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37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 8.3.2 Trust Service Provider information | Field Provision TSP identity Text of the TSP's choosing. TSP Brand name Text of the TSP's choosing. Address These will pre-exist in both physical and electronic form. TSP information URL Very unlikely not to pre-exist. |
37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 8.3.3 Approved service information | Field Provision Service identifier To be defined by proposed normative work - this process must ensure that each type of service can be suitably identified, with scope for extension. This could be by generic type (e.g. CA) with specific qualifiers (e.g. issuing QCs to the public) - to be encoded. Service identity Text ... |
37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 8.3.4 Approval history information | The basis of this information is simply the Approved Service information referred to in the preceding clause, removed to a different part of the TSL and thereby adopting a change of significance (i.e. it is no longer the current status). Existing schemes, which do not currently protect this information for continued ac... |
37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 9 Recommendations for future actions | This clause recommends actions that should be taken to further development of the requirements. |
37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 9.1 Development of a supporting TSL standard | The preparation of a TSL standard is the principal recommendation of the present document, and supports closely the "Task 5" description for the proposed ETSI ESI SI 2002 work programme. Such a standard will harmonize the content and format of Trust Status Lists in a manner that facilitates their exchange and interpret... |
37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 9.2 Requirement issues deserving further attention | During the latter stages of the preparation of the present document a small number of important issues have arisen which could not be adequately addressed in the available time-frame. These are itemized below and it is recommended that, prior to the refinement of the TSL structure and the drafting of a technical standa... |
37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 9.3 Necessary complementary action | Development of equivalent criteria for the process and methods of conducting approvals of TSPs. The rationale for such criteria is presented in clauses 6.2.3 and 8.1.1 of the present document. The task needs co-operation among the different schemes and between the representatives of the schemes and the standardization ... |
37c4ab3864f6673d4ded165887e5f538 | 102 030 | 9.4 Potential complementary actions | The following potential complementary actions have been identified: • Development of guidance for application software verifying TSLs and presenting status information to users (subscribers, relying parties). An option would be to extend the document CWA 14171 [6] (E-Sign WA-G2) with specifications of functional and qu... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 1 Scope | The present document provides an analysis on the suitability of using TTCN-3 as defined in ES 210 873-1 [1] to specify the test specifications for TIPHON protocols, in particular the TIPHON profile of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and the TIPHON OSP (Open Settlement Protocol). This study is restricted to the use of... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR) the following references apply: [1] ETSI ES 201 873-1: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Tree and Tabular Combined Notation version 3; Part 1: TTCN-3 Core Language". [2] ISO/IEC 9646-3: "Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Conformance te... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One ATS Abstract Test Suite DTD Document Type Definition IUT Implementation Under Test MTC Master Test Component OSP Open Settlement Protocol (P)ICS (Protocol) Implementation Conformance Statement (P)IXIT (Protoc... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 4 Background | The detailed code for nearly all ETSI (conformance) Abstract Test Suites (ATS) is written in TTCN. There are two versions of TTCN, version 2 (TTCN-2) as defined in ISO/IEC-9646-3 [2] and the recently published ETSI version 3 ES 201 873-1 [1]. NOTE: Version 1 of TTCN is not now used by ETSI. Version 2 is oriented toward... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5 Suitability of TTCN-3 for SIP testing | In order to understand the suitability of TTCN-3 for testing SIP it is necessary to consider three main aspects: • the basic testing architecture, i.e. the location of the test interfaces; • the expression of dynamic behaviour (i.e. SIP message exchanges); • the representation of data (i.e. SIP messages). These aspects... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.1 Architectural considerations for testing SIP | Two conceptual SIP test systems are illustrated in figure 1. The TTCN-3 parts of the test system are represented by the white boxes, which in the present document we refer to as the "TTCN-3 Tester". The light grey box represents sub-structured parts of the test system. The dark grey boxes indicate the underlying transp... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.2 Expressing SIP dynamic behaviour in TTCN-3 | SIP has very simple dynamic behaviour. The TTCN-3 communication and timer mechanisms etc. are entirely adequate to specify the exchange of SIP messages. The present document recommends that TIPHON SIP tests are expressed using asynchronous communication. NOTE: Generally, SIP testing would be based on asynchronous messa... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3 Expressing SIP messages in TTCN-3 | Currently many SIP test suites specify one single text string for each instance of a message. Changing one element in a message means that a complete, new message needs to written. The end result is many hundreds of individual SIP messages. No rationalization. No reuse. Worse still, matches on incoming messages have to... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.1 SIP headers | In its simplest form a SIP header can be represented as a single text string, as described in clause 5.3. For example: "CSeq: 1 INVITE\r\n" However, the CSeq header could be represented as a structured type of several elements: type record CSEQ { tag charstring, sp1 charstring, counter charstring, sp2 charstring, metho... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.1.1 Parameterization | TTCN-3 templates can be parameterized. For example, we could parameterize the counter in the CSeq header: template SIP_RESPONSE MyResponse (charstring COUNTER) := { : Message_Headers := { : "CSeq:" & COUNTER & "INVITE" & CRLF : }, Message_Body := omit } // And in the receive line we could write: pco.receive(MyRespons("... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.1.2 Wildcards | The TTCN-3 matching mechanisms (wildcards) can also be used. For example, we could wildcard the counter in the CSeq header: template SIP_RESPONSE MyResponse := { : Message_Headers := { : "CSeq:" & <?> & "INVITE" & CRLF }, Message_Body := omit } NOTE: The exact syntax of TTCN-3 wildcards and patterns is still under revi... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.1.3 Using modified templates | Another mechanism that could be used is derived, or modified, templates. For example, a complete SIP message would contain all the headers, say, from "Allow" to "WWWAuthenticate". // SIP Message Request type record SIP_REQUEST { charstring Method optional, // even mandatory fields are optional charstring Request_URI op... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.2 TTCN-3 regular expressions | TTCN-3 now supports limited regular expressions, or patterns. These may be used to match character string values anywhere that wildcards and matching mechanisms are currently allowed in TTCN-3. Work is progressing to introduce more complicated pattern-matching into the language. It is expected that tool-makers will imp... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.2.1 Simple patterns | In addition to literal characters, character patterns allow the use of meta characters "?" and "*" to mean any character and any number of any character respectively. For example: template charstring MyTemplate:= pattern "ab??xyz*"; This template would match any character string that consists of the characters "ab", fo... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.2.2 More complex patterns | The draft proposal (July 2001) for a more sophisticated pattern matching mechanism in TTCN-3 is described below. This proposal (or something very similar) will be incorporated into the language by October 2001 (support in tools for this feature is already available). The list of meta characters for TTCN-3 patterns is s... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.2.2.1 Set expression | The set expression is delimited by the "[" "]" symbols. In addition to character literals, it is possible to specify character ranges using the separator "-". The set expression can also be negated by placing the "^" character as the first character after the opening square brace. For example: template charstring RegEx... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.2.2.2 Reference expression | In addition to direct string values it is also possible within the pattern statement to use references to existing templates, constants or variables. The reference is enclosed within the "<" ">" characters. The reference shall resolve to one of the character string types. For example: const charstring MyString:= "ab?";... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.2.2.3 Match expression n times | To specify that the preceding expression should be matched a number of times the "#(n, m)" syntax is used. This specifies that the preceding expression must be matched at least n times but not more than m times. For example: template charstring RegExp4:= pattern “[a-z]#(9, 11)”; // match at least 9 but no more than 11 ... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 5.3.2.3 Using regular expressions with SIP | Patterns would replace the syntax illustrated in clause 5.1. For example, the following pattern indicates that "CSeq" may be followed by 1 or more spaces, that the counter value (e.g., "1") is in the template parameter COUNTER (see clause 5.3.1.1) and that "INVITE" is preceded by at least one space and followed by exac... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6 Suitability of TTCN-3 for OSP testing | In order to understand the suitability of TTCN-3 for testing OSP it is necessary to consider three main aspects: • the basic testing architecture, i.e. the location of the test interfaces; • the expression of dynamic behaviour (i.e. OSP message exchanges); • the representation of data (i.e. OSP messages). These aspects... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.1 Architectural considerations for testing OSP | For the test architecture the discussion of clause 5.1 also applies to OSP. A more detailed test architecture is shown in figure 2. The adaptation layer is shown in more detail in figure 3. Tester TTCN IUT OSP Adaptation layer XML HTTP HTTP SSL TCP port 443 TCP port 80 SSL TCP port 443 TCP port 80 IP Figure 2: Test arc... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.1.1 Normal OSP message exchange | In the case of normal OSP message exchange the adaptation layer shall proceed the following tasks: • The Adaptation layer shall receive an ASCII string (XMLASCII) or a binary presentation of the XML document (XMLBIN) from the HTTP layer. • The Adaptation layer shall decode XMLASCII or XMLBIN according to the OSP DTD. T... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.1.2 Token carriage | In the case of Token Carriage the Adaptation layer may receive the following formats: • ASN.1PER: The Adaptation layer receives an ASN.1PER format as defined in TS 101 321 [3], clause D.2.1. The Adaptation layer shall convert the ASN.1PER format to the TTCN3 types. The TTCN3 types are defined in annex C of [3]. • XMLAS... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.2 Expressing OSP dynamic behaviour in TTCN-3 | The dynamic behaviour of OSP is trivial, comprising simple Request/Response (Client/Server) interchanges. testcase OSP_SV_PRI_BV_001() runs on MTC_OSP // Selection: Pics Table I.1/2 [1] AND Pics Table I.20/1 [1] AND Pics Table I.20/2 // [1] // Precondition: None // Ref: Clause 6.2.1 [1] // Purpose: Ensure that the IUT,... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.3 Expressing OSP messages in TTCN-3 | OSP is XML-based and the real complexity of the protocol is in the OSP messages. There are several XML standards such as Document Type Definitions (DTD), Schemas, Style sheets, XML Documents etc. For OSP testing purposes style sheets are not relevant and XML Schemas are not used. In the present document we shall theref... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.3.1 AuthorizationRequest | |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.3.1.1 XML declaration | The structure of the XML AuthorizationRequest component has the following characteristics: a) there are two basic parts, the AttributeList part and the Element part. b) within the Element part the elements appear in a given order. c) the elements may appear multiple times. <!ELEMENT AuthorizationRequest ( Timestamp, Ca... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.3.1.2 TTCN3 type | The TTCN-3 type represents the structure of the XML AuthorizationRequest component: a) the two basic parts are represented in type record AuthorizationRequest. For testing purposes the payload is added. b) all elements are represented in type record AuthorizationRequestContents. c) the element CallId may appear multipl... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.3.1.3 TTCN3 template | A TTCN-3 template for receiving a XML AuthorizationRequest component is shown: a) each field of authorizationRequestAttribute, authorizationRequestContents and authorizationRequestPayload has a value or a wildcard assigned; b) elements are received either with wildcards or a certain value; c) the element CallId shall b... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.3.2 Parameterization | TTCN-3 templates can be parameterized. For example, the messageId, the componentId, the currency in use, the amount (number of currencies being accounted), the increment (number of units being accounted) and the units (by which pricing is measured) are parameterized in the PricingIndication PDU. template PricingIndicat... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 6.3.3 Wildcards | The TTCN-3 matching mechanisms (wildcards) can also be used. For example, when receiving a Status element, then: • any criticalAttribute, • any code shall, • any numberDescription, • any or no description shall be received. template Status Status_R1:= { criticalAttribute:= ?, statusContents:= { code:= ?, numberDescript... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 7 Practical experience of using TTCN-3 | In the context of ETSI the practical use of TTCN-3 has been demonstrated on at least two occasions: • The IPV6 Interoperability Events (October 2000 and November 2001) where Ericsson demonstrated their (prototype) TTCN-3 based test platform by executing a hundred or so IPV6 TTCN-3 tests against a number of different IP... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 8 Availability of tools | Two types of tools are needed: • Development Environments (DEs) with editors, syntax checkers etc. for writing and checking the TTCN-3 test suites, and • TTCN-3 compilers and real SIP test systems on which the test suites will be executed. The Specialist Task Forces at ETSI will require the first type of tool. At the t... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 9 Maintenance of the TTCN-3 standard | TTCN-3 [1] is an ETSI Standard which will also be published as ITU-T Recommendation Z.140 [4]. ETSI Technical Committee MTS (Methods for Testing and Specification) is committed to the development and maintenance of TTCN-3. In particular, an STF (Specialist Task Force) is in place to support maintenance of the standard ... |
