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6.1.2 Notation
The symbol βŠ• denotes the bytewise addition modulo two (exclusive or); i.e. msb of byte x is added to msb of byte y, ...., lsb of byte x to lsb of byte y. x (i)1 x(i)2 x(i)1 βŠ• x(i)2 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 x(i) is bit i of byte x y(i) is bit i of byte y i = 0..., 7
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6.1.3 Output Register
The output register is denoted by R0, R1..., R6, and R7, and functions as an 8-bit wide shift register. The output bytes of sections R0 up to R5 are also used as input for the other functional components of TEA2. The output of R7 is added to the outputs of the other functional components and returned to the first secti...
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6.1.4 Cipher Key Register
The Cipher key (CK) register, denoted by K0, K1, ....., K8, and K9, is a ten section 8-bit wide shift register. The bytes of a CK are loaded into the CK register as shown in Figure 8 and before the Initialization Vector is loaded into the Output Register. During initialization and the generation of Cipher bytes the Cip...
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6.1.5 Byte Permutation Function
The CK byte permutation function P is an arbitrary permutation on 256 bytes. The look-up table for this permutation is given in Figure 9. The input to the function is two 4-bit nibbles, one higher nibble and one lower nibble. In the output, the left 4-bit nibble is the higher one, e.g. P (37) = A1.
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6.1.6 Expander E
The expander function converts a two-byte input to a 32-bit word, i.e. eight 4-bit nibbles for the non-linear function Ζ’1 and Ζ’2. The structure of expander E and functions Ζ’1 and Ζ’2 is shown in Figure 10. In this figure, bits 1-8 are the bits of R1, respectively R4. Bits 9-16 are the bits of R0, respectively R3. Bits 1...
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6.1.8 8-bit Permutation BP
The permutation BP is a so-called wire crossing, i.e. only one permutation with a fixed pattern. If the eight bits of R5 are numbered 12345678, the order of the bits after BP becomes 48572136. The left bit in both bytes is the most significant and the right bit is the least significant. ETSI ETSI TS 104 053-1 V1.2.1 (2...
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6.1.9 Feedback of output register
The results of the functional components BP, Ζ’1, Ζ’2 and CK byte permutation P are added in the feedback path of the output register and affect the operation (i.e. operation after loading the CK and Initialization vector) as follows: β€’ with R'i denoting the next byte value (i.e. after one step) of the output register se...
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6.2 Key Stream Generation
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6.2.1 Summary
The algorithm consists of four main phases: the CK loading, the IV loading, the run-up and the key byte generation proper. During the CK loading, the initial state of the Cipher key register is determined. Next, the initial state of the output register is determined by loading of the Initialization Vector as described ...
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6.2.2 CK loading
The CK loading depends solely on the 80-bit Cipher Key. The CK bytes are loaded as depicted in the Load Map shown in Figure 8. The CK bytes C1, C2, ....., C10 are shifted into the register from K0 to K9.
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6.2.3 IV loading
The output register is first loaded with a 29-bit Initialization Vector. This IV is converted to a 32-bit word by taking the three most significant bits as zeroes, and the remaining 29 bits as the given IV. For instance, if the IV is the binary value: 11010 00011010 11100010 00000110 the 32-bit word becomes: 00011010 0...
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6.2.4 Run-up
After the IV load into the output register all functional components of TEA2 become operational and 50 initializing steps are performed to bring the algorithm in the CK and IV dependent starting point from which the generation of key bytes can start. For run-up and key byte generation a step is defined as applying the ...
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6.2.5 Key byte generation
After the run-up cycle one step is made to produce the first key byte. Successive key bytes are generated each 19 steps. More precisely, the keystream generator, being byte orientated, generates 8 output bits at a time. Keystream bytes are generated by stepping the algorithm 19 times and then taking the value held in t...
