about a world war, leaving behind a devastated and impoverished Eastern and Central Europe. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). [ 443 ] Hitler's policies inflicted human suffering on an unprecedented scale; [ 444 ] according to R. J. Rummel , the Nazi regime was responsible for the democidal killing of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war. [ 361 ] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European theatre of World War II . [ 361 ] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. [ 445 ] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. [ 446 ] Many European countries have criminalised both the promotion of Nazism and Holocaust denial . [ 447 ] The historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [ 448 ] The English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [ 449 ] For the historian John M. Roberts , Hitler's defeat marked the end of a phase of European history dominated by Germany. [ 450 ] In its place emerged the Cold War , a global confrontation between the Western Bloc , dominated by the United States and other NATO nations, and the Eastern Bloc , dominated by the Soviet Union. [ 451 ] The historian Sebastian Haffner asserted that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation-state of Israel would not exist. He contends that without Hitler, the de-colonisation of former European spheres of influence would have been postponed. [ 452 ] Further, Haffner claimed that other than Alexander the Great , Hitler had a more significant impact than any other comparable historical figure, in that he too caused a wide range of worldwide changes in a relatively short time span. [ 453 ] In propaganda Hitler exploited documentary films and newsreels to inspire a cult of personality . He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl , regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [ 454 ] Hitler's propaganda film appearances include: Der Sieg des Glaubens ( Victory of Faith , 1933) Triumph des Willens ( Triumph of the Will , 1935) Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht ( Day of Freedom: Our Armed Forces , 1935) Olympia (1938) See also Bibliography of Adolf Hitler Führermuseum – Unbuilt museum planned by Hitler for Linz, Austria Hitler and Mannerheim recording – 1942 recording of a conversation between Adolf Hitler and Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Julius Schaub – Chief aide Karl Mayr – Hitler's superior in army intelligence 1919–1920 Karl Wilhelm Krause – Personal valet List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff List of streets named after Adolf Hitler Paintings by Adolf Hitler Toothbrush moustache – Also known as a "Hitler moustache", a style of facial hair Notes ^ German: [ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ⓘ ^ Officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( German : Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei , pronounced [natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə ˈdɔʏtʃə ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ] ⓘ ; or NSDAP) ^ The position of Führer und Reichskanzler ("Leader and Chancellor") replaced the position of President, which was the head of state for the Weimar Republic . Hitler took this title after the death of Paul von Hindenburg , who had been serving as President. He was afterwards both head of state and head of government , with the full official title of Führer und Reichskanzler des Deutschen Reiches und Volkes ("Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German Reich and People"). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] ^ The successor institution to the Realschule in Linz is Bundesrealgymnasium Linz Fadingerstraße . ^ Hitler also won settlement from a libel suit against the socialist paper the Münchener Post , which had questioned his lifestyle and income. Kershaw 2008 , p. 99. ^ MI5, Hitler's Last Days : "Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5 , using the sources available to Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler ), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament. ^ For a summary of recent scholarship on Hitler's central role in the Holocaust, see McMillan 2012 . ^ Sir Richard Evans states, "it has become clear that the probable total is around 6 million." [ 363 ] Citations ^ a b Shirer 1960 , pp. 226–227. ^ a b Overy 2005 , p. 63. ^ a b Kershaw 2000b , p. xvii. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 24. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 4. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 5, 14. ^ Maser 1973 , p. 15. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 5. ^ Jetzinger 1976 , p. 32. ^ Rosenbaum 1999 , p. 21. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 50. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 246–247. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 8–9. ^ a b Oltermann 2025 . ^ House of Responsibility . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 23. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 4. ^ Toland 1976 , p. 6. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 33. ^ Keller 2010 , p. 15. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 7–8. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 37. ^ Rosmus 2004 , p. 35. ^ Kubizek 2006 , p. 92. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 6. ^ Fromm 1977 , pp. 493–498. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 10–11. ^ a b Diver 2005 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 10–11. ^ Payne 1990 , p. 22. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 9. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 8. ^ Keller 2010 , pp. 33–34. ^ Fest 1977 , p. 32. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 8. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 10. ^ Evans 2003 , pp. 163–164. ^ Bendersky 2000 , p. 26. ^ Ryschka 2008 , p. 35. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 10. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 19. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 20. ^ a b Hitler 1999 , p. 20. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 30–31. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 31. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 30–33. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 157. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 41, 42. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 26. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 243–246. ^ Nicholls 2000 , pp. 236, 237, 274. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 250. ^ Hamann 2010 , pp. 341–345. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 233. ^ Britannica: Nazism . ^ Pinkus 2005 , p. 27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 60–67. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 25. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 58. ^ Hitler 1999 , p. 52. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 45. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 55, 63. ^ Hamann 2010 , p. 174. ^ Evans 2011 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 27. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 13. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 86. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 49. ^ a b c Kershaw 1999 , p. 90. ^ Weber 2010 , pp. 12–13. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 53. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 54. ^ Weber 2010 , p. 100. ^ a b c d Shirer 1960 , p. 30. ^ Pearson & Allen 1941 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 57. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 58. ^ Steiner 1976 , p. 392. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 59. ^ Weber 2010a . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 59, 60. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 97, 102. ^ Keegan 1987 , pp. 238–240. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61, 62. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 61–63. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 96. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 80, 90, 92. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 61. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 109. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 82. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 170. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 75, 76. ^ Mitcham 1996 , p. 67. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 125–126. ^ Fest 1970 , p. 21. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 94, 95, 100. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 87. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 88. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 93. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 81. ^ Reck-Malleczewen 2013 , p. 17. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 89. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 89–92. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 100, 101. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 102. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 103. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 83, 103. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. xv. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 376. ^ Frauenfeld 1937 . ^ Goebbels 1936 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 105–106. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 377. ^ Kressel 2002 , p. 121. ^ Heck 2001 , p. 23. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 275. ^ Kellogg 2005 , p. 203. ^ Bracher 1970 , pp. 115–116. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 126. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 128. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 130–131. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 73–74. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 132. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 131. ^ Munich Court, 1924 . ^ Evans 2003 , p. 196. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 239. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 121. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 147. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 148–150. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 80–81. ^ Kershaw 1999 , p. 237. ^ a b Kershaw 1999 , p. 238. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 158, 161, 162. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 162, 166. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 129. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 166, 167. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 136–137. ^ Kolb 2005 , pp. 224–225. ^ Kolb 1988 , p. 105. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 403 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–446 et. seq . ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 218. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 216. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , pp. 218–219. ^ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 222. ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 449 et. seq . ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 434–436, 471. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 130. ^ Hinrichs 2007 . ^ Halperin 1965 , p. 476. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 468–471. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 201. ^ Hoffman 1989 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 227. ^ Halperin 1965 , pp. 477–479. ^ Letter to Hindenburg, 1932 . ^ Fox News, 2003 . ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 184. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 307. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 262. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 192. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 262. ^ Hett 2014 , pp. 255–259. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 194, 274. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 194. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 265. ^ City of Potsdam . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 196–197. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 198. ^ Evans 2003 , p. 335. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 196. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 199. ^ Time , 1934 . ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 201. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 202. ^ a b Evans 2003 , pp. 350–374. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 309–314. ^ Tames 2008 , pp. 4–5. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 313–315. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 44. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 229. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 309. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 110. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 392, 393. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 312. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 393–397. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 308. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 318. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 318–319. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 397–398. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 274. ^ Read 2004 , p. 344. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 109–111. ^ McNab 2009 , p. 54. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 259–260. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 258. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 262. ^ McNab 2009 , pp. 54–57. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 118–119. ^ Evans 2005 , pp. 570–572. ^ Weinberg 1970 , pp. 26–27. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 490–491. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 492, 555–556, 586–587. ^ Carr 1972 , p. 23. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 297. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 283. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 601–602. ^ Martin 2008 . ^ Hildebrand 1973 , p. 39. ^ Roberts 1975 . ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 630–631. ^ a b Overy, Origins of WWII Reconsidered 1999 . ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 56–57. ^ Goeschel 2018 , pp. 69–70. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 642. ^ Aigner 1985 , p. 264. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 636–637. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 73–78. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 638. ^ a b Bloch 1992 , pp. 178–179. ^ Plating 2011 , p. 21. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , p. 159. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 434. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 425. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 334–335. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 338–340. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 366. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 418–419. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 149–150. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 419. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 256–260. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 469. ^ Overy, The Munich Crisis 1999 , p. 207. ^ Kee 1988 , pp. 202–203. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 462–463. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , p. 672. ^ Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 671, 682–683. ^ Rothwell 2001 , pp. 90–91. ^ Time , January 1939 . ^ a b Murray 1984 , p. 268. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 682. ^ Murray 1984 , pp. 268–269. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 448. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 562. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 579–581. ^ a b Maiolo 1998 , p. 178. ^ a b Messerschmidt 1990 , pp. 688–690. ^ a b Weinberg 1980 , pp. 537–539, 557–560. ^ Weinberg 1980 , p. 558. ^ Carr 1972 , pp. 76–77. ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 36–37, 92. ^ Weinberg 2010 , p. 792. ^ Robertson 1985 , p. 212. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 228. ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1989 , p. 56. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 497. ^ Robertson 1963 , pp. 181–187. ^ Evans 2005 , p. 693. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 252–253. ^ Weinberg 1995 , pp. 85–94. ^ Bloch 1992 , pp. 255–257. ^ Weinberg 1980 , pp. 561–562, 583–584. ^ Bloch 1992 , p. 260. ^ Hakim 1995 . ^ a b c Rees 1997 , pp. 141–145. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 527. ^ Welch 2001 , pp. 88–89. ^ Rees 1997 , pp. 148–149. ^ Winkler 2007 , p. 74. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 696–730. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 562. ^ Deighton 2008 , pp. 7–9. ^ Ellis 1993 , p. 94. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 731–737. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 774–782. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 563, 569, 570. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 580. ^ Roberts 2006 , pp. 58–60. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 604–605. ^ Kurowski 2005 , pp. 141–142. ^ Apter 2008 . ^ Porat 2015 . ^ Mineau 2004 , p. 1. ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9. ^ Koch 1988 . ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 162–163. ^ a b Stolfi 1982 . ^ Wilt 1981 . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 202. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 210. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 900–901. ^ a b Bauer 2000 , p. 5. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 921. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 417. ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 419–420. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1006. ^ a b BBC News, 1999 . ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 996–1000. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1036. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 513–514. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 544–547, 821–822, 827–828. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 816–818. ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1048–1072. ^ Plesch 2017 , p. 158. ^ Weinberg 1964 . ^ a b Crandell 1987 . ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 778. ^ Rees & Kershaw 2012 . ^ Speer 1971 , p. 557. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , pp. 774–775. ^ Sereny 1996 , pp. 497–498. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 753, 763, 780–781. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 251. ^ Beevor 2002 , pp. 255–256. ^ Le Tissier 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Dollinger 1995 , p. 231. ^ a b Jones 1989 . ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 275. ^ Ziemke 1969 , p. 92. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 787. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 787, 795. ^ Butler & Young 1989 , pp. 227–228. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 923–925, 943. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 791. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 792, 795. ^ Beevor 2002 , p. 343. ^ Bullock 1962 , p. 798. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 199. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 160–182. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 200. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 799–800. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 217–220, 224–225. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 949–950. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1136. ^ Vinogradov 2005 , pp. 111, 333. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 215–225. ^ Fest 2004 , pp. 163–164. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 1110. ^ Joachimsthaler 1999 , pp. 8–13. ^ Marrus 2000 , p. 37. ^ Gellately 1996 . ^ a b c Snyder 2010 , p. 416. ^ Steinberg 1995 . ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 683. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 965. ^ Naimark 2002 , p. 81. ^ Longerich 2005 , p. 116. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 146. ^ a b Longerich, Chapter 15 2003 . ^ Longerich, Chapter 17 2003 . ^ Kershaw 2000b , pp. 459–462. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 670–675. ^ Megargee 2007 , p. 144. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 687. ^ Evans 2008 , map, p. 366. ^ a b c Rummel 1994 , p. 112. ^ a b Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Evans 2008 , p. 318. ^ Hancock 2004 , pp. 383–396. ^ a b Shirer 1960 , p. 946. ^ a b Evans 2008 , p. 15. ^ Snyder 2010 , pp. 162–163, 416. ^ Dorland 2009 , p. 6. ^ Rummel 1994 , table, p. 112 . ^ US Holocaust Memorial Museum . ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 184. ^ Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , p. 45. ^ Goldhagen 1996 , p. 290. ^ Downing 2005 , p. 33. ^ Gellately 2001 , p. 216. ^ Kershaw 1999 , pp. 567–568. ^ Overy 2005 , p. 252. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 170, 172, 181. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 281. ^ Manvell & Fraenkel 2007 , p. 29. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 323. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 377. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 333. ^ a b Overy 2005a , pp. 421–425. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 169–170. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 396–397. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 171–395. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 563. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 378. ^ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 947–948. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 393–394. ^ Kershaw 2008 , p. 5. ^ Rißmann 2001 , pp. 94–96. ^ Toland 1992 , pp. 9–10. ^ a b Speer 1971 , pp. 141–142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 143. ^ a b Conway 1968 , p. 3. ^ Bullock 1999 , pp. 385, 389. ^ Rißmann 2001 , p. 96. ^ Weir & Greenberg 2022 , p. 694. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 142. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 141. ^ Steigmann-Gall 2003 , pp. 27, 108. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 59. ^ Hitler 2000 , p. 342. ^ Sharkey 2002 . ^ Bonney 2001 , pp. 2–3. ^ Phayer 2000 . ^ Bonney 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bullock 1962 , pp. 219, 389. ^ Speer 1971 , pp. 141, 171, 174. ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 729. ^ Evans 2008 , p. 508. ^ a b Bullock 1962 , p. 717. ^ Redlich 1993 . ^ Redlich 2000 , pp. 129–190. ^ The Guardian , 2015 . ^ Langer 1972 , p. 126. ^ Waite 1993 , p. 356. ^ Gunkel 2010 . ^ Bullock 1999 , p. 388. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 256. ^ Wilson 1998 . ^ McGovern 1968 , pp. 32–33. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 38. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. 176, 22 January 1942. ^ Proctor 1999 , p. 219. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 741. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 125–142. ^ Heston & Heston 1980 , pp. 11–20. ^ a b Kershaw 2008 , p. 782. ^ Ghaemi 2011 , pp. 190–191. ^ Porter 2013 . ^ Doyle 2005 , p. 8. ^ Linge 2009 , p. 156. ^ O'Donnell 2001 , p. 37. ^ Zialcita 2019 . ^ Fest 1974 , p. 753. ^ Speer 1971 , p. 617. ^ Kershaw 2012 , pp. 348–350. ^ Toland 1992 , p. 892. ^ Kershaw 2000b , p. 841. ^ Fischer 1995 , p. 569. ^ Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2003 , p. 83. ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 554. ^ Welch 2001 , p. 2. ^ Bazyler 2006 , p. 1. ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 6. ^ Hitler & Trevor-Roper 1988 , p. xxxv. ^ Roberts 1996 , p. 501. ^ Lichtheim 1974 , p. 366. ^ Haffner 1979 , pp. 100–101. ^ Haffner 1979 , p. 100. ^ The Daily Telegraph , 2003 . Bibliography Printed .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?" . In Koch, H. W. (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . 35 (1): 75– 82. doi : 10.1177/1478271520053501020 . PMID 15825245 . Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5 . ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2 . Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945 . London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5 . Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945 . Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5 . Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop . New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3 . Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian Churches" (PDF) . Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship . Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8 . Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . London: Penguin Books. LCCN 63005065 . Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny . New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0 . Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring . Newton Abbot, Devon: David & Charles . ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7 . Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression . London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-7131-5668-3 . Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4 . Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly . 17 (3): 487– 501. JSTOR 27550441 . Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1 . Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists . Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2 . Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II . New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-12399-7 . Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France . Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-784-2 . Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps . World Almanac Library of the Holocaust. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8 . Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the Combatants . London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3 . Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War . New York: Penguin Books . ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4 . Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler . London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76755-8 . Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler . Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8 . Fest, Joachim (2004). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5 . Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History . London: Constable and Company. ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8 . Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0 . Gellately, Robert (1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk. Der "Generalplan Ost". Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by Mechtild Rössler ; Sabine Schleiermacher". Central European History . 29 (2): 270– 274. doi : 10.1017/S0008938900013170 . ISSN 0008-9389 . Gellately, Robert (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2 . Ghaemi, Nassir (2011). A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness . New York: Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-51759-8 . Goeschel, Christian (2018). Mussolini and Hitler: The Forging of the Fascist Alliance . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17883-8 . Goldhagen, Daniel (1996). Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-44695-8 . Haffner, Sebastian (1979). The Meaning of Hitler . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-55775-8 . Hakim, Joy (1995). War, Peace, and All That Jazz . A History of US . Vol. 9. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509514-2 . Halperin, Samuel William (1965) [1946]. Germany Tried Democracy: A Political History of the Reich from 1918 to 1933 . New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-00280-5 . Hamann, Brigitte (2010) [1999]. Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man . Trans. Thomas Thornton. London; New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84885-277-8 . Hancock, Ian (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of the Holocaust . New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-99745-1 . Heck, Alfons (2001) [1985]. A Child of Hitler: Germany in the Days When God Wore A Swastika . Phoenix, AZ: Renaissance House. ISBN 978-0-939650-44-6 . Heston, Leonard L.; Heston, Renate (1980) [1979]. The Medical Casebook of Adolf Hitler: His Illnesses, Doctors, and Drugs . New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-2718-7 . Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery . Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich . London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0-7134-1126-3 . Hitler, Adolf (1999) [1925]. Mein Kampf . Trans. Ralph Manheim . Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-92503-4 . Hitler, Adolf; Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1988) [1953]. Hitler's Table-Talk, 1941–1945: Hitler's Conversations Recorded by Martin Bormann . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285180-2 . Hitler, Adolf (2000) [1941–1944]. Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944 . London: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-05-6 . Jetzinger, Franz (1976) [1956]. Hitler's Youth . Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-8371-8617-7 . Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth . Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8 . Kee, Robert (1988). Munich: The Eleventh Hour . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-12537-3 . Keegan, John (1987). The Mask of Command: A Study of Generalship . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6526-1 . Keller, Gustav (2010). Der Schüler Adolf Hitler: die Geschichte eines lebenslangen Amoklaufs [ The Student Adolf Hitler: The Story of a Lifelong Rampage ] (in German). Münster: LIT. ISBN 978-3-643-10948-4 . Kellogg, Michael (2005). The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-84512-0 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 April 2025. Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris . New York: W. W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7 . Kershaw, Ian (2000b). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis . New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2012). The End: Hitler's Germany, 1944–45 (Paperback ed.). London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-101421-0 . Koch, H. W. (June 1988). "Operation Barbarossa – The Current State of the Debate". The Historical Journal . 31 (2): 377– 390. doi : 10.1017/S0018246X00012930 . S2CID 159848116 . Kolb, Eberhard (2005) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34441-8 . Kolb, Eberhard (1988) [1984]. The Weimar Republic . New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-09077-3 . Kressel, Neil J. (2002). Mass Hate: The Global Rise of Genocide And Terror . Boulder: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-8133-3951-1 . Kubizek, August (2006) [1953]. The Young Hitler I Knew . St. Paul, MN: MBI. ISBN 978-1-85367-694-9 . Kurowski, Franz (2005). The Brandenburger Commandos: Germany's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Stackpole Military History series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3250-5 . Langer, Walter C. (1972) [1943]. The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Lichtheim, George (1974). Europe in the Twentieth Century . London: Sphere Books. ISBN 978-0-351-17192-5 . Linge, Heinz (2009) [1980]. With Hitler to the End: The Memoirs of Adolf Hitler's Valet . Intro. Roger Moorhouse . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7 . Longerich, Peter (2005). The Unwritten Order: Hitler's Role in the Final Solution . History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-3328-8 . Maiolo, Joseph (1998). The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–39: Appeasement and the Origins of the Second World War . London: Macmillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72007-3 . Manvell, Roger ; Fraenkel, Heinrich (2007) [1965]. Heinrich Himmler: The Sinister Life of the Head of the SS and Gestapo . London; New York: Greenhill; Skyhorse. ISBN 978-1-60239-178-9 . Maser, Werner (1973). Hitler: Legend, Myth, Reality . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-0473-4 . Marrus, Michael (2000). The Holocaust in History . Toronto: Key Porter. ISBN 978-0-299-23404-1 . McGovern, James (1968). Martin Bormann . New York: William Morrow. OCLC 441132 . McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich . London: Amber Books. ISBN 978-1-906626-51-8 . Megargee, Geoffrey P. (2007). War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941 . Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-4482-6 . Messerschmidt, Manfred (1990). "Foreign Policy and Preparation for War". In Deist, Wilhelm (ed.). Germany and the Second World War . Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822866-0 . Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich . Westport, Conn: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7 . Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1633-0 . Murray, Williamson (1984). The Change in the European Balance of Power . Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05413-1 . Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2001) [2000]. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second World War . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00680-5 . Naimark, Norman M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00994-3 . Nicholls, David (2000). Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion . University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6 . Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11200-0 . O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3 . Oltermann, Philip (13 November 2025). "Did Hitler really have a 'micropenis'? The dubious documentary analysing the dictator's DNA" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 November 2025 . Overy, Richard ; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1989). The Road To War . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-14-028530-7 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Germany and the Munich Crisis: A Mutilated Victory?" . In Lukes, Igor; Goldstein, Erik (eds.). The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II . London; Portland, OR: Frank Cass. OCLC 40862187 . Overy, Richard (1999). "Misjudging Hitler" . In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16324-8 . Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4 . Overy, Richard (2005). "Hitler As War Leader". In Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. (eds.). Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280670-3 . Payne, Robert (1990) [1973]. The Life and Death of Adolf Hitler . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-88029-402-7 . Pearson, Drew; Allen, Robert S. (16 October 1941). "The Washington Merry-Go-Round: Ribbentrop Kept From Hitler Warning That U.S. Would Fight". San Francisco Chronicle . p. 15. Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler . McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2054-4 . Plating, John D. (2011). The Hump: America's Strategy for Keeping China in World War II . Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series, no. 134. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-238-1 . Plesch, Daniel (2017). Human Rights After Hitler: The Lost History of Prosecuting Axis War Crimes . Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62616-431-4 . Proctor, Robert (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press . ISBN 978-0-691-07051-3 . Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: The Lives and Times of Hitler's Inner Circle . London: Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6416-5 . Reck-Malleczewen, Friedrich (2013) [1947]. Diary of a Man in Despair . Translated by Rubens, Paul. New York Review of Books. ISBN 978-1-59017-586-6 . Redlich, Fritz R. (2000). Hitler: Diagnosis of a Destructive Prophet . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513631-9 . Rees, Laurence (1997). The Nazis: A Warning from History . New York: New Press. ISBN 978-0-563-38704-6 . Rißmann, Michael (2001). Hitlers Gott. Vorsehungsglaube und Sendungsbewußtsein des deutschen Diktators (in German). Zürich München: Pendo. ISBN 978-3-85842-421-1 . Roberts, G. (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953 . New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11204-7 . Roberts, J. M. (1996). A History of Europe . Oxford: Helicon. ISBN 978-1-85986-178-3 . Roberts, Martin (1975). The New Barbarism – A Portrait of Europe 1900–1973 . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-913225-6 . Robertson, Esmonde M. (1963). Hitler's Pre-War Policy and Military Plans: 1933–1939 . London: Longmans. OCLC 300011871 . Robertson, E. M. (1985). "Hitler Planning for War and the Response of the Great Powers" . In H. W., Koch (ed.). Aspects of the Third Reich . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8 . Rosenbaum, Ron (1999). Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil . London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-095339-3 . Rosmus, Anna Elisabeth (2004). Out of Passau: Leaving a City Hitler Called Home . Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-508-1 . Rothwell, Victor (2001). The Origins of the Second World War . Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-5957-5 . Rummel, Rudolph (1994). Death by Government . New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4 . Ryschka, Birgit (2008). Constructing and Deconstructing National Identity: Dramatic Discourse in Tom Murphy's the Patriot Game and Felix Mitterer's in Der Löwengrube . Frankfurt am Main; New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-3-631-58111-7 . Sereny, Gitta (1996) [1995]. Albert Speer: His Battle With Truth . New York; Toronto: Vintage. ISBN 978-0-679-76812-8 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9 . Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich . New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945 . Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82371-5 . Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review . 110 (437): 620– 651. doi : 10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 . OCLC 83655937 . Steiner, John Michael (1976). Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction . The Hague: Mouton. ISBN 978-90-279-7651-2 . Stolfi, Russel (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo-German Campaign (June–December 1941)" (PDF) . The Journal of Modern History . 54 (1): 27– 46. doi : 10.1086/244076 . hdl : 10945/44218 . S2CID 143690841 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 February 2020. Tames, Richard (2008). Dictatorship . Chicago: Heinemann Library. ISBN 978-1-4329-0234-6 . Le Tissier, Tony (2010) [1999]. Race for the Reichstag . Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84884-230-4 . Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler . New York; Toronto: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-345-25899-1 . Toland, John (1992) [1976]. Adolf Hitler . New York: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-42053-2 . Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB . London: Chaucer Press. ISBN 978-1-904449-13-3 . Waite, Robert G. L. (1993) [1977]. The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler . New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80514-1 . Weber, Thomas (2010). Hitler's First War: Adolf Hitler, The Men of the List Regiment, and the First World War . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923320-5 . Weinberg, Gerhard (December 1964). "Hitler's Image of the United States". The American Historical Review . 69 (4): 1006– 1021. doi : 10.2307/1842933 . JSTOR 1842933 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1970). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–1936 . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88509-4 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1980). The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany Starting World War II . Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-88511-7 . Weinberg, Gerhard (1995). "Hitler and England, 1933–1945: Pretense and Reality". Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-47407-8 . Weinberg, Gerhard (2010) [2005]. Hitler's Foreign Policy 1933–1939: The Road to World War II . New York: Enigma. ISBN 978-1-929631-91-9 . Weir, Todd H.; Greenberg, Udi (2022). "Religious Cultures and Confessional Politics". In Rossol, Nadine; Ziemann, Benjamin (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic . Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884577-5 . Welch, David (2001). Hitler: Profile of a Dictator . London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-25075-7 . Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power . London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1812-3 . Wilt, Alan (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs . 45 (4): 187– 191. doi : 10.2307/1987464 . JSTOR 1987464 . Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany: The Long Road West. Vol. 2, 1933–1990 . Sager, Alexander (trans.). New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5 . Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich . Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II. Vol. Battle Book No. 6. London: Ballantine Books . OCLC 23899 . Online Apter, Simon Maxwell (20 July 2008). " 'Hitler's Mufti,' Haj Amin al-Husseini" . SFGATE . Archived from the original on 25 January 2021 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "1933 – Day of Potsdam" . Landeshauptstadt Potsdam . December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Bazyler, Michael J. (25 December 2006). "Holocaust Denial Laws and Other Legislation Criminalizing Promotion of Nazism" (PDF) . Yad Vashem. The World Holocaust Remembrance Center . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . "Nazism" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Der Hitler-Prozeß vor dem Volksgericht in München [ The Hitler Trial Before the People's Court in Munich ] (in German). 1924. Diver, Krysia (4 August 2005). "Journal reveals Hitler's dysfunctional family" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . "Documents: Bush's Grandfather Directed Bank Tied to Man Who Funded Hitler" . Fox News. Associated Press. 17 October 2003. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Eingabe der Industriellen an Hindenburg vom November 1932" [Letter of the industrialists to Hindenburg, November 1932]. Glasnost–Archiv (in German) . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Evans, Richard J. (22 June 2011). "Hitler's First War, by Thomas Weber" . The Globe and Mail . Phillip Crawley . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Frauenfeld, A. E (August 1937). "The Power of Speech" . German Propaganda Archive . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Germany: Second Revolution?" . Time . 2 July 1934. Archived from the original on 17 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Glantz, David (11 October 2001). The Soviet-German War 1941–45: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay . Clemson, SC: Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University . Archived from the original on 22 July 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Goebbels, Joseph (1936). The Führer as a Speaker . Calvin College . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Gunkel, Christoph (4 February 2010). "Medicating a Madman: A Sober Look at Hitler's Health" . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Hinrichs, Per (10 March 2007). "Des Führers Pass: Hitlers Einbürgerung" [The Führer's Passport: Hitler's Naturalisation]. Spiegel Online (in German) . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . "Hitler's Last Days" . mi5.gov.uk . MI5 Security Service . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Hoffman, David (creator, writer) (1989). How Hitler Lost the War (television documentary). US: Varied Directions . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Introduction to the Holocaust" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . Jones, Bill (creator, director) (1989). The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). England: BBC . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Kotanko, Florian. "House of Responsibility" . House of Responsibility – Braunau am Inn . HRB News. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020 . Retrieved 19 April 2020 . "Leni Riefenstahl" . The Daily Telegraph . London. 10 September 2003. ISSN 0307-1235 . OCLC 49632006 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 15. Hitler and the Mass Shootings of Jews During the War Against Russia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Longerich, Heinz Peter (2003). "Hitler's Role in the Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi Regime" . Holocaust Denial on Trial . Atlanta: Emory University. 17. Radicalisation of the Persecution of the Jews by Hitler at the Turn of the Year 1941–1942. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . "Man of the Year" . Time . 2 January 1939. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019 . Retrieved 31 December 2019 . Martin, Jonathan (creator, writer) (2008). World War II in HD Colour (television documentary). US: World Media Rights. Archived from the original on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . McMillan, Dan (October 2012). "Review of Fritz, Stephen G., Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East " . H-Genocide, H-Net Reviews . Retrieved 16 October 2012 . "Parkinson's part in Hitler's downfall" . BBC News. 29 July 1999 . Retrieved 13 June 2011 . Phayer, Michael (2000). "The Response of the Catholic Church to National Socialism" (PDF) . The Churches and Nazi Persecution . Yad Vashem. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . Porat, Dina (21 October 2015). "Setting the Record Straight" . Yad Vashem . Archived from the original on 11 August 2025 . Retrieved 28 November 2025 . "Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era: The Invasion and Occupation of Poland" . ushmm.org . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Porter, Tom (24 August 2013). "Adolf Hitler 'Took Cocktail of Drugs' Reveal New Documents" . International Business Times . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . Redlich, Fritz C. (22 March 1993). "A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis". Arch Intern Med . 153 (6): 693– 697. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410060005001 . PMID 8447705 . Rees, Laurence (writer, director) Kershaw, Ian (writer, consultant) (2012). The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler (television documentary). UK: BBC . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Sharkey, Joe (13 January 2002). "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Staff (19 December 2015). "Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims" . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 June 2022 . Weber, Thomas (2010a). "New Evidence Uncovers Hitler's Real First World War Story" . BBC History Magazine . UK: Immediate Media Company. Archived from the original on 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Wilson, Bee (9 October 1998). "Mein Diat – Adolf Hitler's diet" . New Statesman . UK. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Zialcita, Paolo (2019). "Hitler's Birth Home in Austria Will Become A Police Station" . NPR . Retrieved 29 May 2020 . External links A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Works by Adolf Hitler at Open Library Works by or about Adolf Hitler at the Internet Archive Newspaper clippings about Adolf Hitler in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category Offices and positions of Adolf Hitler Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Political offices Preceded by Kurt von Schleicher Chancellor of Germany (1) 1933–1945 Succeeded by Joseph Goebbels Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as President Führer of Germany (1) 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz as President Party political offices Preceded by Anton Drexler as Chairman Führer of the National Socialist German Workers' Party 1921–1945 Succeeded by Martin Bormann as Party Minister Preceded by Franz Pfeffer von Salomon Supreme SA Leader 1930–1945 Position abolished Position established Supreme Leader of the SS 1934–1945 Military offices Preceded by Paul von Hindenburg as Supreme Commander of the Reichswehr Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht 1934–1945 Succeeded by Karl Dönitz Preceded by Walther von Brauchitsch Commander-in-Chief of the German Army 1941–1945 Succeeded by Ferdinand Schörner Honorary titles Preceded by Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Mei-ling Time Person of the Year 1938 Succeeded by Joseph Stalin Notes and references 1. The positions of Head of State and Government were combined 1934–1945 in the office of Führer and Chancellor of Germany Links to related articles v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Nazi Party v t e Leader Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) Anton Drexler (1919–1921) Adolf Hitler (1921–1945) Martin Bormann (1945) History Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Adolf Hitler's rise to power Beer Hall Putsch Brown House, Munich Denazification Enabling Act of 1933 German Workers' Party National Socialist Program Nazism Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Röhm scandal SA Thule Society Party offices Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Amt Rosenberg Hitler Youth Hitler's Chancellery Nazi Party Chancellery Office of Colonial Policy Office of Military Policy Office of Racial Policy Office of Foreign Affairs NSDAP/AO SS SS Education Office Publications Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Völkischer Beobachter Das Schwarze Korps Das Reich Innviertler Heimatblatt Arbeitertum Der Angriff Panzerbär Der Stürmer Kampfverlag Notable members Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Artur Axmann Houston Stewart Chamberlain Kurt Daluege Richard Walther Darré Rudolf Diels Karl Dönitz Dietrich Eckart Adolf Eichmann Hans Frank Roland Freisler Wilhelm Frick Walther Funk Joseph Goebbels Hermann Göring Ernst Hanfstaengl Rudolf Hess Reinhard Heydrich Heinrich Himmler Rudolf Höss Ernst Kaltenbrunner Robert Ley Josef Mengele Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Ernst Röhm Alfred Rosenberg Bernhard Rust Fritz Todt Baldur von Schirach Arthur Seyss-Inquart Albert Speer Gregor Strasser Otto Strasser Julius Streicher Derivatives Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Black Front ( Strasserism ) / German Social Union Deutsche Reichspartei / The Homeland Socialist Reich Party Third Way (Germany) Related articles Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party Adolf Hitler Schools Munich Documentation Centre National Political Institutes of Education Nazi concentration camps Nazi Germany Nazi songs Horst-Wessel-Lied Horst-Wessel-Lied Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party Samoan branch of the Nazi Party v t e Time Persons of the Year v t e 1927–1950 Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) Charles Lindbergh (1927) Walter Chrysler (1928) Owen D. Young (1929) Mahatma Gandhi (1930) Pierre Laval (1931) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1932) Hugh S. Johnson (1933) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1934) Haile Selassie (1935) Wallis Simpson (1936) Chiang Kai-shek / Soong Mei-ling (1937) Adolf Hitler (1938) Joseph Stalin (1939) Winston Churchill (1940) Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941) Joseph Stalin (1942) George Marshall (1943) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1944) Harry S. Truman (1945) James F. Byrnes (1946) George Marshall (1947) Harry S. Truman (1948) Winston Churchill (1949) The American Fighting-Man (1950) 1951–1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) Mohammed Mosaddeq (1951) Elizabeth II (1952) Konrad Adenauer (1953) John Foster Dulles (1954) Harlow Curtice (1955) Hungarian Freedom Fighters (1956) Nikita Khrushchev (1957) Charles de Gaulle (1958) Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959) U.S. Scientists: George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward (1960) John F. Kennedy (1961) Pope John XXIII (1962) Martin Luther King Jr. (1963) Lyndon B. Johnson (1964) William Westmoreland (1965) The Generation Twenty-Five and Under (1966) Lyndon B. Johnson (1967) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell (1968) The Middle Americans (1969) Willy Brandt (1970) Richard Nixon (1971) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon (1972) John Sirica (1973) King Faisal (1974) American Women: Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt (1975) 1976–2000 Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) Jimmy Carter (1976) Anwar Sadat (1977) Deng Xiaoping (1978) Ayatollah Khomeini (1979) Ronald Reagan (1980) Lech Wałęsa (1981) The Computer (1982) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov (1983) Peter Ueberroth (1984) Deng Xiaoping (1985) Corazon Aquino (1986) Mikhail Gorbachev (1987) The Endangered Earth (1988) Mikhail Gorbachev (1989) George H. W. Bush (1990) Ted Turner (1991) Bill Clinton (1992) The Peacemakers: Yasser Arafat / F. W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin (1993) Pope John Paul II (1994) Newt Gingrich (1995) David Ho (1996) Andrew Grove (1997) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr (1998) Jeff Bezos (1999) George W. Bush (2000) 2001–present Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) Rudolph Giuliani (2001) The Whistleblowers: Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins (2002) The American Soldier (2003) George W. Bush (2004) The Good Samaritans: Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates (2005) You (2006) Vladimir Putin (2007) Barack Obama (2008) Ben Bernanke (2009) Mark Zuckerberg (2010) The Protester (2011) Barack Obama (2012) Pope Francis (2013) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah (2014) Angela Merkel (2015) Donald Trump (2016) The Silence Breakers (2017) The Guardians: Jamal Khashoggi / Maria Ressa / Wa Lone / Kyaw Soe Oo / Staff of The Capital (2018) Greta Thunberg (2019) Joe Biden / Kamala Harris (2020) Elon Musk (2021) Volodymyr Zelenskyy / Spirit of Ukraine (2022) Taylor Swift (2023) Donald Trump (2024) The Architects of AI: Sam Altman / Dario Amodei / Demis Hassabis / Jensen Huang / Fei-Fei Li / Elon Musk / Lisa Su / Mark Zuckerberg (2025) v t e Chancellors of Germany (since 1867) v t e North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Constantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Adolf Hitler Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels (de facto) Count Schwerin von Krosigk (de facto) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel Olaf Scholz Friedrich Merz List of chancellors v t e Members of the Hitler Cabinet v t e Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Chancellor : Adolf Hitler Vice-Chancellor : Franz von Papen Deputy Führer: Rudolf Hess President of the Reichstag : Hermann Göring Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Armaments Fritz Todt Albert Speer Fritz Todt Albert Speer Aviation Hermann Göring Hermann Göring Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Hanns Kerrl Hermann Muhs (acting) Eastern Territories Alfred Rosenberg Alfred Rosenberg Economics Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Alfred Hugenberg Kurt Schmitt Hjalmar Schacht Hermann Göring Walther Funk Education Bernhard Rust Bernhard Rust Finance Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk Food and Agriculture Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Alfred Hugenberg Richard Walther Darré Herbert Backe Foreign Affairs Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Konstantin von Neurath Joachim von Ribbentrop Interior Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Wilhelm Frick Heinrich Himmler Justice Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Franz Gürtner Franz Schlegelberger (acting) Otto Georg Thierack Labour Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Labour Franz Seldte Franz Seldte Postal Affairs Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Wilhelm Ohnesorge Propaganda Joseph Goebbels Joseph Goebbels Reichswehr Werner von Blomberg Werner von Blomberg Transport Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Paul Freiherr von Eltz-Rübenach Julius Dorpmüller Reichsministers without portfolio Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Hans Frank Wilhelm Frick Hermann Göring Rudolf Hess Konstantin Hierl Hanns Kerrl Hans Lammers Konstantin von Neurath Ernst Röhm Hjalmar Schacht Arthur Seyss-Inquart Members granted rank & authority equivalent to a Reichsminister Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Martin Bormann Walther von Brauchitsch Karl Dönitz Karl Hermann Frank Werner von Fritsch Wilhelm Keitel Otto Meissner Erich Raeder Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm Reichsführer SS : Heinrich Himmler Stabschef SA : Ernst Röhm v t e Heads of state of Germany (since 1871) v t e German Reich (1871–1945) Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 Emporers Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Wilhelm I Frederick III Wilhelm II Presidents Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Friedrich Ebert Paul von Hindenburg Adolf Hitler ( Führer and Reichskanzler ) Karl Dönitz Elections 1919 1925 1932 1919 1925 1932 Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949) Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 Postholders Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Theodor Heuss Heinrich Lübke Gustav Heinemann Walter Scheel Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Joachim Gauck Frank-Walter Steinmeier Elections 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2010 2012 2017 2022 2027 East Germany (1949–1990) Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 Postholders Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Wilhelm Pieck Walter Ulbricht Willi Stoph Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Manfred Gerlach Sabine Bergmann-Pohl Elections 1949 1953 1957 1949 1953 1957 Italics indicates acting holder v t e People killed or wounded in the 20 July plot v t e Wounded Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Heinz Assmann Karl Bodenschatz Heinrich Borgmann Heinz Buchholz Walther Buhle Herbert Büchs Hermann Fegelein Otto Günsche Adolf Heusinger Adolf Hitler Alfred Jodl Wilhelm Keitel Walter Scherff Nicolaus von Below Ernst John von Freyend Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Franz von Sonnleithner Hans-Erich Voss Heinz Waizenegger Walter Warlimont Killed Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt Heinz Berger Heinz Brandt Günther Korten Rudolf Schmundt v t e Final occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945) v t e 20 April Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler Hermann Göring Heinrich Himmler 21 April Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer Robert Ley Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer 22 April Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian Hugo Blaschke Karl Gebhardt Christa Schroeder Johanna Wolf Eckhard Christian 23 April Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub Albert Bormann Theodor Morell Joachim von Ribbentrop Albert Speer Julius Schaub 24 April Walter Frentz Walter Frentz 28 April Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch Robert Ritter von Greim Hanna Reitsch 29 April Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven Gerhard Boldt Rudolf Weiss Wilhelm Zander Heinz Lorenz Willy Johannmeyer Walter Wagner 30 April Nicolaus von Below Nicolaus von Below 1 May Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann Wilhelm Mohnke Traudl Junge Gerda Christian Constanze Manziarly Else Krüger Otto Günsche Walther Hewel Ernst-Günther Schenck Hans-Erich Voss Johann Rattenhuber Peter Högl Werner Naumann Martin Bormann Hans Baur Ludwig Stumpfegger Artur Axmann Georg Betz Heinz Linge Erich Kempka Heinrich Doose Günther Schwägermann Ewald Lindloff Hans Reisser Armin D. Lehmann Josef Ochs Heinz Krüger Werner Schwiedel Gerhard Schach Hans Fritzsche Käthe Heusermann 2 May Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Helmuth Weidling Hans Refior Theodor von Dufving Siegfried Knappe Rochus Misch Still present on 2 May Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Werner Haase Erna Flegel Helmut Kunz Fritz Tornow Liselotte Chervinska Johanna Ruf Johannes Hentschel Committed suicide Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April) Adolf Hitler (30 April) Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April) Joseph Goebbels (1 May) Magda Goebbels (1 May) Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May) Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May) Hans Krebs (2 May) Franz Schädle (2 May) Killed Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April) Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April) Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May) Unknown Heinrich Müller Heinrich Müller Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST 2 2 WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium United States France BnF data Japan Italy Czech Republic Russia 2 2 Spain Romania Portugal Netherlands Norway Taiwan 2 2 Latvia Croatia Chile 2 2 Greece Korea Sweden Poland Vatican Israel Finland Catalonia Belgium Academics CiNii ORCID CiNii ORCID Artists ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID ULAN RKD Artists KulturNav FID People BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB BMLO Trove Deutsche Biographie DDB Other IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX IdRef Open Library Historical Dictionary of Switzerland NARA SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand) Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine RISM Yale LUX Politics Germany Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Adolf Hitler Hitler family 1889 births 1945 deaths 1945 suicides 20th-century chancellors of Germany 20th-century German male writers 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century presidents of Germany Anti-American sentiment in Germany Anti-black racism in Germany Austrian people imprisoned in Germany Austrian people of World War I Austrian war criminals Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to Germany German anti-communists German far-right politicians Former Roman Catholics German Army personnel of World War I German Workers Party members German casualties of World War I German conspiracy theorists German critics of Christianity German eugenicists German military leaders of World War II German military personnel who died by suicide German political writers German politicians who died by suicide German revolutionaries German war criminals Heads of state who died by suicide Holocaust perpetrators Jewish German history Joint suicides by Nazis Male suicides Members of the Reichstag 1933 Members of the Reichstag 1933–1936 Members of the Reichstag 1936–1938 Members of the Reichstag 1938–1945 Military personnel of Bavaria Natalist politicians Naturalized citizens of Germany Nazi eugenics Nazi Party officials Nazi Party politicians Nazi war criminals Nazis convicted of crimes Nazis who died by suicide in Nazi Germany Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch People convicted of treason against Germany People from Braunau am Inn People with Parkinson's disease Perpetrators of the Night of the Long Knives Politicians from Upper Austria Politicians killed in World War II Recipients of German pardons Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class Recipients of the Military Merit Cross (Bavaria) Perpetrators of the Romani Holocaust Stateless people Suicides by firearm in Germany Supreme SA Leader The Holocaust in Germany Time Person of the Year Totalitarianism World War II political leaders Pages using the Phonos extension Pages with German IPA Pages including recorded pronunciations Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages Use shortened footnotes from February 2021 Use dmy dates from November 2025 Use British English from November 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles containing Chinese-language text All self-contradictory articles Self-contradictory articles from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1: long volume value Spoken articles Articles with Internet Archive links Open Library ID same as Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Articles with excerpts Articles with suppressed authority control identifiers Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:44 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200883,_103_114-0
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Works 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Christopher Caldwell (journalist) العربية Deutsch Français مصرى Norsk bokmål Svenska Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Christopher Caldwell Born 1962 (age 63–64) Lynn, Massachusetts , U.S. Occupation Journalist, editor, author, writer Language English Alma mater Harvard College Genre Journalism Christopher Caldwell (born 1962) is a conservative American journalist who was raised in Massachusetts. He is a contributing writer for The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal , a contributing editor at the Claremont Review of Books , and a member of the editorial committee of the French quarterly Commentaire . He is the author of Reflections on the Revolution in Europe: Immigration, Islam and the West and The Age of Entitlement: America Since the Sixties . Previously, he was a senior editor at the now defunct The Weekly Standard and a columnist for the Financial Times . He was also a former contributor of book reviews to Slate . Early life and education Caldwell was born in Lynn , Massachusetts , [ citation needed ] and graduated from Harvard College . [ 1 ] Career This section needs expansion . You can help by expanding it . ( November 2025 ) He was a senior editor at the now defunct The Weekly Standard and a columnist for the Financial Times . [ citation needed ] He was also a former contributor of book reviews to Slate . [ 2 ] He has been a contributing writer for The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal , a contributing editor at the Claremont Review of Books , and a member of the editorial committee of the French quarterly Commentaire . [ 3 ] Works Part of a series on Conservatism in the United States Schools Compassionate Fiscal Fusion Liberal Libertarian Moderate Movement Nationalist Christian Neo- Paleo- Postliberal Progressive Social Straussian Traditionalist Western Compassionate Fiscal Fusion Liberal Libertarian Moderate Movement Nationalist Christian Christian Neo- Paleo- Postliberal Progressive Social Straussian Traditionalist Western Principles American exceptionalism Anti-communism Constitutionalism Familialism Family values Federalism States' rights Subsidiarity Gender essentialism Judeo-Christian values Individualism Law and order Limited government Meritocracy Natural aristocracy Militarism Peace through strength Moral absolutism Natalism Pro-life Natural law Ordered liberty Patriotism Property rights Republicanism Right to bear arms Rule of law Supply-side economics Tradition Zionism Christian American exceptionalism Anti-communism Constitutionalism Familialism Family values Federalism States' rights Subsidiarity States' rights Subsidiarity Gender essentialism Judeo-Christian values Individualism Law and order Limited government Meritocracy Natural aristocracy Natural aristocracy Militarism Peace through strength Peace through strength Moral absolutism Natalism Pro-life Pro-life Natural law Ordered liberty Patriotism Property rights Republicanism Right to bear arms Rule of law Supply-side economics Tradition Zionism Christian Christian History Loyalists Federalist Era Southern chivalry Redeemers Boston Brahmins Solid South New Humanism Dunning School Southern Agrarians Old Right Conservative Manifesto Conservative coalition America First Committee McCarthyism Goldwater campaign New Right Reagan era Reagan Doctrine Reaganomics Republican Revolution Tea Party movement Neo- vs. paleoconservatism Trump era Agenda 47 Loyalists Federalist Era Southern chivalry Redeemers Boston Brahmins Solid South New Humanism Dunning School Southern Agrarians Old Right Conservative Manifesto Conservative coalition America First Committee McCarthyism Goldwater campaign New Right Reagan era Reagan Doctrine Reaganomics Reagan Doctrine Reaganomics Republican Revolution Tea Party movement Neo- vs. paleoconservatism Trump era Agenda 47 Agenda 47 Intellectuals Adams Anton Babbitt Bacevich Bell Bellow Bloom Boorstin Bradford Buckley Burgess Burnham Calhoun Chambers Conquest Deneen Eliot Francis George Genovese Gottfried Hanson Hardin Hazony Himmelfarb Hoppe Hurston Jaffa Kimball Kirk (Russell) Kirkpatrick Kreeft Kristol Laffer Kuehnelt-Leddihn Lind Lovecraft Loury Lukacs Mansfield Mencken Meyer Murray Nisbet Pangle Ransom Rieff Rushdoony Santayana Schaeffer Sowell Strauss Vermeule Viereck Voegelin Wattenberg Weaver Wolfe Adams Anton Babbitt Bacevich Bell Bellow Bloom Boorstin Bradford Buckley Burgess Burnham Calhoun Chambers Conquest Deneen Eliot Francis George Genovese Gottfried Hanson Hardin Hazony Himmelfarb Hoppe Hurston Jaffa Kimball Kirk (Russell) Kirkpatrick Kreeft Kristol Laffer Kuehnelt-Leddihn Lind Lovecraft Loury Lukacs Mansfield Mencken Meyer Murray Nisbet Pangle Ransom Rieff Rushdoony Santayana Schaeffer Sowell Strauss Vermeule Viereck Voegelin Wattenberg Weaver Wolfe Politicians Abbott Adams Bolton Buchanan Bush (George H. W.) Bush (George W.) Calhoun Clay Cheney Coolidge Cruz DeSantis Dirksen Dole Eisenhower Gingrich Goldwater Hamilton Harding Helms Hoover (Herbert) Huckabee Johnson Kissinger Lodge Luce McCain McCarthy (Joseph) McCarthy (Kevin) McConnell McKinley Meese Nixon Palin Paul (Rand) Paul (Ron) Pence Randolph Reagan Romney Roosevelt (Theodore) Rubio Rumsfeld Ryan Sessions Sherman Taft (Robert) Taft (William) Thune Thurmond Trump Vance Wallace Wolfowitz Abbott Adams Bolton Buchanan Bush (George H. W.) Bush (George W.) Calhoun Clay Cheney Coolidge Cruz DeSantis Dirksen Dole Eisenhower Gingrich Goldwater Hamilton Harding Helms Hoover (Herbert) Huckabee Johnson Kissinger Lodge Luce McCain McCarthy (Joseph) McCarthy (Kevin) McConnell McKinley Meese Nixon Palin Paul (Rand) Paul (Ron) Pence Randolph Reagan Romney Roosevelt (Theodore) Rubio Rumsfeld Ryan Sessions Sherman Taft (Robert) Taft (William) Thune Thurmond Trump Vance Wallace Wolfowitz Jurists Alito Barrett Bork Burger Fuller Gorsuch Kavanaugh Kennedy O'Connor Rehnquist Roberts (John) Scalia Sutherland Taft (William) Thomas (Clarence) Alito Barrett Bork Burger Fuller Gorsuch Kavanaugh Kennedy O'Connor Rehnquist Roberts (John) Scalia Sutherland Taft (William) Thomas (Clarence) Commentators Beck Bongino Breitbart Buckley Caldwell Carlson Cass Coulter D'Souza Derbyshire Dreher Elder Goldberg Grant Van den Haag Hannity Hart Herberg Ingraham Jones Kelly Knowles Krauthammer Lahren Levin Limbaugh Mac Donald Neuhaus Ngo North Novak O'Reilly Owens Podhoretz Pool Possony Prager Robertson Shapiro Shlaes Walsh Watters Weyl Wheeler Will Wintrich Woods Beck Bongino Breitbart Buckley Caldwell Carlson Cass Coulter D'Souza Derbyshire Dreher Elder Goldberg Grant Van den Haag Hannity Hart Herberg Ingraham Jones Kelly Knowles Krauthammer Lahren Levin Limbaugh Mac Donald Neuhaus Ngo North Novak O'Reilly Owens Podhoretz Pool Possony Prager Robertson Shapiro Shlaes Walsh Watters Weyl Wheeler Will Wintrich Woods Activists Abramoff Agostinelli Andreessen Atwater Bannon Bennett Bezmenov Bozell Cohn Dans Dobson Falwell Feulner Flynn Gabriel Gaines Hegseth Horowitz Kirk (Charlie) Krikorian Kristol LaHaye Lindell Lindbergh Leo McEntee Mercer (Rebekah) Mercer (Robert) Miller Murdoch Musk political views O'Keefe Park Phillips Posobiec Powell Raichik Reed Regnery Roberts (Kevin) Rove Rufo Scaife Schlafly (Andrew) Schlafly (Phyllis) Stone Thiel Thomas (Ginni) Weyrich Wiles Wood Abramoff Agostinelli Andreessen Atwater Bannon Bennett Bezmenov Bozell Cohn Dans Dobson Falwell Feulner Flynn Gabriel Gaines Hegseth Horowitz Kirk (Charlie) Krikorian Kristol LaHaye Lindell Lindbergh Leo McEntee Mercer (Rebekah) Mercer (Robert) Miller Murdoch Musk political views political views O'Keefe Park Phillips Posobiec Powell Raichik Reed Regnery Roberts (Kevin) Rove Rufo Scaife Schlafly (Andrew) Schlafly (Phyllis) Stone Thiel Thomas (Ginni) Weyrich Wiles Wood Literature The Federalist Papers (1788) Democracy in America (1835–1840) Notes on Democracy (1926) I'll Take My Stand (1930) The Managerial Revolution (1941) Ideas Have Consequences (1948) God and Man at Yale (1951) The Conservative Mind (1953) The Conscience of a Conservative (1960) A Choice Not an Echo (1964) A Conflict of Visions (1987) The Closing of the American Mind (1987) The Death of the West (2001) Hillbilly Elegy (2016) The Benedict Option (2017) Why Liberalism Failed (2018) The Federalist Papers (1788) Democracy in America (1835–1840) Notes on Democracy (1926) I'll Take My Stand (1930) The Managerial Revolution (1941) Ideas Have Consequences (1948) God and Man at Yale (1951) The Conservative Mind (1953) The Conscience of a Conservative (1960) A Choice Not an Echo (1964) A Conflict of Visions (1987) The Closing of the American Mind (1987) The Death of the West (2001) Hillbilly Elegy (2016) The Benedict Option (2017) Why Liberalism Failed (2018) Parties Active American Party American Independent Party Conservative Party NY state Constitution Party Republican Party Defunct Anti-Masonic Party Constitutional Union Party Democratic Party ( historically, factions ) Boll weevils Bourbon Democrats Conservative Democrats Dixiecrats Reagan Democrats Southern Democrats Rhode Island Suffrage Party Federalist Party National Republican Party Native American Party Whig Party American Party American Independent Party Conservative Party NY state NY state Constitution Party Republican Party Anti-Masonic Party Constitutional Union Party Democratic Party ( historically, factions ) Boll weevils Bourbon Democrats Conservative Democrats Dixiecrats Reagan Democrats Southern Democrats Boll weevils Bourbon Democrats Conservative Democrats Dixiecrats Reagan Democrats Southern Democrats Rhode Island Suffrage Party Federalist Party National Republican Party Native American Party Whig Party Think tanks Acton Institute AdTI AFPI AEI AFP CSP CfNI Claremont Institute CEI CSPC EPPC FRI Gatestone Institute Heartland Institute The Heritage Foundation Heritage Action Mandate for Leadership Project Esther Project 2025 Hoover Institution Hudson Institute ISI James Madison Program Leadership Institute Manhattan Institute Mises Institute PRI PNAC (defunct) Ripon Society R Street Institute Rockford Institute SPN Sutherland Institute Tax Foundation Witherspoon Institute Acton Institute AdTI AFPI AEI AFP CSP CfNI Claremont Institute CEI CSPC EPPC FRI Gatestone Institute Heartland Institute The Heritage Foundation Heritage Action Mandate for Leadership Project Esther Project 2025 Heritage Action Mandate for Leadership Project Esther Project 2025 Hoover Institution Hudson Institute ISI James Madison Program Leadership Institute Manhattan Institute Mises Institute PRI PNAC (defunct) Ripon Society R Street Institute Rockford Institute SPN Sutherland Institute Tax Foundation Witherspoon Institute Media Newspapers Chicago Tribune The Epoch Times New York Post The Remnant The Wall Street Journal (editorial board) The Washington Times Journals American Affairs The American Conservative The American Spectator American Thinker City Journal Claremont Review of Books Commentary Compact Chronicles The Dispatch First Things The Imaginative Conservative Jewish World Review Modern Age National Affairs The National Interest National Review The New American The New Atlantis The New Criterion Policy Review (defunct) Southern Partisan Spectator USA Tablet Taki's Magazine Telos Washington Examiner The Weekly Standard (defunct) TV channels CBN Fox Business Fox News Newsmax TV One America News Network Real America's Voice VOZ Websites 1819 News Babylon Bee Breitbart News The Bulwark Campus Reform The Center Square Conservative Review Daily Caller Daily Signal Daily Wire Discover the Networks The Federalist Gateway Pundit Hot Air Human Events Independent Journal Review InfoWars Jihad Watch LifeZette RedState The Dispatch Washington Examiner The Washington Free Beacon The Western Journal WorldNetDaily Other Blaze Media Encounter Books Evie Magazine The First Imprimis The Political Cesspool PragerU RealClearPolitics Regnery Publishing RSBN The Rubin Report Sinclair Broadcast Group White House Wire Chicago Tribune The Epoch Times New York Post The Remnant The Wall Street Journal (editorial board) The Washington Times American Affairs The American Conservative The American Spectator American Thinker City Journal Claremont Review of Books Commentary Compact Chronicles The Dispatch First Things The Imaginative Conservative Jewish World Review Modern Age National Affairs The National Interest National Review The New American The New Atlantis The New Criterion Policy Review (defunct) Southern Partisan Spectator USA Tablet Taki's Magazine Telos Washington Examiner The Weekly Standard (defunct) CBN Fox Business Fox News Newsmax TV One America News Network Real America's Voice VOZ 1819 News Babylon Bee Breitbart News The Bulwark Campus Reform The Center Square Conservative Review Daily Caller Daily Signal Daily Wire Discover the Networks The Federalist Gateway Pundit Hot Air Human Events Independent Journal Review InfoWars Jihad Watch LifeZette RedState The Dispatch Washington Examiner The Washington Free Beacon The Western Journal WorldNetDaily Blaze Media Encounter Books Evie Magazine The First Imprimis The Political Cesspool PragerU RealClearPolitics Regnery Publishing RSBN The Rubin Report Sinclair Broadcast Group White House Wire Other organizations Congressional caucuses Second Amendment Caucus RSC Freedom Caucus Republican Main Street Partnership Economics ATR Club for Growth FreedomWorks (defunct) NFIB NTU Tea Party Patriots USCC Gun rights GOA NAGR NRA Identity politics ACT! CWA GAG IWF LCR Moms for Liberty Nativist CIS FAIR Immigration Restriction League NumbersUSA Patriot Prayer Proud Boys Oath Keepers Three Percenters Religion ADF Court cases ACLJ AFA The American TFP Chalcedon Foundation CCA Christian Voice Eagle Forum FCR The Fellowship FFC Focus on the Family Foundation for Moral Law Liberty Counsel Moral Majority (defunct) NOM NRLC PTMC Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America Thomas More Law Center Watchdog groups AIM Econ Journal Watch Franklin News Foundation JW MRC O'Keefe Media Group Project Veritas Youth/student groups NJC TPUSA Young Americans for Freedom Young America's Foundation YAL Social media Gab Gettr Parler The Right Stuff Miscellaneous The 85 Fund AHI ACU AFPAC Bradley Foundation TCC CNP CPAC Hillsdale College IFF JBS John M. Olin Foundation (defunct) Liberty Fund The Lincoln Project LU NAS Philadelphia Society Regent University Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal TPPF Other AFL Atlas Network CN ConservAmerica Donors Trust FedSoc NCPAC PJI TPAction SACR YRNF Ziklag Second Amendment Caucus RSC Freedom Caucus Republican Main Street Partnership ATR Club for Growth FreedomWorks (defunct) NFIB NTU Tea Party Patriots USCC GOA NAGR NRA ACT! CWA GAG IWF LCR Moms for Liberty CIS FAIR Immigration Restriction League NumbersUSA Patriot Prayer Proud Boys Oath Keepers Three Percenters ADF Court cases Court cases ACLJ AFA The American TFP Chalcedon Foundation CCA Christian Voice Eagle Forum FCR The Fellowship FFC Focus on the Family Foundation for Moral Law Liberty Counsel Moral Majority (defunct) NOM NRLC PTMC Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America Thomas More Law Center AIM Econ Journal Watch Franklin News Foundation JW MRC O'Keefe Media Group Project Veritas NJC TPUSA Young Americans for Freedom Young America's Foundation YAL Gab Gettr Parler The Right Stuff The 85 Fund AHI ACU AFPAC Bradley Foundation TCC CNP CPAC Hillsdale College IFF JBS John M. Olin Foundation (defunct) Liberty Fund The Lincoln Project LU NAS Philadelphia Society Regent University Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal TPPF AFL Atlas Network CN ConservAmerica Donors Trust FedSoc NCPAC PJI TPAction SACR YRNF Ziklag Movements Asian and Pacific Islander Black Christian right Female Green Hispanic and Latino LGBTQ Militia movement Monarchism Parental rights movement Fathers' rights Patriot movement Radical right Right-libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Secessionism Neo-Confederates Texas Trumpism Never Trump Asian and Pacific Islander Black Christian right Female Green Hispanic and Latino LGBTQ Militia movement Monarchism Parental rights movement Fathers' rights Fathers' rights Patriot movement Radical right Right-libertarianism Paleolibertarianism Paleolibertarianism Secessionism Neo-Confederates Texas Neo-Confederates Texas Trumpism Never Trump Never Trump Related Barstool conservatism Bibliography of US conservatism Conservative talk radio List of American conservatives Timeline of modern American conservatism Barstool conservatism Bibliography of US conservatism Conservative talk radio List of American conservatives Timeline of modern American conservatism Conservatism portal United States portal Conservatism portal United States portal .