37c8da1de0e03c28dc170ae99b7b91a6 | 102 026 | 10 Training | It is expected that the PTCC (ETSI's Protocol and Testing Competence Centre) will provide the necessary training of the STF experts involved in the production of the TIPHON TTCN-3 test specifications. Assuming a good working knowledge of TTCN-2 existing users should pick-up TTCN-3 without much difficulty. It is underst... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 1 Scope | The present document gives guidance on the needs of older and disabled people for assistive technology devices and the requirements for the interconnection of such devices to Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) systems. The report considers devices for user interface input (e.g. keyboards) and output (e.g... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 2 References | For the purposes of this Technical Report (TR), the following references apply: [1] CEN/CENELEC Guide 6: "Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities". [2] ETSI EN 300 175-1 (V1.4.2): "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI);... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: assistive technology device: device used by a disabled person to prevent, compensate, relieve or neutralize any resultant handicap and which has the ability to interface to an ICT device AT: two character abbreviation used to start a c... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange AT ATtention CAN Car Area Network CI Common Interface DCE Data Communications Equipment DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony (Teleco... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 4 Overview | The population of Europe is ageing and the number of people with handicaps and disabilities is also increasing. At the same time there is a growing recognition of the need to integrate older people and people with disabilities into society by enabling them to remain independent for as long as possible. Information and ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5 User Aspects | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.1 User requirements | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.1.1 General | Designers should incorporate features in the standard product which will enable people with disabilities to use ICT products and services. This is the "Design for All" concept. If "Design for All" is unable to provide an acceptable solution, then it will be necessary to incorporate a standard method of connecting the u... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.1.2 Who requires assistive technology? | Although the requirements of most people with disabilities should be met by Design for All, there will be instances when the Design for All methodology has not been able to bridge the gap between equipment needs and user capability. A person with any disability will require assistive technology to use ICT equipment whe... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.1.3 What is asked for? | A survey was carried out of professionals working in the disability field across Europe (see annex A) to find out if there was a consensus on which disabled people would require assistive technology, which technology they would require it with and what factors would determine its use. The numbers of people surveyed and... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2 User handicaps | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.1 General | User handicaps are dealt with in detail in EG 202 116 [6], Human Factors guidelines for ICT products and services; Design for All which describes the characteristics of a wide range of disabled users and gives details of their impairments and the resulting handicaps. The disabilities that have direct impact on the succ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.2 Sensory disabilities | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.2.1 Sight | A person who is blind or partially sighted will have problems carrying out tasks which require vision. The vision loss may be total or the impairment may be less severe. Design for All should ensure that any display on an ICT device should be configurable to suit the requirements of the user, particularly with respect ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.2.2 Hearing | A person with a hearing loss may have a general hearing loss or may have lost a certain band of frequencies. The type and severity of their hearing loss will determine their ability to hear speech. Design for All should ensure that inductive coupling facilities are available at all public terminals and on fixed telepho... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.2.3 Touch | A person with an impaired sense of touch may find it difficult to use a touch pad on a computer. Design for All should ensure that equipment does not require fine adjustment and that surfaces are free from sharp corners. |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.2.4 Taste and smell | Taste and smell are closely related and are used together to identify a range of flavours which can normally be distinguished. At the moment, neither of these senses has much applicability to the ICT environment although with future developments they may become significant. At present, the only assistive technology for... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.2.5 Balance | The ability to avoid falling by maintaining balance is dependent on a complex system which requires the co-ordination of visual stimuli, feedback from the balance mechanism in the inner ear and the appropriate movements of limbs. Most activities require the control of balance. Design for All should ensure that apparatu... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.3 Physical disabilities | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.3.1 Speech | For ICT products and services, speech is the most important sound produced by the voice. Speech production occurs in the mouth and larynx and depends on the co-ordinated action of many muscles. Many assistive devices may rely on speech recognition for their operation. |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.3.2 Dexterity | Dexterity is defined as skill of manipulation and implies co-ordinated hand and arm use to pick up and handle objects, manipulating and releasing them using the fingers and thumb of one hand. Significantly, and from its Latin derivation, it can also mean right-handedness. It is not easy for dexterity impaired users to ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.3.3 Manipulation | Manipulation is closely allied to dexterity and is conventionally defined [1] to relate to activities such as carrying, moving and manipulating objects and includes actions using legs, feet, arms and hands: reaching, lifting, putting down, pulling, pushing, kicking, grasping, releasing, turning, throwing and catching. |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.3.4 Mobility | Mobility problems can extend from small difficulties in movement to being confined to a wheelchair or being bedridden. Some mobility impaired users may have small or missing limbs. Common difficulties caused by ageing include limited ability to bear mass on the legs, reduced walking speed, restricted movement in the jo... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.3.5 Strength and endurance | Strength relates to the force generated by the contraction of a muscle or muscle group and can be the force exerted with a specific part of the body on a specific object. It also depends on endurance or stamina (the capacity to sustain such a force) and can be related to heart and lung function. Design for All should e... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.4 Cognitive disabilities | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.4.1 Intellect | Intellect is the capacity to know, understand and reason. Conditions, which lead to progressive intellectual decline such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease, are more prevalent with older people. Design for All should offer simple icons and abbreviations and graphic instructions. A person with intellectual impairment ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.4.2 Memory | Failing memory affects people's ability to recall and learn things and may also lead to confusion. Either or both short term and long term memory can be affected. Design for All should ensure simple input interfaces which do not burden the memory. People with impaired memory may use alternative pre-programmed input dev... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 5.2.4.3 Language and literacy | Language and literacy are the specific mental functions of recognizing and using signs, symbols and other components of language. Dyslexia is often considered an impairment of language, although there is some evidence that it can be classed as a defect of vision. Dyslexic people of all ages have difficulty with reading... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 6 ICT device aspects | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 6.1 General | Assistive devices need to be used in cases when the input and output facilities of ICT devices are unable to match the abilities of specific users. It is therefore necessary to characterize the input media and their possible replacements in assistive devices in order to define the data that need to be transferred betwe... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 6.2 ICT Device input requirements | The input required by ICT devices can be characterized by the way the information is entered into the device: • Text and/or control commands typed on a keyboard, the keys either being used for character input or as function keys. On mobile phones one of the standard ways of text input is by multiple key clicks on a num... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 6.3 ICT Device output capabilities | The standard media for representing output on an ICT device are: • display-screens for the display of text, graphics and/or video information; • loudspeakers for the presentation of audio communication, spoken text or state information; • light emitting diodes for the presentation of state information like e.g. on/off ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 7 Assistive devices | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 7.1 Classification of existing devices | A person with a severe disability, unable to be dealt with by Design for All techniques will require assistive technology that compensates for their disability and enables them to use ICT equipment easily and safely. They will require the equipment for daily living tasks, education and employment. Current assistive tec... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 7.2 Information requirements | The information produced or presented by the different types of assistive devices corresponds directly to the information normally required or produced by the ICT devices with which the assistive devices are coupled. These types of information are characterized in clauses 6.2 and 6.3. The information to be exchanged be... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 8 Information to be exchanged | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 8.1 General | In most cases the requirement for an assistive device is either to produce output from the ICT system in a different modality (e.g. to convert text on a screen to speech output) or to produce an enhanced version of the same modality (e.g. larger characters on a high contrast display). In other cases the requirement may... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 8.2 Control and status signals | Control signals are signals such as the simple on/off function, exchanged between the assistive device and the ICT device in order to set up the basic device functions. Status signals describe the condition of the device and could include device identification information sent from the assistive device to identify its ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 8.3 Communication signals | For the purposes of this report, communication signals are assumed to be the fundamental information intended to be input to and output from the ICT device such as speech, text or video information. This particularly applies in a telecommunications environment but could also apply, for example, to a recording device. A... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9 Interface transmission technologies | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.1 Wired Interconnection Technologies | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.1.1 RS-232 (plain serial data) | RS-232 is an interface designed in the 1960s for communication between a dumb ASCII terminal and a modem. For many years it has been the standard interface to interconnect computers, terminals, printers, punch-card readers, scanners, mice, etc. There are two variants: • A 3-wire variant containing a send, a receive and... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.1.2 Plain analogue audio | The simplest way of connecting audio devices is to do it with a plain analogue one-directional 2-wire interface constituting out of signal and ground. A bi-directional interface would be two one directional interfaces, where the ground wire could be common. For a plain analogue interface it is important that voltage le... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.1.3 Video | For video there are many relevant parameters: • The resolution. This is usually expressed in number of lines per frame. • The number of frames per second. • Whether interlacing is used or not. Interlacing means that not all lines are transmitted in all frames. E.g. in the odd numbered frames only the odd numbered lines... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.1.4 USB (Universal Serial Bus) | USB is an interface used for connecting up-to 127 (slave) devices to a single host (master). The physical connection is a tiered star topology. The logical connection is point-to-point. USB 1.1 supports speeds up-to 1,5 Mbit/s. USB 2.0, which is due to be released soon, supports speeds up-to 400 Mbit/s. USB provides li... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.1.5 Others | ETS 300 679 [4] defines an interface for the direct electrical connection of telephones to hearing aids but there are difficulties in making the connection to modern hearing aids. Many years ago in I-ETS 300 245-1 [5] a wired electrical interface was defined for the connection of additional equipment to an ISDN telepho... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2 Wireless Interconnection Technologies | |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2.1 Overview | Various systems are under development for a range of applications (see table 5) but they have developed differently depending on what has been viewed as the primary application area. The systems generally use either infra-red or wireless signals to communicate short distances although simple inductive coupling is used ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2.2 HomeRF | This system operates in the 2 400 MHz band with 100 mw transmit power at 50 hops/s which gives a range of about 50 m in a typical home environment. It supports 1 Mbit/s data throughput with integrated TCP/IP networking protocols and a packet structure for use with Ethernet. It can provide up to four voice connections o... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2.3 HiperLAN2 | This radio system is developed by ETSI BRAN for local area networks and is applicable in business, home and public environments. HiperLAN2 [7] can provide up to 54 Mbit/s at the physical layer and operates in the 5 GHz frequency band (5,15 GHz to 5,35 GHz and 5,470 GHz to 5,725 GHz). The system uses Orthogonal Frequenc... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2.4 IEEE 802.11 family | This system was developed primarily for local and metropolitan area networks. The low level of security could be problematic in some applications. IEEE 802.11 [22] refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for wireless LAN technology. IEEE 802.11 [22] specifies an over-the-air interface between a wirel... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2.5 Bluetooth | Bluetooth is a standard for wireless accessory connections. It operates in the 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz ISM band, which is available world-wide for unlicensed use. Bluetooth has been designed to operate in noisy radio frequency environments by using a fast acknowledgement and frequency hopping at 1 600 times per second... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2.6 DECT | DECT is an ETSI standard for cordless telephony, developed in the 1990s. About 50 million units have been sold. The standard is defined in the various parts of EN 300 175-1 [2]. DECT operates in the 1 880 MHz to 1 900 MHz band. In Europe, Australia, Africa and parts of Asia, this spectrum is available for unlicensed DE... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 9.2.7 IrDA | The infra-red spectrum is unregulated world-wide which overcomes one problem faced by the radio-based systems, but has the disadvantage it is directional and requires both ends to be in the same room. However in can provide symmetric two-way communication at up to 16 Mbit/s. Another significant advantage is that it is ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 10 Protocol stacks | It is common to describe the protocol of interfaces between ICT devices in a layered way in a form known as a stack. For example, the interface between a computer and a printer can be described with the following layers: • a physical layer describing the interface to a physical layer such as a bundle of wires carrying ... |
5774cc07066e9e25e8acfa2230bb2abb | 102 068 | 11 Recommended interfaces and protocols |
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