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6.3 Figures of TEA2 Algorithm
R0....R7 Output Register (eight 8-bit wide registers) K0....K9 Cipher Key load register (ten 8-bit wide registers) E Expansion from 16 to 32 bits Ζ’1, Ζ’2 Non-linear function: each eight functions of 4 bits BP Permutation of 8 bits (wire crossing) P Permutation on 28 elements (byte substitution) Figure 7: Functional comp...
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7 TEA3 ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION
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7.1 TEA3 Functional Components
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7.1.1 Summary of Components
The cryptographic algorithm TEA3 consists of the following functional components as depicted in Figure 13: β€’ An Output Register comprising a set of eight 8-bit wide shift register stages (clause 7.1.3). β€’ A Cipher Key Register comprising a set of ten 8-bit wide shift register stages (clause 7.1.4). β€’ A byte permutation...
b9577ffd31d53882333a2ffba47a2f9e
104 053-1
7.1.2 Notation
The symbol βŠ• denotes the bytewise addition modulo two (exclusive or); i.e. msb of byte x is added to msb of byte y, ...., lsb of byte x to lsb of byte y. x (i)1 x(i)2 x(i)1 βŠ• x(i)2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 x(i) is bit i of byte x y(i) is bit i of byte y i=0…..,7
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7.1.3 Output Register
The Output Register comprises eight stages denoted by bytes R0 .....R7 and functions as an eight stage 8-bit wide shift register. Stages R1 and R2, and R4, R5 and R6 are also used as input for the other functional components of TEA3. Stage R7 is added to the outputs of the other functional components and returned to th...
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7.1.4 Cipher Key Register
The Cipher Key Register comprises ten stages denoted by bytes K0 ......K9 and functions as a ten stage 8-bit wide shift register. Stages K2 and K7 are also used as input for the other functional components of TEA3. Stage K9 is added to the outputs of the other functional components and returned to the first stage K0 as...
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7.1.5 Byte Permutation Function P
The byte permutation function P is a fixed random-like permutation on 256 bytes. The look-up table for this permutation is given in Figure 15. The input to the function is two 4-bit nibbles, one higher nibble and one lower nibble. In the output, the left 4-bit nibble is the higher one, e.g. P (27) = 5B. In this example...
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7.1.6 Expander E
The expander function converts a two-byte input to a 32-bit word. The 32-bits are subdivided into eight 4-bit nibbles for the nonlinear functions Ζ’1 and Ζ’2. The structure of expander E and functions Ζ’1 and Ζ’2 is shown in Figure 16. In this figure, bits 1-8 are the bits of R6 (R2). Bits 9-16 are the bits of R5 (R1). Bit...
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7.1.8 8-bit Permutation BP
The permutation BP is a simple wire-crossing, i.e. a reordering of the bits within the byte. If the eight bits of R4 are numbered 12345678, the order of the bits after BP becomes 38467215. The left bit (bit 1) in both bytes is the most significant and the right bit (bit 8) is the least significant.
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7.2 Keystream Generation
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7.2.1 Summary
The algorithm consists of three main phases: the CK and the IV loading, the run-up and the keystream generation proper. ETSI ETSI TS 104 053-1 V1.2.1 (2025-02) 24 During the loading phase the Cipher Key is used to set the initial state of the Cipher Key Register (clause 7.2.2), and the Initialization Vector is used to ...
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7.2.2 CK loading
The 80-bit Cipher Key is used to initialize the ten stage Cipher Key Register as depicted in the Load Map shown in Figure 14. The CK bytes C1, C2…, 10, starting with the most significant byte (C1), are shifted into the Cipher Key Register Ki, entering through stage K0. Note that the feedback function is not enabled at ...
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7.2.3 IV loading
The 29-bit IV is converted to a 32-bit word (four bytes) by adding three '0' bits to the most significant end. For instance, if the IV is the binary value: 11010 00011010 11100010 00000110 the 32-bit word becomes: 00011010 00011010 11100010 00000110. The resultant 32-bit IV is used to initialize the Output Register R. ...
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7.2.4 Run-up
After the CV and IV have been loaded into their respective registers all functional components of the TEA3 become operational and 32 steps are performed to bring the algorithm to a state where the generation of keystream can start. For run-up and keystream generation a step is defined as applying the formulae in clause...