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e Caldwell's 2009 book Reflections on the Revolution in Europe , which deals with increased Muslim immigration to Europe, received mixed reactions. The Economist newspaper called it "an important book as well as a provocative one: the best statement to date of the pessimist's position on Islamic immigration in Europe." [ 4 ] Others were more blunt, accusing Caldwell of stoking what The Guardian referred to as a " culture of fear ". [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] In 2020, Caldwell published The Age of Entitlement , in which he argues that the civil rights movement has had significant unintended consequences: "Just half a decade into the civil rights revolution, America had something it had never had at the federal level, something the overwhelming majority of its citizens would never have approved: an explicit system of racial preference. Plainly the civil rights acts had wrought a change in the country's constitutional culture." [ 8 ] Caldwell writes that the Civil Rights Act 1964 was "not just a major new element in the Constitution " but "a rival constitution, with which the original one was frequently incompatible." [ 9 ] It was reviewed in The New York Times , [ 10 ] The Wall Street Journal , and the Claremont Review of Books . Richard Aldous wrote in The Wall Street Journal , "It's curious that a book subtitled 'America Since the Sixties' doesn't actually have much history in it", going on to say: "The reader turns the page expectantly, waiting to see what Mr. Caldwell has to say about President Trump . We will never know, at least not from reading this book, because Mr. Caldwell ends in 2015. ... That's a shame, because 'The Age of Entitlement' raises important questions not just about the future of the republic but about Western society more generally." [ 11 ] Personal life Caldwell's wife, Zelda, is the daughter of journalist Robert Novak . [ 12 ] His daughter, Lucy Caldwell, was the campaign manager for Joe Walsh 's presidential campaign challenging Donald Trump for the Republican nomination in 2020 . [ 13 ] Caldwell is Catholic. [ 14 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Christopher Caldwell" . The Claremont Institute . Retrieved August 9, 2025 . ^ "Christopher Caldwell" . Slate . Archived from the original on December 8, 2022 . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ "Christopher Caldwell" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 23, 2024 . Retrieved June 24, 2024 . ^ "Europe and Islam: A treacherous path?" . The Economist . August 27, 2009. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011 . Retrieved August 5, 2011 . ^ Goodhart, David (January 17, 2009). "Do we need more people in Europe?" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 26, 2009 . ^ "Europe is changing to accommodate Islam, says US author" . NRC Handelsblad. September 8, 2009. Archived from the original on February 22, 2013 . Retrieved September 26, 2009 . ^ Mishra, Pankaj (August 15, 2009). "A culture of fear" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 26, 2009 . ^ Dreher, Rod (January 27, 2020). " 'Civil Rights' And Totalitarianism" . The American Conservative . Retrieved August 25, 2020 . ^ MacDougald, Park (January 21, 2020). "A New Conservative Theory of Why America Is So Polarized" . Intelligencer . Retrieved August 25, 2020 . ^ Rauch, Jonathan (January 17, 2020). "Did the Civil Rights Movement Go Wrong?" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved August 25, 2020 . ^ Aldous, Richard (January 17, 2020). " 'The Age of Entitlement' Review: The Dividing Line" . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved October 20, 2022 . ^ Novak, Robert (September 8, 2008). "Robert Novak: Me and my brain tumor" . Retrieved January 4, 2022 . ^ Olito, Frank. "11 of the most powerful women who are running the 2020 presidential campaigns from behind the scenes" . Insider . Retrieved February 2, 2020 . ^ Raskin, Max (February 15, 2024). "Interview with Christopher Caldwell" . MaxRaskin.com . Retrieved February 14, 2024 . External links Financial Times bio The Financial Times Author archive. Appearances on C-SPAN Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Netherlands Norway Croatia Poland Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Italy Czech Republic Netherlands Norway Croatia Poland Israel Catalonia Academics CiNii CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX 1962 births American political writers American male non-fiction writers Harvard College alumni Living people Anti-immigration politics in the United States Writers from Lynn, Massachusetts The American Spectator people The Weekly Standard people Journalists from Massachusetts 20th-century American journalists 20th-century American male journalists 21st-century American journalists 21st-century American male journalists Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from July 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2024 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2025 Articles to be expanded from November 2025 All articles to be expanded Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 People appearing on C-SPAN This page was last edited on 14 November 2025, at 17:42 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)
|
Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 Symbol 3 Demographics Toggle Demographics subsection 3.1 Links to nobility 3.1 Links to nobility 4 Emigration and diaspora 5 History Toggle History subsection 5.1 Origins 5.2 Reformation and growth 5.3 Wars of religion 5.4 Civil wars 5.5 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 5.6 Edict of Nantes 5.7 Edict of Fontainebleau 5.8 End of persecution 5.9 Right of return to France in the 19th and 20th centuries 5.10 Modern times 5.1 Origins 5.2 Reformation and growth 5.3 Wars of religion 5.4 Civil wars 5.5 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre 5.6 Edict of Nantes 5.7 Edict of Fontainebleau 5.8 End of persecution 5.9 Right of return to France in the 19th and 20th centuries 5.10 Modern times 6 Exodus Toggle Exodus subsection 6.1 The trip 6.2 Early emigration to colonies 6.3 South Africa 6.4 North America 6.4.1 Spoken language 6.5 Netherlands 6.6 Great Britain and Ireland 6.6.1 England 6.6.2 Ireland 6.6.3 Scotland 6.6.4 Wales 6.7 Germany and Scandinavia 6.8 Poland 6.9 Effects 6.1 The trip 6.2 Early emigration to colonies 6.3 South Africa 6.4 North America 6.4.1 Spoken language 6.4.1 Spoken language 6.5 Netherlands 6.6 Great Britain and Ireland 6.6.1 England 6.6.2 Ireland 6.6.3 Scotland 6.6.4 Wales 6.6.1 England 6.6.2 Ireland 6.6.3 Scotland 6.6.4 Wales 6.7 Germany and Scandinavia 6.8 Poland 6.9 Effects 7 1985 apology 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 The Huguenots of Geneva’s French Protestant Utopia and its influence on Western economic thought 8.2 France 8.3 United States 8.4 England 8.5 Prussia 8.6 Ireland 8.7 South Africa 8.8 Australia 8.1 The Huguenots of Geneva’s French Protestant Utopia and its influence on Western economic thought 8.2 France 8.3 United States 8.4 England 8.5 Prussia 8.6 Ireland 8.7 South Africa 8.8 Australia 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 11.1 In French 11.1 In French 12 External links Toggle External links subsection 12.1 Texts 12.1 Texts Huguenots Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Toki pona Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Part of a series on Reformed Christianity Reformation Wall in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians William Farel , John Calvin , Theodore Beza , and John Knox Background Christianity Reformation Protestantism Christianity Reformation Protestantism Theology Theology of John Calvin Covenant theology Republication of the Covenant of Works Baptist Covenant Theology Logical order of God's decrees Baptism Lord's Supper Regulative principle Predestination Scholasticism Theology of John Calvin Covenant theology Republication of the Covenant of Works Baptist Covenant Theology Republication of the Covenant of Works Baptist Covenant Theology Logical order of God's decrees Baptism Lord's Supper Regulative principle Predestination Scholasticism Texts List of texts Geneva Bible Confessions Helvetic Confessions French Confession Three Forms of Unity Belgic Confession Heidelberg Catechism Canons of Dort Scots Confession Westminster Standards Westminster Confession of Faith Westminster Shorter Catechism Westminster Larger Catechism Barmen Declaration Institutes of the Christian Religion Systematic theology Metrical psalter Geneva Bible Confessions Helvetic Confessions French Confession Three Forms of Unity Belgic Confession Heidelberg Catechism Canons of Dort Scots Confession Westminster Standards Westminster Confession of Faith Westminster Shorter Catechism Westminster Larger Catechism Barmen Declaration Helvetic Confessions French Confession Three Forms of Unity Belgic Confession Heidelberg Catechism Canons of Dort Belgic Confession Heidelberg Catechism Canons of Dort Scots Confession Westminster Standards Westminster Confession of Faith Westminster Shorter Catechism Westminster Larger Catechism Westminster Confession of Faith Westminster Shorter Catechism Westminster Larger Catechism Barmen Declaration Institutes of the Christian Religion Systematic theology Metrical psalter Theologians List of theologians Huldrych Zwingli Johannes Oecolampadius Martin Bucer Peter Martyr Vermigli Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin John Knox Zacharias Ursinus Theodore Beza William Perkins Franciscus Gomarus William Twisse Moses Amyraut Samuel Rutherford Gisbertus Voetius John Owen Francis Turretin Richard Baxter Jonathan Edwards Friedrich Schleiermacher Philip Schaff John Nevin Charles Hodge Abraham Kuyper Herman Bavinck B. B. Warfield John Machen Geerhardus Vos Karl Barth H. Richard Niebuhr Reinhold Niebuhr Cornelius Van Til T. F. Torrance Jürgen Moltmann J. I. Packer Donald G. Bloesch Michael Horton Huldrych Zwingli Johannes Oecolampadius Martin Bucer Peter Martyr Vermigli Heinrich Bullinger John Calvin John Knox Zacharias Ursinus Theodore Beza William Perkins Franciscus Gomarus William Twisse Moses Amyraut Samuel Rutherford Gisbertus Voetius John Owen Francis Turretin Richard Baxter Jonathan Edwards Friedrich Schleiermacher Philip Schaff John Nevin Charles Hodge Abraham Kuyper Herman Bavinck B. B. Warfield John Machen Geerhardus Vos Karl Barth H. Richard Niebuhr Reinhold Niebuhr Cornelius Van Til T. F. Torrance Jürgen Moltmann J. I. Packer Donald G. Bloesch Michael Horton Denominations Continental Reformed Presbyterian South Korea United States Congregational Particular Baptist Anglican Continental Reformed Presbyterian South Korea United States South Korea United States Congregational Particular Baptist Anglican Movements Afrikaners Amyraldians Federal Vision Huguenots Marrow Brethren Mercersburg theology Neonomians Neo-Calvinism New England theology New Calvinism Pilgrims Princeton theology Puritans Reformed scholasticism Afrikaners Amyraldians Federal Vision Huguenots Marrow Brethren Mercersburg theology Neonomians Neo-Calvinism New England theology New Calvinism Pilgrims Princeton theology Puritans Reformed scholasticism Organisations World Communion of Reformed Churches World Reformed Fellowship International Conference of Reformed Churches North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council World Communion of Reformed Churches World Reformed Fellowship International Conference of Reformed Churches North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council Christianity • Protestantism Reformed Christianity portal Christianity • Protestantism .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e The Huguenots ( / ˈ h juː ɡ ə n ɒ t s / HEW -gə-nots , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} UK also /- n oʊ z / -nohz ; French: [yɡ(ə)no] ) are a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed ( Calvinist ) tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Besançon Hugues , was in common use by the mid-16th century. Huguenot was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation . By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace , Moselle , and Montbéliard , were mainly Lutherans . In his Encyclopedia of Protestantism , Hans Hillerbrand wrote that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community made up as much as 10% of the French population. [ 1 ] By 1600, it declined to 7–8%, [ 2 ] and was reduced further late in the century after the return of persecution under Louis XIV , who instituted the Dragonnades to forcibly convert Protestants, and then finally revoked all Protestant rights in his Edict of Fontainebleau of 1685. In 1686, the Protestant population sat at 1% of the population. [ 3 ] The Huguenots were concentrated in the southern and western parts of the Kingdom of France . As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew. A series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion , fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne d'Albret ; her son, the future Henry IV (who would later convert to Catholicism in order to become king); and the princes of Condé . The wars ended with the Edict of Nantes of 1598, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political and military autonomy. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s resulted in the abolition of their political and military privileges. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who gradually increased persecution of Protestantism until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685). This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced to either convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites ) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent Dragonnades. Louis XIV claimed that the French Huguenot population was reduced from about 900,000 or 800,000 adherents to just 1,000 or 1,500. He exaggerated the decline, but the Dragonnades were devastating for the French Protestant community. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain , as many of them had occupied important places in society. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] The remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV . By the time of his death in 1774, Calvinism had been all but eliminated from France. Persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles , signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Revolutionary Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, Protestants gained equal rights as citizens. [ 7 ] Etymology A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Various hypotheses have been promoted. The term may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besançon Hugues (died 1532) and the religiously conflicted nature of Swiss republicanism in his time. It used a derogatory pun on the name Hugues by way of the Dutch word Huisgenoten (literally 'housemates'), referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in German Eidgenosse ('Confederate' in the sense of 'a citizen of one of the states of the Swiss Confederacy'). [ 8 ] Geneva was John Calvin 's adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement. In Geneva, Hugues, though Catholic , was a leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favoured independence from the Duke of Savoy . It sought an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation . The label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) who were involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential and zealously Catholic House of Guise . This action would have fostered relations with the Swiss. O. I. A. Roche promoted this idea among historians. He wrote in his book, The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots (1965), that Huguenot is: a combination of a Dutch and a German word. In the Dutch-speaking North of France , Bible students who gathered in each other's houses to study secretly were called Huis Genooten ("housemates") while on the Swiss and German borders they were termed Eid Genossen , or "oath fellows", that is, persons bound to each other by an oath . Gallicised into Huguenot , often used deprecatingly, the word became, during two and a half centuries of terror and triumph, a badge of enduring honour and courage. a combination of a Dutch and a German word. In the Dutch-speaking North of France , Bible students who gathered in each other's houses to study secretly were called Huis Genooten ("housemates") while on the Swiss and German borders they were termed Eid Genossen , or "oath fellows", that is, persons bound to each other by an oath . Gallicised into Huguenot , often used deprecatingly, the word became, during two and a half centuries of terror and triumph, a badge of enduring honour and courage. Some disagree with such non-French linguistic origins. Janet Gray argues that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated there in French. The "Hugues hypothesis" argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet , king of France, [ 9 ] who reigned long before the Reformation. He was regarded by the Gallicians as a noble man who respected people's dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to 'little Hugos', or 'those who want Hugo'. [ 9 ] Paul Ristelhuber , in his 1879 introduction to a new edition of the controversial and censored, but popular [ 10 ] 1566 work Apologie pour Hérodote , by Henri Estienne , [ 11 ] mentions these theories and opinions, but tends to support a completely Catholic origin. As one legend holds, a gateway area in the streets of Tours was haunted by the ghosts of le roi Huguet (a generic term for these spirits), "because they were wont to assemble near the gate named after Hugon, a Count of Tours in ancient times, who had left a record of evil deeds and had become in popular fancy a sort of sinister and maleficent genius. This count may have been Hugh of Tours , who was disliked for his cowardice. Additionally, it is related, that, it was believed, (that of these spirits) instead of spending their time in Purgatory, came back to rattle doors and haunt and harm people at night. Protestants went out at nights to their lascivious conventicles, and so the priests and the people began to call them Huguenots in Tours and then elsewhere." [ 12 ] The name, Huguenot, "the people applied in hatred and derision to those who were elsewhere called Lutherans, and from Touraine it spread throughout France." [ 13 ] The prétendus réformés ('supposedly reformed') were said to gather at night at Tours , both for political purposes, and for prayer and singing psalms . [ 14 ] Reguier de la Plancha (d. 1560) in his De l'Estat de France offered the following account as to the origin of the name, as cited by The Cape Monthly : Reguier de la Plancha accounts for it [the name] as follows: "The name huguenand was given to those of the religion during the affair of Amboyse, and they were to retain it ever since. I'll say a word about it to settle the doubts of those who have strayed in seeking its origin. The superstition of our ancestors, to within twenty or thirty years thereabouts, was such that in almost all the towns in the kingdom they had a notion that certain spirits underwent their Purgatory in this world after death, and that they went about the town at night, striking and outraging many people whom they found in the streets. But the light of the Gospel has made them vanish, and teaches us that these spirits were street-strollers and ruffians. In Paris the spirit was called le moine bourré ; at Orléans, le mulet odet ; at Blois le loup garon ; at Tours, le Roy Huguet ; and so on in other places. Now, it happens that those whom they called Lutherans were at that time so narrowly watched during the day that they were forced to wait till night to assemble, for the purpose of praying God, for preaching and receiving the Holy Sacrament; so that although they did not frighten nor hurt anybody, the priests, through mockery, made them the successors of those spirits which roam the night; and thus that name being quite common in the mouth of the populace, to designate the evangelical huguenands in the country of Tourraine and Amboyse, it became in vogue after that enterprise." [ 15 ] Reguier de la Plancha accounts for it [the name] as follows: "The name huguenand was given to those of the religion during the affair of Amboyse, and they were to retain it ever since. I'll say a word about it to settle the doubts of those who have strayed in seeking its origin. The superstition of our ancestors, to within twenty or thirty years thereabouts, was such that in almost all the towns in the kingdom they had a notion that certain spirits underwent their Purgatory in this world after death, and that they went about the town at night, striking and outraging many people whom they found in the streets. But the light of the Gospel has made them vanish, and teaches us that these spirits were street-strollers and ruffians. In Paris the spirit was called le moine bourré ; at Orléans, le mulet odet ; at Blois le loup garon ; at Tours, le Roy Huguet ; and so on in other places. Now, it happens that those whom they called Lutherans were at that time so narrowly watched during the day that they were forced to wait till night to assemble, for the purpose of praying God, for preaching and receiving the Holy Sacrament; so that although they did not frighten nor hurt anybody, the priests, through mockery, made them the successors of those spirits which roam the night; and thus that name being quite common in the mouth of the populace, to designate the evangelical huguenands in the country of Tourraine and Amboyse, it became in vogue after that enterprise." [ 15 ] Some have suggested the name was derived, with intended scorn, from les guenon de Hus (the 'monkeys' or 'apes of Jan Hus '). [ 16 ] [ 17 ] By 1911, there was still no consensus in the United States on this interpretation. [ 18 ] Symbol The Huguenot cross is the distinctive emblem of the Huguenots ( croix huguenote ). It is now an official symbol of the Église des Protestants réformés (French Protestant church). Huguenot descendants sometimes display this symbol as a sign of reconnaissance (recognition) between them. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Demographics The issue of demographic strength and geographical spread of the Reformed tradition in France has been covered in a variety of sources. Most of them agree that the Huguenot population reached as many as 10% of the total population, or roughly 2 million people, on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. [ 2 ] [ 21 ] Links to nobility The new teaching of John Calvin attracted sizeable portions of the nobility and urban bourgeoisie . [ 22 ] After John Calvin introduced the Reformation in France, the number of French Protestants steadily swelled to ten percent of the population, or roughly 1.8 million people, in the decade between 1560 and 1570. [ 2 ] During the same period there were some 1,400 Reformed churches operating in France. [ 2 ] Hans J. Hillerbrand, an expert on the subject, in his Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set claims the Huguenot community reached as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre , declining to 7 to 8% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. [ 2 ] Among the nobles, Calvinism peaked on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. Since then, it sharply decreased as the Huguenots were no longer tolerated by both the French royalty and the Catholic masses. By the end of the sixteenth century, Huguenots constituted 7–8% of the whole population, or 1.2 million people. By the time Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Huguenots accounted for 800,000 to 1 million people. [ 2 ] Huguenots controlled sizeable areas in southern and western France. In addition, many areas, especially in the central part of the country, were also contested between the French Reformed and Catholic nobles. Demographically, there were some areas in which the whole populations had been Reformed. These included villages in and around the Massif Central , as well as the area around Dordogne , which used to be almost entirely Reformed too. John Calvin was a Frenchman and himself largely responsible for the introduction and spread of the Reformed tradition in France. [ 23 ] He wrote in French, but unlike the Protestant development in Germany , where Lutheran writings were widely distributed and could be read by the common man, it was not the case in France, where only nobles adopted the new faith and the folk remained Catholic. [ 2 ] This is true for many areas in the west and south controlled by the Huguenot nobility. Although relatively large portions of the peasant population became Reformed there, the people, altogether, still remained majority Catholic. [ 2 ] [ 24 ] Overall, Huguenot presence was heavily concentrated in the western and southern portions of the French kingdom, as nobles there secured practise of the new faith. These included Languedoc-Roussillon , Gascony and even a strip of land that stretched into the Dauphiné . Huguenots lived on the Atlantic coast in La Rochelle , and also spread across provinces of Normandy and Poitou . In the south, towns like Castres , Montauban , Montpellier and Nîmes were Huguenot strongholds. In addition, a dense network of Protestant villages permeated the rural mountainous region of the Cevennes . Inhabited by Camisards , it continues to be the backbone of French Protestantism . Historians estimate that roughly 80% of all Huguenots lived in the western and southern areas of France. Today, there are some Reformed communities around the world that still retain their Huguenot identity. In France, Calvinists in the United Protestant Church of France and also some in the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine consider themselves Huguenots. A rural Huguenot community in the Cevennes that rebelled in 1702 is still called Camisards , especially in historical contexts. Huguenot exiles in the United Kingdom , the United States , South Africa , Australia , and a number of other countries still retain their identity. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Emigration and diaspora As a final destination, most of the Huguenot émigrés moved to Protestant states such as the Dutch Republic , England and Wales (prominently in Kent and London), Protestant-controlled Ireland , the Channel Islands , Scotland , Denmark , Sweden , Switzerland , the electorates of Brandenburg and the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire , and the Duchy of Prussia . Some fled as refugees to the Dutch Cape Colony , the Dutch East Indies , various Caribbean colonies, and several of the Dutch and English colonies in North America. [ 27 ] A few families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec . After centuries, most Huguenots assimilated into the various societies and cultures where they have settled. Remnant communities of Camisards in the Cévennes , most Reformed members of the United Protestant Church of France , French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine , and the Huguenot diaspora in England and Australia , all still retain their beliefs and Huguenot designation. Year Number of Reformed members in France 1519 None [ 28 ] 1560 1,800,000 1572 2,000,000 1600 1,200,000 1685 900,000 1700 100,000 or less [ citation needed ] 2013 300,000 [ 29 ] History Origins The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed Church in France. The country had a long history of struggles with the papacy (see the Avignon Papacy , for example) by the time the Protestant Reformation finally arrived. Around 1294, a French version of the scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard des Moulins . A two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript, by Jean de Rély, was printed in Paris in 1487. [ 30 ] [ 31 ] The first known translation of the Bible into one of France's regional languages, Arpitan or Franco-Provençal , had been prepared by the 12th-century pre-Protestant reformer Peter Waldo (Pierre de Vaux). [ 32 ] The Waldensians created fortified areas, as in Cabrières , perhaps attacking an abbey. [ 33 ] They were suppressed by Francis I in 1545 in the Massacre of Mérindol . [ 34 ] Other predecessors of the Reformed church included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, such as Jacques Lefevre (c. 1455–1536). The Gallicans briefly achieved independence for the French church, on the principle that the religion of France could not be controlled by the Bishop of Rome, a foreign power. [ 35 ] During the Protestant Reformation, Lefevre, a professor at the University of Paris , published his French translation of the New Testament in 1523, followed by the whole Bible in the French language in 1530. [ 36 ] William Farel was a student of Lefevre who went on to become a leader of the Swiss Reformation , establishing a Protestant republican government in Geneva. Jean Cauvin ( John Calvin ), another student at the University of Paris, also converted to Protestantism. Long after the sect was suppressed by Francis I, the remaining French Waldensians , then mostly in the Luberon region, sought to join Farel, Calvin and the Reformation, and Olivétan published a French Bible for them. The French Confession of 1559 shows a decidedly Calvinistic influence . [ 37 ] Although usually Huguenots are lumped into one group, there were actually two types of Huguenots that emerged. [ 38 ] Since the Huguenots had political and religious goals, it was commonplace to refer to the Calvinists as "Huguenots of religion" and those who opposed the monarchy as "Huguenots of the state", who were mostly nobles. [ 39 ] The Huguenots of religion were influenced by John Calvin's works and established Calvinist synods. They were determined to end religious oppression. The Huguenots of the state opposed the monopoly of power the Guise family had and wanted to attack the authority of the crown. This group of Huguenots from southern France had frequent issues with the strict Calvinist tenets that are outlined in many of John Calvin's letters to the synods of the Languedoc. Reformation and growth Early in his reign, Francis I ( r. 1515–1547 ) persecuted the old, pre-Protestant movement of Waldensians in southeastern France. Francis initially protected the Huguenot dissidents from Parlementary measures seeking to exterminate them. After the 1534 Affair of the Placards , [ 40 ] [ 41 ] however, he distanced himself from Huguenots and their protection. [ 42 ] Huguenot numbers grew rapidly between 1555 and 1561, chiefly amongst nobles and city dwellers. During this time, their opponents first dubbed the Protestants Huguenots ; but they called themselves reformés , or "Reformed". They organised their first national synod in 1558 in Paris. [ 43 ] By 1562, the estimated number of Huguenots peaked at approximately two million, concentrated mainly in the western, southern, and some central parts of France, compared to approximately sixteen million Catholics during the same period. Persecution diminished the number of Huguenots who remained in France. Wars of religion As the Huguenots gained influence and displayed their faith more openly, Roman Catholic hostility towards them grew, even though the French crown offered increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration. [ citation needed ] Following the accidental death of Henry II in 1559, his son succeeded as King Francis II along with his wife, the Queen Consort, also known as Mary, Queen of Scots . During the eighteen months of the reign of Francis II, Mary encouraged a policy of rounding up French Huguenots on charges of heresy and putting them in front of Catholic judges, and employing torture and burning as punishments for dissenters. [ citation needed ] Mary returned to Scotland a widow, in the summer of 1561. [ 44 ] In 1561, the Edict of Orléans declared an end to the persecution, and the Edict of Saint-Germain of January 1562 formally recognised the Huguenots for the first time. However, these measures disguised the growing tensions between Protestants and Catholics. [ citation needed ] Civil wars These tensions spurred eight civil wars, interrupted by periods of relative calm, between 1562 and 1598. With each break in peace, the Huguenots' trust in the Catholic throne diminished, and the violence became more severe, and Protestant demands became grander, until a lasting cessation of open hostility finally occurred in 1598. The wars gradually took on a dynastic character, developing into an extended feud between the Houses of Bourbon and Guise , both of which—in addition to holding rival religious views—staked a claim to the French throne. The crown, occupied by the House of Valois , generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when politically expedient. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] The French Wars of Religion began with the Massacre of Vassy on 1 March 1562, when dozens [ 47 ] (some sources say hundreds [ 48 ] ) of Huguenots were killed, and about 200 were wounded. It was in this year that some Huguenots destroyed the tomb and remains of Saint Irenaeus (d. 202), an early Church father and bishop who was a disciple of Polycarp . [ 49 ] The Michelade by Huguenotes against Catholics was later on 29 September 1567. [ 50 ] St. Bartholomew's Day massacre In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 24 August – 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris and similar massacres took place in other towns in the following weeks. The main provincial towns and cities experiencing massacres were Aix , Bordeaux , Bourges , Lyon , Meaux , Orléans , Rouen , Toulouse , and Troyes . [ 51 ] Although the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known, on 23–24 August, between 2,000 [ 52 ] and 3,000 [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Protestants were killed in Paris and a further 3,000 [ 52 ] to 7,000 more [ 56 ] in the French provinces. By 17 September, almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] Beyond Paris, the killings continued until 3 October. [ 57 ] An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators. Following the killings many Protestants fled to the Kentish coast among other places. [ 59 ] Edict of Nantes The pattern of warfare, followed by brief periods of peace, continued for nearly another quarter-century. The warfare was definitively quelled in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV , and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism in order to obtain the French crown, issued the Edict of Nantes . The Edict reaffirmed Roman Catholicism as the state religion of France, but granted the Protestants equality with Catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions. [ citation needed ] With the proclamation of the Edict of Nantes, and the subsequent protection of Huguenot rights, pressures to leave France abated. However, enforcement of the Edict grew increasingly irregular over time, making life so intolerable that many fled the country. The Huguenot population of France dropped to 856,000 by the mid-1660s, of which a plurality lived in rural areas. [ citation needed ] The greatest concentrations of Huguenots at this time resided in the regions of Guienne , Saintonge- Aunis - Angoumois and Poitou . [ 60 ] Montpellier was among the most important of the 66 villes de sûreté ('cities of protection' or 'protected cities') that the Edict of 1598 granted to the Huguenots. The city's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the Huguenots. Tension with Paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622 . Peace terms called for the dismantling of the city's fortifications. A royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the Catholic party. Even before the Edict of Alès (1629), Protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more. [ citation needed ] By 1620, the Huguenots were on the defensive, and the government increasingly applied pressure. A series of three small civil wars known as the Huguenot rebellions broke out, mainly in southwestern France, between 1621 and 1629 in which the Reformed areas revolted against royal authority. The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV , who was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in 1610. His successor Louis XIII , under the regency of his Italian Catholic mother Marie de' Medici , was more intolerant of Protestantism. The Huguenots responded by establishing independent political and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers, and openly revolting against central power. The rebellions were implacably suppressed by the French crown. [ citation needed ] Edict of Fontainebleau Louis XIV inherited the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the Huguenots to convert. At first he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts to Roman Catholicism. Then he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favoured professions. Escalating, he instituted dragonnades , which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau , revoking the Edict of Nantes and declaring Protestantism illegal. [ 61 ] The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. It proved disastrous to the Huguenots and costly for France. It precipitated civil bloodshed, ruined commerce, and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of Protestants, many of whom were intellectuals, doctors and business leaders whose skills were transferred to Britain as well as Holland, Switzerland, Prussia, South Africa and other places they fled to. 4,000 emigrated to the Thirteen Colonies , where they settled, especially in New York, the Delaware River Valley in Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, [ 27 ] and Virginia. The English authorities welcomed the French refugees, providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation. Those Huguenots who stayed in France were subsequently forcibly converted to Roman Catholicism and were called "new converts". [ 62 ] After this, the Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000 [ 8 ] ) fled to Protestant countries: England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia—whose Calvinist Great Elector Frederick William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country. Following this exodus, Huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of France: the rugged Cévennes region in the south. There were also some Calvinists in the Alsace region, which then belonged to the Holy Roman Empire . In the early 18th century, a regional group known as the Camisards (who were Huguenots of the mountainous Massif Central region) rioted against the Catholic Church, burning churches and killing the clergy. It took French troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of Camisards, between 1702 and 1709. [ 63 ] End of persecution By the 1760s Protestantism was no longer a favourite religion of the elite. By then, most Protestants were Cévennes peasants. It was still illegal, and, although the law was seldom enforced, it could be a threat or a nuisance to Protestants. Calvinists lived primarily in the Midi ; about 200,000 Lutherans accompanied by some Calvinists lived in the newly acquired Alsace , where the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia effectively protected them. [ 64 ] Persecution of Protestants diminished in France after 1724, finally ending with the Edict of Versailles , commonly called the Edict of Tolerance , signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 , Protestants gained equal rights as citizens. [ 7 ] Right of return to France in the 19th and 20th centuries The government encouraged descendants of exiles to return, offering them French citizenship in a 15 December 1790 law: All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals ( naturels français ) and will benefit from rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. [ 65 ] All persons born in a foreign country and descending in any degree of a French man or woman expatriated for religious reason are declared French nationals ( naturels français ) and will benefit from rights attached to that quality if they come back to France, establish their domicile there and take the civic oath. [ 65 ] Article 4 of 26 June 1889 Nationality Law stated: "Descendants of families proscribed by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes will continue to benefit from the 15 December 1790 Law, but on the condition that a nominal decree should be issued for every petitioner. That decree will only produce its effects for the future." [ 66 ] Foreign descendants of Huguenots lost the automatic right to French citizenship in 1945 (by force of the Ordonnance n° 45-2441 du 19 octobre 1945 , which revoked the 1889 Nationality Law). [ 67 ] It states in article 3: "This application does not, however, affect the validity of past acts by the person or rights acquired by third parties on the basis of previous laws." [ 68 ] Modern times In the 1920s and 1930s, members of the extreme-right Action Française movement expressed strong animus against Huguenots and other Protestants in general, as well as against Jews and Freemasons . They were regarded as groups supporting the French Republic, which Action Française sought to overthrow. [ 69 ] In World War II , Huguenots led by André Trocmé in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in Cévennes helped save many Jews . They hid them in secret places or helped them get out of Vichy France . André Trocmé preached against discrimination as the Nazis were gaining power in neighbouring Germany and urged his Protestant Huguenot congregation to hide Jewish refugees from the Holocaust . [ 70 ] In the early 21st century, there were approximately one million Protestants in France, representing some 2% of its population. [ 71 ] Most are concentrated in Alsace in northeast France and the Cévennes mountain region in the south, who still regard themselves as Huguenots to this day. [ citation needed ] Surveys suggest that Protestantism has grown in recent years, though this is due primarily to the expansion of evangelical Protestant churches which particularly have adherents among immigrant groups that are generally considered distinct from the French Huguenot population. [ 72 ] A diaspora of French Australians still considers itself Huguenot, even after centuries of exile. Long integrated into Australian society, it is encouraged by the Huguenot Society of Australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage, aided by the Society's genealogical research services. [ 73 ] In the United States there are several Huguenot worship groups and societies. The Huguenot Society of America has headquarters in New York City and has a broad national membership. One of the most active Huguenot groups is in Charleston, South Carolina . While many American Huguenot groups worship in borrowed churches, the congregation in Charleston has its own church. Although services are conducted largely in English, every year the church holds an Annual French Service, which is conducted entirely in French using an adaptation of the Liturgies of Neufchatel (1737) and Vallangin (1772). Typically the Annual French Service takes place on the first or second Sunday after Easter in commemoration of the signing of the Edict of Nantes. Exodus The trip French protestants reacted differently to persecution and the ban of Protestantism. Some converted to the Catholic faith, while others decided to leave. Some left their elderly parents, or children who were too young to travel. Those who left were from every social class and every profession including lawyers, merchants and officers. They came from all over France. The only common denominator was that they were Protestants, would not convert to Catholicism and were willing to risk it all to practice their religion freely. Those who left, left everything including land to be confiscated unless a family who converted to Catholicism inherited it and paid the refugees. This last scenario happened very rarely. [ 74 ] 40% of the protestants from the Northern part of France left while 25% of the south did the same. Those closer to the border (both land and sea) as well as where they are a minority in the population of the area left more: it was the case in the Paris area, Normandy and the Atlantic coast. Farmers often stayed attached to the land while craftsman and merchants represented a large group of those who left. Some temporarily converted to Catholicism to sell their property before leaving. Others left overnight. [ 75 ] Those who left must rely on guides who knew the routes out of France. Most were honest but some sold out their customers to the authorities. Paying for those guides was expensive as they risked being sent to the galley until 1687, and later hanging . They traveled by night and were often disguised. [ 74 ] Often, the Huguenots purchased paper guides at a very high price. These guides told the reader which cities to go to, where to avoid, who to contact, etc. [ 75 ] Many left the country by sea, leaving from Bordeaux , La Rochelle , the Île de Ré , Nantes , and other ports along the coast aboard English and Dutch ships after they had made their way to the coast using what was available and what could be afforded. Others went by land to the Dutch Republic or Switzerland. Many walked hundreds of miles. The borders with other countries were well guarded, as well as the border between provinces within France and the risk of arrest was a constant fear until they arrived safely. On the way they encountered honest people who help them as well as some who sold them out or stole their money. Help came from Protestants and Catholics. The fugitives sometimes had to lie about their identity. Entire networks existed to escort them across France to a safe country. Some fugitives were arrested on the way. For those who made it, they often arrived tired, starving, with nothing to wear, and no money to their name. [ 76 ] The details of these trips have been recently discovered through the memoirs written by Huguenots for their families. These were written often years later once safely outside of France and published only recently. These include: Mémoires d’une famille huguenote victime de la révocation de l’édit de Nantes by Jacques Fontaine [ 77 ] Mémoires by Isaac Dumont de Bostaquet [ 78 ] Mémoires d’un protestant du Vigan des dragonnades au Refuge (1683-1686) by Jean Valat [ 79 ] Journal de Jean Migault ou malheurs d’une famille protestante du Poitou victime de la révocation de l’édit de Nantes (1682-1689) by Jean Migault [ 80 ] Early emigration to colonies The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands. [ 81 ] A group of Huguenots was part of the French colonisers who arrived in Brazil in 1555 to found France Antarctique . A couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the Guanabara Bay, present-day Rio de Janeiro , and settled on a small island. A fort, named Fort Coligny , was built to protect them from attack from the Portuguese troops and Brazilian natives. It was an attempt to establish a French colony in South America. The fort was destroyed in 1560 by the Portuguese, who captured some of the Huguenots. The Portuguese threatened their Protestant prisoners with death if they did not convert to Roman Catholicism. The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced what is known as the Guanabara Confession of Faith to explain their beliefs. The Portuguese executed them. South Africa Huguenots first settled at the Cape of Good Hope in 1671; the first documented was the wagonmaker François Vilion ( Viljoen ). The first Huguenot to arrive at the Cape of Good Hope was Maria de la Quellerie , wife of commander Jan van Riebeeck (and daughter of a Walloon church minister), who arrived on 6 April 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today Cape Town . The couple left for Batavia ten years later. But it was not until 31 December 1687 that the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. [ 82 ] The largest portion of the Huguenots to settle in the Cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration, but quite a few arrived as late as 1700; thereafter, the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time. [ 83 ] Many of these settlers were given land in an area that was later called Franschhoek ( Dutch for 'French Corner'), in the present-day Western Cape province of South Africa. A large monument to commemorate the arrival of the Huguenots in South Africa was inaugurated on 7 April 1948 at Franschhoek. The Huguenot Memorial Museum was also erected there and opened in 1957. The official policy of the Dutch East India governors was to integrate the Huguenot and the Dutch communities . When Paul Roux, a pastor who arrived with the main group of Huguenots, died in 1724, the Dutch administration, as a special concession, permitted another French cleric to take his place "for the benefit of the elderly who spoke only French". [ 84 ] But with assimilation , within three generations the Huguenots had generally adopted Dutch as their first and home language. Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names. Many families, today, mostly Afrikaans -speaking, have surnames indicating their French Huguenot ancestry. Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers, Cronje (Cronier), de Klerk (Le Clercq), de Villiers , du Plessis, Du Preez (Des Pres), du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage (Du Vinage), Franck, Fouché, Fourie (Fleurit), Gervais, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Gous/Gouws (Gauch), Hugo, Jordaan (Jourdan), Joubert , Kriek, Labuschagne (la Buscagne), le Roux , Lombard, Malan , Malherbe , Marais, Maree, Minnaar (Mesnard), Nel (Nell), Naudé, Nortjé (Nortier), Pienaar (Pinard), Retief (Retif), Roux, Rossouw ( Rousseau ), Taljaard (Taillard), TerBlanche, Theron, Viljoen (Vilion) and Visagie (Visage). [ 85 ] [ 86 ] The wine industry in South Africa owes a significant debt to the Huguenots, some of whom had vineyards in France, or were brandy distillers, and used their skills in their new home. North America French Huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in North America. In 1562, naval officer Jean Ribault led an expedition that explored Florida and the present-day Southeastern US , and founded the outpost of Charlesfort on Parris Island, South Carolina . The French Wars of Religion precluded a return voyage, and the outpost was abandoned. In 1564, Ribault's former lieutenant René Goulaine de Laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony; he established Fort Caroline in what is now Jacksonville, Florida . War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. In 1565 the Spanish decided to enforce their claim to La Florida , and sent Pedro Menéndez de Avilés , who established the settlement of St. Augustine near Fort Caroline. Menéndez' forces routed the French and executed most of the Protestant captives. Barred by the government from settling in New France , Huguenots led by Jessé de Forest , sailed to North America in 1624 and settled instead in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (later incorporated into New York and New Jersey); as well as Great Britain's colonies, including Nova Scotia . A number of New Amsterdam's families were of Huguenot origin, often having emigrated as refugees to the Netherlands in the previous century. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). This parish continues today as L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit , now a part of the Episcopal Church (Anglican) communion, and welcomes Francophone New Yorkers from all over the world. [ 87 ] Upon their arrival in New Amsterdam, Huguenots were offered land directly across from Manhattan on Long Island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbour at the end of Newtown Creek , becoming the first Europeans to live in Brooklyn , then known as Boschwick, in the neighbourhood now known as Bushwick . Huguenot immigrants settled throughout pre-colonial America, including in New Amsterdam (New York City), some 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle , and some further upstate in New Paltz . The " Huguenot Street Historic District " in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains one of the oldest streets in the United States of America. A small group of Huguenots also settled on the south shore of Staten Island along the New York Harbor , for which the current neighbourhood of Huguenot was named. Huguenot refugees also settled in the Delaware River Valley of Eastern Pennsylvania and Hunterdon County, New Jersey in 1725. Frenchtown in New Jersey bears the mark of early settlers. [ 27 ] New Rochelle , located in the county of Westchester on the north shore of Long Island Sound , seemed to be the great location of the Huguenots in New York. It is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of Davenports Neck called "Bauffet's Point" after travelling from England where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution, four years before the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor , a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler . It was named New Rochelle after La Rochelle, their former strong-hold in France. A small wooden church was first erected in the community, followed by a second church that was built of stone. Previous to the erection of it, the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on Saturday evening, the distance by the road from New Rochelle to New York, to attend the Sunday service. The church was eventually replaced by a third, Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church , which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the French Huguenot Church Eglise du St. Esperit on Pine Street in New York City, which is preserved as a relic in the tower room. The Huguenot cemetery, or the "Huguenot Burial Ground", has since been recognised as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the Huguenot founders, early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries. Some Huguenot immigrants settled in central and eastern Pennsylvania. They assimilated with the predominantly Pennsylvania German settlers of the area. In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia , where the King William III of England had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County . [ 88 ] When they arrived, colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the James River, at the abandoned Monacan village known as Manakin Town , now in Goochland County . Some settlers landed in present-day Chesterfield County . On 12 May 1705, the Virginia General Assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 Huguenots still resident at Manakintown. Of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement, many had died; others lived outside town on farms in the English style; and others moved to different areas. [ 89 ] Gradually they intermarried with their English neighbours. Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honour, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School . In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day Charleston, South Carolina . In 1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, several Huguenots including Edmund Bohun of Suffolk, England, Pierre Bacot of Touraine France, Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin , Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux of Grenoble, immigrated to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger . Some of their descendants moved into the Deep South and Texas, where they developed new plantations. The French Huguenot Church of Charleston, which remains independent, is the oldest continuously active Huguenot congregation in the United States. L'Église du Saint-Esprit in New York, founded in 1628, is older, but it left the French Reformed movement in 1804 to become part of the Episcopal Church . Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. The Huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate French communities. [ 90 ] Their descendants in many families continued to use French first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. For example, E.I. du Pont , a former student of Lavoisier , established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills . [ 91 ] Howard Hughes , famed investor, pilot, film director, and philanthropist, was also of Huguenot descent and descendant from Rev. John Gano . Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was Henry Laurens , who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina. Other descendants of Huguenots included Jack Jouett , who made the ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn Thomas Jefferson and others that Tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king; Reverend John Gano, a Revolutionary War chaplain and spiritual advisor to George Washington ; Francis Marion ; and a number of other leaders of the American Revolution and later statesmen. The last active Huguenot congregation in North America worships in Charleston, South Carolina, at a church that dates to 1844. The Huguenot Society of America maintains the Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia as a historic shrine with occasional services. The Society has chapters in numerous states, with the one in Texas being the largest. After the British Conquest of New France , British authorities in Lower Canada tried to encourage Huguenot immigration in an attempt to promote a Francophone Protestant Church in the region, hoping that French-speaking Protestants would be more loyal clergy than those of Roman Catholicism . While a small number of Huguenots did come, the majority switched from speaking French to English. As a result, Protestants are still a religious minority in Quebec today. [ 92 ] Spoken language The Huguenots originally spoke French on their arrival in the American colonies, but after two or three generations, they had switched to English. They did not promote French-language schools or publications and "lost" their historic identity. [ 93 ] In upstate New York they merged with the Dutch Reformed community and switched first to Dutch and then in the early 19th century to English. [ 94 ] In colonial New York City they switched from French to English or Dutch by 1730. [ 95 ] Netherlands Some Huguenots fought in the Low Countries alongside the Dutch against Spain during the first years of the Dutch Revolt (1568–1609). The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Early ties were already visible in the Apologie of William the Silent , condemning the Spanish Inquisition , which was written by his court minister, the Huguenot Pierre L'Oyseleur, lord of Villiers. Louise de Coligny , daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny , married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule. As both spoke French in daily life, their court church in the Prinsenhof in Delft held services in French. The practice has continued to the present day. The Prinsenhof is one of the 14 active Walloon churches of the Dutch Reformed Church (now of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands ). The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the House of Orange-Nassau , which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. They settled at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and New Netherland in North America. Stadtholder William III of Orange , who later became King of England, emerged as the strongest opponent of King Louis XIV after the French attacked the Dutch Republic in 1672. William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state. Consequently, many Huguenots considered the wealthy and Calvinist-controlled Dutch Republic, which also happened to lead the opposition to Louis XIV, as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. They also found many French-speaking Calvinist churches there (which were called the " Walloon churches "). After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the Dutch Republic received the largest group of Huguenot refugees, an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people. This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to c. 2 million at that time. Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot. [ citation needed ] In 1705, Amsterdam and the area of West Frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to Huguenot immigrants, followed by the whole Dutch Republic in 1715. Huguenots intermarried with Dutch from the outset. One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle . He started teaching in Rotterdam , where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece, Historical and Critical Dictionary . It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress . Some Huguenot descendants in the Netherlands may be noted by French family names, although they typically use Dutch given names. Due to the Huguenots' early ties with the leadership of the Dutch Revolt and their own participation, some of the Dutch patriciate are of part-Huguenot descent. Some Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron Saint Nicolas , similar to the Dutch Sint Nicolaas ( Sinterklaas ) feast. Great Britain and Ireland England As a major Protestant nation, England patronized and helped protect Huguenots since at least the mid-1500s. Kent hosted the first congregation of Huguenots in England in around 1548. [ 96 ] During the reign of Mary I (1553–1558) they were expelled but, with the accession of Elizabeth I , returned to London in 1559 and Kent in 1561. [ 97 ] An early group of Huguenots settled in Colchester in 1565. [ 98 ] [ 99 ] There was a small naval Anglo-French War (1627–1629) , in which the English supported the French Huguenots against King Louis XIII. [ 100 ] London financed the emigration of many to England and its colonies around 1700. Some 40,000–50,000 settled in England, mostly in towns near the sea in the southern districts, with the largest concentration in London where they constituted about 5% of the total population in 1700. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Many others went to the American colonies, especially South Carolina . [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The immigrants included many skilled craftsmen and entrepreneurs who facilitated the economic modernization of their new home, in an era when economic innovations were transferred by people rather than through printed works. The British government ignored the complaints made by local craftsmen about the favoritism shown to foreigners. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] The immigrants assimilated well in terms of using English, joining the Church of England, intermarriage and business success. They founded the silk industry in England. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Many became private tutors, schoolmasters, travelling tutors and owners of riding schools, where they were hired by the upper class. [ 110 ] Both before and after the 1708 passage of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act , an estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and French Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere. In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain. [ 111 ] Andrew Lortie (born André Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, became known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during Mass. Of the refugees who arrived on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury , then the county's Calvinist hub. Many Walloon and Huguenot families were granted asylum there. Edward VI granted them the whole of the western crypt of Canterbury Cathedral for worship. In 1825, this privilege was reduced to the south aisle and in 1895 to the former chantry chapel of the Black Prince . Services are still held there in French according to the Reformed tradition every Sunday at 3 pm. Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. The Weavers, a half-timbered house by the river, was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830. (It has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above. The house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century, reviving an earlier use.) Other refugees practiced the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city. They also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly Sandwich , Faversham and Maidstone —towns in which there used to be refugee churches. The French Protestant Church of London was established by Royal Charter in 1550. It is now located at Soho Square . [ 112 ] Huguenot refugees flocked to Shoreditch , London. They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground ) in East London. [ 113 ] In Wandsworth , their gardening skills benefited the Battersea market gardens. The flight of Huguenot refugees from Tours , France drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built. [ citation needed ] Some of these immigrants moved to Norwich , which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city. Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. Although 19th-century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry, [ 114 ] [ 115 ] this is contentious. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] The only reference to immigrant lace makers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover, [ 114 ] and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lace makers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a "combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground", [ 115 ] is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until the first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe. [ 118 ] Many Huguenots from the Lorraine region also eventually settled in the area around Stourbridge in the modern-day West Midlands , where they found the raw materials and fuel to continue their glassmaking tradition. Anglicized names such as Tyzack, Henzey and Tittery are regularly found amongst the early glassmakers, and the region went on to become one of the most important glass regions in the country. [ 119 ] Winston Churchill was the most prominent Briton of Huguenot descent, deriving from the Huguenots who went to the colonies; his American grandfather was Leonard Jerome . Ireland Following the French crown's revocation of the Edict of Nantes , many Huguenots settled in Ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, encouraged by an act of parliament for Protestants' settling in Ireland. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Huguenot regiments fought for William of Orange in the Williamite War in Ireland , for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles, many settling in Dublin . [ 125 ] Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin , Cork , Portarlington , Lisburn , Waterford and Youghal . Smaller settlements, which included Killeshandra in County Cavan, contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry. For over 150 years, Huguenots were allowed to hold their services in Lady Chapel in St. Patrick's Cathedral . [ citation needed ] A Huguenot cemetery is located in the centre of Dublin, off St. Stephen's Green. Prior to its establishment, Huguenots used the Cabbage Garden near the cathedral. Another Huguenot cemetery is located off French Church Street in Cork. A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City ; and D'Olier Street in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland. A French church in Portarlington dates back to 1696, [ 126 ] and was built to serve the significant new Huguenot community in the town. At the time, they constituted the majority of the townspeople. [ 127 ] One of the more notable Huguenot descendants in Ireland was Seán Lemass (1899–1971), who was appointed as Taoiseach , serving from 1959 until 1966. Additionally, Irish Gothic author Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (1814-1873) was of Huguenot descent. Scotland With the precedent of a historical alliance — the Auld Alliance — between Scotland and France, Huguenots were mostly welcomed to, and found refuge in the nation from around the year 1700. [ 128 ] Although they did not settle in Scotland in such significant numbers as in other regions of Britain and Ireland, Huguenots have been romanticised, and are generally considered to have contributed greatly to Scottish culture. [ 129 ] John Arnold Fleming wrote extensively of the French Protestant group's impact on the nation in his 1953 Huguenot Influence in Scotland , [ 130 ] while sociologist Abraham Lavender , who has explored how the ethnic group transformed over generations "from Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", has analyzed how Huguenot adherence to Calvinist customs helped facilitate compatibility with the Scottish people. [ 131 ] Wales A number of French Huguenots settled in Wales, in the upper Rhymney valley of the current Caerphilly County Borough . The community they created there is still known as Fleur de Lys (the symbol of France), an unusual French village name in the heart of the valleys of Wales. Nearby villages are Hengoed , and Ystrad Mynach . Apart from the French village name and that of the local rugby team, Fleur De Lys RFC , little remains of the French heritage. Germany and Scandinavia Around 1685, Huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the Lutheran and Reformed states in Germany and Scandinavia. Nearly 50,000 Huguenots established themselves in Germany, 20,000 of whom were welcomed in Brandenburg-Prussia , where Frederick William ( r. 1640–1688 ), granted them special privileges ( Edict of Potsdam of 1685) and churches in which to worship (such as the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermünde and the French Cathedral, Berlin ). The Huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army: the Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne) and 15 (Regiment on foot Wylich). Another 4,000 Huguenots settled in the German territories of Baden , Franconia ( Principality of Bayreuth , Principality of Ansbach ), Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel , Duchy of Württemberg , in the Wetterau Association of Imperial Counts , in the Palatinate and Palatine Zweibrücken , in the Rhine-Main-Area ( Frankfurt ), in modern-day Saarland ; and 1,500 found refuge in Hamburg , Bremen and Lower Saxony . Three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Celle . In Berlin the Huguenots created two new neighborhoods: Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt . By 1700 one fifth of the city's population was French-speaking. The Berlin Huguenots preserved the French language in their church services for nearly a century. They ultimately decided to switch to German in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon in 1806–07. Many of their descendants rose to positions of prominence. Several congregations were founded throughout Germany and Scandinavia, such as those of Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm , Hamburg, Frankfurt , Helsinki, and Emden . Prince Louis de Condé, along with his sons Daniel and Osias, [ citation needed ] arranged with Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken to establish a Huguenot community in present-day Saarland in 1604. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. The Condés established a thriving glass-making works, which provided wealth to the principality for many years. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France. The community and its congregation remain active to this day, with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s. In Bad Karlshafen , Hessen, Germany is the Huguenot Museum and Huguenot archive. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. Poland After the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572, some persecuted Huguenots fled to Poland, taking advantage of its religious tolerance confirmed by the Warsaw Confederation , marking the first significant historical wave of French migration to Poland . [ 132 ] Effects The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain , as many of them had occupied important places in society. The kingdom did not fully recover for years. The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France may help to explain that colony's low population compared to that of the neighboring British colonies, which opened settlement to religious dissenters. By the start of the French and Indian War , the North American front of the Seven Years' War , a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies, and many participated in the British defeat of New France in 1759–1760. [ 133 ] Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg , invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. Several prominent German military, cultural and political figures were ethnic Huguenot, including the poet Theodor Fontane , [ 134 ] General Hermann von François , [ 135 ] the hero of the First World War 's Battle of Tannenberg , Luftwaffe general and fighter ace Adolf Galland , [ 136 ] the Luftwaffe flying ace Hans-Joachim Marseille , WWII Wehrmacht Lieutenant Colonel/ Inspector General of the Bundeswehr Ulrich de Maizière and the famed U-boat Captains Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière and Wilhelm Souchon . [ 137 ] Related to Ulrich de Maizière were also the last prime minister of East Germany , Lothar de Maizière [ 138 ] and the former German Federal Minister of the Interior , Thomas de Maizière . A 2014 study in the American Economic Review linked Huguenot migration to Prussia with a boost in industrial productivity. [ 139 ] The persecution and the flight of the Huguenots greatly damaged the reputation of Louis XIV abroad, particularly in England. Both kingdoms, which had enjoyed peaceful relations until 1685, became bitter enemies and fought each other in a series of wars, called the " Second Hundred Years' War " by some historians, from 1689 onward. 1985 apology In October 1985, to commemorate the tricentenary of the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes , President François Mitterrand of France announced a formal apology to the descendants of Huguenots around the world. [ 140 ] At the same time, the government released a special postage stamp in their honour reading "France is the home of the Huguenots" ( Accueil des Huguenots ). Legacy Huguenot's Legacy persists both in France and abroad. The Huguenots of Geneva’s French Protestant Utopia and its influence on Western economic thought The Genevan utopian tradition, rooted in French Calvinism, combined religious conviction with civic responsibility, laying early groundwork for modern capitalism and welfare economics. Max Weber famously identified the Calvinist “Protestant ethic” as foundational to capitalist development. [ 141 ] In Geneva, communal support, education, and moral discipline informed a civic model that inspired Enlightenment thinkers and later economic theorists. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] As Huguenot ideals spread to Protestant regions, they influenced American and European welfare institutions. [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Thinkers like J.S. Mill and Karl Marx reinterpreted this moral framework, promoting visions of economic justice. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] In the U.S., similar values are enshrined in the Constitution’s call to “promote the general Welfare.” [ 148 ] The legacy of Genevan utopianism persists in debates over ethical capitalism, redistribution, and social policy. [ 149 ] [ 150 ] France Several French Protestant churches are descended from or tied to the Huguenots, including: Reformed Church of France ( l'Église Réformée de France ), founded in 1559, the historical and principal Reformed church in France since the Protestant Reformation until its 2013 merger into the United Protestant Church of France Evangelical Reformed Church of France ( Union nationale des églises protestantes réformées évangéliques de France ), founded in 1938 Some French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine United States Bayonne, New Jersey [ 151 ] Four-term Republican United States Representative Howard Homan Buffett was of Huguenot descent. Charleston, South Carolina , is home to the only active Huguenot congregation in the United States John Sevier , the first governor of the state of Tennessee, and the only governor of the State of Franklin was of Huguenot descent. In 1924, the US issued a commemorative half dollar , known as the " Huguenot-Walloon half dollar ", [ 152 ] to celebrate the 300th anniversary of the Huguenots' settlement in what is now the United States. Frenchtown, New Jersey , part of the larger Delaware River Valley , was a settling area in the early 1700s. The neighborhood of Huguenot in New York City's borough of Staten Island , straddling Huguenot Avenue Huguenot Memorial Park in Jacksonville, Florida. [ 153 ] The early leaders John Jay and Paul Revere were of Huguenot descent. Francis Marion , an American Revolutionary War guerrilla fighter in South Carolina, was of predominantly Huguenot ancestry. New Paltz, New York [ 154 ] New Rochelle, New York , named for the city of La Rochelle , a known former Huguenot stronghold in France. The Huguenot and Historical Association of New Rochelle was organized in 1885 for the purpose of perpetuating the history of its original Huguenot settlers. The mascot of New Rochelle High School is the Huguenot; and one of the main streets in the city is called Huguenot Street. John Pintard (1759–1854), a descendant of Huguenots and prosperous New York City merchant who was involved in various New York City organizations. Pintard was credited with establishing the modern conception of Santa Claus . Arthur C. Mellette (23 June 1842 – 25 May 1896), the last governor of the Dakota territory and the first governor of South Dakota was of Huguenot descent. Charles Shumway (1806–1898), an early member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , member of the Council of Fifty and part of the Utah Legislature for one term in 1851, was a descendent of Huguenot settlers. In Richmond, Virginia , and the neighboring Chesterfield County , there is a Huguenot Road. A Huguenot High School in Richmond and Huguenot Park in Chesterfield County, along with several other uses of the name throughout the region, commemorate the early refugee settlers. The Manakintown Episcopal Church in Midlothian, Virginia serves as a National Huguenot Memorial. Walloon Settlers Memorial (located in Battery Park ) is a monument given to the City of New York by the Belgian Province of Hainaut in honor of the inspiration of Jessé de Forest in founding New York City. Baron de Cartier de Marchienne, representing the government and Albert I, King of Belgium, presented the monument to Mayor John F. Hylan, for the City of New York 18 May 1924. Oxford, Massachusetts England There is a Huguenot society in London, as well as a French Protestant Church of London , founded in 1550 in Soho Square , which is still active, and has also been a registered charity since 1926. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] Huguenots of Spitalfields is a registered charity promoting public understanding of the Huguenot heritage and culture in Spitalfields, the City of London and beyond. They arrange tours, talks, events and schools programmes to raise the Huguenot profile in Spitalfields and raise funds for a permanent memorial to the Huguenots. [ 157 ] Huguenot Place in Wandsworth is named after the Huguenot Burial Site or Mount Nod Cemetery, which was used by the Huguenots living in the area. The site was in use from 1687 to 1854 and graves can still be observed today. Canterbury Cathedral retains a Huguenot Chapel in the 'Black Prince's Chantry', part of the Crypt which is accessible from the exterior of the cathedral. The chapel was granted to Huguenot refugees on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I in 1575. To this day, the chapel still holds services in French every Sunday at 3 pm. [ 158 ] Strangers' Hall in Norwich got its name from the Protestant refugees from the Spanish Netherlands who settled in the city from the 16th century onwards and were referred to by the locals as the 'Strangers'. [ 159 ] The Strangers brought with them their pet canaries, and over the centuries the birds became synonymous with the city. In the early 20th century, Norwich City F.C. adopted the canary as their emblem and nickname. [ 160 ] Prussia Huguenot refugees in Prussia are thought to have contributed significantly to the development of many new industries, such as the textile industry. One notable example was Marthe de Roucoulle , governess of Prussian kings Frederick William I and Frederick the Great . Many prominent Germans descent from the Huguenots, such as the poets Theodor Fontane and Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué , or the politician Lothar de Maiziere . Berlin in particular was heavily influenced by the Huguenots, who made up more than 20% of the city at their peak. Several institutions, companies, city neighbourhoods and words in the Berlin dialect trace their roots back to the Huguenots. [ 161 ] The neighbourhood of Moabit for instance was named by the Huguenots after the biblical Moab, to represent finding refuge in a foreign land. [ 162 ] Ireland Sean Francis Lemass , Taoiseach of Ireland from 1959 to 1966, was of Huguenot descent. The poet Samuel Beckett was also of Huguenot descent. South Africa Most South African Huguenots settled in the Cape Colony , where they became assimilated into the Afrikaner and Afrikaans population. Many modern Afrikaners have French surnames, which are given Afrikaans pronunciation and orthography. The early immigrants settled in Franschhoek ("French Corner") near Cape Town . The Huguenots contributed greatly to the wine industry in South Africa . [ 163 ] Australia The majority of Australians with French ancestry are descended from Huguenots. Some of the earliest to arrive in Australia held prominent positions in English society, notably Jane Franklin and Charles La Trobe . [ 164 ] Others who came later were from poorer families, migrating from England in the 19th and early 20th centuries to escape the poverty of London's East End Huguenot enclaves of Spitalfields and Bethnal Green . Their impoverishment had been brought on by the Industrial Revolution, which caused the collapse of the Huguenot-dominated silk-weaving industry. Many French Australian descendants of Huguenots still consider themselves very much Huguenots or French, even in the 21st century. [ 165 ] See also Reformed Christianity portal France portal Christianity portal Religion portal History portal Bible translations into French French Confession of Faith Guillebeau House Industrial Revolution Les Huguenots (opera) List of people with Huguenot ancestry Salzburg Protestants – German Protestants expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg Temple of the Holy Spirit, Besançon Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McKay, John P. (2018). A History of World Societies, Combined Volume . Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 430. ISBN 9781319058951 . ...Huegenots made up perhaps as much as 10% of the French population ^ a b c d e f g h Hans J. Hillerbrand, Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set , paragraphs "France" and "Huguenots" ^ "Catholicisme et protestantisme en France – Analyses sociologiques et données de l'Institut CSA pour La Croix" [Catholicism and Protestantism in France – Sociological analysis and data from the CSA Institute for La Croix] (PDF) (in French). CSA. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2017. ^ Baofu, Peter (2013). The Future of Post-Human Migration: A Preface to a New Theory of Sameness, Otherness, and Identity . Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 243. ISBN 9781443844871 . ^ Le Hir, Marie-Pierre (2020). French Immigrants and Pioneers in the Making of America . McFarland. p. 64. ISBN 9781476684420 . The exodus of Huguenots who left France to settle in England, Holland, Switzerland, and German principalities before sailing to British North America, created a brain drain ... ^ Andrews, Kerry (2020). The Collected Works of Ann Yearsley . Taylor & Francis. p. 332. ISBN 9781000743791 . The exodus of Huguenots from France caused an early kind of 'brain drain' whereby France lost many of its most skilled workers and artisans ^ a b Aston, Religion and Revolution in France, 1780–1804 (2000) pp. 245–250 ^ a b Puaux, Frank (1911). "Huguenots" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ a b Gray, Janet G. (1983). "The Origin of the Word Huguenot". Sixteenth Century Journal . 14 (3): 349– 359. doi : 10.2307/2540193 . JSTOR 2540193 . S2CID 163264114 . ^ "Henri II Estienne | Humanist, Latinist, Translator | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . 29 February 2024. ^ Estienne, Henri; Ristelhuber, Paul (6 September 1879). "Apologie pour Hérodote; satire de la société au XVIe siècle. Nouv. éd., faite sur la première et augm. de remarques par P. Ristelhuber" . Paris I. Liseux – via Internet Archive. ^ "Pollution and Purgation in the Reformation" . 11 April 2017. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Huguenots" . www.newadvent.org . ^ "Who Were the Huguenots?" Archived 28 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine , The National Huguenot Society ^ De l'Estat de France 1560, by Reguier de la Plancha, quoted by The Cape Monthly (February 1877), No. 82 Vol. XIV on p. 126. The Cape Monthly at the Internet Archive ^ Bibliothèque d'humanisme et Renaissance , by Association d'humanisme et renaissance, 1958, p. 217 ^ William Gilmore Simms, The Huguenots in Florida; Or, The Lily and the Totem , 1854, p. 470 ^ George Lunt, "Huguenot – The origin and meaning of the name" , New England Historical & Genealogical Register , Boston, 1908/1911, 241–246 ^ "Cross of Languedoc" . The National Huguenot Society . Retrieved 7 December 2018 . ^ "The Huguenot Cross" . www.hugenoot.org.za . Archived from the original on 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 26 October 2020 . ^ The Huguenot Population of France, 1600–1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority by Philip Benedict; American Philosophical Society, 1991. p. 164 ^ Gwynn, R. (1985). "England's 'First Refugees' Robin Gwynn examines the arrival of Huguenot French to England in the 17th century" . History Today . Retrieved 24 October 2023 . ^ "The National Huguenot Society – Who Were the Huguenots?" . Archived from the original on 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2006 . ^ The Huguenots: Or, Reformed French Church. Their Principles Delineated; Their Character Illustrated; Their Sufferings and Successes Recorded by William Henry Foote; Presbyterian Committee of Publication, 1870. p. 627 ^ The Huguenots: History and Memory in Transnational Context: Essays in Honour and Memory of by Walter C. Utt ^ From a Far Country: Camisards and Huguenots in the Atlantic World by Catharine Randall ^ a b c Calvin, Claude (1945). The Calvin Families . University of Wisconsin. pp. 47– 53, 57– 71. ^ Huldrych Zwingli began the Reformed tradition in Zurich , Switzerland in 1519 ( see Reformation in Zurich and History of Calvinism ). John Calvin converted to it either in the late 1520s or the early 1530s. ^ Reformed Church of France membership at the time of its 2013 merger into the United Protestant Church of France . ^ Darling, Charles William (1894). Historical account of some of the more important versions and editions of the Bible . University of Wisconsin-Madison. p. 18 . ^ Bullen, G. (1877). Catalogue of the loan collection of antiquities, curiosities, and appliances connected with the art of printing . N. Trübner and Co. p. 107 (item 687). ^ "The Sectarized People of God" (PDF) . 12 May 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2021 . ^ Malcolm D. Lambert, Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation , p. 389 ^ Hanna, William (1872). The wars of the Huguenots . New York: Robert Carter & Brothers. p. 27 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . ^ Margaret Ruth Miles, The Word Made Flesh: A History of Christian Thought , Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p. 381 [ ISBN missing ] ^ Paul Arblaster, Gergely Juhász, Guido Latré (eds) Tyndale's Testament , Turnhout: Brepols, 2002, ISBN 2-503-51411-1 , pp. 130–135 ^ John Calvin, tr. Emily O. Butler. "The French Confession of Faith of 1559" . Creeds.net. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Tylor, Charles (1892). The Huguenots in the seventeenth century: including the history of the Edict of Nantes, from its enactment in 1598 to its revocation in 1685 . London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent. p. 3 . Retrieved 15 September 2018 . ^ "The Huguenots" . www.renaissance-spell.com . Retrieved 7 January 2020 . ^ "L'affaire des placards, la fin de la belle Renaissance" . Archived from the original on 18 March 2010. ^ "18 octobre 1534: l'affaire des placards" . Herodote.net . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Geoffrey Treasure, The Huguenots (New Haven CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 70–71. ISBN 9780300196191 ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Huguenots" . Newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Fischer, David Hackett, Champlain's Dream , 2008, Alfred A. Knopf Canada [ ISBN missing ] ^ Irene Scouloudi, Huguenots in Britain and France (Springer, 1987). [ ISBN missing ] ^ Rebecca Jane McKee, and Randolph Vigne, The Huguenots: France, Exile and Diaspora (Apollo Books, 2013). [ ISBN missing ] ^ Antoine Dégert, "Huguenots" Archived 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine , The Catholic Encyclopedia , 1911 ^ Thomas Martin Lindsay, A History of the Reformation , 1907, p. 190: "six or seven hundred Protestants were slain" ^ John F. Nash Christianity: The One, the Many (2008) p. 104 [ ISBN missing ] ^ French, Lawrence Armand (2014). Frog Town: A Portrait of a French Canadian Paris in New England by Lawrence Armand French . University Press of America. p. 17. ISBN 978-0761867760 . ^ Parker, G. , ed. (1994). Atlas of World History (4th ed.). London: BCA (HarperCollins). p. 178. ^ a b Armstrong, Alastair (2003). France 1500–1715 . Heinemann. pp. 70– 71. ^ "This Day in History 1572: Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre" . History.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Parker, G. , ed. (1998). Oxford Encyclopedia World History . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 585. ISBN 0-19-860223-5 . ^ Chadwick, Henry ; Evans, G. R., eds. (1987). Atlas of the Christian church . London: Macmillan. p. 113. ISBN 978-0-333-44157-2 . ^ Moynahan, Brian (2003). The Faith: A History of Christianity . Vintage. p. 456. ISBN 0-7126-0720-X . ^ a b Partner, Peter (1999). Two Thousand Years: The Second Millennium . Andre Deutsch. ISBN 0-233-99666-4 . ^ Upshall, M., ed. (1990). The Hutchinson paperback encyclopedia . London: Arrow Books. ISBN 978-0-09-978200-1 . ^ Kershaw, Samuel W. (1885). Protestants from France in their English Home . London: Samson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. pp. 106– 107. ^ Benedict, Philip (1991). The Huguenot Population of France, 1600–1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority . Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. p. 8. ISBN 0-87169-815-3 . ^ see article: – Revocation of the Edict of Nantes ^ John Wolf, Louis XIV , ch 24; Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, "Escape from Babylon", Christian History 2001 20(3): 38–42. ISSN 0891-9666 Fulltext: Ebsco ^ "Le Temple du Rouve" . Archived from the original on 16 July 2013 . Retrieved 7 January 2020 . ^ Nigel Aston, Religion and Revolution in France, 1780–1804 (2000) pp 61–72 ^ Sir Thomas Barclay (1888). Nationality, domicile and residence in France: Decree of October 2, 1888 concerning foreigners, with notes and instructions and the laws of France relating to nationality, admission to domicile, naturalization and the sojourn in France of foreigners generally . pp. 23–. ^ Great Britain. Foreign Office (1893). Nationality and Naturalization: Reports by Her Majesty's Representatives Abroad Upon the Laws of Foreign Countries . Her Majesty's Stationery Office . p. 47. ^ Nicolas Boring (2019). The Revocation of Huguenot Rights to French Citizenship . Law Library of Congress . ^ Ordonnance n° 45-2441 du 19 octobre 1945 portant code de la nationalité française [ Decree number 45-2441 of 19 October 1945 on the subject of French nationality ]. Provisional Government of the French Republic . 1945. Archived from the original on 3 October 2019. ^ "Anti-Protestantism" . museeprotestant.org . Retrieved 4 April 2024 . ^ "Protestant Pastor Andre Trocme | The Righteous Among the Nations" . www.yadvashem.org . Retrieved 4 April 2024 . ^ "France" . United States Department of State . 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Heneghan, Tom (6 September 2017). "Rise of 'neo-Protestantism' under Macron challenges traditional Catholic-secular approach to politics" . The Tablet . Archived from the original on 2 May 2019 . Retrieved 2 May 2019 . ^ "Welcome to The Huguenot Society of Australia" . The Huguenot Society of Australia . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . ^ a b Cadier-Rey, Gabrielle. “L’exode Des Huguenots.” Bulletin de La Société de l’Histoire Du Protestantisme Français (1903-), vol. 133, 1987, pp. 121–24. JSTOR, . Accessed 24 January 2025. ^ a b Foa, Jérémie. « Le Refuge protestant ». L'Histoire - Les Collections, 2016/4 N° 73, 2016. p.24-29. CAIRN.INFO, shs.cairn.info/magazine-hist-l-hisoire-les-collections-2016-4-page-24?lang=fr. ^ Didier Boisson, « Le voyage interdit », Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l’Ouest [En ligne], 121-3 | 2014, mis en ligne le 15 novembre 2016, consulté le 22 janvier 2025. URL : ; DOI : ^ Fontaine, James, and John Fontaine. Mémoires d’Une Famille Huguenote Victime de La Révocation de l'Édit de Nantes: Souvenirs Du Pasteur Jacques Fontaine, Publiés Pour La Première Fois d’Après Le Manuscrit Original. Société des Livres Religieux, 1887. ^ Dumont de Bostaquet, Isaac, and Dianne W. Ressinger. Memoirs of Isaac Dumont of Bostaquet a Gentleman of Normandy: Before and after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2005. ^ Valat, Jean, et al. Mémoires d’Un Protestant Du Vigan, Des Dragonnades Au Refuge (1683-1686). Les Éditions de Paris, 2011. ^ Migault, Jean, and Yves Krumenacker. Das Journal von Jean Migault Leiden Und Flucht Einer Hugenottischen Familie ; (1682 - 1689). Dt. Hugenotten-Ges, 2003. ^ "The Huguenot Refuge" . Musée protestant . Retrieved 14 February 2022 . ^ Botha, Colin Graham. The French refugees at the Cape . p. 7 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . ^ Botha, Colin Graham. The French refugees at the Cape . p. 10 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 . ^ Walker, Eric (1968). "Chapter IV – The Diaspora". A History of Southern Africa . Longmans. ^ Bernard Lugan (1996). Ces Français qui ont Fait l'Afrique du Sud [ The French People Who Made South Africa ]. C. de Bartillat. ISBN 2-84100-086-9 . ^ Watkinson, William Lonsdale; Davison, William Theophilus, eds. (1875). "William Shaw and South Africa" . The London Quarterly Review . Vol. 44. J.A. Sharp. p. 274 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 – via Google Books. ^ "Chronology – French Church du Saint-Esprit" . Retrieved 29 March 2019 . ^ Westward into Kentucky The Narrative of Daniel Trabue . The University Press of Kentucky. 1981. p. 160. ISBN 9780813149264 . Retrieved 16 July 2019 . ^ "Huguenots in Manakintown" (PDF) . Library of Virginia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Gevinson, Alan. " Protestant Immigration to Louisiana ". Teachinghistory.org Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine , accessed 2 September 2011. ^ article on EIDupont says he did not even emigrate to the US and establish the mills until after the French Revolution, so the mills were not operating for theAmerican revolution ^ "Huguenots | The Canadian Encyclopedia" . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca . Retrieved 28 January 2022 . ^ Thera Wijsenbeek, "Identity Lost: Huguenot refugees in the Dutch Republic and its former colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 to 1750: a comparison". South African Historical Journal 59.1 (2007): 79–102. ^ Eric J. Roth, "From Protestant International to Hudson Valley Provincial: A Case Study of Language Use and Ethnicity in New Paltz, New York, 1678–1834". Hudson River Valley Review (2005) 21#2 pp 40–55. ^ Joyce D. Goodfriend, "The social dimensions of congregational life in colonial New York city". William and Mary Quarterly (1989) 48#2: 252–278. ^ Cross, Francis W. (1898). History of the Walloon & Huguenot Church at Canterbury . Canterbury: Printed for the Huguenot Society of London. p. 3. ^ Smiles, Samuel (1867). The Huguenots: their Settlements, Churches, & Industries in England and Ireland . London: John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 104. ^ D.J.B. Trim, . "The Secret War of Elizabeth I: England and the Huguenots during the early Wars of Religion, 1562–77." Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland 27.2 (1999): 189–199. ^ "Colchester" . Huguenots of Spitalfields. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 April 2021 . ^ G.M.D. Howat, Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy (1974) p. 156. ^ Roy A. Sundstrom, "French Huguenots and the Civil List, 1696–1727: A Study of Alien Assimilation in England." Albion 8.3 (1976): 219–235. ^ Robin Gwynn, "The number of Huguenot immigrants in England in the late seventeenth century." Journal of Historical Geography 9.4 (1983): 384–395. ^ Robin Gwynn, "England's First Refugees" History Today (May 1985) 38#5 pp. 22–28. ^ Jon Butler, The Huguenots in America: A refugee people in New World society (1983). ^ Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s." South Carolina Historical Magazine 110.1/2 (2009): 6–34. online ^ Heinz Schilling,"Innovation through migration: the settlements of Calvinistic Netherlanders in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Central and Western Europe." Histoire Sociale/Social History 16.31 (1983). online ^ Mark Greengrass, "Protestant exiles and their assimilation in early modern England." Immigrants & Minorities 4.3 (1985): 68–81. ^ Irene Scouloudi, ed. Huguenots in Britain and Their French Background, 1550–1800 (1987) ^ Lien Bich Luu, "French-speaking refugees and the foundation of the London silk industry in the 16th century." Proceedings-Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland 26 (1997): 564–576. ^ Michael Green, "Bridging the English Channel: Huguenots in the educational milieu of the English upper class." Paedagogica Historica 54.4 (2018): 389–409 online [ dead link ] ^ "The Huguenots in England" . The Economist . 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ "French Protestant Church of London" . Egliseprotestantelondres.org. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836 , A History of the County of Middlesex: Vol. 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 91–95 Date accessed: 21 May 2008 ^ a b Palliser, Mrs. Bury (1865). History of Lace . London: Sampson Low, Son and Marston. p. 299 . A nest of refugee lace-makers, 'who came out of France by reason of the late "troubles" yet continuing,' were congregated at Dover (1621–22). A list of about twenty-five 'widows being makers of Bone lace is given...' ^ a b Wright, Thomas (1919). The Romance of the Lace Pillow . Olney, Bucks: H.H. Armstrong. pp. 37 –38. ^ Seguin, Joseph (1875). J. Rothschild (ed.). La dentelle: Histoire, description fabrication, bibliographie (in French). Paris: J. Rothschild. p. 140 . There is a tradition that the art of bobbin lace was brought to England by the Flemish emigrants who, fleeing from the tyranny of the Duke of Alba, went to settle in England. This tradition is entirely false for the lace industry did not exist in Flanders when the Duke of Alba went there. ^ Yallop, H.J. (1992). The History of the Honiton Lace Industry . Exeter: University of Exeter Press. p. 18. ISBN 0859893790 . ^ Levey, Santina (1983). Lace, A History . London: Victoria and Albert Museum. p. 90. ISBN 090128615X . Until the late 18th century, the lace made at Lille was indistinguishable from the other copies of Michelin and Valencienne, but, at that time, it appears to have adopted—along with a number of other centres—the simple twist-net ground of the plainer blonde and thread laces. ^ Ellis, Jason (2002). Glassmakers of Stourbridge and Dudley 1612–2002 . Harrogate: Jason Ellis. ISBN 1-4010-6799-9 . ^ Grace Lawless Lee (2009), The Huguenot Settlements in Ireland , Page 169 ^ Raymond Hylton (2005), Ireland's Huguenots and Their Refuge, 1662–1745: An Unlikely Haven , p. 194, Quote: "The Bishop of Kildare did come to Portarlington to consecrate the churches, backed by two prominent Huguenot Deans of ... Moreton held every advantage and for most of the Portarlington Huguenots there could be no option but acceptance ... ^ Raymond P. Hylton, "Dublin's Huguenot Community: Trials, Development, and Triumph, 1662–1701", Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of London 24 (1983–1988): 221–231 ^ Raymond P. Hylton, "The Huguenot Settlement at Portarlington, ... ^ C. E. J. Caldicott, Hugh Gough, Jean-Paul Pittion (1987), The Huguenots and Ireland: Anatomy of an Emigration , Quote: "The Huguenot settlement at Portarlington, 1692–1771. Unique among the French Protestant colonies established or augmented in Ireland following the Treaty of Limerick (1691), the Portarlington settlement was planted on the ashes of an ..." ^ The Irish Pensioners of William III 's Huguenot Regiments ^ 300 years of the French Church , St. Paul's Church, Portarlington. ^ Portarlington , Grant Family Online ^ Kathy Chater (2012). Tracing Your Huguenot Ancestors: A Guide for Family Historians . Pen & Sword . ISBN 978-1848846104 . Combined with what was called the ' Auld Alliance ' between Scotland and France (England's traditional enemy), this meant that French Huguenots found Scotland a welcoming refuge. ^ The Scots Magazine (Volume 60 ed.). DC Thomson . Scotland owes a great deal to the Huguenots. They were the flower of France, and the persecution, epitomised by the massacre of St Bartholomew's Day , 1572, which drove so many to seek refuge abroad, enriched our nation {{ cite journal }} : Missing or empty |title= ( help ) ^ John Arnold Fleming (1953). Huguenot influence in Scotland . W. Maclellan. ^ Abraham Lavender (1989). French Huguenots: From Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants . Peter Lang . ISBN 978-0820411361 . In Scotland, the Huguenots 'became part of the warp and woof of the Scottish nation. They followed the tenets of John Calvin and made their contribution social, religious and commercial' (Reaman 1966; 95). ^ Stosunki polsko–francuskie w toku dziejów (in Polish). 1941. p. 3. ^ "Cooperative religion in Quebec" . Journal of Ecumenical Studies . Goliath. 22 March 2004 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ Steinhauer, Harry. Twelve German Novellas , p. 315. University of California Press, 1977. ISBN 0-520-03002-8 ^ Pawly, Ronald. The Kaiser's Warlords , p. 44. Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-558-9 ^ Galland 1954, p. vii. ^ Miller, David. U-boats , p. 12. Brassey's, 2002. ISBN 1-57488-463-8 ^ Leiby, Richard A. The Unification of Germany, 1989–1990 , p. 109. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. ISBN 0-313-29969-2 ^ Hornung, Erik (2014). "Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: The Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia" . American Economic Review . 104 (1): 84– 122. doi : 10.1257/aer.104.1.84 . hdl : 10419/37227 . ISSN 0002-8282 . ^ "Allocution de M. François Mitterrand, Président de la République, aux cérémonies du tricentenaire de la Révocation de l'Edit de Nantes, sur la tolérance en matière politique et religieuse et l'histoire du protestantisme en France, Paris, Palais de l'UNESCO, vendredi 11 octobre 1985" . vie-publique.fr. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . ^ Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons (New York: Scribner, 1958). Pg. 79-92. ^ William Monter, Calvin’s Geneva (New York: Wiley, 1967). Pg. 108-113 ^ 5.André Biéler, The Social and Economic Thought of Calvin (Geneva: World Alliance of Reformed Churches, 2005). Pg. 184-187 ^ David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: W.W. Norton, 1998). Pg. 155, 157-68. ^ Nathan Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). Pg. 72-84. ^ John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1848). Book4, Ch7. ^ Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (London: Penguin Classics, 2002). Pg. 14-21 ^ Ken Mondschein, ed., The U.S. Constitution and Other Writings (San Diego: Canterbury Classics, 2017). Pg. Xii-Xiv introduction. ^ Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: Harper Perennial, 1999). Pg. 260-267. ^ Charles Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007). Pg. 123-127. ^ "Bayonne Online The first reference to Bayonne in history is in 1609 when Henry Hudson stopped there before proceeding on his journey up the river which would later bear his name. He called this tip of the peninsula which jutted out into Newark Bay, "Bird's Point". The Dutch as part of New Amsterdam later claimed this land, along with New York and the rest of New Jersey. In 1646, the land was granted to Jacob Jacobson Roy, a gunner at the fort in New Amsterdam (now Manhattan), and named "Konstapel's Hoeck" (Gunner's Point in Dutch). In 1654, additional grants were given and shelters were built as centers for trading with the Leni-Lennapes. Soon, they became enraged with the Dutch trading tactics, and drove out the settlers. A peace treaty was arranged in 1658, and the Dutch returned" . 5 March 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2020 . ^ "Huguenot Half Dollar" . Commem.com . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . ^ "444 Years: The Massacre of the Huguenot Christians in America" . CBN.com – The Christian Broadcasting Network . 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . ^ "Historic Huguenot Street" . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . ^ "Huguenots of Spitalfields heritage tours & events in Spitalfields – Huguenot Public Art Trust" . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . ^ "Eglise Protestante Française de Londres" . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . ^ "Huguenots of Spitalfields heritage tours & events in Spitalfields – Huguenot Public Art Trust" . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . ^ "The Huguenot Chapel (Black Prince's Chantry)" . Archived from the original on 28 November 2018 . Retrieved 28 November 2018 . ^ "The Strangers who enriched Norwich and Norfolk life" . Retrieved 21 December 2019 . ^ "The strangers and the canaries – Football Welcomes 2018" . Retrieved 21 December 2019 . ^ Gerhard Fischer: Die Hugenotten in Berlin. Hentrich & Hentrich Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-941450-11-0 ^ "History of Moabit" . Bezirk Mitte Berlin . 13 August 2024 . Retrieved 3 April 2025 . ^ "Paths to Pluralism: South Africa's Early History" . Michigan State University . Retrieved 21 April 2009 . ^ The Huguenot Society of Australia. "Famous people" . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . ^ The Huguenot Society of Australia. "Who were the Huguenots?" . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Further reading Baird, Charles W. History of the Huguenot Emigration to America. Genealogical Publishing Company, Published: 1885, Reprinted: 1998, ISBN 978-0-8063-0554-7 Butler, Jon. The Huguenots in America: A Refugee People in New World Society (1992) Cottret, Bernard, The Huguenots in England. Immigration and Settlement , Cambridge & Paris, Cambridge University Press, 1991. Davis, Stephen M. The French Huguenots and Wars of Religion: Three Centuries of Resistance for Freedom of Conscience (2021) Diefendorf, Barbara B. Beneath the Cross: Catholics and Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris (1991) excerpt and text search Gerson, Noel B. The Edict of Nantes (Grosset & Dunlap, 1969), for secondary schools. Gilman, C. Malcolm. The Huguenot Migration in Europe and America, its Cause and Effect (1962) Glozier, Matthew and David Onnekink, eds. War, Religion and Service. Huguenot Soldiering, 1685–1713 (2007) Glozier, Matthew The Huguenot soldiers of William of Orange and the Glorious Revolution of 1688: the lions of Judah (Brighton, 2002) Gwynn, Robin D. Huguenot Heritage: The History and Contribution of the Huguenots in England (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985). Kamil, Neil. Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots' New World, 1517–1751 Johns Hopkins U. Press, 2005. 1058 pp. Lachenicht, Susanne. "Huguenot Immigrants and the Formation of National Identities, 1548–1787", Historical Journal 2007 50(2): 309–331, Lotz-Heumann, Ute : Confessional Migration of the Reformed: The Huguenots , European History Online , Mainz: Institute of European History , 2012, retrieved: 11 July 2012. McClain, Molly. "A Letter from Carolina, 1688: French Huguenots in the New World." William and Mary Quarterly. 3rd. ser., 64 (April 2007): 377–394. Mentzer, Raymond A. and Andrew Spicer. Society and Culture in the Huguenot World, 1559–1685 (2007) excerpt and text search Murdoch, Tessa, and Randolph Vigne. The French Hospital in England: Its Huguenot History and Collections Cambridge: John Adamson , 2009 ISBN 978-0-9524322-7-2 Parsons, Jotham, ed. The Edict of Nantes: Five Essays and a New Translation (National Huguenot Society, 1998). Ruymbeke, Bertrand Van. New Babylon to Eden: The Huguenots and Their Migration to Colonial South Carolina. U. of South Carolina Press, 2006. 396 pp Scoville, Warren Candler. The persecution of Huguenots and French economic development, 1680–1720 (U of California Press, 1960). Scoville, Warren C. "The Huguenots and the diffusion of technology. I." Journal of political economy 60.4 (1952): 294–311. part I online ; Part2: Vol. 60, No. 5 (Oct. 1952), pp. 392–411 online part 2 Soman, Alfred. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew: Reappraisals and Documents (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1974) Treasure, G. R. R. Seventeenth Century France (2nd ed., 1981) pp. 371–396. VanRuymbeke, Bertrand and Sparks, Randy J., eds. Memory and Identity: The Huguenots in France and the Atlantic Diaspora , U. of South Carolina Press, 2003. 