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7.2.5 Key byte generation
The keystream generator, being byte orientated, generates 8 output bits at a time. Keystream bytes are generated by stepping the algorithm 19 times and then taking the value held in the Output Register stage R7. The 8 bits in this register are then used, most-significant bit first, as the next 8 bits of the keystream.
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7.3 Figures of TEA3 Algorithm
Figure 13: Functional components of TEA3 ETSI ETSI TS 104 053-1 V1.2.1 (2025-02) 26 Figure 14: Cipher Key Load Map Figure 15: Byte permutation lookup table ETSI ETSI TS 104 053-1 V1.2.1 (2025-02) 27 Figure 16: Structure of expander and functions Ζ’1 and Ζ’2 Figure 17: Truth table of Ζ’1 Figure 18: Truth table of Ζ’2 ETSI E...
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8 TEA4 ALGORITHM DESCRIPTION
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8.1 TEA4 Functional Components
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8.1.1 Summary of Components
The cryptographic algorithm TEA4 consists of the following functional components as depicted in Figure 19: β€’ An Output Register comprising a set of eight 8-bit wide shift register stages (clause 8.1.3). β€’ A Cipher Key Register comprising a set of seven 8-bit wide shift register stages (clause 8.1.4). β€’ A byte permutati...
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8.1.2 Notation
The symbol βŠ• denotes the bytewise addition modulo two (exclusive or); i.e. msb of byte x is added to msb of byte y, ...., lsb of byte x to lsb of byte y. x (i)1 x(i)2 x(i)1 βŠ• x(i)2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 x(i) is bit i of byte x y(i) is bit i of byte y i=0…..,7
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8.1.3 Output Register
The Output Register comprises eight stages denoted by bytes R0 .....R7 and functions as an eight stage 8-bit wide shift register. Stages R1 and R2, and R4, R5 and R6 are also used as input for the other functional components of TEA4. Stage R7 is added to the outputs of the other functional components and returned to th...
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8.1.4 Cipher Key Register
The Cipher Key Register comprises seven stages denoted by bytes Ko….K6 and function as a seven stage 8-bit wide shift register. Stages K1 and K5 are also used as input for the other functional components of TEA4. Stage K6 is added to the outputs of the other functional components and returned to the first stage Ko as d...
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8.1.5 Byte Permutation Function P
The byte permutation function P is a fixed random-like permutation on 256 bytes. The look up table for this permutation is given in Figure 21. The inputs to the function are two 4-bit nibbles, one higher nibble and one lower nibble. In the output, the left 4-bit nibble is the higher one, e.g. P (28) = D4. In this examp...
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8.1.6 Expander E
The expander function conve1ts a two-byte input to a 32-bit word. The 32-bits are subdivided into eight 4-bit nibbles for the nonlinear function Ζ’1 and Ζ’2. The structure of expander E and functions Ζ’1 and Ζ’2 is shown in Figure 22. In Figure 22, bits 1-8 are the bits of R5 (R1). Bits 9-16 are the bits of R4 (R0). Bits 1...
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8.1.8 8-bit Permutation BP
The permutation BP is a simple wire-crossing, i.e. a reordering of the bits within the byte. If the eight bits of R4 are numbered 12345678, the order of the bits after BP becomes 74638152. The left bit (bit 1) in both bytes is the most significant and the right bit (bit 8) is the least significant.
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8.2 KEYSTREAM GENERATION
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8.2.1 Summary
The algorithm consists of three main phases: the CK and the IV loading, the run-up and the keystream generation proper. During the loading phase the Cipher Key is used to set the initial state of the Cipher Key Register (clause 8.2.2), and the Initialization Vector is used to set the initial state of the Output Registe...
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8.2.2 CK loading
The 80-bit Cipher Key is used to initialize the seven stage Cipher Key Register as defined below and as depicted in Figure 20. All stages of the Cipher Key Register K are initially set to 0, and then the Cipher Key bytes are mixed into the register starting with the most significant byte of the key (C1). The feedback d...
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8.2.3 IV loading
The 29-bit IV is converted to a 32-bit word (four bytes) by adding three '0' bits to the most significant end. For instance, if the IV is the binary value: 11010 00011010 11100010 00000110 the 32-bit word becomes: 00011010 00011010 11100010 00000110. The resultant 32-bit IV is used to initialize the Output Register R. ...
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8.2.4 Run-up
After the CV and IV have been loaded into their respective registers all functional components of TEA4 become operational and 35 steps are performed to bring the algorithm to a state where the generation of keystream can start. For run-up and keystream generation a step is defined as applying the formulae in clause 8.1...
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8.2.5 Keystream generation
The keystream generator, being byte orientated, generates 8 output bits at a time. Keystream bytes are generated by stepping the algorithm 19 times and then taking the value held in the Output Register stage R7. The 8 bits in this register are then used, most-significant bit first, as the next 8 bits of the keystream. ...
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8.3 Figures of TEA4 Algorithm
Figure 19: Functional components of TEA4 Figure 20: Cipher Key Load Map ETSI ETSI TS 104 053-1 V1.2.1 (2025-02) 33 Figure 21: Byte permutation lookup table Figure 22: Structure of expander and functions Ζ’1 and Ζ’2 ETSI ETSI TS 104 053-1 V1.2.1 (2025-02) 34 Figure 23: Truth table of Ζ’1 Figure 24: Truth table of f2 ETSI E...
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1 Scope
The present document specifies DASH-IF Forensic A/B Watermarking.
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2 References
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2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which a...
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2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks i...
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3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
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3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply: client-driven watermarking: action of watermarking content when the user device is performing some actions allowing it to make unique requests for content NOTE: The user device embeds a watermarking agent that is integrated with the application. clien...
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3.2 Symbols
Void.
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3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ABR Adaptive Bit Rate AES Advanced Encryption Standard AF Adaptation Field API Application Programming Interface AVC Advanced Video Codec CBOR Concise Binary Object Representation CDDL Concise Data Definition Language CDN Content Delivery Netw...
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4 OTT Watermarking Using Variants
The objective of forensic watermarking is to deliver a unique version of a media asset to the different users consuming the asset. This is somewhat in opposition with media delivery mechanisms that aim at delivering the same asset to all users for efficiency purposes. As a result, in the broadcast era, a typical approa...
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5 Server-Driven Architecture and Workflows
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5.1 Introduction
In the server-driven architecture, the device is unaware that content it consumes is watermarked. The device only exchanges a token with servers allowing these servers, usually CDN edges, to make the decision on which A or B Variant it delivers to the device. In the present document, an end-to-end system is presented. ...
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5.2 Functional Architecture
Figure 2 shows the simplified high-level functional architecture and the different interaction between the components that are involved in the flows when a device consumes watermarked content. Note that this also shows that content is encrypted, as watermarking will likely be added for premium content that is also encr...
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5.3 System Configuration
Enabling or disabling the edge sequencing logic is set through the configuration to the edge. As an example, this can be useful for a service of live sporting events where only premium events require watermarking enforcement. Other moments of the day do not require it. In this case, content is still watermarked but the...
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5.4 WM Token
A WM token provides a WM pattern which is unique (for example per streaming session or per user). This pattern allows the sequencing of A/B Variants. Two tokenization schemes are defined in the present document. The first, named direct, embeds the WM pattern in the token and can be opened and interpreted by an edge irr...
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5.5 WMPaceInfo
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5.5.1 Introduction
When a device requests a segment, the edge sequencing logic needs to know which bit in the unique WM pattern to consider for retrieving either A or B Variant of the requested segment before delivering it to the device. WMPaceInfo contains this mapping in addition to some data needed for content preparation. It is trans...