352 pp. Wijsenbeek, Thera. "Identity Lost: Huguenot Refugees in the Dutch Republic and its Former Colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 To 1750: A Comparison", South African Historical Journal 2007 (59): 79–102 Wolfe, Michael. The Conversion of Henri IV: Politics, Power, and Religious Belief in Early Modern France (1993). In French Augeron Mickaël, Didier Poton et Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, dir., Les Huguenots et l'Atlantique , vol. 1: Pour Dieu, la Cause ou les Affaires , préface de Jean-Pierre Poussou, Paris, Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne (PUPS), Les Indes savantes, 2009 Augeron Mickaël, Didier Poton et Bertrand Van Ruymbeke, dir., Les Huguenots et l'Atlantique , vol. 2: Fidélités, racines et mémoires , Paris, Les Indes savantes, 2012. Augeron Mickaël, John de Bry, Annick Notter, dir., Floride, un rêve français (1562–1565) , Paris, Illustria, 2012. External links The Huguenot Library at University College London (UCL) contains approximate 6500 books and pamphlets including 1500 rare books. The Huguenot Library archive is also held at UCL Historic Huguenot Street Huguenot Fellowship The Huguenot Society of Australia Library for Huguenot History, Germany The National Huguenot Society Archived 27 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Huguenot Society of America Huguenot Society of Great Britain & Ireland Mitterrand's Apology to the Huguenots (in French) Who were the Huguenots? Archived 31 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine Huguenots of Spitalfields Texts Huguenots and Jews of the Languedoc About the inhabitants of Southern France and how they came to be called French Protestants Early Prayer Books of America: Being a Descriptive Account of Prayer Books Published in the United States, Mexico and Canada by Rev. John Wright, D.D. St Paul, MN: Privately Printed, 1898. Pages 188 to 210 are entitled "The Prayer Book of the French Protestants, Charleston, South Carolina." (597 pdfs) The French Protestant (Huguenot) Church in the city of Charleston, South Carolina . Includes history, text of memorial tablets, and the rules adopted in 1869. (1898, 40 pdfs) La Liturgie: ou La Manière de célébrer le service Divin; Qui est établie Dans le Eglises de la Principauté de Neufchatel & Vallangin . (1713, 160 pdfs) La Liturgie: ou La Manière de célébrer le service Divin; Qui est établie Dans le Eglises de la Principauté de Neufchatel & Vallangin . Revised and corrected second edition. (1737, 302 pdfs) La Liturgie: ou La Manière de Célébrer le Service Divin, Comme elle est établie Dans le Eglises de la Principauté de Neufchatel & Vallangin. Nouvelle édition, Augmentée de quelques Prieres, Collectes & Cantiques . (1772, 256 pdfs) La Liturgie: ou La Manière de Célébrer le Service Divin, qui est établie Dans le Eglises de la Principauté de Neufchatel & Vallangin. Cinquieme édition, revue, corrigée & augmentée . (1799, 232 pdfs) La Liturgie, ou La Manière de Célébrer le Service Divin, dans le églises du Canton de Vaud . (1807, 120 pdfs) The Liturgy of the French Protestant Church, Translated from the Editions of 1737 and 1772, Published at Neufchatel, with Additional Prayers, Carefully Selected, and Some Alterations: Arranged for the Use of the Congregation in the City of Charleston, S. C. Charleston, SC: James S. Burgess, 1835. (205 pdfs) The Liturgy of the French Protestant Church, Translated from the Editions of 1737 and 1772, Published at Neufchatel, with Additional Prayers Carefully Selected, and Some Alterations. Arranged for the Use of the Congregation in the City of Charleston, S. C. New York: Charles M. Cornwell, Steam Printer, 1869. (186 pdfs) The Liturgy, or Forms of Divine Service, of the French Protestant Church, of Charleston, S. C., Translated from the Liturgy of the Churches of Neufchatel and Vallangin: editions of 1737 and 1772. With Some Additional Prayers, Carefully Selected. The Whole Adapted to Public Worship in the United States of America. Third edition. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph & Company, 1853. 228 pp. Google Books and the Internet Archive . Available also from Making of America Books as a DLXS file or in hardcover. The Liturgy Used in the Churches of the Principality of Neufchatel: with a Letter from the Learned Dr. Jablonski, Concerning the Nature of Liturgies: To which is Added, The Form of Prayer lately introduced into the Church of Geneva . (1712, 143 pdfs) Manifesto, (or Declaration of Principles), of the French Protestant Church of London, Founded by Charter of Edward VI. 24 July, A.D. 1550. By Order of the Consistory. London, England: Messrs. Seeleys, 1850. Preamble and rules for the government of the French Protestant Church of Charleston: adopted at meetings of the corporation held on the 12th and the 19th of November, 1843 . (1845, 26 pdfs) Synodicon in Gallia Reformata: or, the Acts, Decisions, Decrees, and Canons of those Famous National Councils of the Reformed Churches in France by John Quick . Volume 1 of 2. (1692, 693 pdfs) Synodicon in Gallia Reformata: or, the Acts, Decisions, Decrees, and Canons of those Famous National Councils of the Reformed Churches in France by John Quick. Volume 2 of 2. (1692, 615 pdfs) Judith Still. "Huguenot" . Words of the World . Brady Haran ( University of Nottingham ). Archived from the original on 18 February 2020 . Retrieved 3 January 2016 . v t e French diaspora v t e By country Africa Algeria White Africans of European ancestry Mauritius Namibia ( Afrikaners ) Réunion 1 Senegal Asia Hong Kong India Japan Korea Pakistan Middle East Israel Lebanon Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe Hungary Netherlands ( Huguenots ) Poland ( Huguenots ) United Kingdom ( Huguenots ) North America Canada Acadians Brayon Basque Franco-Albertans Franco-Columbian Franco-Manitoban Franco-Nunavois Franco-Ontarian Franco-Ténois Franco-Newfoundlander Franco-Yukonnais Fransaskois Québécois Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1 Cuba French Antilles 1 Guatemala Haiti Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis United States Cajuns French Canadians Huguenots Breton Corsican Basque Oceania Australia New Caledonia 1 French Polynesia 1 New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Uruguay Africa Algeria White Africans of European ancestry Mauritius Namibia ( Afrikaners ) Réunion 1 Senegal Algeria White Africans of European ancestry Mauritius Namibia ( Afrikaners ) Réunion 1 Senegal Asia Hong Kong India Japan Korea Pakistan Hong Kong India Japan Korea Pakistan Middle East Israel Lebanon Turkey United Arab Emirates Israel Lebanon Turkey United Arab Emirates Europe Hungary Netherlands ( Huguenots ) Poland ( Huguenots ) United Kingdom ( Huguenots ) Hungary Netherlands ( Huguenots ) Poland ( Huguenots ) United Kingdom ( Huguenots ) North America Canada Acadians Brayon Basque Franco-Albertans Franco-Columbian Franco-Manitoban Franco-Nunavois Franco-Ontarian Franco-Ténois Franco-Newfoundlander Franco-Yukonnais Fransaskois Québécois Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1 Cuba French Antilles 1 Guatemala Haiti Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis United States Cajuns French Canadians Huguenots Breton Corsican Basque Canada Acadians Brayon Basque Franco-Albertans Franco-Columbian Franco-Manitoban Franco-Nunavois Franco-Ontarian Franco-Ténois Franco-Newfoundlander Franco-Yukonnais Fransaskois Québécois Acadians Brayon Basque Franco-Albertans Franco-Columbian Franco-Manitoban Franco-Nunavois Franco-Ontarian Franco-Ténois Franco-Newfoundlander Franco-Yukonnais Fransaskois Québécois Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1 Cuba French Antilles 1 Guatemala Haiti Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis United States Cajuns French Canadians Huguenots Breton Corsican Basque Cajuns French Canadians Huguenots Breton Corsican Basque Oceania Australia New Caledonia 1 French Polynesia 1 New Zealand Australia New Caledonia 1 French Polynesia 1 New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Uruguay Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Peru Uruguay See also Basques Bretons Walloons Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico Basques Bretons Walloons Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico 1 Overseas parts of France proper Migration of minorities in France (i.e. Basques ) can be considered as separate (ethnically) or French migration (by nationality). v t e History of Christianity v t e Spread History of theology Historicity of the Bible List of martyrs Spread History of theology Historicity of the Bible List of martyrs Timeline Centuries 1st 2nd and 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Centuries 1st 2nd and 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 1st 2nd and 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st Early Christianity Origins and Apostolic Age Background Chronology of Jesus birth baptism ministry crucifixion resurrection Great Commission ascension historical Jesus Holy Spirit Apostles in the New Testament Jewish Christianity Split Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period Diversity Adoptionism Arianism Docetism Donatism Gnosticism Marcionism Montanism Canon development Persecution Apostolic / Church Fathers Clement of Rome Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Tertullian Origen Great Church Early African Thomasines Origins and Apostolic Age Background Chronology of Jesus birth baptism ministry crucifixion resurrection Great Commission ascension historical Jesus Holy Spirit Apostles in the New Testament Jewish Christianity Split Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Background Chronology of Jesus birth baptism ministry crucifixion resurrection Great Commission ascension historical Jesus birth baptism ministry crucifixion resurrection Great Commission ascension historical Jesus Holy Spirit Apostles in the New Testament Jewish Christianity Split Split Paul the Apostle Council of Jerusalem Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Gospels Acts Pauline epistles General epistles Revelation Ante-Nicene period Diversity Adoptionism Arianism Docetism Donatism Gnosticism Marcionism Montanism Canon development Persecution Apostolic / Church Fathers Clement of Rome Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Tertullian Origen Great Church Early African Thomasines Diversity Adoptionism Arianism Docetism Donatism Gnosticism Marcionism Montanism Adoptionism Arianism Docetism Donatism Gnosticism Marcionism Montanism Canon development Persecution Apostolic / Church Fathers Clement of Rome Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Tertullian Origen Clement of Rome Polycarp Ignatius Irenaeus Justin Martyr Tertullian Origen Great Church Early African Thomasines Late antiquity Constantine Constantinian shift Roman state religion Monasticism Councils Nicaea I Creed Christianity Athanasius Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Chalcedonian / Non-Chalcedonian Biblical canon Constantine Constantinian shift Constantinian shift Roman state religion Monasticism Councils Nicaea I Creed Christianity Creed Christianity Athanasius Jerome Augustine Constantinople I Ephesus I Chalcedon Chalcedonian / Non-Chalcedonian Chalcedonian / Non-Chalcedonian Biblical canon Catholicism ( Timeline ) Papacy Development of primacy Eastern Orthodox opposition Peace and Truce of God Crusading movement Lateran IV Art patronage of Julius II Leo X Counter-Reformation Trent Art Catholic Reformation Jesuits Xavier Thomas More Monastery dissolution Wars Mass rocks and priest holes Guadalupe Jansenists Molinists Neo-Scholasticism Teresa Modernism Independent Catholics Vatican I and Vatican II Ecclesial community Papacy Development of primacy Eastern Orthodox opposition Development of primacy Eastern Orthodox opposition Peace and Truce of God Crusading movement Lateran IV Art patronage of Julius II Leo X Counter-Reformation Trent Art Catholic Reformation Jesuits Xavier Trent Art Catholic Reformation Jesuits Xavier Xavier Thomas More Monastery dissolution Wars Mass rocks and priest holes Guadalupe Jansenists Molinists Neo-Scholasticism Teresa Modernism Independent Catholics Vatican I and Vatican II Ecclesial community Ecclesial community Eastern Christianity Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Church of the East Chrysostom Nestorianism Icons Iconodulism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syriac Ethiopia Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Russia Serbia North America Eastern Orthodoxy Oriental Orthodoxy Church of the East Chrysostom Nestorianism Icons Iconodulism Iconoclasm Iconodulism Iconoclasm Great Schism Fall of Constantinople Armenia Georgia Greece Egypt Syriac Ethiopia Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Russia Serbia North America Middle Ages Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Anglo-Saxon Franks Gothic Scandinavian Iceland Slavs Bohemia Bulgaria Kievan Rus' Moravia Poland Pomerania Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard Bogomils Bosnian Cathars Apostolic Brethren Dulcinian Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Early Scholasticism Christian mysticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Five Ways Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Synods Pelagianism Gregory I Celtic Germanic Anglo-Saxon Franks Gothic Scandinavian Iceland Anglo-Saxon Franks Gothic Scandinavian Iceland Iceland Slavs Bohemia Bulgaria Kievan Rus' Moravia Poland Pomerania Bohemia Bulgaria Kievan Rus' Moravia Poland Pomerania Investiture Anselm Abelard Bernard Bogomils Bosnian Cathars Apostolic Brethren Dulcinian Crusades Waldensians Inquisition Early Scholasticism Christian mysticism Dominic Francis Bonaventure Aquinas Five Ways Five Ways Wycliffe Avignon Papal Schism Bohemian Reformation Hus Conciliarism Synods Synods Reformation and Protestantism Erasmus Eucharist Calvinist–Arminian debate Arminianism Wars Resistance theories Separation of church and state Nicodemites Hymnody of continental Europe Formal and material principles Law and Gospel Literature Protestant work ethic Lutheranism Luther Ninety-five Theses Diet of Worms Theology Bible Melanchthon Book of Concord Orthodoxy Eucharist Art Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Huguenots Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Baptism Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Orthodoxy Metrical psalters Anglicanism ( Timeline ) Henry VIII Cranmer Elizabethan 39 Articles Puritans Civil War Church music Book of Common Prayer King James Version Anabaptism Theology Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs' Synod Menno Simons Smyth Martyrs Mirror Ausbund Erasmus Eucharist Calvinist–Arminian debate Arminianism Wars Resistance theories Resistance theories Separation of church and state Nicodemites Hymnody of continental Europe Formal and material principles Law and Gospel Literature Protestant work ethic Lutheranism Luther Ninety-five Theses Diet of Worms Theology Bible Melanchthon Book of Concord Orthodoxy Eucharist Art Luther Ninety-five Theses Diet of Worms Theology Bible Ninety-five Theses Diet of Worms Theology Bible Melanchthon Book of Concord Orthodoxy Eucharist Art Calvinism Zwingli Calvin Huguenots Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Baptism Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Orthodoxy Metrical psalters Zwingli Calvin Huguenots Presbyterianism Scotland Knox TULIP Baptism Dort Three Forms of Unity Westminster Orthodoxy Metrical psalters Anglicanism ( Timeline ) Henry VIII Cranmer Elizabethan 39 Articles Puritans Civil War Church music Book of Common Prayer King James Version Henry VIII Cranmer Elizabethan 39 Articles Puritans Civil War Church music Book of Common Prayer King James Version Anabaptism Theology Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs' Synod Menno Simons Smyth Martyrs Mirror Ausbund Theology Radical Reformation Grebel Swiss Brethren Müntzer Martyrs' Synod Menno Simons Smyth Martyrs Mirror Ausbund 1640–1789 Revivalism Missionaries timeline Baptists Separation of church and state Edicts of toleration Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Fostering of early experimental science Neo- and Old Lutherans Revivalism Missionaries timeline timeline Baptists Separation of church and state Separation of church and state Edicts of toleration Congregationalism First Great Awakening Methodism Millerism Pietism Fostering of early experimental science Fostering of early experimental science Neo- and Old Lutherans 1789–present Camp meeting Holiness movement Second Great Awakening Restorationists Jehovah's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh-day Adventist Adventism Oxford Movement Laestadianism Finnish Awakening Christian existentialism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Gospel music Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy Pacifism Ecumenism Five solae Jesus movement Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Reformed epistemology Fourth Great Awakening Evangelical and Mainline Protestants Christian right and left Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America Camp meeting Holiness movement Second Great Awakening Restorationists Jehovah's Witnesses Mormonism Seventh-day Adventist Adventism Oxford Movement Laestadianism Finnish Awakening Christian existentialism Third Great Awakening Azusa Revival Gospel music Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy Pacifism Ecumenism Five solae Jesus movement Pentecostalism Charismatics Liberation theology Reformed epistemology Fourth Great Awakening Evangelical and Mainline Protestants Christian right and left Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America v t e Christianity v t e Index Outline Glossary Prophets People Lists of Christians By country Index Outline Glossary Prophets People Lists of Christians By country Bible (Scriptures) Canon Old Testament New Testament Canon Old Testament New Testament Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Christian tradition Worship Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Christian tradition Worship History ( timeline ) ( spread ) Early Christianity Jesus in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension Apostles Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Great Church Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Middle Ages Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Modern era Auto-da-fé Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Emigration from the Holy Land Relations with Judaism Relations with Islam Influences Early Christianity Jesus in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension Apostles Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Jesus in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension in Christianity Chronology Nativity Baptism Ministry Sermon on the Mount Parables Miracles Great Commandment Crucifixion Resurrection Great Commission Ascension Apostles Church Fathers Apostolic Fathers Apostolic Fathers Great Church Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Ante-Nicene period Late antiquity Constantine First seven ecumenical councils Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon Nicaea I Ephesus Chalcedon State church of the Roman Empire Christian biblical canon Middle Ages Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Monasticism Papal States East–West Schism Investiture Controversy Crusades Age of Discovery Modern era Auto-da-fé Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Emigration from the Holy Land Relations with Judaism Relations with Islam Influences Auto-da-fé Protestant Reformation Catholic Reformation Thirty Years' War Enlightenment French Revolution Emigration from the Holy Land Relations with Judaism Relations with Islam Influences Influences Denominations ( list , members ) Western Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic ( Palmarian ) Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Western Rite Orthodoxy Eastern Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Restorationist Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church Iglesia ni Cristo Western Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic ( Palmarian ) Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Western Rite Orthodoxy Catholic Old Catholic Independent Catholic ( Palmarian ) Protestant Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Quakers Reformed Western Rite Orthodoxy Eastern Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Church Church Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) Church of the East (Nestorian) Eastern Catholic Restorationist Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church Iglesia ni Cristo Jehovah's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement LDS Church LDS Church Iglesia ni Cristo Theology Ablution Angel Born again Christology Divine apathy Ecclesiology Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Faith Fall of man Forbidden fruit Garden of Eden Final Judgement God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Good works Heaven Hell Holy water Hygiene Kingdom of God Liturgy Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Love of Christ of God Mariology Theotokos Mission Monasticism Mortification Catholic Of the flesh New Covenant Nicene Creed Old Covenant Views Original sin Penance Prayer Repentance Sacraments Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Saints Salvation Satan Sin Eternal sin Mortal sin Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance Seven deadly sins Venial sin Tradition Values Vice Works of mercy Worship Ablution Angel Born again Christology Divine apathy Ecclesiology Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Four marks Body of Christ One true church People of God Canon law Faith Fall of man Forbidden fruit Garden of Eden Forbidden fruit Garden of Eden Final Judgement God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Good works Heaven Hell Hell Holy water Hygiene Kingdom of God Liturgy Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Catholic Eastern Catholic Eastern Orthodox Protestant Love of Christ of God of Christ of God Mariology Theotokos Theotokos Mission Monasticism Mortification Catholic Of the flesh Catholic Of the flesh New Covenant Nicene Creed Old Covenant Views Views Original sin Penance Prayer Repentance Sacraments Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Baptism Eucharist Marriage Confirmation Penance Anointing of the Sick Holy orders Saints Salvation Satan Sin Eternal sin Mortal sin Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance Seven deadly sins Venial sin Eternal sin Mortal sin Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance Seven deadly sins Venial sin Tradition Values Vice Works of mercy Worship Philosophy Natural law Ethics Science Evolution Politics Social mortgage Universal destination of goods Views on poverty and wealth Option for the poor Worldview Natural law Ethics Science Evolution Evolution Politics Social mortgage Universal destination of goods Views on poverty and wealth Option for the poor Option for the poor Worldview Other features Culture Alcohol Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Atonement Christmas Church buildings Lists of cathedrals Crucifix Cupio dissolvi Evangelism Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Fallen woman Magdalene asylum Flag Flagellant Forgiveness Literature Marriage Catholic Music Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Redemptive suffering Role in civilization Self-flagellation Sign of the cross Symbolism Movements Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Evangelism Mission Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left / Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Supremacy Terrorism Traditionalist Catholicism Cooperation Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Related ... and Bhuddhism ... and Druze ... and Hinduism ... and Islam ... and Judaism ... and Paganism ... and other religions ... and violence ... as an ethnicity Anti-Christian sentiment Christian universalism Criticism Jesus Cultural Christians Good and evil Great Apostasy Martyrs Miracle Nominal Christian Persecution Religious views on love Role of Christianity in civilization Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Unlimited atonement Views on homosexuality Culture Alcohol Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Atonement Christmas Church buildings Lists of cathedrals Crucifix Cupio dissolvi Evangelism Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Fallen woman Magdalene asylum Flag Flagellant Forgiveness Literature Marriage Catholic Music Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Redemptive suffering Role in civilization Self-flagellation Sign of the cross Symbolism Alcohol Architecture Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Architecture of cathedrals and great churches Art Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Jesus Mary Trinity God the Father Holy Spirit Atonement Christmas Church buildings Lists of cathedrals Lists of cathedrals Crucifix Cupio dissolvi Evangelism Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Catechesis Catechism Catholic priest Folk Christianity Open-air Pastor Fallen woman Magdalene asylum Magdalene asylum Flag Flagellant Forgiveness Literature Marriage Catholic Catholic Music Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Chant Choir Gospel Hymn Introit Pop Psalm Requiem Mythology Pilgrimage Popular piety Redemptive suffering Role in civilization Self-flagellation Sign of the cross Symbolism Movements Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Evangelism Mission Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left / Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Supremacy Terrorism Traditionalist Catholicism Crusading movement Anarchism Charismatic Democracy Evangelism Mission Mission Environmentalism Existentialism Fundamentalism Liberation Left / Right Mysticism Pacifism Prosperity Supremacy Terrorism Traditionalist Catholicism Cooperation Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Christendom Ecumenism Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Charta Oecumenica World Council of Churches World Evangelical Alliance Nondenominationalism Related ... and Bhuddhism ... and Druze ... and Hinduism ... and Islam ... and Judaism ... and Paganism ... and other religions ... and violence ... as an ethnicity Anti-Christian sentiment Christian universalism Criticism Jesus Cultural Christians Good and evil Great Apostasy Martyrs Miracle Nominal Christian Persecution Religious views on love Role of Christianity in civilization Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Unlimited atonement Views on homosexuality ... and Bhuddhism ... and Druze ... and Hinduism ... and Islam ... and Judaism ... and Paganism ... and other religions ... and violence ... as an ethnicity Anti-Christian sentiment Christian universalism Criticism Jesus Jesus Cultural Christians Good and evil Great Apostasy Martyrs Miracle Nominal Christian Persecution Religious views on love Role of Christianity in civilization Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Christianization Cultural Christians Spread Unlimited atonement Views on homosexuality Christianity portal Category Christianity portal Category Authority control databases International GND FAST GND FAST National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Spain Israel Other Yale LUX Yale LUX Huguenots Anti-Catholicism in France Protestant ethnoreligious groups French Protestants French Wars of Religion Religion in the Ancien Régime CS1 French-language sources (fr) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Internet Archive links Pages with missing ISBNs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2022 CS1 errors: missing title CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use British English from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Use dmy dates from April 2025 Pages with French IPA Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Dutch-language text Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2025 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles containing Afrikaans-language text Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles containing Tagalog-language text This page was last edited on 26 December 2025, at 17:25 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.