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5.5.2 WMPaceInfo Data
WMPaceInfo is as shown in Table 2. Table 2: WMPaceInfo data Attribute Producer Consumers Purpose variant Encoder Edge Integration, debugging position Encoder Edge Bit position in the WM pattern firstpart Encoder Packager, Origin Egress packaging lastpart Encoder Packager, Origin Egress packaging Where - variant gives t...
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5.5.3 Conveying WMPaceInfo
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5.5.3.1 Introduction
WMPaceInfo is delivered from the encoder to other servers. There is no unique mechanism for this. The present document does not recommend one preferred option applicable for all protocols, Table 3 only presents some possible options for conveying WMPaceInfo with a preferred option for some protocols (in bold in the tab...
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5.5.3.2 Sidecar File
When segments (discrete files or byteranges) are delivered with a file transfer protocol, it may be convenient to have WMPaceInfo data in a sidecar file. For efficiency, the WMPaceInfo data is not copied directly as some would be included multiple times. The sidecar file is of the following format (using CDDL represent...
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5.5.3.3 HTTP Header
When content is pushed, in the request header, under the WMPaceInfoIngest HTTP header field, the following JSON object is added: WMPaceInfoIngest : { "version": version, "variant": variant, "position": position, "firstpart": firstpart, "lastpart": lastpart } Where - version is set to 1 for WMPaceInfoIngest compliant to...
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5.5.3.4 ISOBMFF Box
The format of WMPaceInfo class shall be: class WMPaceInfo { unsigned int(8) version; unsigned int(8) variant; unsigned int(1) emulation_1; unsigned int(15) position; unsigned int(1) emulation_2; unsigned int(1) firstpart; unsigned int(1) lastpart; unsigned int(5) reserved; } Where - version is set to 1 for WMPaceInfo c...
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5.5.3.5 SEI Message
SEI messages are inserted in the stream with a specific syntax depending on the codec. [8] provides the syntax for AVC, HEVC and AV1 video codecs in Annex B. In these messages: - The UUID shall be equal to 0xbec4f824-170d-47cf-a826-ce008083e355. - The watermarking metadata is the WMPaceInfo data with the format defined...
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5.5.3.6 TS Adaptation Field
Following clause U of [2], the format of the private adaptation field descriptor carrying the WMPaceInfo data is defined in Table 4. Table 4: WMPaceInfo descriptor Syntax No. of bits Mnemonic temi_WMPaceInfo_descriptor { af_descr_tag af_descr_length WMPaceInfo() } 8 8 40 uimsbf uimsbf uimsbf Where - af_descr_tag is an ...
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5.6 Content Preparation
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5.6.1 Introduction
Content preparation means the generation of A/B Variants of the segments followed by the push of content on the origin. It is under a workflow manager responsibility in case of VOD and fully automated for Live content. The encoder generates the different Variants of the adaptive content. The encrypted segments, the DAS...
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5.6.2 Encoding Recommendations
This clause contains recommendation when encoding content. The goal is to facilitate the creation and management of A and B Variants in the delivery chain. When segments are requested as byteranges in a file or when chunks are requested as byteranges in a segment, the segments and chunks in A and B Variants shall have ...
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5.6.4 Segment Ingress Path Structure on the Origin
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5.6.4.1 Introduction
The DASH manifest [1] and HLS playlist [3] served to the devices are "neutral", meaning that: - The same playlist or manifest is served to all devices of all end-users. - It does not expose different names for A and B Variants of a given segment.
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5.6.4.2 Locating the Variants
Egress DASH manifests and HLS playlists shall be neutral, but ingest DASH manifests and HLS playlists include information about the A and B Variants being ingested, this is: - The ingest path. - Some signalling elements to describe if a DASH Adaptation Set includes the A or B Variants, or if an HLS media playlist inclu...
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5.6.4.3 Locating the Sidecar File
The sidecar file is part of the ingest with the DASH manifest or HLS playlist, the link to this file is added in different places depending on the format. DASH ingest manifests shall include an EssentialProperty element at the Representation level with a @schemeIdUri attribute equal to http://dashif.org/guidelines/wate...
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5.6.5 Packaging Recommendations
This clause contains requirements where packaged content is served to devices. The goal is to facilitate the creation and management of A and B Variants in the delivery chain. These requirements apply even if no re-packaging process exists. NOTE: This implies that an encoder working against a completely passive receive...
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5.7 Content Playback
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5.7.1 Introduction
The flow for content playback is shown in the following clauses. The origin received content as explained in clause 5.5. It has access to the A/B Variants and the WMPaceInfo data. This clause describes only the case where the WM token is used in direct mode and does not consider the value of wmsegduration (hence using ...
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5.7.2 Dynamic Ad Insertion
In case of Dynamic Ad Insertion (DAI), the break may happen at any time. As every segment carries watermarking information allowing to perform the detection, there shall not be segments carrying conflicting data. While some techniques may recover from this mix of data, it will, in all cases, impact the length of conten...
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5.7.3 WM Token, DASH Manifest and HLS Playlists Acquisition
The device acquires the WM token in an implementation specific manner. It may be retrieved directly from a WM token server, or it may be provided in a response from another server as part of other data required for playing back content. The WM token may be added as part of the virtual path of the requested object, as a...
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5.7.4 Initialization Segment Acquisition
When content is delivered as byteranges, as the initialization segment is within the file, the token shall be added in the request as the requested file has a name that matches the pattern for watermarked content. The edge will then apply the exact same logic it applies for a media segment, it retrieves the sidecar fil...
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5.7.5 Media Segments and WMPaceInfo Acquisition
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5.7.5.1 General Requirements
For the media segments, a token shall be attached to the HTTP requests. If not present, the edge shall reject the request and shall not deliver the segment. The edge shall validate the WM token (that can include checking signed data or decrypting some claims) which is attached to the requests and extracts the WM patter...
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5.7.5.2 WMPaceInfo Acquisition
For each device request for /pathname/filename, the edge shall retrieve from the origin egress WMPaceInfo data associated to this object. The origin presents this information differently whether segments are discrete or byteranges: - For byterange segment, the origin shall have a dedicated endpoint for delivering WMPac...
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5.7.5.3 Discrete Files
For the media segments delivered as discrete files, the flow is shown in Figure 6. The edge sequences the A or B Variant of a segment based on the WM pattern contained in the token. It has two options to know the position of the segment within the WM pattern: - First make a request to the origin to retrieve the WMPaceI...
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5.7.5.4 Byterange
For the media segments delivered as byteranges, the flow is shown in Figure 7. The edge delivers the A or B Variant of a segment based on the WM pattern contained in the token. To know which position in the WM pattern it has to consider, it needs to retrieve the sidecar file associated to this track. It first makes a H...
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5.8 Monitoring and Watermark Detection
If content is found, a detection of a WM pattern can be performed. A video acquisition that includes valuable content (no commercial breaks for example) is performed. As the unique ID is obtained by extracting information from segments (0 or 1 in every segment), the acquired content shall be of several minutes (the lon...
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1 Scope
The present document defines O-RAN OAM interface functions and protocols for the O-RAN O1 interface. The present document studies the functions conveyed over the interface, including management functions, procedures, operations, and corresponding solutions, and identifies existing standards and industry work that can s...
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2 References
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2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which a...
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2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which a...
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3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
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3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [i.1] apply. NOTE: A term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [i.1].
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3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the symbols given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [i.1] apply. NOTE: A symbol defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same symbol, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [i.1].
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3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in 3GPP TR 21.905 [i.1] and the following apply: NOTE: An abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in 3GPP TR 21.905 [i.1]. 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project ETSI ETSI TS 10...
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4 General Requirements
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4.1 Service Management and Orchestration (SMO)
REQ-SMO-FUN-1: O-RAN compliant SMOs shall support the O1 interfaces as defined in the present document.
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4.2 Transport Layer Security (TLS)
TLS requirements specified in O-RAN Security Protocol Specifications [16] clauses 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 shall apply.